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murray valley encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes and domestic fowls in queensland, 1974.field studies during an epidemic of murray valley encephalitis (mve) led to the isolation of mve virus from a pool of mosquitoes (culex annulirostris) and a sentinel chicken from charleville, south-west queensland. a high proportion of domestic fowls at charleville had antibody to mve virus at the beginning of february 1974, in advance of the first case recognized in queensland and allowing early warning from health authorities. a survey of antibody in domestic fowls in mid-1974 suggested widesp ...197613773
serological evidence of inter-epidemic infection of feral pigs in new south wales with murray valley encephalitis virus.the sera of 617 feral pigs, collected from three widely separated areas of northern and central new south wales, were examined for antibody to murray valley encephalitis (mve) virus and to ross river virus. haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody was detected to mve in 58% of sera and to ross river virus in 15% of sera. neutralization tests suggested that the mve hi antibody resulted from infection with mve virus in the summers of 1971-1972 and 1972-1973 when the virus was not known to be act ...19761016127
isolation of murray valley encephalitis virus from sentinel chickens.sentinel chickens were established in 3 centres along the murray valley on 20 december 1973. the demonstration of antibody in the serum of chickens in the mildura and kerang areas indicated sindbis virus activity late in december 1973 and early in january 1974. tests for antibody to mve virus were negative until blood collected from one chicken at echuca on 27 february 1974 and several chickens at mildura and kerang on 14 march 1974, showed positive hi reactions. murray valley encephalitis virus ...19751164265
defined epitope blocking with murray valley encephalitis virus and monoclonal antibodies: laboratory and field studies.in an attempt to develop a specific serological test for murray valley encephalitis (mve) virus antibodies, a panel of mve monoclonal antibodies was utilised in defined-epitope blocking elisa tests. in sera of mice immunised singly and in combinations of mve, alfuy (alf), and kunjin (kun) viruses, blocking patterns usually distinguished mve infections from those of the other flaviviruses. when blocking tests with selected mabs were applied to 468 flavivirus antibody positive sera collected from ...19901700805
the 5'-terminal non-coding region of murray valley encephalitis virus rna is highly conserved.the 5' non-coding region of the genomes of 11 isolates of murray valley encephalitis virus from australia and papua new guinea were examined by primer extension sequencing. although the 5' non-coding region of all isolates was found to be highly conserved, three isolates were significantly different in that they contained extra uridine residues. two of these isolates from papua new guinea contained an extra uridine residue, nominally positioned after nucleotide 54, which was absent from all but ...19902154536
isolation of murray valley encephalitis and ross river viruses from aedes normanensis (diptera: culicidae) in western australia.of eight viruses isolated from 28,909 female (643 pools) aedes normanensis collected from the north of western australia, two were identified as murray valley encephalitis virus and six as ross river virus. the two isolates of murray valley encephalitis virus represent the first confirmed isolations of this virus from an aedes species. the possible implications of these findings with regard to virus survival mechanisms during the dry season are discussed.19892540334
kunjin virus isolates of australia are genetically homogeneous.the genomes of 22 isolates of kunjin virus (kun) from australia were characterized and compared using rnase t1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting. the results show that all isolates belonged to one topotype, the distribution of which covered the entire australian continent. this finding is similar to that of murray valley encephalitis virus, but in contrast to the results reported for some other flaviviruses such as saint louis encephalitis virus.19892552010
murray valley encephalitis virus field strains from australia and papua new guinea: studies on the sequence of the major envelope protein gene and virulence for mice.we have compared the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the major envelope (e) protein of a number of murray valley encephalitis virus (mve) isolates from australia and papua new guinea (png). the isolates, from widely separated geographic regions, were from four fatal human cases, a heron, and six mosquito pools and covered a period of 25 years. the sequences of the australian strains were notable for their similarity, showing not more than 1.7% nucleotide sequence divergence in pairwise ...19882838962
genetic variation of murray valley encephalitis virus.the genomes of 21 isolates of murray valley encephalitis virus (mve) from australia and papua new guinea were characterized and compared using rnase t1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting. most australian isolates grouped in clusters that were linked with a similarity coefficient of greater than 75%, indicating substantial homogeneity. two isolates grouped as a cluster that linked with other isolates at a level of 67%. these two isolates, one from the north and one from the south-east of australia we ...19882841405
genetic differentiation of murray valley encephalitis virus in australia and papua new guinea.the genetic relatedness of ten murray valley encephalitis virus (mve) isolates from australia has been examined by comparing haeiii and taqi restriction digest profiles of cdna to virion rna. the isolates were from the murray valley region of south-eastern australia and from the ord river region of western australia and spanned a period of 23 years (1951-1974). the isolates generated closely similar restriction digest profiles. the extent of similarity suggested that the level of nucleotide sequ ...19862884985
experimental infection with murray valley encephalitis virus. pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs, rabbits, macropods and chickens.a total of 142 young animals including 10 domestic and 14 feral pigs, 12 hereford calves, 12 crossbred and 24 merino lambs, 11 dogs, 8 domestic and 16 feral rabbits, 14 grey kangaroos, 9 agile wallabies and 12 chickens was exposed to infection with 4 strains of murray valley encephalitis virus (mve), mainly using orally infected culex annulirostris mosquitoes. in terms of their viraemic response, the animals were grouped into high (grey kangaroos, rabbits), moderate (pigs, dogs, chickens) and lo ...19852990398
arbovirus infection in a murray valley community.serum antibodies to ross river virus and murray valley encephalitis virus were measured during 1974-1975 in residents of echuca, an urban murray valley community. a representative group of volunteers was obtained by random selection of households. the prevalence of antibodies to both viruses increased progressively with age. prevalence was equal in both sexes for both viruses in all age groups, indicating that the risk of infection was mainly determined by geography rather than by personal activ ...19863010928
a mathematical model for the rural amplification of murray valley encephalitis virus in southern australia.the exacerbation of epidemics of murray valley encephalitis in southern australia during 1951 and 1974 was studied retrospectively to determine when viral introduction may have occurred. data from studies spanning over 30 years were utilized 1) to determine the number of infective culex annulirostris necessary to cause one clinical case, based on known host-feeding patterns and the subclinical infection rate in man, and 2), using mathematical modeling, to calculate the likely duration of the rur ...19873826047
letter: murray valley encephalitis virus in eastern australia, 1971. 19734758166
the immune response to viruses in calves. i. response to murray valley encephalitis virus. 19685245225
isolation of murray valley encephalitis virus and other arboviruses in the ord river valley 1972-1976.this paper summarizes the isolation of arboviruses from mosquitoes collected in the ord valley between 1972 and 1976. a total of one hundred and ninety five strains of at least fifteen antigenically distinct viruses have been isolated. seven of these isolates appear to be "new' antigenic types, and several are undergoing further testing. these are three new rhabdoviruses (kununurra [or194], a virus provisionally named kimberley [or250] and or189 [provisionally named parry's creek]), three ungrou ...19816117274
effect on mice of infection during pregnancy with three australian arboviruses.infection of pregnant mice with ross river or getah viruses after the establishment of a functional placenta resulted in fetal infection with these viruses. however, only with ross river virus was there any significant fetal death. there was significant post-partum mortality in mice infected in utero with ross river but not with getah virus. in contrast, significant post-partum mortality occurred in murray valley encephalitis virus-infected mice despite the inability of the virus to cross the pl ...19816259957
variation in arbovirus infection rates in species of birds sampled in a serological survey during an encephalitis epidemic in the murray valley of south-eastern australia, february 1974.there was extensive and exuberant breeding of waterbirds before and during an epidemic of arboviral encephalitis in the murray valley of south eastern australia in 1974. as estimated by haemagglutination inhibition tests on 432 bird sera collected between 4th and 13th february, 1974, infection with murray valley encephalitis virus, kunjin virus and possibly other flaviviruses was concentrated in species of the order ciconiiformes (55% positive) and pelecaniformes (41%), compared with only 5% in ...19826299259
two possible mechanisms for survival and initiation of murray valley encephalitis virus activity in the kimberley region of western australia.two possible mechanisms are described for the initiation of murray valley encephalitis (mve) virus activity in arid, epizootic regions of tropical australia. virus isolations were made from mosquitoes trapped shortly after the first heavy wet season rains and flooding in the east kimberley, which followed approximately nine months of drought. a number of isolates of mve virus were obtained, including isolates from pools of blood-engorged culex annulirostris mosquitoes and from a single pool of m ...19957625542
immunodominant epitopes on the ns1 protein of mve and kun viruses serve as targets for a blocking elisa to detect virus-specific antibodies in sentinel animal serum.two mosquito-borne flaviviruses, murray valley encephalitis (mve) and kunjin (kun), are the aetiological agents of australian encephalitis. mve causes a severe and potentially fatal form of the disease while kun is responsible for only a few relatively mild cases. therefore it is important that serological tests used in flavivirus surveillance differentiate between infections with these two viruses. however, this has been hampered in the past by the close antigenic relationships between flavivir ...19957738140
australian x disease, murray valley encephalitis and the french connection.epidemics of a severe encephalitis occurred in eastern australia between 1917 and 1925, in which over 280 cases were reported with a fatality rate of 68%. the disease had not been described previously and was called australian x disease. the next epidemic occurred in south-east australia in the summer of 1950-51. the disease was given its name of murray valley encephalitis as this was the area from which most cases were reported. a virus was isolated by eric french in victoria, and about the sam ...19958545982
communicable diseases surveillance. 19979140103
genetically determined resistance to flavivirus infection in wild mus musculus domesticus and other taxonomic groups in the genus mus.inherited resistance to flaviviruses in laboratory mice is a rare trait conferred by an autosomal dominant gene (flvr). to provide information on genetic resistance to flaviviruses in wild mice, we analysed (i) wild m. m. domesticus trapped in australia, and (ii) mice representing other species and subspecies in the genus mus. mice were screened for resistance relative to c3h/hej mice by intracerebral challenge with murray valley encephalitis virus or yellow fever virus, and breeding studies wer ...19989638142
a presumptive case of fatal murray valley encephalitis acquired in alice springs.a presumptive case of murray valley encephalitis (mve) acquired in alice springs in march 1997 is reported. the patient subsequently died in mackay. the diagnosis of murray valley encephalitis was supported by the detection of flavivirus igm in cerebrospinal fluid. low titres of igm specific to murray valley encephalitis and alfuy were detected in a single serum sample. the patient's travel movements indicate that his infection was acquired in the alice springs vicinity. this conclusion was furt ...19989648367
australian encephalitis in the northern territory: clinical and epidemiological features, 1987-1996.the last epidemic of australian encephalitis occurred in 1974. since then, cases have been reported from the kimberley of western australia (wa).19989847946
mosquito (diptera: culicidae) dispersal: implications for the epidemiology of japanese and murray valley encephalitis viruses in australia.one hypothesis to explain the southern extension of japanese encephalitis (je) virus from papua new guinea into the torres strait islands in 1995 and to mainland australia in 1998 is the dispersal of infected mosquitoes, particularly culex annulirostris skuse from which je virus has been isolated repeatedly. to investigate whether this species disperses in this manner, mosquitoes were identified from 368 aerial kite trap collections operated at 50-310 m (altitude) at inland new south wales betwe ...200011126532
the emergence of west nile virus: the australian connection. 200011192291
murray valley encephalitis in western australia in 2000, with evidence of southerly spread.we describe the epidemiological and clinical features of human murray valley encephalitis (mve) and kunjin (kun) virus infections in western australia (wa) during march to july 2000. a case series was performed. for laboratory-confirmed cases, travel histories and clinical details were collected from patients, family members, friends or treating physicians. surveillance data from the sentinel chicken program and climatic conditions were reviewed. nine encephalitic cases of mve were recorded. eig ...200011225378
murray valley encephalitis virus surveillance and control initiatives in australia. national arbovirus advisory committee of the communicable diseases network australia.mechanisms for monitoring murray valley encephalitis (mve) virus activity include surveillance of human cases, surveillance for activity in sentinel animals, monitoring of mosquito vectors and monitoring of weather conditions. the monitoring of human cases is only one possible trigger for public health action and the additional surveillance systems are used in concert to signal the risk of human disease, often before the appearance of human cases. mosquito vector surveillance includes mosquito t ...200111432524
murray valley encephalitis in mt isa, north queensland. tropical public health unit network, queensland health. 200111432525
central australian mve update, 2001. 200111432526
dengue and other emerging flaviviruses.flaviviruses are among the most important emerging viruses known to man. most are arboviruses (arthropod-borne) being transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. they derived from a common ancestor 10-20000 years ago and are evolving rapidly to fill new ecological niches. many are spreading to new geographical areas and causing increased numbers of infections. traditionally, three clinical syndromes are recognized: fever-arthralgia-rash, viral haemorrhagic fever, and neurological disease, though for som ...200111531316
murray valley encephalitis. 200111596721
australian encephalitis: sentinel chicken surveillance programme. 200111596723
development and evaluation of a species diagnostic polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism procedure for cryptic members of the culex sitiens (diptera: culicidae) subgroup in australia and the southwest pacific.members of the culex sitiens subgroup are important vectors of arboviruses, including japanese encephalitis virus, murray valley encephalitis virus and ross river virus. of the eight described species, cx. annulirostris skuse, cx. sitiens wiedemann, and cx. palpalis taylor appear to be the most abundant and widespread throughout northern australia and papua new guinea (png). recent investigations using allozymes have shown this subgroup to contain cryptic species that possess overlapping adult m ...200211931037
reappearance of human cases due to murray valley encephalitis virus and kunjin virus in central australia after an absence of 26 years.murray valley encephalitis (mve) and kunjin virus disease are endemic in the tropical parts of the northern territory and western australia, but have been absent from central australia since 1974. in 2000, 5 laboratory-confirmed cases of encephalitis occurred over a short period in the normally dry inland region of central australia. the sudden occurrence of cases in march and april 2000 followed unusually high rainfall in the preceding months and evidence of flavivirus activity in the endemic a ...200211950201
emerging viral infections in australia.hendra virus infection should be suspected in someone with close association with horses or bats who presents acutely with pneumonia or encephalitis (potentially after a prolonged incubation period). australian bat lyssavirus infection should be suspected in a patient with a progressive neurological illness and a history of exposure to a bat. rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin should be strongly considered after a bite, scratch or mucous membrane exposure to a bat. japanese encephalitis vaccine s ...200212088481
isolation of arboviruses from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected from the gulf plains region of northwest queensland, australia.as part of investigations into japanese encephalitis (je) virus and related flaviviruses in northern australia, 153,529 mosquitoes were collected and processed for virus isolation from the gulf plains region of northwest queensland. collections from within 30 km of each of the townships of croydon, normanton and karumba yielded 3,087 (2.0%), 66,009 (43.0%), and 84,433 (55.0%) mosquitoes, respectively, from which 16 viruses were isolated. four isolates of murray valley encephalitis (mve), two of ...200212349863
epizootic activity of murray valley encephalitis virus in an aboriginal community in the southeast kimberley region of western australia: results of cross-sectional and longitudinal serologic studies.murray valley encephalitis (mve) virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus causing severe encephalitis with a resultant high morbidity and mortality. in the period 1989-1993, we undertook a cross-sectional and longitudinal study by annually screening members of a small remote aboriginal community in northwestern australia for mve virus antibodies. of the estimated 250-300 people in the community, 249 were tested, and 52.6% had positive serology to mve. the proportion testing positive increased with i ...200212408675
sentinel chicken surveillance programme in australia, 1 july 2001 to 30 june 2002.detection of flavivirus seroconversions in sentinel chicken flocks located throughout australia is used to provide an early warning of increased levels of murray valley encephalitis (mve) and kunjin virus activity in the region. during the 2001/2002 season low levels of flavivirus activity were detected in northern australia compared to previous years. mve and kunjin virus activity was detected in the kimberley and pilbara regions of western australia and the northern territory but not in north ...200212416705
researchers as guinea pigs. 200312526720
murray valley encephalitis: case report and review of neuroradiological features.we report on a child with diffuse symmetrical thalamic enlargement and signal increase on mri, representing changes caused by murray valley encephalitis (mve). very little has previously been reported on the neuroradiological findings of mve, also known as australian encephalitis. it is endemic to tropical north australia, particularly western australia and the northern territory, but can occur in other parts of australia. the last epidemic was in south-eastern australia in 1974. australian ence ...200312581057
investigation of the southern limits of murray valley encephalitis activity in western australia during the 2000 wet season.western australia experienced its worst-ever outbreak of the mosquito-borne murray valley encephalitis (mve) virus during the 2000 wet season. highest-on-record rainfall throughout much of the state during the 2000 wet season gave rise to extensive mosquito breeding and increased mve virus transmission, resulting in nine cases of encephalitis. activity of mve virus in western australia is monitored by detecting mve virus-specific antibodies in serum from sentinel chickens, located at towns and c ...200212653302
australia's notifiable diseases status, 2001: annual report of the national notifiable diseases surveillance system.in 2001 there were 104,187 notifications of communicable diseases in australia reported to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss). the number of notifications in 2001 was an increase of 16 per cent of those reported in 2000 (89,740) and the largest annual total since the nndss commenced in 1991. in 2001, nine new diseases were added to the list of diseases reported to nndss and four diseases were removed. the new diseases were cryptosporidiosis, laboratory-confirmed influen ...200312725505
rainfall and vector mosquito numbers as risk indicators for mosquito-borne disease in central australia.there have been 5 confirmed cases of murray valley encephalitis virus (mve) infection in the alice springs region during the high rainfall years of 1999/00 and 2000/01, compared with one case in the preceding 9 years. there also appeared to be an increased prevalence of ross river virus (rr) infection in the alice springs and tennant creek regions associated with high rainfall. this paper presents an analysis of summer rainfall from 1990/91 to 2000/01, numbers of seroconversion of sentinel chick ...200312725512
clinical and laboratory findings on the first imported case of murray valley encephalitis in europe.murray valley encephalitis (mve) is an important mosquitoborne flavivirus infection endemic to australia and papua new guinea. we report the first imported case of mve in europe. a 23-year-old tourist developed severe encephalitis after having returned to germany from a long-term trip across the australian continent. the diagnosis was suspected on the basis of clinical findings and the patient's travel history and was confirmed by serological findings. the patient made a prolonged but complete r ...200312856229
ethics committees and guardianship legislation. 200314503909
sentinel chicken surveillance program in australia, july 2002 to june 2003.detection of flavivirus seroconversions in sentinel chicken flocks located throughout australia is used to provide an early warning of increased levels of murray valley encephalitis (mve) and kunjin (kun) virus activity in the region. during the 2002-2003 season low levels of flavivirus activity were detected in northern australia compared to previous years. mve and kun virus activity was detected in the kimberley and pilbara regions of western australia and the northern territory but not in nor ...200314510063
epizootic activity of murray valley encephalitis and kunjin viruses in an aboriginal community in the southeast kimberley region of western australia: results of mosquito fauna and virus isolation studies.we undertook annual surveys of flavivirus activity in the community of billiluna in the southeast kimberley region of western australia between 1989 and 2001 [corrected]. culex annulirostris was the dominant mosquito species, particularly in years of above average rains and flooding. murray valley encephalitis (mve) virus was isolated in 8 of the 13 years of the study from seven mosquito species, but more than 90% of the isolates were from cx. annulirostris. the results suggest that mve virus is ...200314628944
flavivirus isolations from mosquitoes collected from western cape york peninsula, australia, 1999-2000.after the 1st appearance of japanese encephalitis virus (je) on mainland australia in 1998, a study was undertaken to investigate whether je had become established in enzootic transmission cycles on western cape york peninsula. adult mosquitoes were collected during the late wet season from kowanyama and pormpuraaw in april 1999, and pormpuraaw and barr's yard in april 2000. despite processing 269,270 mosquitoes for virus isolation, no isolates of je were obtained. however, other flaviviruses co ...200314710742
population health aspects of mosquito-borne disease in new south wales. 200415711613
sentinel chicken surveillance program in australia, july 2003 to june 2004.detection of flavivirus seroconversions in sentinel chicken flocks located in four australian states are used to provide an early warning of increased levels of murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev) and kunjin virus (kunv) activity in the region. during the 2003-2004 season low levels of flavivirus activity were detected in northern australia with both mvev and kunv virus activity detected in the kimberley and pilbara regions of western australia and in the northern territory. a single case of ...200515966677
communicable diseases surveillance: highlights for 1st quarter, 2005. 200516119769
communicable diseases network australia: national arbovirus and malaria advisory committee annual report 2004-05.this report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne disease in australia for the mosquito-borne disease season 1 july 2004 to 30 june 2005. ross river virus (rrv) infections (45%), barmah forest virus (bfv) infections (30%) and malaria (19%) were the most common mosquito-borne diseases reported in 2004-05. the northern territory had the highest rate of rrv notifications and the peak notification rate (in february 2005) was 54 per cent less than the previous season. the northern territory al ...200516465923
communicable diseases network australia national arbovirus and malaria advisory committee annual report, 2005-06.this report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne disease in australia for the mosquito-borne disease season 1 july 2005 to 30 june 2006, in which the second largest number of notifications since 1995-96 was reported. ross river virus (rrv) infections (66%), barmah forest virus (bfv) infections (23%) and malaria (9%) were the most common mosquito-borne diseases reported in 2005-06. national rrv notifications were the fifth largest on record. the northern territory had the highest rate of ...200617330382
genetic and phenotypic differences between isolates of murray valley encephalitis virus in western australia, 1972-2003.murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev) is a medically important mosquito-borne flavivirus found in australia and papua new guinea (png). partial envelope gene nucleotide sequences of 28 isolates of mvev from western australia (wa) between 1972 and 2003 were aligned and compared phylogenetically with the prototype mve-1-51 from victoria in 1951 and isolates from northern queensland and png. monoclonal antibody-binding patterns were also investigated. results showed that the majority of isolates ...200717393295
arboviral diseases and malaria in australia, 2007/08: annual report of the national arbovirus and malaria advisory committee.the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss) received 8,671 notifications of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes in australia for the season 1 july 2007 to 30 june 2008. this represented a 39% increase from the annual average of 6,259 notifications for the previous 5 years. the alphaviruses, barmah forest and ross river, accounted for 7,760 (89%) of these notifications during the 2007/08 season and represents an increase when compared with the mean of the past 5 seasons. detection ...200919877534
early diagnosis of murray valley encephalitis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.a 4-year-old aboriginal boy developed encephalitis due to murray valley encephalitis virus (mve) following an earlier infection with kunjin virus (kun). the illness was severe, resulting in cerebral atrophy and profound physical and intellectual disability. the earlier kun infection complicated his serological profile and delayed antibody responses to mve. by contrast, the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay detected mve in serum 3 days after the onset of illness and 4 ...200010740807
transovarial transmission of murray valley encephalitis virus by aedes aegypti (l).in laboratory studies, murray valley encephalitis virus was transmitted transovarially by orally infected aedes aegypti to approximately 1.5% of both adult male and female progeny.19806263238
murray valley encephalitis acquired in western australia.to report a recent fatal case of encephalitis associated with evidence of murray valley encephalitis virus infection, only the second fatality from this infection in western australia.19911645843
murray valley encephalitis virus. 200920191691
arboviral diseases and malaria in australia, 2008-09: annual report of the national arbovirus and malaria advisory committee.the national notifiable diseases surveillance system received 8,677 notifications of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes in australia from 1 july 2008 to 30 june 2009. the alphaviruses, barmah forest and ross river, accounted for 6,574 (78%) of these notifications during 2008-09. there were 1,009 notifications of dengue virus infection locally-acquired in north queensland and 484 notified cases resulted from overseas travel. notification rates of dengue virus infection for 2008-09, regardless of ...201021090179
toponymous diseases of australia.names are more than just labels used to identify diseases. they can be windows into the discovery, characteristics and attributes of the disease. toponymous diseases are diseases that are named after places. hendra, ross river, bairnsdale, murray valley and barmah forest are all examples of australian places that have had diseases named after them. they all have unique and interesting stories that provide a glimpse into their discovery, history and culture. because of perceived negative connotat ...201021143049
application of satellite precipitation data to analyse and model arbovirus activity in the tropics.murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus (flaviviridae: flavivirus) which is closely related to japanese encephalitis virus, west nile virus and st. louis encephalitis virus. mvev is enzootic in northern australia and papua new guinea and epizootic in other parts of australia. activity of mvev in western australia (wa) is monitored by detection of seroconversions in flocks of sentinel chickens at selected sample sites throughout wa. rainfall is a major environmental ...201121255449
the viruses of australia and the risk to tourists.australia is a climatically diverse country varying from a tropical climate in the north to arid central desert and grassland regions, and to temperate climates in the south. there are many viral infections found in australia that are common to developed countries worldwide, but this article will focus on those that pose a special risk for travellers to australia, especially the mosquito-borne viruses. the commonest are the members of the alphavirus genus, particularly ross river virus and barma ...201121679887
rainfall and sentinel chicken seroconversions predict human cases of murray valley encephalitis in the north of western australia.murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev) is a flavivirus that occurs in australia and new guinea. while clinical cases are uncommon, mvev can cause severe encephalitis with high mortality. sentinel chicken surveillance is used at many sites around australia to provide an early warning system for risk of human infection in areas that have low population density and geographical remoteness. mvev in western australia occurs in areas of low population density and geographical remoteness, resulting in ...201425490948
a bayesian belief network for murray valley encephalitis virus risk assessment in western australia.murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev) is a clinically important virus in australia responsible for a number of epidemics over the past century. since there is no vaccine for mvev, other preventive health measures to curtail its spread must be considered, including the development of predictive risk models and maps to help direct public health interventions. this article aims to support these approaches by presenting a model for assessing mvev risk in western australia (wa).201626823368
deployable molecular detection of arboviruses in the australian outback.the most common causes of human infection from the arboviruses that are endemic in australia are the arthritogenic alphaviruses: ross river virus (rrv) and barmah forest virus (bfv). the most serious infections are caused by the neurotropic flaviviruses, murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev) and the kunjin subtype of west nile virus. the greatest individual risk of arbovirus infection occurs in tropical/subtropical northern australia because of the warm, wet summer conditions from december to ...201627402516
long-term outcomes of murray valley encephalitis cases in western australia: what have we learnt?murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes encephalitis in some cases of infection. it is endemic in northern australia and cases occasionally occur in south eastern australia. the long-term sequelae of mvev infection have not previously been well described.201626601912
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