| leukocyte esterase urine strips for the screening of men with urethritis--use in developing countries. | the leukocyte esterase (le) strip is a useful tool for the screening of men with urethritis. in developing countries, where laboratory facilities are limited, and sexually transmitted diseases endemic, simple and inexpensive diagnostic tests which perform well, would be of great value. | 1994 | 8300096 |
| postpartum upper genital tract infections in nairobi, kenya: epidemiology, etiology, and risk factors. | we investigated the frequency of clinically defined upper genital tract infection (ugti) and its relation to sexually transmitted diseases and other risk factors among 1,013 women initially studied while in labor at a nairobi, kenya maternity hospital. women were enrolled during labor and followed up at seven days and one month postpartum. cultures for neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis were done at enrollment and at day 7. the prevalence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections was ... | 1987 | 3598229 |
| towards developing a diagnostic algorithm for chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae cervicitis in pregnancy. | c trachomatis and n gonorrhoeae are major causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. to identify characteristics predictive of cervical infection, we examined pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in nairobi, kenya. c trachomatis was isolated from 14/178 (8%), and n gonorrhoeae from 17 (10%); cervical infection with either pathogen was present in 28 (16%). two characteristics were independently predictive of cervical infection by logistic regression a ... | 1990 | 2341143 |
| bacterial vaginosis: risk factors among kenyan women and their male partners. | to simultaneously examine associations of bacterial vaginosis (bv) with potential risk factors in both the female and her male partner. | 2006 | 16547451 |
| effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection upon acute salpingitis: a laparoscopic study. | to determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection upon pelvic inflammatory disease (pid), a laparoscopic study of acute pid was conducted in nairobi, kenya. subjects underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, hiv-1 serology, and testing for sexually transmitted diseases. of the 133 women with laparoscopically verified salpingitis, 52 (39%) were hiv-1-seropositive. tubo-ovarian abscesses (toa) were found in 33% of hiv-1-infected and 15% of hiv-1-uninfected women (odds ratio ... | 1998 | 9780255 |
| bacterial meningitis in children admitted in hospitals within nairobi. | four hundred and ninety nine children (aged between one month and five years) admitted with clinical features of meningitis were recruited in cross-sectional survey of bacterial meningitis in hospitals within nairobi. lumbar punctures were done on all of them and the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analysed bacteriologically and serologically for the common causative organisms. two hundred and fifty (50.1%) cases were diagnosed clinically as having meningitis. of these, 132 (52.8%) had turbid csf spec ... | 1998 | 9640826 |
| etiology of persistent tubo-ovarian abscess in nairobi, kenya. | to study the microbial etiology of tubo-ovarian abscess (toa). | 2003 | 12839632 |
| a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of monthly azithromycin prophylaxis to prevent sexually transmitted infections and hiv-1 in kenyan sex workers: study design and baseline findings. | our objectives were to describe the baseline findings of a trial of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent sexually transmitted infections (stis) and hiv-1 in a cohort of nairobi female sex workers (fsws). a questionnaire was administered and a medical examination was performed. hiv-negative women were randomly assigned to either one gram azithromycin or placebo monthly. mean age of the 318 women was 32 years, mean duration of sex work 7 years and mean number of clients was 4 per day. high-risk behav ... | 2000 | 11138916 |
| genital ulcers in kenya. clinical and laboratory study. | of 97 patients with genital ulcers attending a special treatment clinic in nairobi, kenya, 60 harboured haemophilus ducreyi, four herpes simplex virus, and five neisseria gonorrhoeae. eleven patients had serological evidence of syphilis; of these one case was confirmed by darkfield microscopy. in the remaining cases no aetiological agent was identified. an enriched chocolate agar with vancomycin and serum was a useful medium for primary isolation of h ducreyi. tetracycline was generally ineffect ... | 1981 | 6799142 |
| microbiology of vaginal discharge in nairobi, kenya. | among women attending a sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic in nairobi with vaginal discharge, neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis were isolated from the cervix in 32 (26%) of 122 and four (7%) of 58 women respectively. infection with trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans, gardnerella vaginalis, and mycoplasma spp were diagnosed in 42 of 122 (34%), 26 of 110 (24%), 75 of 100 (75%), and 42 of 89 (47%) women respectively. mixed infections with at least two pathogens were found ... | 1983 | 6405973 |
| monthly antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and hiv-1 infection in kenyan sex workers: a randomized controlled trial. | sexually transmitted infections (stis) are common in female sex workers (fsws) and may enhance susceptibility to infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). | 2004 | 15173146 |
| mass antimicrobial treatment in pregnancy. a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in a population with high rates of sexually transmitted diseases. | sexually transmitted diseases (stds) are highly prevalent in pregnant women in many developing countries and have been associated with poor obstetric outcomes. case detection and treatment of stds in women is problematic and expensive, underscoring the need for other strategies. to explore the potential benefits of routine antimicrobial therapy on pregnancy outcome, we carried out a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial in one of the antenatal clinics in nairobi, kenya. four hundred pregnant ... | 1995 | 7776299 |
| genetic diversity and mosaicism at the por locus of neisseria gonorrhoeae. | the por genes of the predominant serovars of neisseria gonorrhoeae circulating in a high-frequency transmitter core group located in nairobi, kenya, were examined for nucleotide sequence polymorphism. the level of por gene diversity did not differ significantly between core group-derived gonococcal strains and gonococcal strains originating elsewhere. however, por mosaicism appeared to be more frequent among core group-derived strains, suggesting that recombination of different por sequences may ... | 1999 | 10482498 |
| epidemiology of ophthalmia neonatorum in kenya. | in a nairobi hospital where ocular prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum has been discontinued, 1,019 women were screened for neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis during labour and 7 and 28 days postpartum. the prevalence of gonococcal infection was 7% and that of chlamydial was 29%. 52.4% of gonococcal isolates produced penicillinase. the incidence of ophthalmia neonatorum was 23.2 per 100 live births, and incidences of gonococcal and chlamydial ophthalmia were 3.6 and 8.1 per 10 ... | 1986 | 2877285 |
| microbial aetiology and diagnostic criteria of postpartum endometritis in nairobi, kenya. | using a protected triple lumen device, neisseria gonorrhoeae or chlamydia trachomatis, or both, were isolated from the endometriums of five out of 35 women with clinical postpartum endometritis compared with none of a control group of 30 puerperal women without endometritis (p less than 0.05) in nairobi, kenya. these sexually transmitted agents were also found in 12 cervical specimens from women with and three without postpartum endometritis (p = 0.04). mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyti ... | 1988 | 3137152 |
| epidemic meningococcal disease in nairobi, kenya, 1989. the kenya/centers for disease control (cdc) meningitis study group. | an epidemic of meningococcal disease occurred in nairobi, kenya, during 1989, outside the "meningitis belt" of sub-saharan africa. about 3800 cases occurred between april and november (250/100,000 population). the case-fatality rate was 9.4% among hospitalized patients. areas that included nairobi's largest slums had particularly high attack rates. the epidemic displayed an unusual age distribution, with high attack rates among those 20-29 years old. a vaccination campaign was conducted. by earl ... | 1992 | 1634807 |
| retrospective study of alleged sexual assault at the aga khan hospital, nairobi. | a retrospective audit of all the rape cases reported at the aga khan hospital, nairobi over a two year period was carried out. out of 37 victims, 86.6% were less than 30 years old and 73.4% did not know who the assailant was. 80% of the victims reported to the hospital within 24 hours of the incident taking place and in 4 (10.8%) of the victims-vaginal swabs grew n. gonorrhoea. none of the victims opted for prosecution and none were referred for further counselling. we recommended that alleged r ... | 1995 | 7796777 |
| ophthalmia neonatorum in nairobi, kenya: the roles of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis. | among 149 consecutive infants with ophthalmia neonatorum in nairobi, neisseria gonorrhoeae was recovered from 43%, chlamydia trachomatis from 13%, and both microorganisms from 4%. three of five isolates of c. trachomatis belonged to trachoma serovars. the sensitivity and specificity of a gram-stained smear for the diagnosis of gonococcal conjunctivitis were 86% and 90%, respectively. patients with gonococcal conjunctivitis had more purulent discharge, a higher clinical severity score, and a youn ... | 1986 | 3084664 |
| bacteriology and sensitivity patterns of pyogenic meningitis at kenyatta national hospital, nairobi, kenya. | a descriptive cross sectional study on bacteriology and sensitivity patterns of laboratory-proven pyogenic meningitis was carried out over a six month period. a total of 92 patients (52 adults, 40 children) were studied. in 75 (82%) of the cases, the cerebrospinal fluid cultures were bacteriologically positive. common isolates included streptococcus pneumoniae (45%), neisseria meningitidis (14%) and haemophilus influenzae (12%). other isolates included cryptococcus neoformans from four (4.3%) ad ... | 1995 | 8904047 |
| long distance truck-drivers: 1. prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (stds). | a cross section study was conducted among long distance truck drivers to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) and antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). a total of 8 drivers and their assistants en route from port of mombasa to countries in east and central africa were enrolled into the study. blood was taken for hiv and syphilis serology. discharges from urethra and genital ulcer disease (gud) were cultured. seroprevalence for hiv was 18% and 4.6% for syph ... | 1991 | 1752221 |
| risk factors for chlamydia trachomatis pelvic inflammatory disease among sex workers in nairobi, kenya. | among 302 female sex workers in nairobi, kenya, who were followed for 17.6 +/- 11.1 months, 146 had one or more infections with chlamydia trachomatis; 102 had uncomplicated cervical infection only, 23 had c. trachomatis pelvic inflammatory disease (pid), and 21 had combined c. trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae pid. as determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis, risk factors for c. trachomatis pid included repeated c. trachomatis infection (odds ratio [or], 1.8; 95% confidence in ... | 1996 | 8648217 |
| prostitutes are a major reservoir of sexually transmitted diseases in nairobi, kenya. | prostitutes are a major reservoir of sexually transmitted diseases in many developing nations. in nairobi we found that 16%, 28%, and 46%, respectively, of upper-, middle-, and lower-social strata prostitutes were infected with neisseria gonorrhoeae. genital ulcers and infections with haemophilus ducreyi were more prevalent among prostitutes of the middle and lower social strata. a group of 97 prostitutes of the lower social strata were followed longitudinally to determine the rate of reinfectio ... | 1985 | 4002094 |
| predicting neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis infection using risk scores, physical examination, microscopy, and leukocyte esterase urine dipsticks among asymptomatic women attending a family planning clinic in kenya. | sexually transmitted infections (stis) continue to exert a tremendous health burden on women in developing countries. poor socioeconomic status, inadequate knowledge, lack of diagnostic facilities, and shortages of effective treatment all contribute to the high incidence of stis. the use of clinical algorithms for the detection and management of stis has gained widespread acceptance in settings where there are limited resources. evaluation of these algorithms have been few, especially in women w ... | 1999 | 10494940 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility testing and phenotyping of neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from patients with ophthalmia neonatorum in nairobi, kenya. | antimicrobial susceptibility testing, auxotyping-serotyping, and plasmid analysis were performed on 41 ocular isolates, 7 nasopharyngeal isolates, and 18 cervical isolates of neisseria gonorrhoeae obtained during a recent treatment trial of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum in nairobi, kenya. fourteen distinct serovar-auxotype patterns were observed with ib-1/pro-strains which accounted for 59% of the isolates. infection with multiple types of gonococci appeared to occur in 22% of the mothers sin ... | 1985 | 3935043 |
| mycoplasma genitalium infection and persistence in a cohort of female sex workers in nairobi, kenya. | the objective of this study was to assess the risk factors for and persistence of mycoplasma genitalium (mg) in a highly exposed female population in kenya. | 2007 | 16940898 |
| antibody to rmp (outer membrane protein 3) increases susceptibility to gonococcal infection. | the severe adverse effects of gonococcal infection on human fertility suggests that neisseria gonorrhoeae would exert powerful selection for the development of a protective immune response in humans. n. gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen and must persist in humans to survive. since it is an ecologically successful organism, it must have evolved strategies to evade any human immune response it elicits. in a longitudinal study among 243 women working as prostitutes and experiencing frequent ... | 1993 | 8423230 |