| clostridium difficile in ready-to-eat salads, scotland. | of 40 ready-to-eat salads, 3 (7.5%) were positive for clostridium difficile by pcr. two isolates were pcr ribotype 017 (toxin a-, b+), and 1 was pcr ribotype 001. isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole but variably resistant to other antimicrobial drugs. ready-to-eat salads may be potential sources for virulent c. difficile. | 2009 | 19402979 |
| the epidemiology of clostridium difficile in scotland. | the objective of this study was to characterise the epidemiology of clostridium difficile in scotland by determining the distribution of pcr ribotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility in 1613 isolates collected from all healthboard areas of scotland in the period november 2007-december 2009. three pcr ribotypes predominated amongst the scottish isolates of c. difficile; ribotype 106 (29.4%), ribotype 001 (22%) and ribotype 027 (12.6%) followed by the less prevalent ribotypes including 002, 015, ... | 2011 | 21300104 |
| molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clostridium difficile strains isolated from hospitals in south-east scotland. | clostridium difficile isolates (n=149) collected in south-east scotland between august and october 2005 were typed by four different methods and their susceptibility to seven different antibiotics was determined. the aims were to define the types of strain occurring in this region and to determine whether there were any clonal relationships among them with respect to genotype and antibiotic resistance pattern. ribotyping revealed that 001 was the most common type (n=113, 75.8 %), followed by rib ... | 2007 | 17577057 |
| incidence and impact of clostridium difficile infection in the uk, 1993-1996. | questionnaires were sent to 360 uk medical microbiologists to determine the incidence of clostridium difficile infection in the uk between 1993-1996, and to establish the current laboratory testing protocols. replies were received from 104 laboratories (29% response rate), 86, 7, 4 and 3% of which are in england, scotland, wales and northern ireland, respectively. the laboratories serve a total of approximately 90,000 hospital beds (median 750). c. difficile testing was performed by 83% of the l ... | 1998 | 9699137 |
| a screen for clostridium difficile in the vagina: an out-patient study using and comparing selective media. | cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) gives good presumptive identification of clostridium difficile after 1- or 2-day incubation whereas reinforced clostridial medium (rcm)/p-cresol is not very selective for the organism from the vagina. the identification of 91.5% of the isolates from an initial screen subjected to biochemically based tests was achieved. conventional screening of vaginal swabs failed to confirm any significant occurrence of cl. difficile in the vagina of pregnant or non-p ... | 1984 | 6524911 |
| results from the second scottish national prevalence survey: the changing epidemiology of healthcare-associated infection in scotland. | healthcare-associated infections (hais) are a recognized public health problem worldwide. point prevalence surveys (ppss) can be used to measure the burden of all hai types. | 2012 | 23022370 |
| clostridium difficile infections in south east scotland: mortality and recurrence in a region without pcr ribotype 027. | three hundred and thirty-five patients with laboratory-confirmed clostridium difficile infections (cdis) were studied for epidemiological features, clinical presentation and laboratory markers. they were followed up for 1 year to determine recurrence and mortality. four hundred and thirty-two episodes were recorded. one year mortality was 41.8 % of which cdi was listed on 20 % of the death certificates. one year recurrence rate was 22.9 %. pcr ribotype 001 was the commonest epidemiological type ... | 2013 | 23788595 |
| community-associated clostridium difficile infection among older people in tayside, scotland, is associated with antibiotic exposure and care home residence: cohort study with nested case-control. | to estimate the risks of community-associated clostridium difficile infection (ca-cdi) among the population aged ≥ 65 years associated with antibiotic exposure and care home residence. | 2013 | 23825381 |
| a prospective study of community-associated clostridium difficile infections: the role of antibiotics and co-infections. | this prospective study was performed to determine the incidence, risk factors, severity and outcomes of community-associated clostridium difficile infection (ca-cdi) in the se of scotland. | 2014 | 24780765 |
| risk of aki with gentamicin as surgical prophylaxis. | in 2009, the scottish government issued a target to reduce clostridium difficile infection by 30% in 2 years. consequently, scottish hospitals changed from cephalosporins to gentamicin for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. this study examined rates of postoperative aki before and after this policy change. the study population comprised 12,482 adults undergoing surgery (orthopedic, urology, vascular, gastrointestinal, and gynecology) with antibiotic prophylaxis between october 1, 2006, and septemb ... | 2014 | 24876113 |
| time series analysis of the impact of an intervention in tayside, scotland to reduce primary care broad-spectrum antimicrobial use. | concern about clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and resistance has driven interventions internationally to reduce broad-spectrum antimicrobial use. an intervention combining guidelines, education and feedback was implemented in tayside, scotland in 2009 aiming to reduce primary care prescribing of co-amoxiclav, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and clindamycin ('4c antimicrobials'). our aim was to assess the impact of this real-world intervention on antimicrobial prescribing rates. | 2015 | 25953807 |
| sentinel community clostridium difficile infection (cdi) surveillance in scotland, april 2013 to march 2014. | surveillance of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in scotland does not currently distinguish between cdi cases from hospitals and the community. therefore, the incidence of cdi in the community is unknown, and the burden of disease and the relationship with the hospital/healthcare setting is not well understood. a one-year sentinel community surveillance programme was initiated in collaboration with five scottish health boards in 2013 (representing 36% of all cdi cases reported in scotland). ... | 2016 | 26708405 |
| scottish antimicrobial prescribing group (sapg): development and impact of the scottish national antimicrobial stewardship programme. | in 2008, the scottish management of antimicrobial resistance action plan (scotmarap) was published by the scottish government. one of the key actions was initiation of the scottish antimicrobial prescribing group (sapg), hosted within the scottish medicines consortium, to take forward national implementation of the key recommendations of this action plan. the primary objective of sapg is to co-ordinate and deliver a national framework or programme of work for antimicrobial stewardship. this prog ... | 2011 | 21515030 |
| changes in laboratory and clinical workload for clostridium difficile infection from 2003 to 2007 in hospitals in edinburgh. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a growing concern with regard to increases in incidence and its associated financial burden. a retrospective analysis of patients admitted to hospitals in edinburgh from 2003 to 2007 and tested for c. difficile toxins was performed. a total of 45 412 faecal samples were tested and 6286 (13.8%) were positive. overall cdi was identified in 1.7 cases/1000 in-patient occupied bed days (obd). the incidence of cdi fell from 1.98 cases/1000 obd in 2006 to 1.48 c ... | 2010 | 20222891 |
| changes in antibiotic susceptibility and ribotypes in clostridium difficile isolates from southern scotland, 1979-2004. | an increase in the incidence of clinical cases of clostridium difficile infection has been reported in recent years, but few studies have examined changes in molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance over a long period of time. a collection of 179 isolates of c. difficile obtained from symptomatic adult patients in southern scotland between 1979 and 2004 was used to determine changes in the prevalence of epidemiological types and antibiotic susceptibilities to common antibiotics. pcr ribo ... | 2010 | 19942691 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile colonisation and toxin production. | to examine risk factors for patients becoming clostridium difficile culture and toxin positive. | 2003 | 14600008 |