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prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens in pet dogs in trinidad.the rectal swabs of diarrhoeic and apparently healthy non-diarrhoeic dogs presented to a small animal clinic were cultured for escherichia coli, salmonella and campylobacter and the enteropathogens were characterized. overall, of 130 dogs divided equally into two groups consisting of 65 diarrhoeic and 65 non-diarrhoeic dogs, 99 (76.2%), 6 (4.6%) and 18 (13.8%) were positive for e. coli, salmonella and campylobacter, respectively. the differences were statistically significant (p < or = 0.05; chi ...19979084230
prevalence of salmonella and campylobacter species in animals at emperor valley zoo, trinidad.the prevalence of salmonella and thermophilic campylobacter species in animals kept at the emperor valley zoo, trinidad, was determined. of the 433 animals from a total of 30 species sampled, 28 (6.5%) and 11 (2.5%) were positive for salmonella and campylobacter, respectively. the difference was statistically significant (p < or = 0.001: chi2). overall, 12 stereotypes of salmonella were isolated, with s. miami accounting for eight (25.8%) of 31 isolates. all campylobacter isolates were c. jejuni ...19989732046
some bacterial enteropathogens in wildlife and racing pigeons from trinidad.fecal and cloacal swabs or feces of wild mammalian, avian and reptilian species, either farmed or free-ranging, and of racing pigeons (columba livia) kept in lofts were cultured for salmonella spp., campylobacter spp., and yersinia spp. of 291 free-ranging mammals tested, 6 (2%) and 1 (< 1%) yielded positive cultures of salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp., respectively. salmonella newport was the predominant serotype isolated and the opossum (didelphis marsupialis insularis) had the significa ...19989476228
prevalence of salmonella, listeria monocytogenes, campylobacter spp., yersinia enterocolitica and cryptosporidium spp. in bulk milk, cows' faeces and effluents of dairy farms in trinidad.the prevalence of listeria, salmonella, campylobacter, yersinia and cryptosporidium species in bulk milk, faeces of dairy cows and effluents of milking parlours from dairy farms in trinidad was investigated. of the 177 bulk milk samples studied, 3 (1.7%), 3 (1.7%) and 2 (1.1%) were positive for l. monocytogenes, salmonella spp. and y. enterocolitica, respectively, but were all negative for campylobacter and cryptosporidium species. from 333 faecal samples tested, l. monocytogenes, campylobacter ...19969239938
salmonella in wildlife from trinidad and grenada, w.i.forty-four of 219 animals from trinidad and grenada, w.i., yielded 20 serotypes of salmonella, 16 of which are known to have been associated with human infection in the united states in recent years. toads (bufo marinus) provided the greatest number of isolates. other carriers were mammals, vultures, lizards, a tree-frog and a cave cockroach.1979113561
salmonella infection in market swine, trinidad and tobago.salmonella organisms were isolated from samples of mesenteric lymph nodes taken from healthy market swine at an abattoir in port-of-spain, trinidad and tobago, on 36 different visits over a 12-month period. of the 869 samples examined, 160, or 18,4%, were positive for salmonella. a total of 19 serotypes were isolated of which s. agona was the most prevalent. the findings are compared with observations by other workers.1978667408
contaminated roof-collected rainwater as a possible cause of an outbreak of salmonellosis.roof-collected rainwater is a common water source in subtropical regions and has not been associated with human illness. in trinidad, the west indies, a church group, attending a rural camp, developed gastrointestinal illness, caused by salmonella arechevalata. this rare serotype was isolated from stool specimens of campers, foods eaten at the camp, and a water tap, which was supplied by a storage tank of roof-collected rainwater. the surface of the roof, used as water catchment, was covered wit ...1978701791
epidemiology of salmonella infections in trinidadian livestock farms.faeces of 689 diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic livestock were examined for salmonellae and the antibiograms of isolates were determined. twenty-nine (4.2%) animals were positive for salmonella. the highest prevalence was detected amongst calves with 14 (4.8%) of 293 found positive and the lowest prevalence in kids with none of 18 sampled shedding salmonellae. twelve (4.1%) of 294 piglets and 3 (3.6%) of 84 lambs tested were positive for salmonella. there were no statistical differences (p > or = 0. ...19938190978
microbiological analysis of 'black pudding', a trinidadian delicacy and health risk to consumers.the prevalences of salmonella, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus in black pudding which originated from local vendors and supermarkets in trinidad were determined. the enterotoxigenicity of s. aureus strains and occurrence of o157:h7 strains amongst e. coli isolates were also investigated. for the 100 black puddings each sampled from supermarkets and vendors, the mean total aerobic plate count (tapc) per g was 1.8 x 10(7) +/- 1.5 x 10(7) and 1.5 x 10(8) +/- 2.3 x 10(8), respectively. e. ...19968880315
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella spp. in pet mammals, reptiles, fish aquarium water, and birds in trinidad.the prevalence of salmonella spp. was determined in 970 animals comprising 423 pet birds, 485 fish aquaria water and 62 other pets (40 pet mammals, 14 reptiles, eight others - crustaceans, snail, stingray) from both pet shops and households throughout trinidad. the serotypes of salmonella spp. isolated were identified and the resistance to various antimicrobial agents was determined. overall nine (0.9%) of 970 pet animals were positive for salmonella spp. six isolates of salmonella spp. were rec ...200314720186
outbreak of typhoid fever in trinidad in 1971 traced to a commercial ice cream product. 19744604868
susceptibility patterns and serotypes of non-typhoidal salmonella in trinidad.to study the serotype distribution of non-typhoidal salmonella isolated from clinical specimens and to evaluate their susceptibility patterns to the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents used in this region.200111744940
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella spp. in non-diarrhoeic dogs in trinidad.the estimated prevalence and antimicrobial resistances of salmonella spp. in non-diarrhoeic dogs across trinidad was determined. the serotypes of salmonella spp. isolated were also identified. of a total of 1391 dogs sampled, 50 (3.6%) were positive for salmonella spp. with 28 different serotypes, the predominant serotypes were javiana (12), newport (6), arechavaleta (5) and heidelberg (5). fifty-seven (85.1%) of 67 isolates exhibited resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents. of eight anti ...200415525361
microbial quality of domestic and imported brands of bottled water in trinidad.a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the microbial quality of domestic and imported brands of bottled water available in trinidad, purchased from six geographical regions in trinidad, and representing the whole island. a sample size of 344 bottles of water was determined by using a precision rate of 2% and a type 1 error of 5%. the membrane filter technique was used with cultures grown on m-endo agar and m-fc agar for total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms, respectively. aero ...200312423918
microbial quality of oysters sold in western trinidad and potential health risk to consumers.the prevalence and characteristics of escherichia coli and salmonella spp. as well as counts of e. coli in raw oysters, condiments/spices, and raw oyster cocktails sampled from 72 vendors across western trinidad were determined. the microbial quality of the water used in the preparation of raw oysters was also investigated. of 200 samples each of raw oysters, condiments/spices and oyster cocktails tested, 154 (77.0%), 89 (44.5%) and 154 (77.0%) respectively yielded e. coli. the differences were ...199910579443
screening of medicinal plants from trinidad and tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal properties.antibacterial activity in 51 extracts from 29 plant species currently used in traditional medicine in trinidad and the neighbouring caribbean islands was tested for by the agar dilution streak method using six bacteria: escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa. salmonella tophimurium, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis and enterococcus faecalis. the extracts from eight of the plants tested showed significant activity against one or more micro-organisms and the most susceptible bac ...199910363843
an island-wide epidemic of salmonellosis in trinidad traced to contaminated powdered milk. 1977578598
emergence of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in the caribbean: case-control study in trinidad and tobago, west indies.a prospective case-control study involving 46 case patients and 92 age- and neighborhood-matched control subjects was conducted in trinidad and tobago (t&t) between march 1998 and may 1999 to determine the etiology, sources, and risk factors for salmonella enteritidis (se) infection. se infection in t&t was found to be associated with the consumption of shell eggs, and in particular raw or undercooked eggs. se isolates from 30 (88%) of 34 patients and from 9 implicated egg or egg-containing food ...200111247713
molecular analysis of salmonella enteritidis isolates from the caribbean by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), between 1987 and 1996 we analyzed salmonella enteritidis isolates from gastroenteritis cases in four caribbean countries: barbados, saint kitts and nevis, saint lucia, and trinidad and tobago. we also determined the resistance of the isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents. of the 129 isolates of s. enteritidis available for testing, dna digested by xbai revealed 13 distinctive pfge patterns. the most prevalent xbai pfge patterns were group 1 (88 of 129 ...200011190971
microbial health risk posed by table eggs in trinidad.a survey of the microbial quality of table eggs sold in trinidad was conducted. for 23 poultry layer farms each visited twice approximately 1 month apart, 25 pooled eggs constituted a composite sample, for 14 shopping malls each visited twice approximately 1 month apart, six pooled eggs made a composite sample and for a total of 102 other retailers across the country each visited once over a 4-month period, six pooled eggs constituted a composite sample. swabs of egg shells and egg content were ...200516274501
occurrence of selected foodborne pathogens on poultry and poultry giblets from small retail processing operations in trinidad.we conducted a study to determine quantitatively and qualitatively the presence of campylobacter spp., escherichia coli, staphylococci, total coliforms, total aerobic bacteria, and salmonella on broiler carcasses from selected small retail processors in trinidad. we used standard media and procedures for detection and quantification. all carcass and weep samples were positive for aerobic bacteria, e. coli, total coliforms, and staphylococci. significant differences in the mean counts of aerobic ...200616715810
extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing salmonella enteritidis in trinidad and tobago. 199910081693
salmonellosis in trinidad: evidence for transovarian transmission of salmonella in farm eggs.the aim of this study was to determine whether the contents of farm eggs in trinidad are contaminated with salmonella and if transovarian transmission occurs. 750 fresh eggs from 10 farms supplying 75% of the country's eggs were cultured for salmonella. salmonella was found on the egg shells' surfaces from all farms, and in the egg contents from three farms. isolates were obtained from the cultures of the contents and shells of nine (1.2%) and 35 (4.66%) eggs, respectively (p < 0.005). serotypes ...19989769751
frequency and characteristics of selected enteropathogens in fecal and rectal specimens from childhood diarrhea in trinidad, 1998-2000.to determine the prevalence and characteristics of selected enteric pathogens in diarrheic children in six counties of the island of trinidad.200515826396
comparison of polymerase chain reaction and bacterial culture for salmonella detection in the muscovy duck in trinidad and tobago.the purpose of this study was to investigate the presence and serovar identity of salmonella, at the national level, in farmed muscovy ducks (cairina moschata) in trinidad and tobago, and to compare the relative benefits of bacterial culture to those of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for use in the routine detection and surveillance of salmonella in these ducks.200818505607
a longitudinal study on enteropathogenic infections of livestock in trinidad.a longitudinal study was conducted on selected livestock farms to determine the prevalence of enteropathogens in diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic animals. the enteropathogens assayed from faecal samples and rectal swabs were bacteria (escherichia coli, campylobacter spp. salmonella spp. and yersinia enterocolitica), parasites (coccidia, gastrointestinal nematodes and cryptosporidium spp.) and viruses (group a rotavirus and parvovirus). the prevalence of the enteropathogens in various animal species ...200111340494
isolation of enteric pathogens from bats in trinidad.bats are one of the most widely distributed mammals in the world, and they are reservoirs or carriers of several zoonoses. bats were trapped in 27 geographic locations across trinidad and tobago, and following euthanasia, gastrointestinal tracts were aseptically removed. contents were subjected to bacteriologic analysis to detect salmonella spp., escherichia coli, and campylobacter spp. isolates of salmonella were serotyped, and e. coli isolates were screened for o157 strains and antimicrobial s ...200919901371
the relative importance of rotavirus and other pathogens in the etiology of gastroenteritis in trinidadian children.over a 2-year period, 300 infants less than 3 years old with gastroenteritis admitted to hospitals in trinidad were investigated for the presence of certain microorganisms in the feces, along with an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls. rotavirus was detected in 23% of cases and 1% of controls; salmonella in 7% of cases and in 1% of controls; shigella in 4% of cases and in no controls and two serotypes of enteropathogenic e. coli in 7% of cases and in 2% of controls. campylobacter fetu ...19826277207
investigation for possible source(s) of contamination of ready-to-eat meat products with listeria spp. and other pathogens in a meat processing plant in trinidad.in 2003, there was a recall of three processed (chicken franks, spice ham and turkey ham ready-to-eat (rte) meat products by a large processing plant in trinidad as a result of contamination by listeria monocytogenes. the study was conducted to investigate the possible source(s) of listeria contamination of recalled rte meat products and to determine the prevalence of listeria spp., salmonella spp., escherichia coli and campylobacter spp. in the products and air within the plant. raw and process ...200616943025
prevalence of bacterial pathogens and susceptibility patterns from clinical sources in trinidad.during a 12-month period (january-december, 1997), bacterial isolates of specimens from in-patients and out-patients of the eric williams medical sciences complex (ewmsc) were reviewed. a total of 3,513 specimens were processed, 43.1% from in-patients and 56.9% from out-patients. of the 3,513 specimens, 1129 (32.1%) yielded positive cultures. micro-organisms from wounds, sputum and genital tract accounted for 90.2%, 51.5% and 31.8%, respectively, of all isolates. e coli (17.4%) and enterococci ( ...200011076210
retrospective and longitudinal study of salmonellosis in captive wildlife in trinidad.morbidity and mortality of captive wildlife at the emperor valley zoo, trinidad from 1993 to 1996 were analysed to determine involvement of salmonella spp. a 6 mo longitudinal study was conducted to determine the frequency of isolation of salmonella spp. from apparently healthy, sick and dead wild mammals, birds, and reptiles. the antibiograms of salmonella isolates were determined using the disc diffusion method. fecal samples randomly selected from animal enclosures and cloacal swabs of snakes ...200010813610
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