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malaria reemergence in the peruvian amazon region.epidemic malaria has rapidly emerged in loreto department, in the peruvian amazon region. peru reports the second highest number of malaria cases in south america (after brazil), most from loreto. from 1992 to 1997, malaria increased 50-fold in loreto but only fourfold in peru. plasmodium falciparum infection, which has increased at a faster rate than p. vivax infection in the last 3 years, became the dominant plasmodium infection in the highest transmission areas in the 1997 rainy season. the v ...199910221872
endemic malaria in the peruvian amazon region of iquitos.a cross-sectional study was conducted in the peruvian amazon to test the hypothesis that a reservoir of asymptomatic malaria parasitemic patients would form the basis for continuing malaria endemicity in the region. active surveillance yielded a plasmodium spp. slide-positive prevalence of 4.2% (43 of 1,023) and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-positive prevalence of 17.6% (144 of 819). plasmodium vivax prevalence was 2.9% and 14.2% while plasmodium falciparum prevalence was 1.3% and 2.6% by mi ...200312932096
genetic polymorphism of plasmodium falciparum isolates from loreto, peru.eight genotypes of plasmodium falciparum were detected after analysing blood samples obtained from 30 peruvian jungle-dwelling patients in loreto, a high transmission area for p. falciparum, using amplification of the polymorphic marker gene glurp (glutamate-rich protein). genotypes i (glurp450) and viii (glurp800) were the most common (15/30 and 13/30, respectively). this single copy gene showed 15 patients to be infected with a single genotype of p. falciparum; the other 15 were infected with ...200212055827
white blood cell counts and malaria.white blood cells (wbcs) were counted in 4697 individuals who presented to outpatient malaria clinics in maesod, tak province, thailand, and iquitos, peru, between 28 may and 28 august 1998 and between 17 may and 9 july 1999. at each site and in each year, wbc counts in the plasmodium falciparum-infected patients were lower than those in the plasmodium vivax-infected patients, which, in turn, were lower than those in the uninfected patients. in thailand, one-sixth of the p. falciparum-infected p ...200515962228
clustered local transmission and asymptomatic plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax malaria infections in a recently emerged, hypoendemic peruvian amazon community.there is a low incidence of malaria in iquitos, peru, suburbs detected by passive case-detection. this low incidence might be attributable to infections clustered in some households/regions and/or undetected asymptomatic infections.200515975146
limited diversity of anopheles darlingi in the peruvian amazon region of iquitos.anopheles darlingi is the most important malaria vector in the amazon basin of south america, and is capable of transmitting both plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax. to understand the genetic structure of this vector in the amazonian region of peru, a simple polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based test to identify this species of mosquito was used. a random amplified polymorphic dna-pcr was used to study genetic variation at the micro-geographic level in nine geographically separate populations of ...200616896125
geographical distribution of anopheles darlingi in the amazon basin region of peru.malaria has reemerged as a significant public health disease threat in peru, especially within the amazon basin region. this resurgence of human cases caused by infection with plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax is thought to be associated with the spread of anopheles darlingi, the principal south american malaria vector, into new areas of the amazon basin. however, comprehensive studies of the distribution for this species have not been conducted in peru for several years, nor are histor ...200314710728
polymerase chain reaction and molecular genotyping to monitor parasitological response to anti-malarial chemotherapy in the peruvian amazon.over the past decade, anti-malarial drug resistance has rapidly become a major public health problem in the peruvian amazon. this study compared polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to light microscopy for diagnosing and monitoring the parasitological response of malaria patients to anti-malarial chemotherapy in the peruvian amazon region of iquitos. typing of p. falciparum using msp1, msp2, and glutamine-rich protein distinguished among infecting parasites. most (73%) p. falciparum patients were par ...200616606982
gametocytemia in plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum infections.two expert research microscopists, each blinded to the other's reports, diagnosed single-species malaria infections in 2,141 adults presenting at outpatient malaria clinics in tak province, thailand, and iquitos, peru, in may-august 1998, may-july 1999, and may-june 2001. plasmodium vivax patients with gametocytemia had higher fever and higher parasitemia than those without gametocytemia; temperature correlated with parasitemia in the patients with gametocytemia. plasmodium falciparum patients w ...200617304807
prevalence and risk of plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax malaria among pregnant women living in the hypoendemic communities of the peruvian amazon.the amazon region of iquitos, peru is hypoendemic for plasmodium vivax and p. falciparum. there is limited information regarding the epidemiology of malaria during pregnancy in this region. passive surveillance for clinical malaria among pregnant women was conducted in eight health posts in 2004 and 2005. community-based active surveillance was conducted to determine the incidence of malarial infection among pregnant women in the community of zungarococha in 2004 and 2005. passive surveillance d ...200717827359
amazonian plants from peru used by quechua and mestizo to treat malaria with evaluation of their activity.indigenous quechua and mestizo populations from distinct areas in loreto, peru, were interviewed about traditional medication for the treatment of malaria. an ethnographic survey concerning the native theory of illness aetiology in the specific case of malaria permitted the elaboration of an efficient ethnopharmacological enquiry. the survey took place on three main zones corresponding to villages on the napo and the pastaza rivers (for the quechua), and in the surroundings of iquitos (for the m ...200717573216
[cost-effectiveness ratio of using rapid tests for malaria diagnosis in the peruvian amazon].to determine the cost-effectiveness ratios of three options for diagnosing malaria at the local health provider in 50 communities near the peruvian amazon.200919695126
genetic diversity of vaccine candidate antigens in plasmodium falciparum isolates from the amazon basin of peru.several of the intended plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate antigens are highly polymorphic and could render a vaccine ineffective if their antigenic sites were not represented in the vaccine. in this study, characterization of genetic variability was performed in major b and t-cell epitopes within vaccine candidate antigens in isolates of p. falciparum from peru.200818505558
the plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 19 kd antibody response in the peruvian amazon predominantly targets the non-allele specific, shared sites of this antigen.plasmodium falciparum re-emerged in iquitos, peru in 1994 and is now hypoendemic (< 0.5 infections/person/year). purportedly non-immune individuals with discrete (non-overlapping) p. falciparum infections can be followed using this population dynamic. previous work demonstrated a strong association between this population's antibody response to pfmsp1-19kd and protection against febrile illness and parasitaemia. therefore, some selection for pfmsp1-19kd allelic diversity would be expected if the ...201020047674
field evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test (parascreen) for malaria diagnosis in the peruvian amazon.the rapid diagnostic tests for malaria (rdt) constitute a fast and opportune alternative for non-complicated malaria diagnosis in areas where microscopy is not available. the objective of this study was to validate a rdt named parascreen under field conditions in iquitos, department of loreto, peru. parascreen is a rdt that detects the histidine-rich protein 2 (hrp2) antigen from plasmodium falciparum and lactate deshydrogenase from all plasmodium species.201020529273
limited variation in vaccine candidate plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-6 over multiple transmission seasons.plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-6 (pfmsp6) is a component of the complex proteinacious coat that surrounds p. falciparum merozoites. this location, and the presence of anti-pfmsp6 antibodies in p. falciparum-exposed individuals, makes pfmsp6 a potential blood stage vaccine target. however, genetic diversity has proven to be a major hurdle for vaccines targeting other blood stage p. falciparum antigens, and few endemic field studies assessing pfmsp6 gene diversity have been conduc ...201020497564
hyperendemic malaria transmission in areas of occupation-related travel in the peruvian amazon.plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum cause a significant illness burden in peru. anopheline indices for populated communities in the peri-iquitos region of loreto have been reported to be remarkably low, with entomological inoculation rates (eir) estimated at one to 30 infective bites per year based on a few studies in close proximity to the urban centre of iquitos and surrounding deforested areas. local reports suggest that a large number of the reported cases are contracted outside of po ...201323724869
epidemiology of plasmodium vivax malaria in peru.malaria in peru, dominated by plasmodium vivax, remains a public health problem. the 1990s saw newly epidemic malaria emerge, primarily in the loreto department in the amazon region, including areas near to iquitos, the capital city, but sporadic malaria transmission also occurred in the 1990s-2000s in both north-coastal peru and the gold mining regions of southeastern peru. although a global fund-supported intervention (pamafro, 2005-2010) was temporally associated with a decrease of malaria tr ...201627799639
molecular epidemiology of plasmodium falciparum malaria outbreak, tumbes, peru, 2010-2012.during 2010-2012, an outbreak of 210 cases of malaria occurred in tumbes, in the northern coast of peru, where no plasmodium falciparum malaria case had been reported since 2006. to identify the source of the parasite causing this outbreak, we conducted a molecular epidemiology investigation. microsatellite typing showed an identical genotype in all 54 available isolates. this genotype was also identical to that of parasites isolated in 2010 in the loreto region of the peruvian amazon and closel ...025897626
cluster of imported vivax malaria in travelers returning from peru.we report a cluster of imported vivax malaria in three of five chilean travelers returning from peru in march 2015. the cluster highlights the high risk of malaria in the loreto region in northern peru, which includes popular destinations for international nature and adventure tourism. according to local surveillance data, plasmodium vivax is predominating, but plasmodium falciparum is also present, and the incidence of both species has increased during recent years. travelers visiting this regi ...201526354673
anti-plasmodium falciparum invasion ligand antibodies in a low malaria transmission region, loreto, peru.erythrocyte invasion by plasmodium falciparum is a complex process that involves two families; erythrocyte binding-like (ebl) and the reticulocyte binding-like (pfrh) proteins. antibodies that inhibit merozoite attachment and invasion are believed to be important in mediating naturally acquired immunity and immunity generated by parasite blood stage vaccine candidates. the hypotheses tested in this study were 1) that antibody responses against specific p. falciparum invasion ligands (ebl and pfr ...201223110555
malaria immunoepidemiology in low transmission: correlation of infecting genotype and immune response to domains of plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 3.malaria caused by plasmodium falciparum is a major cause of global infant mortality, and no effective vaccine currently exists. multiple potential vaccine targets have been identified, and immunoepidemiology studies have played a major part in assessing those candidates. when such studies are carried out in high-transmission settings, individuals are often superinfected with complex mixtures of genetically distinct p. falciparum types, making it impossible to directly correlate the genotype of t ...201121383051
plants used by native amazonian groups from the nanay river (peru) for the treatment of malaria.in order to evaluate the antimalarial potential of traditional remedies used in peru, indigenous and mestizo populations from the river nanay in loreto were interviewed about traditional medication for the treatment of malaria.201021040768
genome scanning of amazonian plasmodium falciparum shows subtelomeric instability and clindamycin-resistant parasites.here, we fully characterize the genomes of 14 plasmodium falciparum patient isolates taken recently from the iquitos region using genome scanning, a microarray-based technique that delineates the majority of single-base changes, indels, and copy number variants distinguishing the coding regions of two clones. we show that the parasite population in the peruvian amazon bears a limited number of genotypes and low recombination frequencies. despite the essentially clonal nature of some isolates, we ...201020829224
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