| combination therapy for sleeping sickness: a wake-up call. | | 2007 | 17205466 |
| is sleeping sickness a circadian disorder? the serotonergic hypothesis. | patients with human african trypanosomiasis (hat, sleeping sickness), due to the inoculation of trypanosoma brucei gambiense or rhodesiense by the tsetse fly, are "sleepy by day and restless by night." the first 24 h polysomnographic recording (electroencephalogram [eeg], electromyogram [emg], electrooculogram [eog]), showing a disappearance of the 24 h rhythmicity of sleep and wakefulness, was performed in 1988. thereafter, our team recorded 18 patients and 6 control volunteers at bed rest duri ... | 1999 | 10442241 |
| sleep-wake cycle in human african trypanosomiasis. | sleeping sickness patients are classically described as sleepy by day and restless by night. prior to this study, we had objectively confirmed this description by recording 24-h sleep patterns in a patient with human african trypanosomiasis. we report 24-h polysomnographic recordings (eeg, electrooculogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, and nasal, buccal, and thoracic respiratory traces) performed on two eight-channel electroencephalographs in eight patients with untreated sleeping sickness ... | 1993 | 8389383 |
| disruptions in the secretion of cortisol, prolactin, and certain cytokines in human african trypanosomiasis patients. | it has been shown previously that sleeping sickness at the stage of meningoencephalitis manifests itself as a significant disturbance in the circadian rhythm of sleep-wakefulness. the objective of the current study was to examine the extent of circadian disruption in infected patients by measuring 24 hours patterns of plasma cortisol, an example of a classical circadian rhythm relatively independent of sleep, and prolactin, a primarily sleep-related rhythm. plasma levels of certain cytokines wer ... | 1994 | 7496204 |
| polysomnography as a diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up tool in human african trypanosomiasis: a case study in an infant. | gambian (trypanosoma brucei gambiense) human african trypanosomiasis (hat) evolves from the hemolymphatic stage 1, treated with pentamidine, to the meningoencephalitic stage 2, often treated with melarsoprol. this arseniate may provoke a deadly reactive encephalopathy. it is therefore crucial to diagnose precisely the stages of hat, especially when clinical and biological examinations are doubtful. we present here the case of a 30-month old girl (e20 kolng) diagnosed with stage 1 hat during a fi ... | 2011 | 21470639 |
| trypanosomiasis and the brain. | neurological involvement following trypanosome infection has been recognised for over a century. however, there are still many unanswered questions concerning the mechanisms used by the parasite to gain entry to the cns and the pathogenesis of the resulting neuroinflammatory reaction. there is a paucity of material from human cases of the disease therefore the majority of current research relies on the use of animal models of trypanosome infection. this review reports contemporary knowledge, fro ... | 2010 | 20028610 |
| hypocretin and human african trypanosomiasis. | to detail clinical and polysomnographic characteristics in patients affected with trypanosoma brucei gambiense (tb.g.) human african trypanosomiasis (hat) at different stages of evolution and to measure and compare cerebrospinal fluid (csf) levels of hypocretin-1 with narcoleptic patients and neurologic controls. | 2008 | 18363311 |
| human african trypanosomiasis: pharmacological re-engagement with a neglected disease. | this review discusses the challenges of chemotherapy for human african trypanosomiasis (hat). the few drugs registered for use against the disease are unsatisfactory for a number of reasons. hat has two stages. in stage 1 the parasites proliferate in the haemolymphatic system. in stage 2 they invade the central nervous system and brain provoking progressive neurological dysfunction leading to symptoms that include the disrupted sleep wake patterns that give hat its more common name of sleeping s ... | 2007 | 17618313 |
| treatment and control of human african trypanosomiasis. | access to treatment is a multi-step process and little progress has been made to improve treatments for sleeping sickness over the past 50 years. the current strategy is based on diagnostic tools developed in the 1960s while available drugs are still the same as those developed in the middle of the last century. strategic opportunities can only be based on two achievements: improved diagnosis and safer drugs. this paper reviews the development of new diagnostic tools and drugs and the opportunit ... | 2004 | 15640711 |
| sleep structure: a new diagnostic tool for stage determination in sleeping sickness. | human african trypanosomiasis (hat), due to the transmission of trypanosoma brucei (t. b.) gambiense and t. b. rhodesiense by tsetse flies, is re-emerging in inter-tropical africa. it evolves from the hemolymphatic stage i to the meningo-encephalitic stage ii. the latter is generally treated with melarsoprol, an arseniate provoking often a deadly encephalopathy. a precise determination of the hat evolution stage is therefore crucial. stage ii patients show: (i) a deregulation of the 24-h distrib ... | 2005 | 15589803 |
| twenty-four-hour disruption of the sleep-wake cycle and sleep-onset rem-like episodes in a rat model of african trypanosomiasis. | patients with human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) due to the inoculation of trypanosoma brucei gambiense or rhodesiense show a major disruption of the 24-hour sleep-wake distribution, accompanied by the occurrence of sleep-onset rapid-eye-movement (rem) sleep episodes, proportional to the severity of the illness. although animal models of human african trypanosomiasis have been developed to understand the pathogenic mechanisms leading to immune alterations, the development of an an ... | 2004 | 14998236 |
| [sleeping sickness, a reemerging sickness]. | human african trypanosomiasis (tha) has reappeared in most intertropical countries of black africa and an estimated 400,000 new cases are reported every year. genetic tests which now make possible the differentiation of morphologically similar trypanosome subspecies showed that a large variety of game and domestic animals act as reservoir hosts of trypanosoma brucei gambiense, thus making it even more difficult to fight the disease. the detection of cases and their treatment are absolutely neces ... | 2000 | 11471250 |
| [psychiatric presentation of human african trypanosomiasis: overview of diagnostic pitfalls, interest of difluoromethylornithine treatment and contribution of magnetic resonance imaging]. | we report a case of a western african man, residing in france for 4 years, who developed human african trypanosomiasis (hat) caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense. diagnosis was made at a late stage of the disease. the disease was misdiagnosed and untreated for several years because the clinical presentation was limited to psychiatric disorders and biological confirmation was difficult. polysomnographic recordings demonstrated typical alterations of hat. difluoromethylornithine was effective in ... | 2000 | 10844370 |
| reversal of the sleep/wake cycle disorder of sleeping sickness after trypanosomicide treatment. | to determine whether the circadian disruption of the sleep/wake cycle observed in sleeping sickness, human african trypanosomiasis (hat), can be reversed after trypanosomicide treatment, 10 congolese patients infected by trypanosoma brucei gambiense underwent 24-h polysomnographic recordings before treatment with melarsoprol and after each of three weekly treatment sessions. polysomnography consisted of a continuous recording of the electroencephalogram, electromyogram and electro-oculogram on a ... | 1999 | 10476010 |