| prevalence of patent baylisascaris procyonis infection in raccoons (procyon lotor) in ithaca, new york. | the prevalence of patent baylisascaris procyonis infection in raccoons was determined by examining fecal samples collected between july 1986 and may 1987 in ithaca, new york. september, october, and november had the highest prevalence of infection (35-48%). significant differences (p less than 0.001) were found when months were grouped by season to test the hypothesis that a fecal sample's probability of being positive does not vary from month to month. fall was the season contributing most to t ... | 1989 | 2614599 |
| a new flavor-coated sachet bait for delivering oral rabies vaccine to raccoons and coyotes. | research was conducted during 1996-2000 to develop baits for delivering an oral rabies vaccine to raccoons (procyon lotor) and coyotes (canis latrans). a bait was sought that: (1) was attractive to the target species, (2) could be distributed by aircraft, (3) was as effective (or more so) than the currently used fish meal polymer bait, and (4) could be produced in large numbers by automated procedures and could be purchased by user groups at substantially lower cost. ten field trials were conduc ... | 2002 | 12038136 |
| public health impact of reemergence of rabies, new york. | this report summarizes the spread of a raccoon rabies epizootic into new york in the 1990s, the species of animals affected, and human postexposure treatments (pet). a total of 57,008 specimens were submitted to the state laboratory from 1993 to 1998; 8,858 (16%) animals were confirmed rabid, with raccoons the most common species (75%). after exposure to 11,769 animals, 18,238 (45%) persons received pet, mostly because of contact with saliva or nervous tissue. we analyzed expenditure reports to ... | 2002 | 12194765 |
| serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern united states. | serosurveys were conducted to obtain flavivirus and west nile virus (wnv) seroprevalence data from mammals. sera from 513 small- and medium-sized mammals collected during late summer and fall 2003 from colorado, louisiana, new york, ohio, and pennsylvania were screened for flavivirus-specific antibodies. sera samples containing antibody to flaviviruses were screened for wnv-specific antibodies by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and confirmed with plaque reduction neutralizati ... | 2005 | 15891139 |
| rabies virus infection in a pet guinea pig and seven pet rabbits. | raccoon-variant rabies was confirmed in 7 pet rabbits and 1 pet guinea pig in new york state, and postexposure treatment was required in several adults and children. to prevent rabies virus infection, domestic rabbits and pet rodents should be protected from contact with wild animals, including double-cage housing when housed outside. pet rabbits or rodents with any possible contact with a wild animal, particularly if the rabbit or rodent had wounds of unknown origin, should be quarantined for 6 ... | 2005 | 16190592 |
| cryptosporidium parvum infection involving novel genotypes in wildlife from lower new york state. | cryptosporidium, an enteric parasite of humans and a wide range of other mammals, presents numerous challenges to the supply of safe drinking water. we performed a wildlife survey, focusing on white-tailed deer and small mammals, to assess whether they may serve as environmental sources of cryptosporidium. a pcr-based approach that permitted genetic characterization via sequence analysis was applied to wildlife fecal samples (n = 111) collected from september 1996 to july 1998 from three areas i ... | 2001 | 11229905 |
| update: raccoon rabies epizootic--united states and canada, 1999. | in 1977, an outbreak of raccoon rabies was detected in an area on the west virginia-virginia border. since then, the area affected by this distinct variant of rabies virus associated with raccoons has spread to ohio in the west and new york, pennsylvania, vermont, new hampshire, and maine in the north. in addition, the once separate epizootics of rabies among raccoons in the southeastern and mid-atlantic states converged in north carolina. in july 1999, the raccoon rabies virus variant was repor ... | 2000 | 10680602 |
| human rabies postexposure prophylaxis during a raccoon rabies epizootic in new york, 1993 and 1994. | we describe the epidemiology of human rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in four upstate new york counties during the 1st and 2nd year of a raccoon rabies epizootic. we obtained data from records of 1,173 persons whose rabies pep was reported to local health departments in 1993 and 1994. mean annual pep incidence rates were highest in rural counties, in summer, and in patients 10 to 14 and 35 to 44 years of age. pep given after bites was primarily associated with unvaccinated dogs and cats, b ... | 1999 | 10341178 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 1997. | in 1997, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 8,509 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. nearly 93% (7,899) were wild animals, whereas 7% (610) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases increased 19.4% from that of 1996 (7,128 cases). increases were apparent in each of the major species groups, with the exception of cattle. the relative contributions of these groups to the total ... | 1998 | 9861958 |
| rabies in new hampshire and vermont: an update. | new hampshire and vermont currently have two rabies epizootics occurring in raccoon and fox populations. these are continuations of the established raccoon strain which has been migrating northward from the mid-atlantic and the fox strain which is migrating south and eastward from canada and new york. these started in the early 1990s, and the wild animal cases have increased from 0 to 1 case per year in vermont in the late 1980s to 179 in 1995, and from 0 to 4 cases in new hampshire to 152 in 19 ... | 1997 | 9142374 |
| analyses of mammalian sera in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with different strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | blood samples were collected from cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus), raccoons (procyon lotor), white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) between 1977 and 1991 in southern connecticut and new york state (usa) and were tested for antibodies against eight strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. among these spirochetes were six strains of b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, one strain of b. garinii (=ip90) and ... | 1995 | 8583632 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 1992. | in 1992, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 8,644 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention. almost 92% (7,912 cases) were wild animals, the largest number of wild animals ever reported, whereas 8.5% (732 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases increased 23.9% over that of 1991 (6,975 cases), with most of the increase resulting from continued spread of rabies in raccoons. t ... | 1993 | 8307825 |
| reservoir competence of wildlife host species for babesia microti. | human babesiosis is an increasing health concern in the northeastern united states, where the causal agent, babesia microti, is spread through the bite of infected ixodes scapularis ticks. we sampled 10 mammal and 4 bird species within a vertebrate host community in southeastern new york to quantify reservoir competence (mean percentage of ticks infected by an individual host) using real-time pcr. we found reservoir competence levels >17% in white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), raccoons (pro ... | 2012 | 23171673 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 1993. | in 1993, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 9,495 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. greater than 93% (8,889 cases) were wild animals, whereas 6.4% (606 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases increased 9.9% over that of 1992 (8,645 cases), with most of the increase resulting from continued spread of rabies in raccoons (37.1% increase in reported cases over 1992). t ... | 1994 | 7744643 |
| dermatophilus congolensis infections in wildlife in new york state. | dermatophilus congolensis infection is described for the first time in a woodchuck (marmota monax) and a striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). this actinomycete was also recovered from a raccoon (procyon lotor) carcass which had been frozen for a year. encrusted lesions or denuded patches or both were seen during necropsy on the head, thorax, abdomen, and legs of each carcass. d. congolensis was demonstrated in strained smears or paraffin sections or both from the three animals and was recovered fr ... | 1981 | 7334073 |
| tissue concentrations of heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls in raccoons in central new york. | | 1988 | 3133000 |
| host associations of ticks (acari: ixodidae) parasitizing medium-sized mammals in a lyme disease endemic area of southern new york. | ticks of eight medium-sized mammal species were studied in an area of endemic lyme disease in westchester county, n.y., from 1 april 1984 to 31 march 1985. most (81%) of the 266 total mammal captures were raccoon, procyon lotor (l.) (47%), opossum, didelphis virginiana (kerr) (19%), and striped skunk, mephitis mephitis schreber (15%); these host species accounted for 91% of the 1,519 ticks collected. although the total number of ticks was rather evenly distributed among these mammals, species co ... | 1989 | 2724317 |
| the role of medium-sized mammals as reservoirs of borrelia burgdorferi in southern new york. | the ability of raccoons (procyon lotor), striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and opossums (didelphis virginiana) to serve as reservoirs of borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal agent of lyme disease, was compared with that of white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus). twenty-eight (28) medium-sized mammals and 34 white-footed mice were captured in westchester county, new york (usa) in summer 1986. animals were caged over pans of water for 1 to 2 days to recover engorged tick larvae (ixodes dammini) ... | 1990 | 2388356 |
| differential habitat use or intraguild interactions: what structures a carnivore community? | differential habitat use and intraguild competition are both thought to be important drivers of animal population sizes and distributions. habitat associations for individual species are well-established, and interactions between particular pairs of species have been highlighted in many focal studies. however, community-wide assessments of the relative strengths of these two factors have not been conducted. we built multi-scale habitat occupancy models for five carnivore taxa of new york's adiro ... | 2016 | 26731404 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 1990. | in 1990, the united states and its territories reported 4,881 cases of rabies in animals to the centers for disease control, a 1.5% increase from 1989. of these, 553 were domestic animals, 4,327 were wild animals, and one was a human being. pennsylvania reported the highest number (611) of rabies cases in animals in 1990. for the first time since surveillance of rabies in wild animals was begun in the 1950s, the number of cases of rabies in raccoons exceeded that in skunks. particularly large in ... | 1992 | 1577642 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 1991. | in 1991, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 6,972 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control. ninety-one percent (6,354 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8.9% (618 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases of rabies increased 42.9% over that of 1990 (4,881 cases), with most of the increase resulting from continued spread of the epizootic of rabies in raccoons in the mid-atlantic and northeas ... | 1992 | 1483899 |
| dermatophilosis among wild raccoons in new york state. | dermatophilus congolensis was established as the cause of dermatitis in 8 raccoons, as determined from examination of carcasses and untreated hides. encrusted lesions were restricted to or more pronounced in the areas around the eyes, along the snout, and on the skin in the tarsal and carpal regions. the causative agent was demonstrated through direct examination of stained paraffin sections, isolation in pure culture, or examination of stained smears from lesions induced experimentally in rabbi ... | 1976 | 977468 |
| comparison of suburban vaccine distribution strategies to control raccoon rabies. | helicopters and hand baiting are commonly used to distribute vaccine-laden baits to help control raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies in suburban landscapes, but these techniques may be labor intensive, costly, or unavailable in some areas. we tested conventional baiting strategies against polyvinyl-chloride (pvc) bait stations in erie county (new york, usa) during july and august 2003-05. hand, helicopter, and bait station treatments were randomly assigned to six 25-km(2) suburban study sites. to est ... | 2008 | 18957661 |
| risk-based cost modelling of oral rabies vaccine interventions for raccoon rabies. | distribution of oral rabies vaccine (orv) is an effective but costly strategy to control raccoon rabies. because of high costs, orv for raccoon rabies in the u.s. has been limited primarily to epizootic areas, leaving extensive raccoon rabies regions without any orv intervention. several cost scenarios for orv application in raccoon rabies enzootic and epizootic regions were modelled in new york state to obtain estimated costs of orv baits per scenario and potential savings compared with a unifo ... | 2009 | 18771519 |
| assessing a landscape barrier using genetic simulation modelling: implications for raccoon rabies management. | landscape barriers influence movement patterns of animals, which in turn, affect spatio-temporal spread of infectious wildlife disease. we compare genetic data from computer simulations to those acquired from field samples to measure the effect of a landscape barrier on raccoon (procyon lotor) movement, enabling risk assessment of raccoon rabies disease spread across the niagara river from new york state into ontario, an area currently uninfected by rabies. an individual-based spatially explicit ... | 2008 | 18440659 |
| factors associated with endemic raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies in terrestrial mammals in new york state, usa. | this study evaluated characteristics associated with raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies in new york state (nys), usa, where this disease has been endemic for the last 15 years. the study included 4448 cases of raccoon rabies in terrestrial mammals reported across 1639 census tracts of nys during 1997-2003. a poisson-regression model with census tract-year as the unit of analysis revealed a higher number of raccoon-variant rabies cases per square kilometer in census tracts with each percent increase ... | 2008 | 18406482 |
| spatial and temporal patterns of enzootic raccoon rabies adjusted for multiple covariates. | with the objective of identifying spatial and temporal patterns of enzootic raccoon variant rabies, a spatial scan statistic was utilized to search for significant terrestrial rabies clusters by year in new york state in 1997-2003. cluster analyses were unadjusted for other factors, adjusted for covariates, and adjusted for covariates and large scale geographic variation (lsgv). adjustments were intended to identify the unusual aggregations of cases given the expected distribution based on the o ... | 2007 | 17428324 |
| potential cost savings with terrestrial rabies control. | the cost-benefit of raccoon rabies control strategies such as oral rabies vaccination (orv) are under evaluation. as an initial quantification of the potential cost savings for a control program, the collection of selected rabies cost data was pilot tested for five counties in new york state (nys) in a three-year period. | 2007 | 17407559 |
| rabies postexposure prophylaxis, new york, 1995-2000. | the epidemiology of human rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in 4 upstate new york counties was described from data obtained from 2,216 incidences of pep recorded by local health departments from 1995 to 2000. overall annual incidence for the study period was 27 cases per 100,000 persons. mean annual pep incidence rates were highest in rural counties and during the summer months. pep incidence was highest among patients 5-9 and 30-34 years of age. bites accounted for most pep (51%) and were p ... | 2005 | 16485480 |
| predictive spatial dynamics and strategic planning for raccoon rabies emergence in ohio. | rabies is an important public health concern in north america because of recent epidemics of a rabies virus variant associated with raccoons. the costs associated with surveillance, diagnostic testing, and post-exposure treatment of humans exposed to rabies have fostered coordinated efforts to control rabies spread by distributing an oral rabies vaccine to wild raccoons. authorities have tried to contain westward expansion of the epidemic front of raccoon-associated rabies via a vaccine corridor ... | 2005 | 15737065 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2003. | during 2003, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the cdc. this represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. more than 91 (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 74% in domestic species in 2002). the relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons ... | 2004 | 15643834 |
| rabies epizootics among raccoons vary along a north-south gradient in the eastern united states. | the characteristics of rabies epizootics among raccoons were investigated in 11 eastern states along a north-south gradient from new york to north carolina. epizootics were defined as discrete intervals of time of at least 5 months in duration, when reported cases of raccoon rabies from an individual county exceeded the median value of raccoon rabies cases reported by that county over the entire period rabies was present among raccoons in the county. over the approximately 20-year study period, ... | 2001 | 12653126 |
| increased recognition of powassan encephalitis in the united states, 1999-2005. | powassan virus (powv) disease is a rare human disease caused by a tick-borne encephalitis group flavivirus maintained in a transmission cycle between ixodes cookei and other ixodid ticks and small and medium-sized mammals. during 1958-1998, only 27 powv disease cases (mostly powassan encephalitis) were reported from eastern canada and the northeastern united states (average, 0.7 cases per year). during 1999-2005, nine cases (described herein) of serologically confirmed powv disease were reported ... | 2008 | 18959500 |
| differential permeability of rivers to raccoon gene flow corresponds to rabies incidence in ontario, canada. | the correlation of landscape features with genetic discontinuities reveals barriers to dispersal that can contribute to understanding present and future spread of wildlife diseases. this knowledge can then be used for targeting control efforts. the impact of natural barriers on raccoon dispersal was assessed through genetic analysis of samples from two regions, niagara (n = 666) and st. lawrence (n = 802). these areas are transected by major rivers and are at the northern front of a raccoon rabi ... | 2009 | 19140963 |
| landscape modelling spatial bottlenecks: implications for raccoon rabies disease spread. | a landscape genetic simulation modelling approach is used to understand factors affecting raccoon rabies disease spread in southern ontario, canada. using the ontario rabies model, we test the hypothesis that landscape configuration (shape of available habitat) affects dispersal, as indicated by genetic structuring. we simulated range expansions of raccoons from new york into vacant landscapes in ontario, in two areas that differed by the presence or absence of a landscape constriction. our resu ... | 2009 | 19324623 |
| rabid foxes, rabid raccoons, and the odds of a human bite exposure, new york state, 1999-2007. | anecdotal evidence suggests that rabid foxes are more likely to attack humans than are other rabid terrestrial animals. to examine this issue, we analyzed rabies surveillance data (1999-2007) maintained by the new york state department of health. compared to rabid raccoons (procyon lotor), foxes infected with raccoon variant rabies were more likely to bite during a human exposure incident (p<0.01). additionally, rabid gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were significantly more likely to bite a ... | 2011 | 21270014 |
| genetic tracking of the raccoon variant of rabies virus in eastern north america. | to gain insight into the incursion of the raccoon variant of rabies into the raccoon population in three canadian provinces, a collection of 192 isolates of the raccoon rabies virus (rrv) strain was acquired from across its north american range and was genetically characterized. a 516-nucleotide segment of the non-coding region between the g and l protein open reading frames, corresponding to the most variable region of the rabies virus genome, was sequenced. this analysis identified 119 differe ... | 2011 | 21624778 |
| A Spatial Model to Forecast Raccoon Rabies Emergence. | Abstract Although raccoons are widely distributed throughout North America, the raccoon rabies virus variant is enzootic only in the eastern United States, based on current surveillance data. This variant of rabies virus is now responsible for >60% of all cases of animal rabies reported in the United States each year. Ongoing national efforts via an oral rabies vaccination (ORV) program are aimed at preventing the spread of raccoon rabies. However, from an epidemiologic perspective, the relati ... | 2011 | 21995266 |
| isolation of deer tick virus (powassan virus, lineage ii) from ixodes scapularis and detection of antibody in vertebrate hosts sampled in the hudson valley, new york state. | deer tick virus, dtv, is a genetically and ecologically distinct lineage of powassan virus (powv) also known as lineage ii powv. human incidence of pow encephalitis has increased in the last 15 years potentially due to the emergence of dtv, particularly in the hudson valley of new york state. we initiated an extensive sampling campaign to determine whether powv was extant throughout the hudson valley in tick vectors and/or vertebrate hosts. | 2013 | 24016533 |
| health survey of free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) in central park, new york, new york, usa: implications for human and domestic animal health. | we conducted health assessments on 113 free-ranging raccoons ( procyon lotor ) in central park, new york city, us, in february 2010, september 2010, and november 2011 in conjunction with a trap-vaccinate-release program to control a raccoon rabies epizootic. five individuals were sampled at two time points for 118 raccoon examinations in total. we tested 13 of 13 and 8 of 13 euthanized raccoons for rabies and canine distemper virus (cdv), respectively, by antigen testing on brain tissue; all wer ... | 2017 | 28135131 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2011. | during 2011, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,031 rabid animals and 6 human rabies cases to the cdc, representing a 1.9% decrease from the 6,153 rabid animals and 2 human cases reported in 2010. approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 1,981 raccoons (32.8%), 1,627 skunks (27.0%), 1,380 bats (22.9%), 427 foxes (7.1%), 303 cats (5.0%), 65 cattle (1.1%), and 70 dogs (1.2%). compared with 2010, there was a subs ... | 2012 | 22947154 |
| poisoning of wildlife with anticoagulant rodenticides in new york. | from 1971 through 1997, we documented 51 cases (55 individual animals) of poisoning of non-target wildlife in new york (plus two cases in adjoining states) (usa) with anticoagulant rodenticides--all but two of these cases occurred in the last 8 yrs. brodifacoum was implicated in 80% of the incidents. diphacinone was identified in four cases, bromadiolone in three cases (once in combination with brodifacoum), and chlorophacinone and coumatetralyl were detected once each in the company of brodifac ... | 1999 | 10231745 |
| eurytrema procyonis in a raccoon (procyon lotor) from new york state--a first report. | the digenean, eurytrema procyonis, found in the pancreatic ducts of the raccoon (procyon lotor), is reported for the first time from a juvenile female raccoon captured in july 1987, in new york state (usa). the presence of greater than 183 trematodes in the pancreatic ducts was an incidental finding at necropsy to an interstitial pneumonia which had caused emaciation, and for which the animal was euthanized. the pancreas, with the exception of the major pancreatic duct, was histologically normal ... | 1989 | 2716109 |
| the economics of a successful raccoon rabies elimination program on long island, new york. | raccoon rabies is endemic in the eastern u.s.; however, an epizootic had not been confirmed on long island, new york until 2004. an oral rabies vaccination (orv) program was initiated soon after the first rabies-positive raccoon was discovered, and continued until raccoon rabies was eliminated from the vaccination zone. the cost-effectiveness and economic impact of this rabies control program were unknown. a public health surveillance data set was evaluated following the orv program on long isla ... | 2016 | 27935946 |
| structuring targeted surveillance for monitoring disease emergence by mapping observational data onto ecological process. | an efficient surveillance system is a crucial factor in identifying, monitoring and tackling outbreaks of infectious diseases. scarcity of data and limited amounts of economic resources require a targeted effort from public health authorities. in this paper, we propose a mathematical method to identify areas where surveillance is critical and low reporting rates might leave epidemics undetected. our approach combines the use of reference-based susceptible-exposed-infectious models and observed r ... | 2013 | 23864503 |
| numerical simulation of a susceptible-exposed-infectious space-continuous model for the spread of rabies in raccoons across a realistic landscape. | we introduce a numerical model for the spread of a lethal infectious disease in wildlife. the reference model is a susceptible-exposed-infectious system where the spatial component of the dynamics is modelled by a diffusion process. the goal is to develop a model to be used for real geographical scenarios, so we do not rely upon simplifying assumptions on the shape of the region of interest. for this reason, space discretization is carried out with the finite element method on an unstructured tr ... | 2013 | 23157180 |
| trap-vaccinate-release program to control raccoon rabies, new york, usa. | in 2009, an outbreak of raccoon rabies in central park in new york city, new york, usa, infected 133 raccoons. five persons and 2 dogs were exposed but did not become infected. a trap-vaccinate-release program vaccinated ≈ 500 raccoons and contributed to the end of the epizootic. | 2012 | 22709617 |
| new york attacks raccoon rabies from the air. | | 1995 | 7488886 |
| [raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies outbreak in new york state]. | | 2001 | 11496774 |
| a priori prediction of disease invasion dynamics in a novel environment. | directly transmitted infectious diseases spread through wildlife populations as travelling waves away from the sites of original introduction. these waves often become distorted through their interaction with environmental and population heterogeneities and by long-distance translocation of infected individuals. accurate a priori predictions of travelling waves of infection depend upon understanding and quantifying these distorting factors. we assess the effects of anisotropies arising from the ... | 2004 | 15002767 |
| altered parasite assemblages in raccoons in response to manipulated resource availability. | the role that host aggregation plays in structuring parasite assemblages was examined by experimentally increasing the contact rates of raccoons, procyon lotor. two populations of raccoons in southern new york were monitored for 2 years to determine baseline levels of host interaction and to identify the parasite assemblage. in the third year of the study, one population was provisioned with the addition of clumped food resources, while the other was provisioned with equal quantities of disperse ... | 2005 | 15891856 |