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bluetongue studies with sentinel cattle in kenya.bluetongue antibody of 19 different serological types was found in a group of sentinel cattle near nairobi. a continuous challenge by these 19 strains occurred each year in this location. the sero-conversion rates were shown to vary from year to year and rainfall had no obvious effect upon the conversion rates. the 19 different strains of virus were also shown to be active at five widely scattered sites in different parts of the country.1978204705
beef and dressed chickens as sources of enterotoxigenic staphylococcus aureus in nairobi.staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) isolates from beef carcasses, minced beef, and dressed chicken were assayed for production of enterotoxin a, b, c and d using reverse passive agglutination technique. the highest isolation rate was from chickens followed by minced beef. chickens yielded the highest percentage of enterotoxigenic strains. staphylococcal enterotoxin c (sec) was the most frequently produced type from all the three sources while enterotoxin a ranked second and enterotoxin b third. th ...19921298613
observations on rinderpest in kenya, 1986-1989.rinderpest was confirmed in kenya in 1986, 1987, 1988 and 1989. three epidemiologically distinct events appear to have occurred: repeated outbreaks in west pokot district related to cross-border movement of stock, an outbreak in marsabit district in 1987 (thought to have been caused by illegal movement of cattle, possibly in vehicles, from countries further north) and a series of related outbreaks in and near nairobi between 1988 and 1989 due to the unauthorized movement from abattoirs and holdi ...19921472724
isolation of campylobacter spp. and yersinia enterocolitica from domestic animals and human patients in kenya.rectal swabs or faecal samples from 992 domestic animals and 97 human patients in the nairobi region were cultured for thermophilic campylobacter species and yersinia enterocolitica. the highest isolation rate of campylobacters was obtained from diarrhoeic pigs (55.1%), followed by healthy chicken (51.5%), diarrhoeic dogs (47.2%), healthy pigs (44.0%), healthy ducks (29.4%), healthy goats (6.3%), healthy cattle (5.8%), diarrhoeic humans (3.1%), and healthy sheep (2.0%). only one strain of y. ent ...19883345259
hydatid disease in the turkana district of kenya, iv. the prevalence of echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs, and observations on the role of the dog in the lifestyle of the turkana.the prevalence of echinococcus granulosus in dogs in the turkana district of kenya was 39.4% of 695 examined. of these, 98 (35.8%) had heavy echinococcus worm burdens (10(3)-5 x 10(4) ), while 54 (19.7%) and 122 (44.5%) had medium (201-1000) and light (1-200) burdens. the possible sources of these infections are discussed. the prevalence rate differed in various parts of the district, ranging from 63.5% in the northwest, where the highest incidence of human hydatidosis also occurs, to nil along ...19853985706
nairobi laboratory fights more than disease. 19827071595
arbovirus isolations from ixodid ticks infesting livestock, kano plain, kenya.in a study conducted on the kano plain, kenya, virus isolation attempts were made on ixodid ticks collected, over a 14-month period, from livestock held in family enclosures (bomas) before releasing the animals for daily foraging. 8735 amblyomma variegatum (fabricius) were tested, 98.6% of which were taken from cattle, yielding 36 strains of dugbe (dug), four strains of nairobi sheep disease (nsd), three strains of bhanja (bha), one strain of thogoto (tho) and five strains of virus which could n ...19807210125
causes of calf mortality in kabete area of kenya.a total of 345 calf carcases of mainly dairy breeds from the farms around kabete area were examined at the post-mortem facility in the department of veterinary pathology and microbiology, university of nairobi, over a 10-year period (1980-1989). about 46.8% of the total deaths took place within the first 2 months, 31.8% of them in the first month and 13.3% in the first 2 weeks. in 23 cases (6.7%) no specific cause of death was determined. the major causes of death were diseases of the alimentary ...19958628571
phenology of stomoxyinae in a kenyan forest.the biology of nineteen taxa of african stomoxyinae was studied during experiments with odour-baited vavoua traps in nairobi national park, kenya. both male and female stomoxys were captured in similar numbers with co2 released at 2 l/min or octenol released at 2 mg/h. some species of haematobosca reacted synergistically to a combination of these attractants, producing large increases in catch. stygeromyia and rhinomusca responded only to co2 and prostomoxys did not respond to either bait. many ...19968994131
isolation and characterization of group b streptococci from human and bovine sources within and around nairobi.group b streptococci (gbs) were isolated from bovine milk and from vaginas and throats of antenatal and postnatal women using tkt and rapid gbs media. sixty-three of 529 (12%) bovine bulk milk samples, 9 of 48 (19%) vaginal and 3 of 48 (6%) throat samples were positive. both bovine and human beta haemolytic isolates were characterized biochemically and serologically. pigment production was a characteristic of both human and bovine beta haemolytic isolates. the majority (88%) of human isolates fe ...19979207731
retail poultry and beef as sources of campylobacter jejuni.to investigate the level of contamination with c. jejuni of raw chicken and beef meats sold in nairobi and to assess their potential as sources of campylobacter infections to man.199910442113
prevalence of besnoitiosis in domestic ruminants in kenya: a preliminary survey.a preliminary survey on the prevalence of besnoitiosis in domestic ruminants in kenya based on field and farm visits, clinical and post mortem examinations and histopathological examination of tissues and biopsies, showed that goats are the most affected, followed by cattle, while sheep were unaffected. caprine besnoitiosis occurred in a continuous belt in 5 of the 8 provinces in kenya stretching from the coast, eastern, north eastern, nairobi and the rift valley provinces. mandera, in the north ...199910855837
the role of parasitic diseases as causes of mortality in cattle in a high potential area of central kenya: a quantitative analysis.postmortem records of cattle brought to the veterinary school in kabete near nairobi were examined for a period of 15 years (1984-1998, inclusive) in order to establish the role that parasitic diseases played as causes of death. the cattle were mainly of exotic breeds but a few were crosses or of indigenous breeds. there was a total of 1413 cases of deaths from various diseases of which 177 (13%) were due to parasites. the tick-borne diseases were in high proportions and accounted for 84,7% amon ...200011131115
the prevalence and economic importance of bovine fasciolosis in kenya--an analysis of abattoir data.a retrospective study covering a period of 10 years (1990-1999) was carried out using post mortem meat inspection records at the veterinary department headquarters at kabete to determine the prevalence and economic importance of bovine fasciolosis in kenya. meat inspection records from abattoirs in 38 districts distributed over seven out of the eight provinces of kenya were examined. prevalence of fasciolosis was calculated as the number of cattle found to be infected with fasciola, expressed as ...200212625377
antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmid profiles of staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and meat.to determine the frequency of resistance of staphylococcus aureus to various antimicrobial agents, and the relationship between antimicrobial resistance of the isolates and carriage of plasmids.200012862134
tickborne arbovirus surveillance in market livestock, nairobi, kenya.to identify tickborne viruses circulating in kenya and the surrounding region, we conducted surveillance at abattoirs in nairobi, kenya. species of ticks collected included rhipicephalus pulchellus (56%), amblyomma gemma (14%), r. appendiculatus (8%), a. variegatum (6%), and others. a total of 56 virus isolates were obtained, 26 from a. gemma, 17 from r. pulchellus, 6 from a. variegatum, and 7 from other species. virus isolates included dugbe virus (dugv), an unknown virus related to dugv, thogo ...200616836823
kupe virus, a new virus in the family bunyaviridae, genus nairovirus, kenya.we have previously described isolation and preliminary identification of a virus related to dugbe virus (dugv), family bunyaviridae, genus nairovirus. six isolates of the virus were obtained from pools of amblyomma gemma and rhipicephalus pulchellus ticks collected from hides of cattle in nairobi, kenya, in october 1999. we report results of further characterization of this virus, including growth kinetics in cell culture and full-length genome sequencing and genetic characterization, which show ...200919193256
investigations into the prevalence of bovine brucellosis and the risk factors that predispose humans to infection among urban dairy and non-dairy farming households in dagoretti division, nairobi, kenya.to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices of dairy and non-dairy farming households in dagoretti in regard to the risk posed by bovine brucellosis and determine the prevalence of the disease in urban dairy cattle.200718338729
investigation of the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and risk factors for human infection with bovine tuberculosis among dairy and non-dairy farming neighbour households in dagoretti division, nairobi, kenya.to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in urban dairy cattle and examine possible risk factors for human infection with bovine tuberculosis (btb).200718338728
investigation on the prevalence of antimicrobial residues in milk obtained from urban smallholder dairy and non-dairy farming households in dagoretti division, nairobi, kenya.to assess the prevalence and the level of awareness of the risk posed by antibiotic residues among the urban dairy and non-dairy farming households using a household survey and laboratory analysis of milk samples.200718338727
prevalence of aflatoxin m1 and b1 in milk and animal feeds from urban smallholder dairy production in dagoretti division, nairobi, kenya.to estimate the prevalence of aflatoxin m1 and total aflatoxin b1 in milk and animal feeds.200718338726
investigation into the prevalence of bovine cryptosporidiosis among small-holder dairy households in dagoretti division, nairobi, kenya.to determine the prevalence of bovine cryptosporidiosis and knowledge of this disease among smallholder dairy households in dagoretti division, nairobi, kenya.200718338725
isolation of e. coli o157:h7 from milk and cattle faeces from urban dairy farming and non dairy farming neighbour households in dagoretti division, nairobi, kenya: prevalence and risk factors.to estimate the prevalence of e. coli o157:h7 in milk and cattle faecal samples dairy and non dairy neighbouring households and to relate this prevalence to the risk to human health.200718338724
antimicrobial resistance in salmonella serotypes isolated from slaughter animals in kenya.to isolate salmonella from food animals and characterise the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates.200717892198
comparative tick counts on game, cattle and sheep on a working game ranch in kenya.the main objective of the study was to determine the possible influence of host species on the maintenance of ticks in the field by determining the relative contribution of game animals compared to domestic animals. the study was carried out on a game ranch 32 km south-east of nairobi. tick counts were carried out on 30 zebu cattle (bos indicus) aged 1 to 3 years and 20 red maasai sheep (ovis aries) aged 6 months to 1 year grazing with game animals in a common area for a period of 2 years and th ...200617405627
maasai perception of the impact and incidence of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in southern kenya.we investigated the perceived impact of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) to pastoralists in isinya division, a wildlife dispersal area of nairobi national park, and used a range of participatory epidemiology methodologies. we compared the relative importance, incidence and impact of mcf compared to other locally defined important diseases with a total of 158 respondents in 11 group meetings and 21 household meetings in july 2004. direct losses due to disease were investigated through lowered pric ...200717123651
tetracycline residue levels in cattle meat from nairobi salughter house in kenya.two hundred and fifty beef samples were collected from five slaughterhouses in and around the city of nairobi. the beef animals were sourced from various parts of the country. samples of 50-100 grams were collected randomly from the liver, kidney and muscle of different beef carcasses. the samples collected were processed using multiresidue analytical methods that included liquid-gas partitioning and set-pat c18 cartridges chromatographic clean up. chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline detection ...200114614278
a trans-disciplinary study on the health risks of cryptosporidiosis from dairy systems in dagoretti, nairobi, kenya: study background and farming system characteristics.this paper characterises the dairy farming system in dagoretti, nairobi. characterisation was part of a broader ecohealth project to estimate the prevalence and risk of cryptosporidiosis and develop risk mitigation strategies. in the project a trans-disciplinary team addressed epidemiological, socioeconomic, environmental and policy aspects of cryptosporidiosis, an emerging zoonosis. this paper also provides background and describes sampling methods for the wider project. three hundred dairy hou ...201222886442
participatory probabilistic assessment of the risk to human health associated with cryptosporidiosis from urban dairying in dagoretti, nairobi, kenya.we carried out a participatory risk assessment to estimate the risk (negative consequences and their likelihood) from zoonotic cryptosporidium originating in dairy farms in urban dagoretti, nairobi to dairy farm households and their neighbours. we selected 20 households at high risk for cryptosporidium from a larger sample of 300 dairy households in dagoretti based on risk factors present. we then conducted a participatory mapping of the flow of the hazard from its origin (cattle) to human poten ...201222886443
prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in dairy cattle, cattle-keeping families, their non-cattle-keeping neighbours and hiv-positive individuals in dagoretti division, nairobi, kenya.this paper reports a study estimating the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis, an emerging zoonosis, in people and cattle in dagoretti, nairobi. a repeated cross-sectional survey was carried out among randomly selected cattle keepers in dagoretti, their dairy cattle and their non-cattle-keeping neighbours in the dry and wet seasons of 2006. a survey was also carried out among a group of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). faecal samples were examined for cryptosporidium oocysts us ...201222878888
aflatoxin b1 and m1 contamination of animal feeds and milk from urban centers in kenya.aflatoxin m1 (afm1) is the principal hydroxylated afb1 metabolite present in milk of cows fed with a diet contaminated with afb1and excreted within 12 hours of administration of contaminated feeds.200921503172
causes of calf mortality in peri-urban area of nairobi, kenya.the study reported data from 507 post-mortem records in the department of pathology, microbiology and parasitology, faculty of veterinary medicine, university of nairobi, kenya. the records were from carcasses obtained from the peri-urban area of nairobi during a 20-year period between 1990 and 2009. approximately 80% (393/507) of the calf carcasses had their diagnosis made through post-mortem examination, while the rest (114/507) were inconclusive. just less than half (48.3%) of the calf carcas ...201020526675
first report of cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in kenyan cattle.the objective of the study was to identify cryptosporidium genotypes from feces collected from urban and peri-urban dairy cattle in nairobi, kenya, in order to determine their zoonotic potential. dna was extracted from 34 samples that were diagnosed positive by the modified ziehl-neelsen technique. two cryptosporidium isolates examined at the 18s rrna locus were identified as the deer-like genotype by dna sequencing. as public health officials are facing the difficult decision whether to allow u ...200818289795
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