| the zoonotic importance of mycobacterium bovis. | the zoonotic importance of mycobacterium bovis has been the subject of renewed interest in the wake of the increasing incidence of tuberculosis in the human population. this paper considers some of the conditions under which transmission of m. bovis from animals to humans occurs and reviews current information on the global distribution of the disease. the paper highlights the particular threat posed by this zoonotic disease in developing countries and lists the veterinary and human public healt ... | 1996 | 8762842 |
| bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease: background, evolution, and current concerns. | the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in the united kingdom, which began in 1986 and has affected nearly 200,000 cattle, is waning to a conclusion, but leaves in its wake an outbreak of human creutzfeldt-jakob disease, most probably resulting from the consumption of beef products contaminated by central nervous system tissue. although averaging only 10-15 cases a year since its first appearance in 1994, its future magnitude and geographic distribution (in countries that have imp ... | 2001 | 11266289 |
| atypical scrapie in sheep from a uk research flock which is free from classical scrapie. | in the wake of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy the british government established a flock of sheep from which scrapie-free animals are supplied to laboratories for research. three breeds of sheep carrying a variety of different genotypes associated with scrapie susceptibility/resistance were imported in 1998 and 2001 from new zealand, a country regarded as free from scrapie. they are kept in a purpose-built sheep unit under strict disease security and are monitored clinically an ... | 2009 | 19208228 |
| meat market madness. who are the likely losers (and surprising winners) in the wake of the big beef scare? | | 2004 | 14959590 |
| study of the toughening mechanisms in bone and biomimetic hydroxyapatite materials using raman microprobe spectroscopy. | a raman microprobe spectroscopy characterization of microscopic fracture mechanisms is presented for a natural hydroxyapatite material (cortical bovine femur) and two synthetic hydroxyapatite-based materials with biomimetic structures-a hydroxyapatite skeleton interpenetrated with a metallic (silver) or a polymeric (nylon-6) phase. in both the natural and synthetic materials, a conspicuous amount of toughening arose from a microscopic crack-bridging mechanism operated by elasto-plastic stretchin ... | 2003 | 12734817 |
| comparative study of the invasiveness of salmonella serotypes typhimurium, choleraesuis and dublin for caco-2 cells, hep-2 cells and rabbit ileal epithelia. | patterns of invasiveness of salmonella serotypes typhimurium, choleraesuis and dublin in caco-2 cells (without centrifugation) were compared with previously published studies of the rabbit ileal invasion assay (riia) and (where relevant) a hep-2 cell invasion assay. optimal conditions for the use of caco-2 cell monolayers in bacterial invasion assays were defined. centrifuge-assisted attachment of bacteria to cells was not used routinely as this increased the invasiveness of known hypo-invasive ... | 2000 | 10847203 |
| imports banned in wake of belgian food scandal. | | 1999 | 10515732 |
| the relationship between new variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. | creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) has been transmitted in the laboratory and also by iatrogenic accident. however, research has failed to find evidence that its most common form (sporadic cjd) is a natural infection and, in particular, that there is a causal link with scrapie. bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) probably resulted from scrapie infection in cattle food. in the wake of the bse epidemic, a novel clinico-pathological form of cjd has been recognized: new variant cjd (nvcjd). this pap ... | 1999 | 10394138 |
| crack growth resistance in cortical bone: concept of microcrack toughening. | the role of microcracking in cortical bone as a toughening mechanism has been investigated in conjunction with the variation in fracture toughness with crack length. fracture toughness tests were conducted on miniaturised compact tension specimens made from human and bovine cortical bone and the resultant microstructural damage, present in the form of microcracking on the surface, was analysed around the main propagating crack. it was found that the fracture toughness (kc) and the cumulative num ... | 1997 | 9239560 |
| transcription-driven site-specific dna recombination in vitro. | transcription of a topologically relaxed, circular dna triggers recombination between two directly repeated res sites by gamma delta resolvase in vitro. this activation of recombination depends on the res site-to-site distance and the orientation of sites with respect to the direction of rna polymerase tracking. in addition to functioning as a site-specific recombinase, gamma delta resolvase acts as a site-specific topoisomerase and increases the topological linking number of templates during tr ... | 1993 | 8385342 |
| the biology and molecular biology of scrapie-like diseases. | the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse's) are degenerative diseases of the central nervous system which naturally affect man (creutzfeldt-jakob disease [cjd], gerstmann-sträussler syndrome [gss], kuru), sheep and goats (scrapie), cattle (bovine spongiform encephalopathy [bse]), mink (transmissible mink encephalopathy), mule deer, elk and antelope (chronic wasting disease). spongiform encephalopathies have also been diagnosed in captive species of zoo antelope and in domestic cats. mu ... | 1993 | 8219804 |
| robert koch and the rinderpest. | this is an account of the rinderpest outbreak in southern africa in the closing decade of the 19th century, with special reference to the transvaal and northern cape which brought socio-economic disaster in its wake in president kruger's zuid-afrikaansche republiek. robert koch was invited to south africa by the cape government to investigate the cattle plague and to find a cure. his stay in kimberley was sponsored by the de beer's company and the kimberley diamond fields advertiser gave regular ... | 1989 | 2678543 |
| in vitro evidence that transcription-induced stress causes nucleosome dissolution and regeneration. | during transcription, positive and negative superhelical stresses are generated on a dna template which could potentially affect nucleosomal structure. when transcription was performed on a closed circular plasmid containing nucleosomes, using t7 rna polymerase and topoisomerase i, nucleosomal structure was lost from the dna. nucleosome content was assayed by analyzing both the topological state of the dna and the nuclease-resistant fragments produced by micrococcal nuclease and dnase i treatmen ... | 1990 | 2170357 |
| [the effectiveness of oral and parenteral vitamin a doses in growing cattle with different vitamin a supplies]. | the effect of one single oral or parenterally administered dose of 1 million iu vitamin a on the vitamin a depot in the liver and on blood plasma vitamin a concentrations was investigated in 3 individual feeding experiments with involvement of 18 and 24 calves or 24 fattening bulls. 50% of all animals in each of the 3 experiments received feed without any vitamin a through 108 or 112 or 209 days, prior to vitamin a administration, or received 10.000 iu/100 kg live weight and day. parenteral vita ... | 1991 | 1789737 |
| reexamination of the polymeric distributions of kappa-casein isolated from bovine milk. | kappa-casein the stabilizing protein of the colloidal milk protein complex was purified from bovine skim milk by the method of mckenzie and wake (biochim, biophys. acta. 47, 240, 1961). the preparations were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of a reducing agent. in the presence of a reducing agent, the kappa-casein migrates as a single low molecular weight band. however, in the absence of a reducing agent, a characteristic pattern of aggregates of ... | 1992 | 1515031 |
| transient inward current underlying arrhythmogenic effects of cardiotonic steroids in purkinje fibres. | 1. voltage-clamp experiments were carried out in calf purkinje fibres to determine the basis of transient depolarizations (tds) associated with digitalis-induced arrhythmias. 2. under the influence of strophanthidin, depolarizing clamp pulses were followed by a transient inward current (ti) which was small or absent in untreated preparations. the ti also appeared in the wake of a train of action potentials. 8. the ti can help generate spontaneous depolarizations in preparations showing the low v ... | 1976 | 1018270 |
| fracture toughening mechanism of cortical bone: an experimental and numerical approach. | in this investigation, the crack propagation mechanisms contributing to the toughness of cortical bone were studied using a combination of experimental and numerical approaches. compact tension (ct) specimens were prepared from bovine cortical bones to achieve crack propagation in the longitudinal and transverse directions. stable crack extension experiments were conducted to distinguish the crack growth resistance curves, and virtual multidimensional internal bond (vmib) modeling was adopted to ... | 2011 | 21783108 |
| [variant creutzfeld-jakob disease (vcjd) : epidemiology and prevention from human to human secondary transmission]. | in the wake of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) epidemic, variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) has emerged as a previously unknown prion disease of humans. the initial occurrence of vcjd was observed in 1995/1996, and, so far, a total of 219 vcjd cases have been reported worldwide from seven european and four non-european countries. of these, 172 cases were observed in the united kingdom. the exact prevalence of sub- or pre-clinical vcjd infections is unclear. despite effective mea ... | 2010 | 20449549 |
| expression of orexin a and its receptor 1 in the vestibular glands of the cattle genital tract. | the hypothalamic peptide orexin a (oxa) binds specifically the g-protein-coupled orexin receptor 1 (ox1r). it is involved in many physiological functions including the regulation of food intake, sleep-wake cycle, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and sexual behavior. the localization of oxa in adrenal glands, stomach, bowel, pancreas, and testis has recently been assessed. here, we provide the first evidence for the expression of oxa and ox1r in the vestibular glands of mammalian genital trac ... | 2009 | 19089887 |
| history of veterinary medicine in zimbabwe. part ii. creating awareness, strengthening extension and looking into the future. | livestock farming was going on in the then southern rhodesia, before the advent of colonization in 1890. however, history of conventional veterinary medicine dates back only to the arrival of the pioneer column, 115 years ago. at that time, veterinary infrastructure and staffing was poor relative to size of the country, in terms of livestock census. despite that, few veterinarians on the ground managed to eradicate rinderpest (rd), rabies for 37 years, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (cbpp), g ... | 2006 | 18447299 |
| variants of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 with accelerated or delayed viral gene expression activate proinflammatory cytokine synthesis. | our previous results have shown that the parainfluenza virus sv5 is a poor inducer of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-8 (il-8) and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (mcp-1). by contrast, an engineered p/v mutant rsv5-p/v-cpi- and a naturally-occurring variant wf-piv (wake forest-parainfluenza virus) are both potent activators of il-8 and mcp-1. in the present study, we addressed the question of why rsv5-wt is such a poor inducer of host cytokine responses relative to the two sv5 variant ... | 2006 | 16480754 |
| the physiological role of orexins. | orexins/hypocretins are recently discovered neuropeptides synthetized mainly by neurons located in the posterolateral hypothalamus. hypocretin-1 and -2 are the same peptides as orexin-a and orexin-b. orexin a is a 33 amino acid peptide with n-terminal pyroglutamyl residue and two intrachain disulphide bonds. orexin b is a linear peptide of 28 amino acids. these two peptides are potent agonists at both the orexin-1 (oxr1) and orexin-2 (oxr2) receptors. orexin-a is selective ligand for oxr1 and ox ... | 2005 | 16135995 |
| new insights into the propagation of fatigue damage in cortical bone using confocal microscopy and chelating fluorochromes. | fatigue damage in bone occurs in the form of microcracks and plays an important role in the initiation of bone remodelling and in the occurrence of stress and fragility fractures. the process by which fatigue microcracks in bone initiate and grow remains poorly understood. the aim of this study was to investigate the microscopic tissue changes associated with microcracks during crack propagation in cortical bone and the influence of bone microstructure on this process. cracks were mechanically i ... | 2005 | 16123027 |
| public understanding of food risks in four european countries: a qualitative study. | in the wake of the 'bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) crisis' there was renewed interest in how those responsible for public health could take account of public views, both to 'democratize' policy making and to increase the likelihood of information about health risks resonating with public concerns. this study explored how members of the public in four european countries (finland, germany, italy and the uk) understood food risks in general, and risks arising from bse in particular. the aim ... | 2005 | 16030136 |