| incidence of hbe antigen and hbe antibody in blood-donors. | | 1977 | 71584 |
| au-sh antigen in viral hepatitis in west of scotland. | | 1970 | 4193357 |
| australia antigen and hepatitis. | | 1970 | 4195567 |
| hepatitis b virus infection: mortality, morbidity and the cost to the health service in scotland. | this study assessed the size and character of hepatitis b virus infection in scotland in 1980 by looking at laboratory reports, registration of deaths and hospital discharges. less than half the laboratory reports of hepatitis b virus infection were associated with hepatic disorder and the overall attack rate in scotland in 1980 was 2.8 per 100 000. the case fatality for active infection was 2.1 per cent. most clinical cases were admitted to hospital and their mean duration of stay was 12.9 days ... | 1983 | 6663082 |
| provision of hepatitis b vaccination for primary care dental staff in scotland. | all dental surgeons should be protected from hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection by immunisation, ideally administered and monitored via occupational health services (ohs). this study examined relevant ohs systems in place for dental primary care healthcare workers (dhcw) across all health board areas (hbas) in scotland. it also explored the dhcws' knowledge of, and access to, these systems in three hbas. | 2003 | 14556757 |
| patient notification exercise following a dentist's admission of the periodic use of unsterilized equipment. | during 2001, greater glasgow national health service (nhs) board undertook a patient notification exercise in a glasgow dental practice following the admission, by the dentist, of the use of unsterilized dental equipment on patients. four thousand and eighty-nine exposed patients were identified; of these, 1696 contacted the nhs helpline and 1005 were counselled and screened for hepatitis c virus (hcv), hepatitis b virus (hbv) and human immunodeficiency virus. one patient showed evidence of prev ... | 2005 | 15942986 |
| increasing incidence of acute hepatitis b virus infection referrals to the aberdeen infection unit: a matter for concern. | to assess the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of acute hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections presenting to a regional infection unit over a ten year period--with reference to the issues of injection drug use and strategies aimed at reducing transmission, notably needle exchange and immunisation programmes. | 2003 | 12968511 |
| audit of bloodborne virus infections in injecting drug users in general practice. | two hundred and ninety patients attending a single general practice in edinburgh were known to have used illegal drugs, 145 of whom were identified as past or present injectors. data on bloodborne virus infections and immunisation against hepatitis b virus (hbv) were gathered during 1998, attempts were made to improve the level of testing for bloodborne viruses and immunisation against hbv, and follow up was carried out between october 1999 and february 2000. one hundred and fifteen patients wer ... | 2000 | 11280250 |
| how many drug rehabilitation places are needed in prisons to reduce the risk of bloodborne virus infection? | transmission of hiv and hepatitis b virus infection has been recognised in prisons, and injecting drug use is a major route of infection. combined results of two pilot health care surveys showed that 47% of prisoners with a history of injecting drug use wanted help to give up class a drugs but only 11% of non-injecting drug users expressed a similar wish. it would therefore seem appropriate for prisons to estimate the number of inmates with a history of injecting drug use and provide drug rehabi ... | 1999 | 10491874 |
| microbiology confirmatory tests for blood donors. | blood donations collected in scotland are currently screened for the presence of hbsag, anti-hiv 1 + 2, anti-hcv and syphilis antibodies. approximately 1% of all donations are found to repeatedly react to one of these four markers on screening but very few represent true infection. these samples must be sent to the designated confirmatory laboratory whose main role is to identify the true positive amongst a sea of 'false positives'. a battery of tests is used for this purpose, usually applied in ... | 1999 | 10414945 |
| maternal antibody to hepatitis b core antigen detected in dried neonatal blood spot samples. | despite department of health recommendations, universal antenatal testing for hepatitis b virus (hbv) is not performed throughout scotland. we describe the evaluation of an assay to document past or present infection with hbv, by identifying maternal antibody in routine guthrie dried neonatal blood spot samples taken when infants are 7 days old. a modified haemagglutination assay to detect antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (corecell, green cross) was validated and found to be 79% sensitive (4 ... | 1998 | 9825790 |
| acute hepatitis b in edinburgh 1975-92: a retrospective study in a population where human immunodeficiency virus is highly prevalent. | a retrospective study of notified hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in edinburgh during 1975-92 identified 525 acute cases. for 343 where a probable transmission route could be determined, 215 were due to shared equipment by injection drug users (idus), 29 to homosexual intercourse, 25 to heterosexual or household contact with idus, 21 to heterosexual contact with infected non-idu partners and 53 to various other or multiple routes. cases were unevenly distributed geographically, particularly th ... | 1997 | 9287948 |
| hepatitis virus infection and liver disease in injecting drug users who died suddenly. | to determine the extent of liver damage resulting from infection with hepatitis b, c and d viruses (hbv, hcv and hdv) in intravenous drug users (idus). | 1996 | 8813952 |
| detection of three types of hepatitis c virus in blood donors: investigation of type-specific differences in serologic reactivity and rate of alanine aminotransferase abnormalities. | the serologic reactivity and epidemiology associated with different hepatitis c virus (hcv) variants were investigated in a cohort of 113 anti-hcv-positive donors. in scotland, hcv type 1 accounted for one-half of all infections; 40 percent of subjects were infected with hcv type 3, and the remainder were infected with type 2. reactivity with the ns-4-encoded antigens in the first-generation anti-c100 assay was absent in 68 percent of donors infected with types 2 and 3, as compared with 10 perce ... | 1993 | 7678709 |
| hepatitis b virus markers in blood donors in the west of scotland. | | 1981 | 7329226 |
| dialysis-associated hepatitis in edinburgh; 1969-1978. | in 1969-1970 there was a sharp outbreak of hepatitis associated with hemodialysis in two edinburgh hospitals; mortality was 24% among renal patients and 31% in staff members. the epidemiology of the outbreak, the measures taken to control it, and the efforts made to exclude hepatitis b virus infections during an eight-year period after the outbreak, were reviewed in the light of a retesting of stored specimens by modern diagnostic techniques for hepatitis a and b viruses. this review reveals tha ... | 1982 | 6812192 |
| hepatitis b virus infection in medical and health care personnel. | | 1982 | 6804004 |
| surveillance of hepatitis b virus infection in scotland, 1973-1982. | since 1973 epidemiological surveillance of laboratory-confirmed hepatitis b virus infection has been undertaken in scotland. during the ten-year period, 1973-82, 2893 persons with laboratory evidence of infection were reported and the number increased by almost threefold between the beginning and the end of this time. males accounted for 66% of the patients and intravenous drug abuse was the most commonly encountered risk factor. the low risk to laboratory staff is confirmed, but among national ... | 1984 | 6501874 |
| hepatitis b surface antigen, hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in hong kong: a necropsy study: 1963-1976. | hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) was stained in liver tissue in 71% of 496 cases of cirrhosis with and without hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) in chinese coming to necropsy in hong kong from 1963-1976. male cases numbered 417; hbsag was positive in 83% of those in which hcc was combined with cirrhosis and in 62% of those with cirrhosis alone. of 39 additional male cases of hcc without cirrhosis, 38% were hbsag+. similar proportions were recorded in the famale cases. this progression suggests a ... | 1980 | 6252929 |
| control of hepatitis in dialysis units. | | 1972 | 4342643 |
| australia antigen in west of scotland and north of england. | | 1970 | 4194503 |
| the prevalence of hepatitis b serological markers in dental personnel. | there is a need to assess the risk to members of the dental profession in the u.k. of acquiring hepatitis b from patients. towards this end a study was performed in order to determine the degree of carriage of serological markers of hepatitis b in a sample of dental workers in and around edinburgh. of a total of 88 persons tested only one, a dental assistant, was positive. she had evidence of past infection but did not give a history of previous jaundice. we conclude that in the edinburgh area t ... | 1986 | 3701099 |
| distribution of hiv and acute hepatitis b infection among drug injectors in glasgow. | this study compared the distributions of known human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and acute hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection among drug injectors in glasgow over a 3.5 year period. data were obtained from all relevant laboratory request forms submitted to glasgow's 3 virology laboratories during the period 1 january 1986 to 30 june 1989. the overall prevalence of hiv among those tested was 3.7% (66/1786). there were 125 cases of acute hbv infection. the male:female ratios for hiv and acute hbv ... | 1991 | 1958720 |
| primary hepatocellular carcinoma in an area of low incidence: evidence for a viral aetiology from routinely collected data. | in recent years a strong case has been made in support of a viral aetiology for at least some primary hepatocellular carcinoma (phc) in areas of low incidence. by pooling routinely collected cancer registration and infection data, study of the relationship between hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection and the incidence of phc in scotland over the period 1972-1985 has confirmed this view. over this period the incidence of phc in men increased, there was a relationship between the incidence of notific ... | 1991 | 1648550 |
| prevalence of antibody to hepatitits b surface antigen among staff in an edinburgh hospital. | antibody to hepatitis b surface antigen was detected by radioimmunoprecipitation in 74 (5-5%) of 1336 staff members in a large general hospital in edinburgh, in 14 (2-9%) of 480 volunteer blood donors in the area, and in 12 (6-1%) of 197 pregnant women attending for the first time at the ante-natal clinic in the hospital. rates of antibody prevalence rose with age in the sample of hospital staff and in that of the blood donors, particularly among males. on the other hand, in the ante-natal patie ... | 1977 | 264499 |
| detection of htlv-i and -ii in scottish blood donor samples and archive donations. | positive samples identified during routine serological screening for hcv (hepatitis c virus), hbv (hepatitis b virus) and hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) are confirmed by nucleic acid testing in the snbts (scottish national blood transfusion service) pcr reference laboratory. serological screening for htlv-i (human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i) and -ii was implemented in scotland in november 2002, at which time a pcr assay was not available for confirmation. our aim was to develop a real- ... | 2006 | 16958835 |
| the changing prevalence of hepatitis b virus infection among men who have sex with men who attended a sexually transmitted infections clinic in edinburgh, scotland between 1989 and 2003. | the aim of the study was to discover if the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis b virus infection among men who have sex with men (msm) who attended a sexually transmitted infections clinic in edinburgh, scotland had changed in a 15-year period. this was a retrospective study of 3334 msm attending the clinic as new patients. forty-four men (1%) had hepatitis b surface antigenaemia. overall, sera from 398 (12%) men gave positive results for anti-hbc. the seroprevalence of hbv in men ag ... | 2006 | 16925901 |
| comparison of prevalence rates of microbiological markers between bone/tissue donations and new blood donors in scotland. | blood-borne virus prevalence rates of samples accompanying tissue donors are not widely available. this article compares the rates in scottish bone/tissue donors with those of new blood donors for the 7-year period, 1998-2004. | 2006 | 16756598 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis b in england and wales. | this review focuses on general and molecular features of the epidemiology of incident and prevalent hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections in england and wales. the situation in scotland and northern ireland will not be reviewed. | 2005 | 16461212 |
| audit of bloodborne virus prevention activity with drug users seen in primary care. | drug misuse is increasingly being managed in general practice. it has been proposed that better use could be made of this contact to identify people with bloodborne virus (bbv) morbidity and to deliver prevention strategies. the hepatitis b and c prevention project was designed to enhance the work of primary healthcare teams in preventing transmission of bbvs in people known to have a history of problem drug use. as part of this work a baseline audit of current provision was undertaken and the r ... | 2004 | 15779794 |
| hepatitis b virus genotypes and precore mutations in scottish blood donors. | this study was carried out to determine the frequency of hepatitis b virus (hbv) core promoter variants (nucleotide positions 1762, 1764) and precore variants (nucleotide position 1896) in hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag)-positive scottish blood donors. hbv genotypes present in this population were also identified. | 2005 | 15720605 |
| benefits of a blood donation archive repository: international survey of donor repository procedures and scottish experiences. | the use of a donation sample archive has been in place within the scottish national blood transfusion service for almost 35 years but the advent of human immunodeficiency virus donor testing led to this archive being kept for an indefinite period. this article describes the uses made of our archive repository. | 2007 | 17581151 |
| vaccination induced immunity to the hepatitis b virus among high-risk groups in glasgow 1993-2001: evaluating the effectiveness of the united kingdom's selective immunisation policy. | the united kingdom has adopted a selective approach to the control of hepatitis b (hbv), vaccinating those at increased risk of infection through lifestyle, occupation or other factors such as close contact with a case or carrier. this paper sought to assess the effectiveness of the targeted hbv vaccination programme, by determining the level of immunity and exposure to hbv infection among three high risk groups (injecting drug users (idus), men who have sex with men (msm) and heterosexuals atte ... | 2008 | 19051658 |
| the changing face of hepatitis b in greater glasgow: epidemiological trends 1993-2007. | whilst hepatitis b (hbv) is historically uncommon in scotland, anecdotal experience suggests an increasing prevalence of chronic infection. we sought to establish whether the incidence of chronic hbv is increasing in greater glasgow, and whether patients are assessed in secondary care. | 2010 | 20795508 |
| suitability of an automated nucleic acid extractor (easymag) for use with hepatitis c virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleic acid amplification testing. | serological screening assays have greatly reduced, but not eliminated, the risk of transmission of viral infections by transfusion of blood and blood products. in addition, the 1999 regulation of the european agency for the evaluation of medicinal products requiring all plasma for fractionation to have tested negative for hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna (cpmp/bwp/390/97, 1998) led many blood transfusion services to introduce nucleic acid amplification technology (nat) to screen blood donations for h ... | 2010 | 21126541 |
| a national survey of facilities for complainants of sexual assault. | in 2006, a national survey demonstrated wide disparities in services offered to sexual assault complainants in the uk, most marked between sexual assault referral centres and non-sexual assault referral centres (police victim examination suites). with national standards introduced in 2009 and the expansion of sexual assault referral centres, we aimed to evaluate the current situation. a questionnaire based on the original 2006 survey, collecting data on population covered, access, funding, perso ... | 2017 | 27402337 |
| prevalence estimates of diagnosed viral hepatitis b, liver condition outcomes and hospitalization costs: a population record-linkage study in tayside, scotland. | we estimated prevalence and incidence of liver condition outcomes, and costs to the health service of diagnosed hepatitis b virus (hbv) in tayside, uk. hbv patients were identified from electronic virology data between 1989 and 2003. the health resource costs of hbv for surface antigen-positive (hbsag+) patients and hbv (hbsag+ or immune, i.e. recovered) patients were calculated. a total of 633 patients had hbv (275 hbsag+), and were more likely to be male (62% vs. 48%), older (mean age 42.6 vs. ... | 2013 | 23200407 |
| association between universal hepatitis b prison vaccination, vaccine uptake and hepatitis b infection among people who inject drugs. | in scotland, hepatitis b virus (hbv) vaccination for all prisoners was introduced in 1999; here, we examine the impact of this programme among people who inject drugs (pwid) in the community. this study aimed to compare rates of hbv vaccine uptake before and after implementation of the prison programme and to estimate the determinants of vaccine uptake, the levels of ever/current hbv infection and the associations between vaccine uptake and ever/current hbv infection. | 2017 | 28710874 |