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contaminated marine wounds--the risk of acquiring acute bacterial infection from marine recreational beaches.an animal model was used to determine the potential for causing wound infections of bacteria isolated from marine recreational beaches in hong kong. water samples were characterized physically, chemically and bacteriologically and used to inoculate artificially-induced wounds in rats. morbidity and mortality correlated significantly (p < 0.01) with macconkey plate counts and faecal coliform counts (membrane filtration) and inversely with salinity of the water. the majority of deaths were due to ...19921447057
restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of vibrio cholerae strains associated with a cholera outbreak in hong kong.we studied vibrio cholerae el tor isolates associated with an outbreak of cholera among vietnamese refugees interned in hong kong. the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the enterotoxin gene was used as an epidemiological marker. all outbreak strains were indistinguishable. they were distinct from strains isolated in hong kong prior to the outbreak.19911676035
molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae in hong kong.we studied restriction fragment length polymorphism of the enterotoxin genes of isolates of vibrio cholerae el tor, indistinguishable by bacteriophage typing, which were collected in hong kong since 1978. using this approach, we could distinguish indigenous and exogenous strains obtained from different sources and epidemiological settings.19892570082
vibrio parahaemolyticus and other halophilic vibrios associated with seafood in hong kong.the summer prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus and other halophilic vibrios in seafood from hong kong markets was investigated. halophilic vibrios were isolated from all seven types of seafood examined, and comprised 9.1%, 8% and 6.1% of contaminating aerobic heterotrophic bacteria from mussels, clams and oysters respectively. sucrose-positive vibrios were more common than sucrose-negative varieties. vibrio alginolyticus was the most frequently isolated species, followed by v. parahaemolyticus ...19892722715
occurrence and distribution of halophilic vibrios in subtropical coastal waters of hong kong.the summer occurrence and distribution of halophilic vibrios in the subtropical coastal waters of hong kong were investigated. the density of vibrios in six sample sites ranged from 90 to 6,700 per ml, which made up 0.41 to 40% of the total bacterial populations of these sample sites. the sucrose-positive vibrios were found to be much more common (88% of total vibrios) than the sucrose-negative ones. a total of 48 strains belonging to six vibrio species were fully characterized. among these, vib ...19863789725
a one-year survey of campylobacter enteritis and other forms of bacterial diarrhoea in hong kong.the following enteropathogens were isolated from the faeces of 769 (10.2%) of 7,545 patients of whom 5,704 had diarrhoea or abdominal pain, attending a teaching hospital in hong kong during one year: salmonellae 458 (6.1%); vibrio parahaemolyticus 125 (1.7%); campylobacters 108 (1.4%); shigellae 83 (1.1%); others 19 (0.3%). further identification of the campylobacter isolates showed that 63 (58%) were campylobacter jejuni biotype 1, 44 (41%) were c. coli and only one was c. jejuni biotype 2. sev ...19853973381
cholera. 19704192508
[the el-tor cholera pandemic in the years 1961-1968]. 19734279652
survey of intestinal pathogens from immigrant children.four thousand immigrant schoolchildren were screened by using a concentration method on a single faecal specimen for intestinal helminths; 1,468 (37%) were positive. carriage rates were highest (51%) in children from the west indies, in whom trichuris (75% of carriers) and ascaris (40% of carriers) predominated; carriage of two or more species was common (36% of carriers). carriage of worms was low in children from kenya (16%) and uganda (7%). children from south-east asia, predominantly from in ...19725013832
cholera and nightsoil infection in hong kong, 1966.in 1966 there occurred in hong kong the rare combination of, in one area, a non-imported case of cholera with no nightsoil infection and, in another area, heavy infection of the nightsoil with no cholera cases. investigation revealed that there was no connexion between the case (in kowloon) and the short-lived nightsoil infection (on hong kong island). the hypothesis is advanced that the infection of 5 premises was due to their being visited by a ship's crew, who later left hong kong, without th ...19675299669
cholera case investigation and the detection and treatment of cholera carriers in hong kong.between 1961 and 1966 cholera cases occurred in hong kong in each year except 1965. during this period each case was extensively investigated in order to detect carriers among the contacts.in 1961 investigations were confined to the home of the patient but it was found that a much more extensive investigation was required to get epidemiological information of real value. from 1962 onwards the investigations were extended to include the patient's place of employment or school and any eating-place ...19685303906
outbreak of vibrio cholerae 01 in hong kong related to contaminated fish tank water.an outbreak of 12 cholera cases, caused by vibrio cholerae eltor inaba, occurred in hong kong during a three week period in june-july 1994. only adults of both sexes were affected. epidemiological investigations showed linkage in all cases with consumption of seafood, including shellfish, mantis shrimps and crabs. microbiological findings demonstrated that contaminated seawater in fish tanks used for keeping alive these seafoods is the most likely vehicle of transmission. aggressive control meas ...19957480605
vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal in hong kong. 19947811886
infectious diarrhoea in hong kong.the role of enteric pathogens in diarrhoeal patients presenting at a large general hospital in hong kong from may 1984 to december 1990 was assessed. a total of 3267 organisms were isolated. the gastroenteric salmonellae were the most common pathogens (45%), followed by rotavirus (34%) and campylobacters (11%). shigellae or vibrios constituted 5% or less of the total isolations. both salmonellae and campylobacters were isolated more often from infants while rotavirus was more common in young chi ...19938459483
shellfish-borne illnesses. a hong kong perspective.this article provides an overview of the spectrum of infectious and toxic illnesses that may occur following the consumption of contaminated shellfish in hong kong. these include hepatitis a, hepatitis e, infections due to vibrio species, paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and heavy metal poisoning. possible preventive measures are discussed.19958650747
resurgence of cholera in hong kong.cholera is one of the three diseases subject to the international health regulations. after a period of over 30 years, the seventh pandemic of cholera, which started in south east asia in 1961, still shows no sign of a decline. on the contrary, it has increased its severity and invaded many other countries in africa and latin america. in the last two years, there has been a recrudescence of the disease in south east asia and western pacific regions. the discovery of a new strain of vibrio choler ...19968760949
ofloxacin-resistant vibrio cholerae o139 in hong kong. 199910458975
incidence of highly genetically diversified vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood imported from asian countries.vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen of humans and aquacultured animals, especially in asian countries. in this study, we examined 686 samples of seafood imported from hong kong, indonesia, thailand and vietnam for v. parahaemolyticus. v. parahaemolyticus was recovered from 315 (45.9%) samples. the incidence of v. parahaemolyticus in products from hong kong and thailand was markedly higher than the incidence in products from indonesia and vietnam. the incidence rates in shrimp, crab, ...199910733249
acute bacterial gastroenteritis: a study of adult patients with positive stool cultures treated in the emergency department.to investigate the presenting clinical features of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in adult patients treated as outpatients in the emergency department (ed), and the pathogens responsible in this setting and population; and to identify the frequency with which positive stool culture result changes management.200312835343
peak occurrences of ciguatera fish poisoning precede cholera outbreaks in hong kong.occurrences of ciguatera fish poisoning (cfp) and vibrio cholerae infected patients in hong kong were reviewed for the 13-year period 1989-2001. peak activity of cfp preceded peak activity of cholera in nine of the years except in 4 years (1990, 1991, 1992, 1996) where it was observed that the total number of cholera cases were all less than or equal to five per year (p < 0.05). average time interval was 2.4 months between peaks of cfp and vibrio cholerae outbreaks. findings suggested that the f ...200312948360
application of a toxicity identification evaluation for a sample of effluent discharged from a dyeing factory in hong kong.a first toxicity identification evaluation (tie) was conducted in three phases using the microtox test to identify the major toxicant(s) in effluent discharged from a dyeing plant in hong kong. in phase i toxicity characterization indicated that anions were likely to be the major toxicants for the entire effluent. in phase ii concentrations of sulfite and other anions in the original and the anion exchange resin-treated effluent samples were determined by ion chromatography. anions, which were f ...200314502583
molecular subtyping of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in hong kong: correlation with epidemiological events from 1994 to 2002.two hundred twenty isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 collected from 1994 to 2002 in hong kong were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). chromosomal dnas from all v. cholerae isolates in agarose plugs were digested with the restriction enzyme noti, resulting in 20 to 27 bands. sixty distinctive pfge patterns in the range of 10 to 300 kb were noted among 213 isolates typeable by pfge. by comparing the common pfge patterns obtained from four well-defined outbreaks of v. choler ...200314532174
laribacter hongkongensis: a potential cause of infectious diarrhea.in this study, we describe the isolation of laribacter hongkongensis, a recently described genus and species of bacterium, in pure culture on charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar from the stool of six patients with diarrhea. three patients were residents of hong kong, and three of switzerland. in none of the stool samples obtained from these six patients was salmonella, shigella, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, vibrio, aeromonas, plesiomonas, or campylobacter recovered. rotavirus antigen ...200314711474
two novel species of tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria isolated from toxic marine puffer fishes.out of eight dominant discrete bacterial colonies isolated and purified from the toxic marine puffer fishes collected in hong kong waters, two novel species of non-sporing, non-acid-fast and chemoorganotrophic bacteria capable of producing tetrodotoxin (ttx, a potent non-protein neurotoxin), as well as one previously reported and confirmed ttx-producing bacterium. they were identified as microbacterium arabinogalactanolyticum, serratia marcescens and vibrio alginolyticus, respectively, all of wh ...200415501290
modulated heat shock protein expression during pathogenic vibrio alginolyticus stress of sea bream.the effects of infective vibrio alginolyticus and its extracellular product (ecp) on host fish function are not well understood. in this study a partial biochemical characterization of the ecp from an infective strain of v. alginolyticus isolated from diseased silver sea bream sparus sarba was achieved and the effects of live v. alginolyticus and ecp on hepatic heat shock protein (hsp) expression was compared. the ecp fraction was found to contain several hydrolytic enzymes including both haemol ...200415672876
influence of temperature, salinity and ph on the growth of environmental aeromonas and vibrio species isolated from mai po and the inner deep bay nature reserve ramsar site of hong kong.four environmental bacterial isolates including aeromonas hydrophila mp-3, a. salmonicida mp-4, vibrio vulnificus mp-2 and v. cholerae mp-1 isolated from sediment and water of mai po nature reserve of hong kong were examined for their responses to temperature, ph and salinity under laboratory conditions in this study. v. cholerae mp-1 was found to resist vibriostatic agent o/129 at concentration of 10 microg/ml. in addition, bacterial growth under test conditions was measured and the results wer ...200515678554
vibrio vulnificus peritonitis after handling of seafood in a patient receiving capd.vibrio vulnificus is a marine bacterium and opportunistic human pathogen. associated infections have contributed to the majority of seafood-related deaths in the united states. in patients with such predisposed clinical conditions as chronic liver disease, immunocompromised state, and end-stage renal disease, this organism has been associated with the development of life-threatening primary septicemia and severe wound infection. however, continuous ambulatory peritonitis dialysis (capd)-related ...200516253715
development and validation of a pulsenet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for subtyping of vibrio cholerae.pulsenet is a network that utilizes standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) protocols with the purpose of conducting laboratory-based surveillance of foodborne pathogens. pulsenet standardized pfge protocols are subject to rigorous testing during the developmental phase and careful evaluation during a validation process assessing its robustness and reproducibility in different laboratories. here we describe the development and validation of a rapid pfge protocol for subtyping vibrio ...200616602979
antibiotic resistance and plasmid profile of environmental isolates of vibrio species from mai po nature reserve, hong kong.in this study, three environmental isolates of vibrio species were isolated from water and sediment samples of mai po nature reserve, hong kong sar. they were identified to be vibrio cholerae mp-1, vibrio aestuarianus mp-2 and vibrio vulnificus mp-3 by both biochemical test and subsequent full-length 16s rdna sequencing. both disc diffusion susceptibility test and microplate dilution technique were used to investigate the antibiotic resistance profile of these three bacteria. results from both a ...200616680524
identification of environmental plasmid-bearing vibrio species isolated from polluted and pristine marine reserves of hong kong, and resistance to antibiotics and mercury.fifty environmental isolates of vibrio species were isolated from water samples of mai po nature reserve and the cape d'aguilar marine reserve in hong kong and screened for the presence of plasmid. mai po is a wastewater-impacted area while the cape d'aguilar marine reserve is pristine natural marine water. plasmid was found in vibrio isolates from both sites at similar frequencies and each site showed distinctive plasmid profiles. these plasmid-bearing vibrio isolates were identified as differe ...200616779626
cutaneous injury and vibrio vulnificus infection. 200616972360
a review of necrotising fasciitis in the extremities.to review currently available evidence on the epidemiology and methods of management for necrotising fasciitis, with particular reference to hong kong.200919197096
rapid detection of food-borne pathogens in clinical specimens, food and environmental samples.1. pcr and rt-pcr methods for 5-hour and 3-hour detection, respectively, of salmonellae and vibrio cholerae in stool, food and environmental water samples have been developed. 2. such methods can be used in routine laboratories for rapid detection of salmonellae and v cholerae and are essential for infection control purposes.200919258630
factors affecting mortality in hong kong patients with upper limb necrotising fasciitis.to identify predictive factors for mortality of patients with upper limb necrotising fasciitis.201121471588
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