| infectious disease and grouping patterns in mule deer. | infectious disease dynamics are determined, to a great extent, by the social structure of the host. we evaluated sociality, or the tendency to form groups, in rocky mountain mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) from a chronic wasting disease (cwd) endemic area in saskatchewan, canada, to better understand factors that may affect disease transmission. using group size data collected on 365 radio-collared mule deer (2008-2013), we built a generalized linear mixed model (glmm) to evaluate wheth ... | 2016 | 27007808 |
| bayesian modeling of prion disease dynamics in mule deer using population monitoring and capture-recapture data. | epidemics of chronic wasting disease (cwd) of north american cervidae have potential to harm ecosystems and economies. we studied a migratory population of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) affected by cwd for at least three decades using a bayesian framework to integrate matrix population and disease models with long-term monitoring data and detailed process-level studies. we hypothesized cwd prevalence would be stable or increase between two observation periods during the late 1990s and after 20 ... | 2015 | 26509806 |
| age and repeated biopsy influence antemortem prp(cwd) testing in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in colorado, usa. | biopsy of rectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue provides a useful, but imperfect, live-animal test for chronic wasting disease (cwd) in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). it is difficult and expensive to complete these tests on free-ranging animals, and wildlife health managers will benefit from methods that can accommodate test results of varying quality. to this end, we developed a hierarchical bayesian model to estimate the probability that an individual is infected based on test results. ou ... | 2015 | 26251986 |
| chronic wasting disease of cervids: current knowledge and future perspectives. | a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of mule deer was first reported in colorado and wyoming in 1967 and has since spread to other members of the cervid family in 22 states, 2 canadian provinces, and the republic of korea. chronic wasting disease (cwd), caused by exposure to an abnormally folded isoform of the cellular prion protein, is characterized by progressive neurological disease in susceptible natural and experimental hosts and is ultimately fatal. cwd is th ... | 2015 | 25387112 |
| detection of chronic wasting disease in the lymph nodes of free-ranging cervids by real-time quaking-induced conversion. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of deer, elk, and moose, is the only prion disease affecting free-ranging animals. since the disease was first identified in northern colorado and southern wyoming in 1967, new epidemic foci of the disease have been identified in 20 additional states, as well as two canadian provinces and the republic of south korea. identification of cwd-affected animals currently requires postmortem analysis of brain or lymphoid tissues u ... | 2014 | 24958799 |
| "atypical" chronic wasting disease in prnp genotype 225ff mule deer. | we compared mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) of two different prnp genotypes (225ss, 225ff) for susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (cwd) in the face of environmental exposure to infectivity. all three 225ss deer had immunohistochemistry (ihc)-positive tonsil biopsies by 710 days postexposure (dpe), developed classic clinical signs by 723-1,200 dpe, and showed gross and microscopic pathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) results, and ihc staining typical of prion disease in mul ... | 2014 | 24807352 |
| mineral licks: motivational factors for visitation and accompanying disease risk at communal use sites of elk and deer. | free-ranging cervids acquire most of their essential minerals through forage consumption, though occasionally seek other sources to account for seasonal mineral deficiencies. mineral sources occur as natural geological deposits (i.e., licks) or as anthropogenic mineral supplements. in both scenarios, these sources commonly serve as focal sites for visitation. we monitored 11 licks in rocky mountain national park, north-central colorado, using trail cameras to quantify daily visitation indices (d ... | 2014 | 24711146 |
| homogenization, sex, and differential motility predict spread of chronic wasting disease in mule deer in southern utah. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an infectious prion disease that affects mule deer, along with other cervids. it is a slow-developing, fatal disease which is rare in the free-ranging deer population of utah. we present a sex-structured, spatial model for the spread of cwd over heterogeneous landscapes, incorporating both horizontal and environmental transmission pathways. to connect the local movement of deer to the regional spread of cwd, we use ecological diffusion with motility coefficients ... | 2014 | 23846241 |
| immunization with a synthetic peptide vaccine fails to protect mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from chronic wasting disease. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) adversely affects both wild and captive cervid populations. a vaccine to prevent cwd would be a highly desirable tool to aid in disease management. to this end, we tested in mule deer a combination of cwd vaccines consisting of cervid prion peptide sequences 168-vdqynnqntfvhdc-182 and 145-ndyedryyrenmyrypnq-164 that had previously been shown to delay onset of clinical disease and increase survival in a mouse-adapted scrapie model. thirteen captive mule deer (odocoil ... | 2013 | 23778624 |
| chronic wasting disease in bank voles: characterisation of the shortest incubation time model for prion diseases. | in order to assess the susceptibility of bank voles to chronic wasting disease (cwd), we inoculated voles carrying isoleucine or methionine at codon 109 (bv109i and bv109m, respectively) with cwd isolates from elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer. efficient transmission rate (100%) was observed with mean survival times ranging from 156 to 281 days post inoculation. subsequent passages in bv109i allowed us to isolate from all cwd sources the same vole-adapted cwd strain (bv(109i)cwd), typified by ... | 2013 | 23505374 |
| susceptibility of cattle to the agent of chronic wasting disease from elk after intracranial inoculation. | cattle could be exposed to the agent of chronic wasting disease (cwd) through contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids or exposure to contaminated premises. the purpose of the current study was to assess the potential for cwd derived from elk to transmit to cattle after intracranial inoculation. calves (n = 14) were inoculated with brain homogenate derived from elk with cwd to determine the potential for transmission and to define the clinicopathologic features of disease. cattle wer ... | 2012 | 22991389 |
| experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, remains prevalent in north american elk, white-tailed deer and mule deer. a natural case of cwd in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) has not been reported despite potential habitat overlap with cwd-infected deer or elk herds. this study investigates the experimental transmission of cwd from elk or white-tailed deer to reindeer by the oral route of inoculation. ante-mortem testing of the three reindeer expose ... | 2012 | 22723928 |
| historical overview of prion diseases: a view from afar. | the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), or prion diseases, are a group of neurodegenerative disorders which include kuru, creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker (gss) syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia in men, natural scrapie in sheep, goats and mufflons, transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-reared mink, chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk, bovine spongiform encephalopathy or "mad cow disease" and its analogues in several exotic species of ... | 2012 | 22505359 |
| assessment of prospective preventive therapies for chronic wasting disease in mule deer. | we compared prion infection rates among mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) receiving pentosan polysulfate, tannic acid, tetracycline hcl, or no treatment 14 days before to 14 days after (dpi) oral inoculation with tonsil tissue homogenate. all deer were infected, but the rapid disease course (230-603 dpi) suggested our challenge was overwhelming. | 2012 | 22493139 |
| the role of genetics in chronic wasting disease of north american cervids. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a major concern for the management of north american cervid populations. this fatal prion disease has led to declines in populations which have high cwd prevalence and areas with both high and low infection rates have experienced economic losses in wildlife recreation and fears of potential spill-over into livestock or humans. research from human and veterinary medicine has established that the prion protein gene (prnp) encodes the protein responsible for transmi ... | 2012 | 22460693 |
| salivary prions in sheep and deer. | scrapie of sheep and chronic wasting disease (cwd) of cervids are transmissible prion diseases. milk and placenta have been identified as sources of scrapie prions but do not explain horizontal transmission. in contrast, cwd prions have been reported in saliva, urine and feces, which are thought to be responsible for horizontal transmission. while the titers of cwd prions have been measured in feces, levels in saliva or urine are unknown. because sheep produce ~17 l/day of saliva, and scrapie pr ... | 2016 | 22453179 |
| broad and fine-scale genetic analysis of white-tailed deer populations: estimating the relative risk of chronic wasting disease spread. | chronic wasting disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, similar to sheep scrapie that has only recently been detected in wild populations of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) in western canada. relatively little is known about local transmission dynamics of the disease or the potential for long-distance spread. we analysed the population genetic structure of over 2000 white-tailed deer sampled from alberta, british co ... | 2011 | 25567957 |
| first chronic wasting disease (cwd) surveillance of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in the northern part of belgium. | summary cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in wild cervids have yet not been reported in europe, whereas the disease is considered enzootic in free-ranging mule deer, rocky mountain elk and white-tailed deer in the area of colorado, wyoming, and nebraska. new foci of cwd continue to be detected in other parts of the united states. however, no large-scale active epidemiosurveillance of european wild cervids is yet installed in europe. in accordance with the opinion of the european scientific ... | 2006 | 22077761 |
| evolution of diagnostic tests for chronic wasting disease, a naturally occurring prion disease of cervids. | since chronic wasting disease (cwd) was first identified nearly 50 years ago in a captive mule deer herd in the rocky mountains of the united states, it has slowly spread across north america through the natural and anthropogenic movement of cervids and their carcasses. as the endemic areas have expanded, so has the need for rapid, sensitive, and cost effective diagnostic tests-especially those which take advantage of samples collected antemortem. over the past two decades, strategies have evolv ... | 2017 | 28783058 |
| temporal patterns of chronic wasting disease prion excretion in three cervid species. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is the only naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting free-ranging wildlife populations. transmission of cwd occurs by direct contact or through contaminated environments; however, little is known about the temporal patterns of cwd prion excretion and shedding in wild cervids. we tested the urine and faeces of three species of captive cervids (elk, mule and white-tailed deer) at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after oral inoculation to evaluate t ... | 2017 | 28708047 |