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ecology of the tick amblyomma hebraeum koch in the eastern cape province of south africa. i. distribution and seasonal activity.in the eastern cape province of south africa larvae of amblyomma hebraeum koch occur in well-drained, shaded habitats, with a ground cover of grass. the life cycle is normally of 3 years duration. peak larval activity occurs in the summer of the 1st year, peak nymphal activity in the spring of the 2nd year, and peak adult activity in the summer of the 3rd year. larval activity shows no direct correlation with macroclimate. adult activity is correlated with, in the following order of signficance, ...1977886412
a survey of cattle tick control practices in the eastern cape province of south africa.current cattle tick control practices and producer attitudes towards tick control in the eastern cape province of south africa are discussed. these were ascertained from answers to a questionnaire survey to which 31.2% of farmers responded. in general, producers favoured intensive tick control. beef and dairy farmers had a definite preference for synthetic pyrethroid acaricides, the majority followed a 25 times p.a. treatment frequency and most changed acaricides because of price. beef producers ...19921437023
some avian and mammalian hosts of amblyomma hebraeum and amblyomma marmoreum (acari: ixodidae).large numbers of birds, wild mammals and domestic stock from a variety of localities within the republic of south africa were examined for infestation with the ixodid ticks amblyomma hebraeum and amblyomma marmoreum. every warthog (phacochoerus aethiopicus), burchell's zebra (equus burchelli), impala (aepyceros melampus) and kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros) from the kruger national park in the north-eastern transvaal lowveld was infested with a. hebraeum. in the eastern cape province every helmet ...19873329327
development of a prophylactic regime using terramycin/la to assist in the introduction of susceptible cattle into heartwater endemic areas of africa.as a result of a personal survey in 1982, interviewing veterinarians from louis trichardt to uitenhage, it was concluded that bovine heartwater is currently regarded as the most serious tick-borne disease problem in south africa. a combination of long-acting oxytetracycline and prednisolone is regarded as the most effective therapy. the disease is almost inevitable in unprotected young high-grade susceptible stock introduced into endemic areas such as the northern transvaal and the valley bushve ...19873448580
the distribution and hosts of rhipicephalus glabroscutatum.three domestic and 12 wild species of ungulate have been recorded as hosts of rhipicephalus glabroscutatum. the major site of attachment for larvae, nymphs and adults is around the hooves and on the lower legs. this tick is virtually confined to the eastern cape province, republic of south africa. classed as an obligative xerophile it inhabits non-coastal areas of low rainfall characterized by karoo and karoid vegetation.19854011156
resistance to acaricides in ticks in the eastern cape province. 19734120787
parasites of domestic and wild animals in south africa. xxxvii. ixodid ticks on cattle on kikuyu grass pastures and in valley bushveld in the eastern cape province.individual calves, exposed to infestation for 14 d on dry-land kikuyu grass pastures on the coast near alexandria, were slaughtered at approximately monthly intervals over a period of 2 years and examined for ticks. although seven species were recovered total tick burdens were for the most part low. changing the acaricide with which other cattle on the farm, but not the survey calves, were treated from an organophosphate-based compound to a synthetic pyrethroid resulted in a marked sustained red ...199910631707
comparison of 3 tests to detect acaricide resistance in boophilus decoloratus on dairy farms in the eastern cape province, south africa.the susceptibility of the larval offspring of engorged female boophilus decoloratus, and of the engorged females, collected from cattle on the dairy farms brycedale, sunny grove and welgevind in the eastern cape province, south africa, was tested against the acaricides amitraz, chlorfenvinphos and cypermethrin. resistance was determined by means of the shaw larval immersion test (slit) for larvae and the reproductive estimate test (ret) and egg laying test (elt) for adults. at brycedale the test ...200312967049
parasites of domestic and wild animals in south africa. xlv. helminths of dairy calves on dry-land kikuyu grass pastures in the eastern cape province.successive pairs of approximately 4-month-old friesland bull calves, raised under worm-free conditions, were exposed to helminth infection for 14 days on dry-land kikuyu grass pastures at 28-day to monthly intervals, on a coastal farm in a non-seasonal rainfall region of the eastern cape province. with the exception of one pair of calves exposed for 28 days, this procedure was repeated for 28 consecutive months from december 1982 to march 1985. the day after removal from the pastures one calf of ...200415732456
hosts, seasonality and geographic distribution of the south african tortoise tick, amblyomma marmoreum.the tortoise tick amblyomma marmoreum was collected from large numbers of reptiles and other animals during the course of numerous surveys conducted in south africa. a total of 1229 ticks, of which 550 were adults, were recovered from 309 reptiles belonging to 13 species, with leopard tortoises, geochelone pardalis being the most heavily infested. the 269 birds sampled harboured 4901 larvae, 217 nymphs and no adult ticks, and the prevalence of infestation was greatest on helmeted guineafowls, nu ...200616715875
ixodid ticks on dogs in the eastern region of the eastern cape province, south africa.the objective of this study was to determine the species composition and geographic distribution of ixodid ticks infesting domestic dogs in the eastern region of the eastern cape province. seventy-two communal cattle dip-tanks within this region were randomly selected as survey localities and their geographic coordinates recorded. in addition to ticks that were collected from five cattle and five goats at each of the dip-tanks, ticks were also collected from five dogs whenever possible. no dogs ...200617283731
goats as alternative hosts of cattle ticks.the objective of this study was to compare the presence on goats and cattle of adult ticks that usually infest cattle. to this end ticks collected from sets of five goats were compared with those collected from sets of five cattle at 72 communal dip-tanks in the eastern region of the eastern cape province. amblyomma hebraeum was present on goats at 25 and on cattle at 39 dip-tanks, and a total of 61 goats and 138 cattle were infested. adult rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus was present on goat ...200717708147
variation in the functions of village goats in zimbabwe and south africa.the objective of the study was to compare the functions and management systems of goats in chirumanzu district in zimbabwe and, alfred nzo and amatole districts in the eastern cape province of south africa. data were collected using participatory rural appraisal techniques and direct observations. in addition, structured questionnaires from 344 households as follows; 69 from alfred nzo district, 144 from amatole district and 132 from chirumanzu district were also used to retrieve information fro ...200919252996
an in-vivo study of the efficacy and safety of ethno-veterinary remedies used to control cattle ticks by rural farmers in the eastern cape province of south africa.ticks feed on blood, are vectors of tick-borne diseases and cause considerable skin damage to livestock. they are commonly controlled using commercial acaricides, which are expensive to the rural farmers, causing them to resort to alternative tick control methods. the objective of this study was to assess the acaricidal properties and safety of some materials (ptaeroxylon obliquum, aloe ferox, lantana camara, tagetes minuta, used engine oil and jeyes fluid, used by rural farmers to control cattl ...200919396566
farmers' perceptions of the causes of low reproductive performance in cows kept under low-input communal production systems in south africa.the objective of the study was to determine farmers' perceptions of the causes of low reproductive performance in nguni cows raised on communal rangelands in the eastern cape province of south africa. data were collected using participatory rural appraisals and structured questionnaires that were administered to 551 randomly selected farmers from ten communities in the eastern cape. cattle herd sizes ranged from 3 to 11 and were mainly composed of cows. cattle sales were ranked as the most impor ...201020953839
village livestock population and sampling strategies in communal areas in the eastern cape province, south africa.there is an urgent need for a livestock census in communal areas of the eastern cape province, south africa. this study focuses on the description of the cattle, sheep, and goat populations with emphasis on the livestock distributions and population characteristics in a pilot study in two wards in communal farm land. in one of the wards, sample homogeneity was found in the cattle and goat populations. in contrast, in the second ward sheep and goat populations were found heterogeneous, and only c ...201021082246
species composition and geographic distribution of ticks infesting cattle, goats and dogs in a temperate and in a subtropical region of south-east africa.the species and distribution of ticks infesting cattle, goats and dogs in the eastern region of the eastern cape province, south africa and maputo province, mozambique were determined from collections made from these animals at 72 localities in the former region and 30 in the latter. eleven ixodid and one argasid species were recovered in the eastern cape province and 15 ixodid species in maputo province. the most common ticks infesting cattle and goats in both provinces were amblyomma hebraeum, ...200921105593
tick communities at the expanding wildlife/cattle interface in the eastern cape province, south africa: implications for corridor disease.corridor disease, transmitted by the brown ear tick (rhipicephalus appendiculatus), is one of africa's most pathogenic tick-borne diseases for cattle. with a focus on this species, we investigated the community parameters (richness, diversity and abundance) of ticks in the eastern cape, south africa, and how this may be linked to the increasing wildlife/cattle interface in the region. there were significantly more ticks of a greater diversity and richness at sites positioned at the wildlife/catt ...201021526739
multiple antibiotic resistances among shiga toxin producing escherichia coli o157 in feces of dairy cattle farms in eastern cape of south africa.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7 is a well-recognized cause of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus). the ability of stec strains to cause human disease is due to the production of shiga toxins. the objectives of this study were to determinate the prevalence, serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the genetic capability for shiga toxin production in escherichia coli (stec) strains isolated from dairy cattle farms in two rural communities in the easte ...201526475706
fusarium species isolated from pennisetum clandestinum collected during outbreaks of kikuyu poisoning in cattle in south africa.kikuyu poisoning occurs sporadically in south africa. it is of major economic importance, as valuable dairy cows are often poisoned by it, and once affected, the mortality rate is high. pennisetum clandestinum samples were collected during eight outbreaks of kikuyu poisoning in cattle in the eastern cape province of south africa from 2008 to 2010. the kikuyu grass samples were submitted specifically for the isolation and molecular identification of fusarium species, as it was recently suggested ...201425686222
macrolide, glycopeptide resistance and virulence genes in enterococcus species isolates from dairy cattle.the genus enterococcus is known to possess the capacity to acquire and disseminate antimicrobial resistant determinants alongside the ability to produce various virulence genes that enables it to establish infections. we assessed the prevalence and antibiogram profiles of enterococcus spp. in faecal samples of dairy cattle. faecal swab samples were collected from 400 dairy cattle from two commercial cattle farms in two rural communities in the eastern cape, south africa. confirmation of enteroco ...201627166215
traditional remedies used for the treatment of cattle wounds and myiasis in amatola basin, eastern cape province, south africa.a questionnaire survey was carried out to document traditional remedies used in the treatment of cattle wounds and myiasis in amatola basin. eighty-three cattle farmers from nine villages were interviewed. the majority of respondents (67.9%) use traditional remedies for treatment of these conditions. however, 25.9% of them use a combination of traditional remedies with conventional medicines. the survey revealed that 13 medicinal plants belonging to 11 families were used. aloe ferox, prunus pers ...200921344789
tick loads in cattle raised on sweet and sour rangelands in the low-input farming areas of south africa.the objective of this study was to compare tick loads and prevalence in nguni and non-descript cattle in the sweet (palatable throughout the year) and sour (palatable only in the rainy season) communal rangelands of the eastern cape province, south africa. engorged adult female ixodid ticks were collected and identified seasonally from 144 cattle raised on sweet and sour rangelands from august 2007 to april 2008. three tick species were identified in the sweet and sour rangelands namely rhipicep ...201020967568
milk utilisation patterns in the low-input production systems in south africa.understanding the utilisation patterns of milk assists in designing appropriate dairy development schemes in rural communities. the objective of the study was to determine milk utilisation patterns in different smallholder farming systems in the eastern cape province of south africa. data were collected through the administration of recording sheets to 130 randomly selected households in alice, fort beaufort and queenstown districts. amounts of milk produced per household ranged from 9 to 21 l p ...201020383605
ovarian activity, conception and pregnancy patterns of cows in the semiarid communal rangelands in the eastern cape province of south africa.a study was conducted to determine the seasonal trends in ovarian activity, conception and pregnancy status of cows on communal rangelands in the eastern cape province of south africa. ovarian activity and pregnancy status of 200 cows were determined through trans-rectal palpation in june, and october 2007 and january 2008. month of conception was obtained by subtracting the estimated age of the foetus from the month when pregnancy diagnosis was performed. body weights and body condition scores ...201019716243
milk production and calf rearing practices in the smallholder areas in the eastern cape province of south africa.farmer perceptions on milk production and calf rearing practices on communal rangelands in the smallholder areas of the eastern cape province, south africa were evaluated on a total of 218 cattle farmers using structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews with key informants and personal observations. nearly 70% of the households in the small-scale areas milked twice a day compared to 60% in the communal areas. about 62% of the interviewees weaned calves between 6 and 12 months of age. m ...200919347665
the extent of acaricide resistance in 1-, 2- and 3-host ticks on communally grazed cattle in the eastern region of the eastern cape province, south africa.in order to determine the extent of acaricide resistance in the eastern region of the eastern cape province 1-, 2- and 3-host ticks were collected from cattle at 59 dip-tanks over a period of 2 years. these ticks were tested for resistance against 3 compounds, namely amitraz, cypermethrin and chlorfenvinphos. the shaw larval immersion test detected emerging resistance to amitraz in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus at 2 dip-tanks and resistance at a 3rd. it also revealed resistance in this tic ...200819244821
tick control methods used by resource-limited farmers and the effect of ticks on cattle in rural areas of the eastern cape province, south africa.a survey to document tick control methods used by resource-limited farmers in the control of cattle ticks in the eastern cape province of south africa was conducted by interviewing 59 cattle farmers using structured questionnaires and general conversation. information collected was on external parasites of cattle, their effects and their control methods. ticks were reported to be a major problem causing diseases like anaplasmosis (89.8%), babesiosis (55.9%) and ehrlichiosis (16.9%), as well as w ...200918704741
the prevalence and distribution of argas walkerae (acari: argasidae) in the eastern region of the eastern cape province, south africa.the prevalence and geographic distribution of the fowl tampan, argas walkerae kaiser & hoogstraal, 1969 was determined in the eastern region of the eastern cape province, south africa by inspecting two fowl houses in the vicinity of each of 72 randomly selected communal cattle dip-tanks. tampans were collected from 102 (70.8%) of the 144 fowl houses in the neighbourhood of 57 (79.2%) of the 72 selected dip-tanks, and the localities of the collections were mapped. argas walkerae was present in fo ...200818575068
use of herbal remedies by small-scale farmers to treat livestock diseases in central eastern cape province, south africa.the use of herbal remedies by african farmers in the treatment of livestock diseases was investigated using a range of methods, including group interviews, structured interviews, semi-structured interviews and participant observation. the study was concerned mainly with the 'why' and 'how' of herbal remedy use among african livestock holders farming on communally-owned land in central eastern cape province. we found that the use of herbal remedies was still widespread because these remedies were ...200011030357
tick control by small-scale cattle farmers in the central eastern cape province, south africa.a survey conducted in 5 magisterial districts involving rapid rural appraisal and a questionnaire showed participation in state-managed and funded dipping programmes by cattle owners in communal areas of the central eastern cape to be nearly complete, with 98% of livestock owners interviewed participating in all dipping events. disease control was the main reason for participation, but farmers perceive dipping to have a much broader disease-preventing activity than is really the case. other reas ...19979291072
perceived causes, diagnosis and treatment of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle by livestock farmers in communal areas of the central eastern cape province, south africa.perceived causes, diagnosis and treatment of redwater (babesiosis) and gallsickness (anaplasmosis) in cattle by livestock farmers in communal areas of the central eastern cape province were investigated by means of participatory methods, semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey. most livestock owners relate the causes of these diseases to excessive grazing of lush green grass, which is thought to bring about an accumulation of bile in the body. the majority of livestock owners diagn ...19979291071
the distribution of pasteurella haemolytica serotypes among cattle, sheep, and goats in south africa and their association with diseases.over an 8-year period (september 1986 to march 1994), a total of 497 organ specimens from sheep and goats and 96 from cattle, were received for their isolation of pasteurella haemolytica. they were collected in seven geographical areas in south africa (as it existed before the april 1994 elections). these areas include the eastern cape, transvaal (new name: gauteng), nambia, orange free state (new name: free state), natal (new name: kwazulu-natal), western cape and the northern cape. this invest ...19958668319
towards strategic control of ticks in the eastern cape province of south africa.the performance of alphamethrin and flumethrin treated and untreated bonsmara cows and calves grazing in the thornveld of the eastern cape province was compared over a 2 year period. the economically important tick species occurred seasonally but in insufficient numbers to achieve enzootic stability with respect to babesiosis and anaplasmosis. no differences in live mass were observed for the cows, but the untreated calves were heavier at weaning than the acaricide treated group. markedly lower ...19938236489
theileria velifera demonstrated in cattle in the eastern cape province of the republic of south africa. 1979121748
mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in cattle from the eastern cape province of south africa.mycobacterium tuberculosis is the main causative agent of tuberculosis (tb) in human and mycobacterium bovis commonly causes tuberculosis in animals. transmission of tuberculosis caused by both pathogens can occur from human to animals and vice versa.201729017548
a new depsidone and antibacterial activities of compounds from usnea undulata stirton.usnea undulata stirton (usneaaceae) is a fruticose lichen used locally in ethnoveterinary medicine to treat mammary infections in cattle while human beings use it for the treatment of wounds in eastern cape, south africa. bioactivity-guided fractionation of its extracts led to the isolation and characterization of a new depsidone, 2'-o-methylhypostictic acid (8), together with seven known compounds, i.e. methyl β-orsellinate (1), norstictic acid (2), menegazziaic acid (3), (+) usnic acid (4), hy ...201122115039
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