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[spongiform encephalopathies with special reference to bovine spongiform encephalopathy].in switzerland bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) was detected for the first time in november 1990. it is a transmissible disease of the central nervous system similar to creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker syndrome (gss) and kuru in man, and, in animals, scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (cwd) in captive mule deer and elk of north america and transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) of farm reared mink. the infectious agent of the spongiform ence ...19921615298
is mad cow disease caused by a bacteria?transmissible spongioform enchephalopathies (tse's), include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (also called bse or "mad cow disease"), creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans, and scrapie in sheep. they remain a mystery, their cause hotly debated. but between 1994 and 1996, 12 people in england came down with cjd, the human form of mad cow, and all had eaten beef from suspect cows. current mad cow diagnosis lies solely in the detection of late appearing "prions", an acronym for hypothesized, ge ...200415325025
descriptive spatial analysis of scrapie-affected flocks in great britain between january 1993 and december 2002.the spatial distribution of sheep flocks in great britain with confirmed clinical scrapie between january 1993 and december 2002 inclusive was investigated by using kernel density estimation and a cluster scan test statistic. six statistically significant clusters were identified: three were lower risk, and were centred on the north-western coast of scotland, the north-western coast of wales and the south yorkshire/pennine region; three were of higher risk, and were centred in the central south, ...200616891423
spatial distribution of the active surveillance of sheep scrapie in great britain: an exploratory analysis.this paper explores the spatial distribution of sampling within the active surveillance of sheep scrapie in great britain. we investigated the geographic distribution of the birth holdings of sheep sampled for scrapie during 2002 - 2005, including samples taken in abattoir surveys (c. 83,100) and from sheep that died in the field ("fallen stock", c. 14,600). we mapped the birth holdings by county and calculated the sampling rate, defined as the proportion of the holdings in each county sampled b ...200919607705
investigation of trace elements in soil as risk factors in the epidemiology of scrapie.scrapie is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of sheep and goats which is thought to be caused by a conformational change of the normal prion protein to its pathological isoform. it has been speculated that this change may be mediated by an interaction between the prion protein and various trace elements, in particular manganese and copper, and that the levels of trace elements in soils may therefore be risk factors for tses. this hypothesis was tested by comparing the level o ...200415260441
estimation of scrapie prevalence in cull and found-dead sheep on the shetland islands. 200415053138
bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease: a risk analysis.there is doubt that variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) resulted from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) transmission from cattle to human. what is uncertain is the total number of vcjd cases (currently about 80). in this review i covered recent data on the vcjd and bse epidemic, the mode of bse spreading to humans and, finally, the data on the prnp analogue--the doppel gene (prnd).200011693716
veterinary research at the central veterinary laboratory, weybridge, with special reference to scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy.a veterinary laboratory service was commissioned by the ministry of agriculture, fisheries and food of the united kingdom in 1894 and the service commenced veterinary research in 1905. the central veterinary laboratory (cvl) was opened in 1917 and has become known world-wide under the name 'weybridge'. in 1922, a network of veterinary investigation centres was established in england and wales and these continue to make an important contribution to surveillance for animal diseases. problems recog ...200011107625
association between natural scrapie and prp genotype in a flock of suffolk sheep in scotland.the incidence of natural scrapie in sheep is associated with polymorphisms of the prp gene, particularly those at codons 136, 154 and 171. in many breeds, the prp allele encoding valine at codon 136 confers an extremely high risk of scrapie, but in suffolk sheep this allele is vanishingly rare. in this study of a single closed flock of suffolk sheep in scotland, scrapie occurred primarily in animals which were homozygous for glutamine at codon 171, a genotype which was significantly less frequen ...19979023905
[id-dlo designs preclinical test for scrapie. the netherlands and england together fighting bse]. 19968765805
breeding controls rein in scrapie in yorkshire. 19883176270
a questionnaire survey of the prevalence of scrapie in sheep in britain.an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire has been used in two independent surveys to try to determine the prevalence of scrapie in the national sheep flock. the disease was recorded in 35 counties in england and wales. about a third (26.5 and 37.3 percent) of respondents owning 100 or more sheep indicated that they had seen sheep with scrapie in their flocks. the incidences of clinical cases recorded in affected flocks in the two surveys were 0.5 and 1.1 cases/100 ewes/year. at present ther ...19902260251
survey of encephalopathy incidence set up by health ministry. 19902192493
mad cows and englishmen: bovine spongiform encephalopathy. 19902096311
bse in perspective. 19901971325
scrapie-like encephalopathy in a greater kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros) which had not been fed ruminant-derived protein.a 19-month-old greater kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros), whose dam had died 15 months earlier with spongiform encephalopathy, required euthanasia after developing severe ataxia and depression with an apparently sudden onset. no macroscopic abnormalities were detected on post mortem examination but a scrapie-like spongiform encephalomyelopathy was apparent on histopathological examination of brain and segments of spinal cord. negative stain electron microscopy of proteinase k-treated detergent ext ...19921604783
bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological features 1985 to 1990.following the identification of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in the british cattle population in 1986 epidemiological studies were launched. this paper provides an updated account of the epidemiological features of bse from 1985, when the first cases, based on clinical histories, occurred, until 1990. the number of cases up to december 1989 represents an annual incidence of 3.9 confirmed cases per 1000 adult animals in great britain. many more dairy herds were affected than beef suckle ...19921557877
natural scrapie in goats: neuropathology.the brains of the 20 goats affected with natural scrapie received at the central veterinary-laboratory, weybridge, since 1975 were examined microscopically. lesions of a spongiform encephalopathy were found in the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, corpus striatum, and also in the neopallium or cerebral cortex. the lesions in the neopallium have not previously been reported in natural scrapie in goats. deposits of amyloid were present in the thalamus in three of the 20 goats.19921523800
host-pathogen interactions in scrapie.there are many strains of the agent which causes scrapie and these can be used singly or given as mixed infections to investigate the ways in which agent and host control mechanisms interact during the pathogenesis of the disease. two genes in mice are described; one only affects the kinetics of the disease when extraneural injections are used, the other acts irrespective of the route of injection and it is suggested that it determines the structure of a multimeric agent-replication site, the nu ...1975807505
classical sheep scrapie in great britain: spatial analysis and identification of environmental and farm-related risk factors.previous studies suggest that the spatial distribution of classical sheep scrapie in great britain is uneven and that certain flock characteristics may be associated with occurrence of the disease. however, the existence of areas of high and low disease-risk may also result from differences in the spatial distribution of environmental characteristics. in this study we explored the spatial pattern of classical scrapie in great britain between 2002 and 2005 and investigated the association between ...200919737376
two unusual bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases detected in great britain.bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) was first identified in great britain (gb) in 1986 and was subsequently detected in many other countries, worldwide. a decade after the start of the bovine epidemic, the first cases of new variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) in humans were linked to probable ingestion of bse infected tissue, highlighting a new zoonotic disease. an abnormal protease-resistant protein (prp(res)) in a diseased subject, derived from a post-translational change of a normal ...200919497088
within-holding prevalence of sheep classical scrapie in great britain.data from the compulsory scrapie flocks scheme (csfs), part of the compulsory eradication measures for the control of scrapie in the eu, have been used to estimate the within-holding prevalence of classical scrapie in great britain (gb). specifically data from one of the testing routes within the csfs have been used; the initial cull (ic), whereby two options can be applied: the whole flock cull option by which the entire flock is depopulated, and the genotyping and cull of certain genotypes.200919133119
transmission dynamics and mechanisms of endemicity of scrapie in the uk sheep population.summaryscrapie is a fatal neurological disease of sheep which is endemic in the united kingdom. it is one of the family of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) that includes bse. in this paper, we developed a micro-simulation model for scrapie in the uk sheep population, incorporating the genetic and structural diversity of the population and infectious contact between flocks through trading. the simulation was fitted to epidemiological data from a range of sources. we found a detect ...200918687155
analysis of data from the passive surveillance of scrapie in great britain between 1993 and 2002.reports of clinical scrapie in great britain between january 1, 1993 and december 31, 2002 were reviewed. scrapie was confirmed in 4142 sheep on 1099 holdings. the cumulative case and holding incidence risks decreased in 2001, probably owing to the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, although there were regional variations. sheep aged between three and four years old constituted the largest affected group. in the period between 1998 and 2002, 51.3 per cent of the cases had the genotype arq/vrq, ...200617158710
characteristics, prevalence and aetiology of lesions of the oral mucosa in adult sheep.a total of 214 sheep with lesions of the oral mucosa were recorded at the veterinary laboratories agency regional laboratories between march 15, 2002 and february 28, 2003. using denominator data from the scrapie abattoir survey a prevalence of 0.95 per cent (95 per cent ci 0.82 to 1.10 per cent) was recorded, and using the fallen stock survey a prevalence of 1.15 per cent (95 per cent ci 0.64 to 1.91 per cent) was recorded. the lesions varied widely and included dental pad lesions in 20 per cen ...200616714432
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