| ultrastructure of equine morbillivirus. | the ultrastructure of the equine morbillivirus (emv) which was implicated in the death of one human and fourteen horses in queensland, australia during september 1994 and a 36 year old man from queensland in october 1995 is described. the ultrastructure of the virus and the intracellular virus-specific structures are characteristic for the family paramyxoviridae. cytoplasmic nucleocapsids were observed within the infected cells monolayers, endothelial cells (lung) of infected horses and the neur ... | 1996 | 8822630 |
| fatal encephalitis due to novel paramyxovirus transmitted from horses. | in september, 1994, an outbreak of severe respiratory disease affected 18 horses, their trainer, and a stablehand in queensland, australia. fourteen horses and one human being died. a novel virus was isolated from those affected and named equine morbillivirus (emv). we report a case of encephalitis caused by this virus. | 1997 | 8996421 |
| emerging infections in australia. | over the last 10 years, novel infectious agents including equine morbillivirus, lyssavirus, barmah forest virus, rickettsia honei and two as-yet-unnamed bunyaviruses have been identified as causes of human disease in australia. previously described agents, such as japanese b encephalitis virus, dengue virus, ross river virus, orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia australis, burkholderia pseudomallei, mycobacterium ulcerans and trichinella pseudospiralis, have increased their geographical distributi ... | 1997 | 9494666 |
| expression of equine morbillivirus (emv) matrix and fusion proteins and their evaluation as diagnostic reagents. | full-length cdna clones coding for the matrix (m) and fusion (f) proteins of equine morbillivirus (emv) were isolated by rt-pcr, and expressed in escherichia coli using two different expression systems. western blot analysis indicated that the m and f proteins, expressed either by itself or as fusion proteins with glutathione s-transferase (gst), were insoluble and degraded after expression. analysis of the degradation pattern of recombinant m protein suggested that the n-terminus of the matrix ... | 1997 | 9672592 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of a novel cytopathogenic paramyxovirus from tree shrews. | a cytopathic infectious agent was isolated from the kidneys of an apparently healthy tree shrew (tupaia belangeri) that had been captured in the area around bangkok. the infectivity was propagated in tupaia fibroblast and kidney cell cultures. paramyxovirus-like pleomorphic enveloped particles and helical nucleocapsids were observed by electron microscopy and accordingly the infectious agent was termed tupaia paramyxovirus (tpmv). however, no serological cross-reactions were detected between tpm ... | 1999 | 10366580 |
| newly discovered viruses of flying foxes. | flying foxes have been the focus of research into three newly described viruses from the order mononegavirales, namely hendra virus (hev), menangle virus and australian bat lyssavirus (abl). early investigations indicate that flying foxes are the reservoir host for these viruses. in 1994, two outbreaks of a new zoonotic disease affecting horses and humans occurred in queensland. the virus which was found to be responsible was called equine morbillivirus (emv) and has since been renamed hev. inve ... | 1999 | 10501164 |
| clinical features of nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in malaysia. | between september 1998 and june 1999, there was an outbreak of severe viral encephalitis due to nipah virus, a newly discovered paramyxovirus, in malaysia. | 2000 | 10781618 |
| nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. | a paramyxovirus virus termed nipah virus has been identified as the etiologic agent of an outbreak of severe encephalitis in people with close contact exposure to pigs in malaysia and singapore. the outbreak was first noted in late september 1998 and by mid-june 1999, more than 265 encephalitis cases, including 105 deaths, had been reported in malaysia, and 11 cases of encephalitis or respiratory illness with one death had been reported in singapore. electron microscopic, serologic, and genetic ... | 2000 | 10827955 |
| molecular characterization of nipah virus, a newly emergent paramyxovirus. | recently, a new paramyxovirus, now known as nipah virus (nv), emerged in malaysia and singapore, causing fatal encephalitis in humans and a respiratory syndrome in pigs. initial studies had indicated that nv is antigenically and genetically related to hendra virus (hv). we generated the sequences of the n, p/c/v, m, f, and g genes of nv and compared these sequences with those of hv and other members of the family paramyxoviridae. the intergenic regions of nv were identical to those of hv, and th ... | 2000 | 10860887 |
| isolation of hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of hendra virus. | since it was first described in australia in 1994, hendra virus (hev) has caused two outbreaks of fatal disease in horses and humans, and an isolated fatal horse case. our preliminary studies revealed a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to hev in bats of the genus pteropus:, but it was unclear whether this was due to infection with hev or a related virus. we developed the hypothesis that hev excretion from bats might be related to the birthing process and we targeted the reproductive tr ... | 2000 | 10900029 |
| [update in infectious diseases. part i: epidemiology]. | a number of infectious agents has been newly detected in the last 10 years. climatic changes and migration have been the most important factors in the emergence of new and old infections. additionally, new methods for the detection of dna and rna have played an important role in the detection of agents difficult to culture. relevant new bacterial pathogens are bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis), tropheryma whippeli (whipple's disease) and new rickettsiae. newly det ... | 2000 | 10935415 |
| the cleavage activation and sites of glycosylation in the fusion protein of hendra virus. | hendra virus (hev) is an unclassified member of the paramyxoviridae family that causes systemic infections in humans, horses, cats, guinea pigs and flying foxes. the fusion protein (f(0)) of members of the paramyxoviridae family that cause systemic infections in vivo contains a basic amino acid-rich region at which the protein is activated by cleavage into two subunits (f(1) and f(2)). hev f(0) lacks such a domain. we have determined the cleavage site in hev f(0) by sequencing the amino terminus ... | 2000 | 11018278 |
| hendra virus disease in horses. | the author provides an account of the discovery of a previously undescribed disease of horses and a description of the studies involved in determining the aetiology of the disease. the causative virus, now named hendra virus (hev), is the reference virus for a proposed new genus within the virus family paramyxoviridae. the virus is a lethal zoonotic agent able to cause natural disease in humans and horses and experimentally induced disease in cats, guinea-pigs and mice. the virus also naturally ... | 2000 | 11189712 |
| nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular malaysia. | between late 1998 and 1999, the spread of a new disease of pigs, characterized by a pronounced respiratory and neurological syndrome, sometimes accompanied by the sudden death of sows and boars, was recorded in pig farms in peninsular malaysia. the disease appeared to have a close association with an epidemic of viral encephalitis among workers on pig farms. a previously unrecognised paramyxovirus was later identified from this outbreak; this virus was related to, but distinct from, the hendra v ... | 2000 | 11189713 |
| hendra and nipah virus infections. | the most important clinical and pathological manifestation of hendra virus infection in horses and humans is that of severe interstitial pneumonia caused by viral infection of small blood vessels. the virus is also capable of causing nervous disease. hendra virus is not contagious in horses and is spread by close contact with body fluids, such as froth from infected lungs. diagnosis should be based on the laboratory examination of blood, lung, kidney, spleen, and, if nervous signs are present, a ... | 2000 | 11219352 |
| ultrastructure of hendra virus and nipah virus within cultured cells and host animals. | the ultrastructure of hendra and nipah viruses is described in cultured cells, pigs, horses and humans. differences in ultrastructure between the viruses are evident within infected cell cultures and lungs from infected amplifier hosts. these differences are important in viral identification and differentiation and understanding the pathogenesis of disease. | 2001 | 11334747 |
| molecular characterization of menangle virus, a novel paramyxovirus which infects pigs, fruit bats, and humans. | menangle virus (menv), isolated in august 1997 following an outbreak of reproductive disease in a piggery in new south wales, is the second previously unclassified member of the family paramyxoviridae to be identified in australia since 1994. similar to hendra virus (hev), menv appears to be a virus of fruit bats (flying foxes) in the genus pteropus. no serological cross-reactivity was detected between menv and other known paramyxoviruses and to facilitate virus classification a cdna subtraction ... | 2001 | 11336561 |
| nipah virus infection in bats (order chiroptera) in peninsular malaysia. | nipah virus, family paramyxoviridae, caused disease in pigs and humans in peninsular malaysia in 1998-99. because nipah virus appears closely related to hendra virus, wildlife surveillance focused primarily on pteropid bats (suborder megachiroptera), a natural host of hendra virus in australia. we collected 324 bats from 14 species on peninsular malaysia. neutralizing antibodies to nipah virus were demonstrated in five species, suggesting widespread infection in bat populations in peninsular mal ... | 2001 | 11384522 |
| emerging viral diseases of southeast asia and the western pacific. | over the past 6 years, a number of zoonotic and vectorborne viral diseases have emerged in southeast asia and the western pacific. vectorborne disease agents discussed in this article include japanese encephalitis, barmah forest, ross river, and chikungunya viruses. however, most emerging viruses have been zoonotic, with fruit bats, including flying fox species as the probable wildlife hosts, and these will be discussed as well. the first of these disease agents to emerge was hendra virus, forme ... | 2001 | 11485641 |
| molecular characterization of the polymerase gene and genomic termini of nipah virus. | in 1998, nipah virus (nv) emerged in peninsular malaysia, causing fatal encephalitis in humans and a respiratory disease in swine. nv is most closely related to hendra virus (hv), a paramyxovirus that was identified in australia in 1994, and it has been proposed that hv and nv represent a new genus within the family paramyxoviridae. this report describes the analysis of the sequences of the polymerase gene (l) and genomic termini of nv as well as a comparison of the full-length, genomic sequence ... | 2001 | 11504554 |
| [zoonoses caused by new viruses in the paramyxoviridae family]. | based on the literature data, the outbreaks of new zoonoses caused by new members of the family paramyxoviridae are briefly presented. some characteristics of hendra and nipah virus, epidemiological aspects, clinical picture and pathology are described. fruit bats are mentioned as the key to the epidemiology of hendra virus. the virus was isolated from affected humans, horses, and from the uterine fluids of a grey-headed fruit bat (pteropus poliocephalus). new morbillivirus designated nipah viru ... | 2001 | 11554115 |
| molecular evolution of viral fusion and matrix protein genes and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae. | phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae, a broad family of viruses whose members cause devastating diseases of wildlife, livestock, and humans, were examined with both fusion (f) and matrix (m) protein-coding sequences. neighbor-joining trees of f and m protein sequences showed that the paramyxoviridae was divided into the two traditionally recognized subfamilies, the paramyxovirinae and the pneumovirinae. within the paramyxovirinae, the results also showed groups corresponding to t ... | 2001 | 11603943 |
| functional expression and membrane fusion tropism of the envelope glycoproteins of hendra virus. | hendra virus (hev) is an emerging paramyxovirus first isolated from cases of severe respiratory disease that fatally affected both horses and humans. understanding the mechanisms of host cell infection and cross-species transmission is an important step in addressing the risk posed by such emerging pathogens. we have initiated studies to characterize the biological properties of the hev envelope glycoproteins. recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the hev f and g open reading frames were generat ... | 2001 | 11882997 |
| functional properties of the fusion and attachment glycoproteins of nipah virus. | nipah virus (nv) and hendra virus (hv) are recently emergent, related viruses that can cause severe disease in humans and animals. the goal of this study was to investigate the immunogenic and functional properties of the fusion (f) and attachment (g) glycoproteins of nv. vaccination of mice with recombinant vaccinia viruses (rvvs) expressing either the f (rvv/nv-f) or g (rvv/nv-g) proteins of nv induced neutralizing antibody responses to nv, with higher titers produced after vaccination with rv ... | 2002 | 12036330 |
| virus safety of human blood, plasma, and derived products. | the reconstitution of blood and its components is hampered by factors of compatibility, availability, and the risk of transmission of infectious diseases. protozoal agents such as plasmodium malariae and trypanosoma cruzi are only regionally relevant. bacterial transmissions are easy to prevent and treat. antibody, antigen, and nucleic acid screening have been implemented to prevent transmission of blood-borne viruses. transfusion-relevant viruses include hepatitis b and c virus (hbv and hcv), h ... | 2002 | 12379292 |
| membrane fusion tropism and heterotypic functional activities of the nipah virus and hendra virus envelope glycoproteins. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are novel paramyxoviruses from pigs and horses, respectively, that are responsible for fatal zoonotic infections of humans. the unique genetic and biological characteristics of these emerging agents has led to their classification as the prototypic members of a new genus within the paramyxovirinae subfamily called henipavirus: these viruses are most closely related to members of the genus morbillivirus and infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fu ... | 2002 | 12388678 |
| the australian paralysis tick may be the missing link in the transmission of hendra virus from bats to horses to humans. | hendra virus is a new virus of the family paramyxoviridae. this virus was first detected in queensland, australia, in 1994; although, it seems that the virus has infected fruit-eating bats (flying-foxes) for a very long time. at least 2 humans and 15 horses have been killed by this virus since it first emerged as a virus that may infect mammals other than flying-foxes. hendra virus is thought to have moved from flying-foxes to horses, and then from horses to people. there is a reasonably strong ... | 2003 | 12615503 |
| nipah virus outbreak in malaysia. | nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus, closely related to hendra virus emerged in northern part of peninsular malaysia in 1998. the virus caused an outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis in humans with a high mortality rate, whereas, in pigs, encephalitis and respiratory diseases but with a relatively low mortality rate. the outbreak subsequently spread to various regions of the country and singapore in the south due to the movement of infected pigs. nipah virus caused systemic infections in human ... | 2003 | 12637075 |
| hendra virus v protein inhibits interferon signaling by preventing stat1 and stat2 nuclear accumulation. | the v protein of the recently emerged paramyxovirus, nipah virus, has been shown to inhibit interferon (ifn) signal transduction through cytoplasmic sequestration of cellular stat1 and stat2 in high-molecular-weight complexes. here we demonstrate that the closely related hendra virus v protein also inhibits cellular responses to ifn through binding and cytoplasmic sequestration of both stat1 and stat2, but not stat3. these findings demonstrate a v protein-mediated ifn signal evasion mechanism th ... | 2003 | 14557668 |
| conserved cysteine-rich domain of paramyxovirus simian virus 5 v protein plays an important role in blocking apoptosis. | the paramyxovirus family includes many well-known human and animal pathogens as well as emerging viruses such as hendra virus and nipah virus. the v protein of simian virus 5 (sv5), a prototype of the paramyxoviruses, contains a cysteine-rich c-terminal domain which is conserved among all paramyxovirus v proteins. the v protein can block both interferon (ifn) signaling by causing degradation of stat1 and ifn production by blocking irf-3 nuclear import. previously, it was reported that recombinan ... | 2004 | 15113888 |
| identification of the nuclear export signal and stat-binding domains of the nipah virus v protein reveals mechanisms underlying interferon evasion. | the v proteins of nipah virus and hendra virus have been demonstrated to bind to cellular stat1 and stat2 proteins to form high-molecular-weight complexes that inhibit interferon (ifn)-induced antiviral transcription by preventing stat nuclear accumulation. analysis of the nipah virus v protein has revealed a region between amino acids 174 and 192 that functions as a crm1-dependent nuclear export signal (nes). this peptide is sufficient to complement an export-defective human immunodeficiency vi ... | 2004 | 15113915 |
| emerging encephalitogenic viruses: lyssaviruses and henipaviruses transmitted by frugivorous bats. | three newly recognized encephalitogenic zoonotic viruses spread from fruit bats of the genus pteropus (order chiroptera, suborder megachiroptera) have been recognised over the past decade. these are: hendra virus, formerly named equine morbillivirus, which was responsible for an outbreak of disease in horses and humans in brisbane, australia, in 1994; australian bat lyssavirus, the cause of a severe acute encephalitis, in 1996; and nipah virus, the cause of a major outbreak of encephalitis and p ... | 2004 | 15119765 |
| novel viral encephalitides associated with bats (chiroptera)--host management strategies. | several novel viruses recently described in bats of the genus pteropus (sub-order megachiroptera) in australia and southeast asia cause encephalitic disease in animals and humans. these viruses include hendra virus and nipah virus (genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae) and australian bat lyssavirus (ablv; genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae). broadly, strategies for disease prevention and control in the spillover host are directed at minimising direct or indirect contact with the natural ... | 2004 | 15119766 |
| specific detection of nipah virus using real-time rt-pcr (taqman). | nipah and hendra viruses belong to the novel henipavirus genus of the paramyxoviridae family. its zoonotic circulation in bats and recent emergence in malaysia with fatal consequences for humans that were in close contact with infected pigs, has made the reinforcement of epidemiological and clinical surveillance systems a priority. in this study, taqman rt-pcr of the nipah nucleoprotein has been developed so that nipah virus rna in field specimens or laboratory material can be characterized rapi ... | 2004 | 15288966 |
| conservation medicine and a new agenda for emerging diseases. | the last three decades have seen an alarming number of high-profile outbreaks of new viruses and other pathogens, many of them emerging from wildlife. recent outbreaks of sars, avian influenza, and others highlight emerging zoonotic diseases as one of the key threats to global health. similar emerging diseases have been reported in wildlife populations, resulting in mass mortalities, population declines, and even extinctions. in this paper, we highlight three examples of emerging pathogens: nipa ... | 2004 | 15604464 |
| [advances in comparative pathology: some zoonoses threatening man]. | the last major human epidemics of infectious diseases have arisen from animals. some of them are especially threatening. the authors call attention to the danger of spread of avian influenza, either directly or indirectly through genetic rearrangements. they underline the role of animals in the epidemiology of sars, west nile virus, hepatitis e, nipa and hendra virus, ehrlichiosis and lyme disease. the authors recommend health surveillance not only in humans but also in animals; the teaching of ... | 2004 | 15656242 |
| ephrin-b2 ligand is a functional receptor for hendra virus and nipah virus. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) belong to the genus henipavirus of the family paramyxoviridae and are unique in that they exhibit a broad species tropism and cause fatal disease in both animals and humans. they infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fusion process mediated by their fusion and attachment glycoproteins. previously, we demonstrated identical cell fusion tropisms for hev and niv and the protease-sensitive nature of their unknown cell receptor and identified a human ... | 2005 | 15998730 |
| hendra and nipah viruses: different and dangerous. | hendra virus and nipah virus are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that have recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in australia, malaysia, singapore and bangladesh. their unique genetic constitution, high virulence and wide host range set them apart from other paramyxoviruses. these features led to their classification into the new genus henipavirus within the family paramyxoviridae and to their designation as biosafety level 4 pathogens. t ... | 2006 | 16357858 |
| hendra and nipah viruses: pathogenesis and therapeutics. | within the past decade a number of new zoonotic paramyxoviruses emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in man and livestock. hendra virus was the cause of fatal infections of horses and man in australia in 1994, 1999 and 2004. nipah virus caused encephalitis in humans both in malaysia in 1998/99, following silent spread of the virus in the pig population, and in bangladesh from 2001 to 2004 probably as a result of direct bat to human transmission and spread within the human ... | 2005 | 16375714 |
| nipah/hendra virus outbreak in siliguri, west bengal, india in 2001. | the viral encephalitides caused by animal or human viruses are characterized by sudden outbreaks of neurological disease in both tropical and temperate regions. an outbreak of acute encephalitis occurred in siliguri (west bengal) town of india between january 31 and february 23, 2001. this outbreak was investigated by a team of scientists from four major institutions, and the findings are presented here. | 2006 | 16783047 |
| crystal structures of nipah and hendra virus fusion core proteins. | the nipah and hendra viruses are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in australia, malaysia, singapore and bangladesh. their unique genetic constitution, high virulence and wide host range set them apart from other paramyxoviruses. these characteristics have led to their classification into the new genus henpavirus within the family paramyxoviridae and to their designation as biosafety level 4 pathog ... | 2006 | 16972940 |
| inhibition of hendra virus fusion. | hendra virus (hev) is a recently identified paramyxovirus that is fatal in humans and could be used as an agent of bioterrorism. the hev receptor-binding protein (g) is required in order for the fusion protein (f) to mediate fusion, and analysis of the triggering/activation of hev f by g should lead to strategies for interfering with this key step in viral entry. hev f, once triggered by the receptor-bound g, by analogy with other paramyxovirus f proteins, undergoes multistep conformational chan ... | 2006 | 16973588 |
| feline model of acute nipah virus infection and protection with a soluble glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are paramyxoviruses capable of causing considerable morbidity and mortality in a number of mammalian species, including humans. case reports from outbreaks and previous challenge experiments have suggested that cats were highly susceptible to niv infection, responding with a severe respiratory disease and systemic infection. here we have assessed the cat as a model of experimental niv infection and use it in the evaluation of a subunit vaccine comprised o ... | 2006 | 17005664 |
| neutralization assays for differential henipavirus serology using bio-plex protein array systems. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are related emerging paramyxoviruses classified in the genus henipavirus. both cause fatal disease in animals and humans and are classified as biosafety level 4 pathogens. here we detail two new multiplexed microsphere assays, one for antibody detection and differentiation and another designed as a surrogate for virus neutralization. both assays utilize recombinant soluble attachment glycoproteins (sg) whereas the latter incorporates the cellular receptor ... | 2007 | 17292974 |
| identification of hendra virus g glycoprotein residues that are critical for receptor binding. | hendra virus (hev) is an emerging paramyxovirus capable of infecting and causing disease in a variety of mammalian species, including humans. the virus infects its host cells through the coordinated functions of its fusion (f) and attachment (g) glycoproteins, the latter of which is responsible for binding the virus receptors ephrinb2 and ephrinb3. in order to identify the receptor binding site, a panel of g glycoprotein constructs containing mutations was generated using an alanine-scanning mut ... | 2007 | 17376907 |
| molecular determinants of antiviral potency of paramyxovirus entry inhibitors. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) constitute the henipavirus genus of paramyxoviruses, both fatal in humans and with the potential for subversion as agents of bioterrorism. binding of the hev/niv attachment protein (g) to its receptor triggers a series of conformational changes in the fusion protein (f), ultimately leading to formation of a postfusion six-helix bundle (6hb) structure and fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. the ectodomain of paramyxovirus f proteins contains two co ... | 2007 | 17652384 |
| henipaviruses: emerging paramyxoviruses associated with fruit bats. | two related, novel, zoonotic paramyxoviruses have been described recently. hendra virus was first reported in horses and thence humans in australia in 1994; nipah virus was first reported in pigs and thence humans in malaysia in 1998. human cases of nipah virus infection, apparently unassociated with infection in livestock, have been reported in bangladesh since 2001. species of fruit bats (genus pteropus) have been identified as natural hosts of both agents. anthropogenic changes (habitat loss, ... | 2007 | 17848064 |
| functional studies of host-specific ephrin-b ligands as henipavirus receptors. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are closely related paramyxoviruses that infect and cause disease in a wide range of mammalian hosts. to determine whether host receptor molecules play a role in species-specific and/or virus-specific infection we have cloned and characterized ephrin-b2 and ephrin-b3 ligands from a range of species, including human, horse, pig, cat, dog, bats (pteropus alecto and pteropus vampyrus) and mouse. hev and niv were both able to infect cells expressing any of th ... | 2008 | 18054977 |
| reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for hendra virus infection in little red flying foxes (pteropus scapulatus). | hendra virus (hev) is a lethal paramyxovirus which emerged in humans in 1994. poor understanding of hev dynamics in pteropus spp. (flying fox or fruit bat) reservoir hosts has limited our ability to determine factors driving its emergence. we initiated a longitudinal field study of hev in little red flying foxes (lrff; pteropus scapulatus) and examined individual and population risk factors for infection, to determine probable modes of intraspecific transmission. we also investigated whether sea ... | 2008 | 18198149 |
| henipavirus v protein association with polo-like kinase reveals functional overlap with stat1 binding and interferon evasion. | emerging viruses in the paramyxovirus genus henipavirus evade host antiviral responses via protein interactions between the viral v and w proteins and cellular stat1 and stat2 and the cytosolic rna sensor mda5. polo-like kinase (plk1) is identified as being an additional cellular partner that can bind to nipah virus p, v, and w proteins. for both nipah virus and hendra virus, contact between the v protein and the plk1 polo box domain is required for v protein phosphorylation. results indicate th ... | 2008 | 18417573 |
| henipaviruses: a new family of emerging paramyxoviruses. | paramyxoviruses have been implicated in both animal and human infections. some viruses, such as morbilliviruses are responsible for large-scale epidemics. however, there are limited observations of these viruses crossing the host species barrier in nature. in 1994, in australia a fatal infection in horses and humans was identified to be caused by a new paramyxovirus, hendra virus (hev), and in 1998 in malaysia, a closely related virus, nipah virus (niv) was responsible for fatal infections in pi ... | 2009 | 18511217 |
| host cell recognition by the henipaviruses: crystal structures of the nipah g attachment glycoprotein and its complex with ephrin-b3. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus are the type species of the highly pathogenic paramyxovirus genus henipavirus, which can cause severe respiratory disease and fatal encephalitis infections in humans, with case fatality rates approaching 75%. niv contains two envelope glycoproteins, the receptor-binding g glycoprotein (niv-g) that facilitates attachment to host cells and the fusion (f) glycoprotein that mediates membrane merger. the henipavirus g glycoproteins lack both hemagglutinating and neu ... | 2008 | 18632560 |
| inhibition of henipavirus infection by rna interference. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are recently emerged zoonotic paramyxoviruses exclusively grouped within a new genus, henipavirus. these viruses cause fatal disease in a wide range of species, including humans. both niv and hev have continued to re-emerge sporadically in bangladesh and australia, respectively. there are currently no therapeutics or vaccines available to treat henipavirus infection and both are classified as bsl4 pathogens. rna interference (rnai) is a process by which d ... | 2008 | 18687361 |
| crystal structure and carbohydrate analysis of nipah virus attachment glycoprotein: a template for antiviral and vaccine design. | two members of the paramyxovirus family, nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev), are recent additions to a growing number of agents of emergent diseases which use bats as a natural host. identification of ephrin-b2 and ephrin-b3 as cellular receptors for these viruses has enabled the development of immunotherapeutic reagents which prevent virus attachment and subsequent fusion. here we present the structural analysis of the protein and carbohydrate components of the unbound viral attachment gl ... | 2008 | 18815311 |
| the yplgvg sequence of the nipah virus matrix protein is required for budding. | nipah virus (niv) is a recently emerged paramyxovirus capable of causing fatal disease in a broad range of mammalian hosts, including humans. together with hendra virus (hev), they comprise the genus henipavirus in the family paramyxoviridae. recombinant expression systems have played a crucial role in studying the cell biology of these biosafety level-4 restricted viruses. henipavirus assembly and budding occurs at the plasma membrane, although the details of this process remain poorly understo ... | 2008 | 19000317 |
| animal models of henipavirus infection: a review. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) form a separate genus henipavirus within the family paramyxoviridae, and are classified as biosafety level four pathogens due to their high case fatality rate following human infection and because of the lack of effective vaccines or therapy. both viruses emerged from their natural reservoir during the last decade of the 20th century, causing severe disease in humans, horses and swine, and infecting a number of other mammalian species. the current review ... | 2009 | 19084436 |
| lessons from the nipah virus outbreak in malaysia. | the nipah virus outbreak in malaysia (september 1998 to may 1999) resulted in 265 cases of acute encephalitis with 105 deaths, and near collapse of the billion-dollar pig-farming industry. because it was initially attributed to japanese encephalitis, early control measures were ineffective, and the outbreak spread to other parts of malaysia and nearby singapore. the isolation of the novel aetiological agent, the nipah virus (niv), from the cerebrospinal fluid of an outbreak victim was the turnin ... | 2007 | 19108397 |
| a shared interface mediates paramyxovirus interference with antiviral rna helicases mda5 and lgp2. | diverse members of the paramyxovirus family of negative-strand rna viruses effectively suppress host innate immune responses through the actions of their v proteins. the v protein mediates interference with the interferon regulatory rna helicase mda5 to avoid cellular antiviral responses. analysis of the interaction interface revealed the mda5 helicase c domain as necessary and sufficient for association with v proteins from human parainfluenza virus type 2, parainfluenza virus type 5, measles v ... | 2009 | 19403670 |
| a neutralization test for specific detection of nipah virus antibodies using pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus expressing green fluorescent protein. | nipah virus (niv) is a new zoonotic paramyxovirus that emerged in 1998 and is now classified in the genus henipavirus along with the closely related hendra virus (hev). niv is highly pathogenic in several vertebrate species including humans, and the lack of available vaccines or specific treatment restricts it to biosafety level 4 (bsl4) containment. a serum neutralization test was developed for measuring niv neutralizing antibodies under bsl2 conditions using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis ... | 2009 | 19433112 |
| paramyxoviruses infecting humans: the old, the new and the unknown. | prior to the emergence of hendra virus in australia in 1994, paramyxoviruses were considered to be a taxonomic group of ubiquitous pathogens, consisting primarily of biosafety level 2 agents, which possessed narrow host ranges and often caused only mild or preventable diseases in humans and animals. in recent years, a number of paramyxoviridae members have emerged, including previously unrecognized human pathogens and highly pathogenic zoonoses. the recent emergence of paramyxoviruses in humans ... | 2009 | 19492965 |
| development of a neutralization assay for nipah virus using pseudotype particles. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses capable of causing severe disease in humans and animals. these viruses require biosafety level 4 (bsl-4) containment. like other paramyxoviruses, the plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) can be used to detect antibodies to the surface glycoproteins, fusion (f) and attachment (g), and prnt titers give an indication of protective immunity. unfortunately, for niv and hev, the prnt must be performed in bsl-4 containment and ... | 2009 | 19559943 |
| chloroquine administration does not prevent nipah virus infection and disease in ferrets. | hendra virus and nipah virus, two zoonotic paramyxoviruses in the genus henipavirus, have recently emerged and continue to cause sporadic disease outbreaks in humans and animals. mortality rates of up to 75% have been reported in humans, but there are presently no clinically licensed therapeutics for treating henipavirus-induced disease. a recent report indicated that chloroquine, used in malaria therapy for over 70 years, prevented infection with nipah virus in vitro. chloroquine was assessed u ... | 2009 | 19759137 |
| combined chloroquine and ribavirin treatment does not prevent death in a hamster model of nipah and hendra virus infection. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are recently emerged, closely related and highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that cause severe disease such as encephalitis in animals and humans with fatality rates of up to 75 %. due to their high case fatality rate following human infection and because of the lack of effective vaccines or therapy, they are classified as biosafety level 4 pathogens. a recent study reported that chloroquine, an anti-malarial drug, was effective in preventing niv and hev i ... | 2010 | 19889926 |
| experimental inoculation study indicates swine as a potential host for hendra virus. | hendra virus (hev) is a zoonotic virus from the family paramyxoviridae causing fatal disease in humans and horses. five-week-old landrace pigs and 5-month-old gottingen minipigs were inoculated with approximately 10(7) plaque forming units per animal. in addition to fever and depression exhibited in all infected pigs, one of the two landrace pigs developed respiratory signs at 5 days post-inoculation (dpi) and one of the gottingen minipigs developed respiratory signs at 5 dpi and mild neurologic ... | 2010 | 20167195 |
| viral entry inhibitors targeted to the membrane site of action. | the fusion of enveloped viruses with the host cell is driven by specialized fusion proteins to initiate infection. the "class i" fusion proteins harbor two regions, typically two heptad repeat (hr) domains, which are central to the complex conformational changes leading to fusion: the first heptad repeat (hrn) is adjacent to the fusion peptide, while the second (hrc) immediately precedes the transmembrane domain. peptides derived from the hr regions can inhibit fusion, and one hr peptide, t20 (e ... | 2010 | 20357085 |
| dimeric architecture of the hendra virus attachment glycoprotein: evidence for a conserved mode of assembly. | hendra virus is a negative-sense single-stranded rna virus within the paramyxoviridae family which, together with nipah virus, forms the henipavirus genus. infection with bat-borne hendra virus leads to a disease with high mortality rates in humans. we determined the crystal structure of the unliganded six-bladed beta-propeller domain and compared it to the previously reported structure of hendra virus attachment glycoprotein (hev-g) in complex with its cellular receptor, ephrin-b2. as observed ... | 2010 | 20375167 |
| emerging epidemic viral encephalitides with a special focus on henipaviruses. | in the last few decades, there is an increasing emergence and re-emergence of viruses, such as west nile virus, enterovirus 71 and henipaviruses that cause epidemic viral encephalitis and other central nervous system (cns) manifestations. the mortality and morbidity associated with these outbreaks are significant and frequently severe. while aspects of epidemiology, basic virology, etc., may be known, the pathology and pathogenesis are often less so, partly due to a lack of interest among pathol ... | 2010 | 20652579 |
| a novel model of lethal hendra virus infection in african green monkeys and the effectiveness of ribavirin treatment. | the henipaviruses, hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv), are emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses that can cause severe and often lethal neurologic and/or respiratory disease in a wide variety of mammalian hosts, including humans. there are presently no licensed vaccines or treatment options approved for human or veterinarian use. guinea pigs, hamsters, cats, and ferrets, have been evaluated as animal models of human hev infection, but studies in nonhuman primates (nhp) have not been reported, ... | 2010 | 20660198 |
| henipavirus: a review of laboratory animal pathology. | the genus henipavirus contains two members-hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv)-and each can cause fatal disease in humans and animals. hev and niv are currently classified as biosafety level 4, and niv is classified as a category c priority pathogen. the aim of this article is to discuss the pathology of laboratory animal models of henipavirus infection and to assess their suitability as animal models for the development and testing of human therapeutics and vaccines. there has been conside ... | 2010 | 20682803 |
| induction of neutralizing antibodies to hendra and nipah glycoproteins using a venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in vivo expression system. | the emergence of hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) which can cause fatal infections in both animals and humans has triggered a search for an effective vaccine. here, we have explored the potential for generating an effective humoral immune response to these zoonotic pathogens using an alphavirus-based vaccine platform. groups of mice were immunized with venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (vrps) encoding the attachment or fusion glycoproteins of either hev or niv. we d ... | 2010 | 21050901 |
| a functional henipavirus envelope glycoprotein pseudotyped lentivirus assay system. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are newly emerged zoonotic paramyxoviruses discovered during outbreaks in queensland, australia in 1994 and peninsular malaysia in 1998/9 respectively and classified within the new henipavirus genus. both viruses can infect a broad range of mammalian species causing severe and often-lethal disease in humans and animals, and repeated outbreaks continue to occur. extensive laboratory studies on the host cell infection stage of hev and niv and the roles of t ... | 2010 | 21073718 |
| emerging tropical diseases in australia. part 5. hendra virus. | hendra virus (hev) was first isolated in 1994, from a disease outbreak involving at least 21 horses and two humans in the brisbane suburb of hendra, australia. the affected horses and humans all developed a severe but unidentified respiratory disease that resulted in the deaths of one of the human cases and the deaths or putting down of 14 of the horses. the virus, isolated by culture from a horse and the kidney of the fatal human case, was initially characterised as a new member of the genus mo ... | 2011 | 21294944 |
| hendra and nipah infection: pathology, models and potential therapies. | the paramyxoviridae family comprises of several genera that contain emerging or re-emerging threats for human and animal health with no real specific effective treatment available. hendra and nipah virus are members of a newly identified genus of emerging paramyxoviruses, henipavirus. since their discovery in the 1990s, henipaviruses outbreaks have been associated with high economic and public health threat potential. when compared to other paramyxoviruses, henipaviruses appear to have unique ch ... | 2011 | 21488828 |
| urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of hendra virus from flying foxes (pteropus spp.). | anthropogenic environmental change is often implicated in the emergence of new zoonoses from wildlife; however, there is little mechanistic understanding of these causal links. here, we examine the transmission dynamics of an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus, hendra virus (hev), in its endemic host, australian pteropus bats (fruit bats or flying foxes). hev is a biosecurity level 4 (bsl-4) pathogen, with a high case-fatality rate in humans and horses. with models parametrized from field and labor ... | 2011 | 21561971 |
| clinical outcome of henipavirus infection in hamsters is determined by the route and dose of infection. | nipah (niv) and hendra (hev) viruses are emerging zoonotic viruses and the causative agents of severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans. little is known about the mechanisms that govern development of respiratory and neurological disease. using a hamster model of lethal niv and hev infection, we describe the role of route and dose of infection on the clinical outcome and determine virus tropism and host responses following infection. infection of hamster with a high dose of niv or h ... | 2011 | 21593160 |
| hendra virus: what do we know? | hendra virus infection is an emerging infectious disease that is not well understood. most cases of hendra virus infection have occurred in queensland, with one case in a horse in nsw. hendra virus infection has a high mortality rate in horses and humans and as cases could occur anywhere in australia it is important to be ready for prompt action should an outbreak occur in nsw. this paper: reviews the current knowledge on hendra virus infection including methods for preventing the disease; expla ... | 2011 | 21781619 |
| a review of the epidemiology and surveillance of viral zoonotic encephalitis and the impact on human health in australia. | human encephalitis in australia causes substantial mortality and morbidity, with frequent severe neurological sequelae and long-term cognitive impairment. this review discusses a number of highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses which have recently emerged in australia, including hendra virus and australian bat lyssavirus which present with an encephalitic syndrome in humans. encephalitis surveillance currently focuses on animals at sentinel sites and animal disease or definitive diagnosis of notifia ... | 2011 | 21781616 |
| a recombinant hendra virus g glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine protects ferrets from lethal hendra virus challenge. | the henipaviruses, hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv), are two deadly zoonotic viruses for which no vaccines or therapeutics have yet been approved for human or livestock use. in 14 outbreaks since 1994 hev has been responsible for multiple fatalities in horses and humans, with all known human infections resulting from close contact with infected horses. a vaccine that prevents virus shedding in infected horses could interrupt the chain of transmission to humans and therefore prevent hev d ... | 2011 | 21689706 |
| Experimental infection of horses with hendra virus/australia/horse/2008/redlands. | Hendra virus (HeV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus harbored by Australian flying foxes with sporadic spillovers directly to horses. Although the mode and critical control points of HeV spillover to horses from flying foxes, and the risk for transmission from infected horses to other horses and humans, are poorly understood, we successfully established systemic HeV disease in 3 horses exposed to Hendra virus/Australia/Horse/2008/Redlands by the oronasal route, a plausible route for ... | 2011 | 22172152 |
| Investigation of the climatic and environmental context of hendra virus spillover events 1994-2010. | Hendra virus is a recently emerged bat-borne zoonotic agent with high lethality in horses and humans in Australia. This is a rare disease and the determinants of bat to horse transmission, including the factors that bring these hosts together at critical times, are poorly understood. In this cross-disciplinary study climatic and vegetation primary productivity variables are compared for the dispersed and heterogenic 1994-2010 outbreak sites. The significant occurrence of spillover events within ... | 2011 | 22145039 |
| A neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects african green monkeys from hendra virus challenge. | Hendra virus (HeV) is a recently emerged zoonotic paramyxovirus that can cause a severe and often fatal disease in horses and humans. HeV is categorized as a biosafety level 4 agent, which has made the development of animal models and testing of potential therapeutics and vaccines challenging. Infection of African green monkeys (AGMs) with HeV was recently demonstrated, and disease mirrored fatal HeV infection in humans, manifesting as a multisystemic vasculitis with widespread virus replication ... | 2011 | 22013123 |
| Site occupancy and glycan compositional analysis of two soluble recombinant forms of the attachment glycoprotein of Hendra virus. | Hendra virus (HeV) continues to cause morbidity and mortality in both humans and horses with a number of sporadic outbreaks. HeV has two structural membrane glycoproteins that mediate infection of host cells: the attachment (G) and the fusion (F) glycoproteins that are essential for receptor binding and virion-host cell membrane fusion, respectively. N-linked glycosylation of viral envelope proteins are critical post-translation modifications that have been implicated in roles of structural inte ... | 2011 | 22171062 |
| henipaviruses employ a multifaceted approach to evade the antiviral interferon response. | hendra and nipah virus, which constitute the genus henipavirus, are zoonotic paramyxoviruses that have been associated with sporadic outbreaks of severe disease and mortality in humans since their emergence in the late 1990s. similar to other paramyxoviruses, their ability to evade the host interferon (ifn) response is conferred by the p gene. the henipavirus p gene encodes four proteins; the p, v, w and c proteins, which have all been described to inhibit the antiviral response. further studies ... | 2009 | 21994589 |
| identifying hendra virus diversity in pteropid bats. | hendra virus (hev) causes a zoonotic disease with high mortality that is transmitted to humans from bats of the genus pteropus (flying foxes) via an intermediary equine host. factors promoting spillover from bats to horses are uncertain at this time, but plausibly encompass host and/or agent and/or environmental factors. there is a lack of hev sequence information derived from the natural bat host, as previously sequences have only been obtained from horses or humans following spillover events. ... | 2011 | 21980413 |
| Hendra virus infection dynamics in Australian fruit bats. | Hendra virus is a recently emerged zoonotic agent in Australia. Since first described in 1994, the virus has spilled from its wildlife reservoir (pteropid fruit bats, or 'flying foxes') on multiple occasions causing equine and human fatalities. We undertook a three-year longitudinal study to detect virus in the urine of free-living flying foxes (a putative route of excretion) to investigate Hendra virus infection dynamics. Pooled urine samples collected off plastic sheets placed beneath roosting ... | 2011 | 22174865 |
| ephrin-b2 and ephrin-b3 as functional henipavirus receptors. | members of the ephrin cell-surface protein family interact with the eph receptors, the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, mediating bi-directional signaling during tumorogenesis and various developmental events. surprisingly, ephrin-b2 and -b3 were recently identified as entry receptors for henipaviruses, emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses responsible for repeated outbreaks in humans and animals in australia, southeast asia, india and bangladesh. nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) ... | 2011 | 22227101 |
| henipaviruses-unanswered questions of lethal zoonoses. | the highly lethal hendra and nipah viruses have been described for little more than a decade, yet within that time have been aetiologically associated with major livestock and human health impacts, albeit on a limited scale. do these emerging pathogens pose a broader threat, or are they inconsequential 'viral chatter'. given their lethality, and the evident multi-generational human-to-human transmission associated with nipah virus in bangladesh, it seems prudent to apply the precautionary princi ... | 2011 | 22440924 |
| bats and their virome: an important source of emerging viruses capable of infecting humans. | bats are being increasingly recognized as an important reservoir of zoonotic viruses of different families, including sars coronavirus, nipah virus, hendra virus and ebola virus. several recent studies hypothesized that bats, an ancient group of flying mammals, are the major reservoir of several important rna virus families from which other mammalian viruses of livestock and humans were derived. although this hypothesis needs further investigation, the premise that bats carry a large number of v ... | 2012 | 23265969 |
| dual microrna screens reveal that the immune-responsive mir-181 promotes henipavirus entry and cell-cell fusion. | hendra and nipah viruses (family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus) are bat-borne viruses that cause fatal disease in humans and a range of other mammalian species. gaining a deeper understanding of host pathways exploited by henipaviruses for infection may identify targets for new anti-viral therapies. here we have performed genome-wide high-throughput agonist and antagonist screens at biosafety level 4 to identify host-encoded micrornas (mirnas) impacting henipavirus infection in human cells. ... | 2016 | 27783670 |
| evidence for henipavirus spillover into human populations in africa. | zoonotic transmission of lethal henipaviruses (hnvs) from their natural fruit bat reservoirs to humans has only been reported in australia and south/southeast asia. however, a recent study discovered numerous hnv clades in african bat samples. to determine the potential for hnv spillover events among humans in africa, here we examine well-curated sets of bat (eidolon helvum, n = 44) and human (n = 497) serum samples from cameroon for nipah virus (niv) cross-neutralizing antibodies (niv-x-nabs). ... | 2014 | 25405640 |
| no evidence of prolonged hendra virus shedding by 2 patients, australia. | to better understand the natural history of hendra virus infection and its tendency to relapse, 2 humans infected with this virus were monitored after acute infection. virus was not detected in blood samples when patients were followed-up at 2 and 6 years. thus, no evidence was found for prolonged virus shedding. | 0 | 23171522 |
| characterisation of novel micrornas in the black flying fox (pteropus alecto) by deep sequencing. | bats are a major source of new and emerging viral diseases. despite the fact that bats carry and shed highly pathogenic viruses including ebola, nipah and sars, they rarely display clinical symptoms of infection. host factors influencing viral replication are poorly understood in bats and are likely to include both pre- and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. micrornas are a major mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation, however very little is known about them in bats. | 2014 | 25128405 |
| intranasal location and immunohistochemical characterization of the equine olfactory epithelium. | the olfactory epithelium (oe) is the only body site where neurons contact directly the environment and are therefore exposed to a broad variation of substances and insults. it can serve as portal of entry for neurotropic viruses which spread via the olfactory pathway to the central nervous system. for horses, it has been proposed and concluded mainly from rodent studies that different viruses, e.g., borna disease virus, equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1), hendra virus, influenza virus, rabies virus, v ... | 2016 | 27790096 |
| duration of maternal antibodies against canine distemper virus and hendra virus in pteropid bats. | old world frugivorous bats have been identified as natural hosts for emerging zoonotic viruses of significant public health concern, including henipaviruses (nipah and hendra virus), ebola virus, and marburg virus. epidemiological studies of these viruses in bats often utilize serology to describe viral dynamics, with particular attention paid to juveniles, whose birth increases the overall susceptibility of the population to a viral outbreak once maternal immunity wanes. however, little is unde ... | 2013 | 23826322 |
| bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases. | in recent years severe infectious diseases have been constantly emerging, causing panic in the world. now we know that many of these terrible diseases are caused by viruses originated from bats (table 1), such as ebola virus, marburg, sars coronavirus (sars-cov), mers coronavirus (mers-cov), nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev). these viruses have co-evolved with bats due to bats' special social, biological and immunological features. although bats are not in close contact with humans, spill ... | 2015 | 25997928 |
| ecological dynamics of emerging bat virus spillover. | viruses that originate in bats may be the most notorious emerging zoonoses that spill over from wildlife into domestic animals and humans. understanding how these infections filter through ecological systems to cause disease in humans is of profound importance to public health. transmission of viruses from bats to humans requires a hierarchy of enabling conditions that connect the distribution of reservoir hosts, viral infection within these hosts, and exposure and susceptibility of recipient ho ... | 2015 | 25392474 |
| structural characterization by transmission electron microscopy and immunoreactivity of recombinant hendra virus nucleocapsid protein expressed and purified from escherichia coli. | hendra virus (family paramyxoviridae) is a negative sense single-stranded rna virus (nsrv) which has been found to cause disease in humans, horses, and experimentally in other animals, e.g. pigs and cats. pteropid bats commonly known as flying foxes have been identified as the natural host reservoir. the hendra virus nucleocapsid protein (hev n) represents the most abundant viral protein produced by the host cell, and is highly immunogenic with naturally infected humans and horses producing spec ... | 2015 | 26196500 |
| vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: a one health paradigm. | this review focuses on the immunization of animals as a means of preventing human diseases (zoonoses). three frameworks for the use of vaccines in this context are described, and examples are provided of successes and failures. framework i vaccines are used for protection of humans and economically valuable animals, where neither plays a role in the transmission cycle. the benefit of collaborations between animal health and human health industries and regulators in developing such products is di ... | 2013 | 24060567 |
| microclimates might limit indirect spillover of the bat borne zoonotic hendra virus. | infectious diseases are transmitted when susceptible hosts are exposed to pathogen particles that can replicate within them. among factors that limit transmission, the environment is particularly important for indirectly transmitted parasites. to try and assess a pathogens' ability to be transmitted through the environment and mitigate risk, we need to quantify its decay where transmission occurs in space such as the microclimate harbouring the pathogen. hendra virus, a henipavirus from australi ... | 2017 | 28091706 |
| understanding the interaction between henipaviruses and their natural host, fruit bats: paving the way toward control of highly lethal infection in humans. | hendra virus and nipah virus (niv) are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses, from henipavirus genus, that have emerged in late 1990s in australia and south-east asia, respectively. since their initial identification, numerous outbreaks have been reported, affecting both domestic animals and humans, and multiple rounds of person-to-person niv transmission were observed. widely distributed fruit bats from pteropodidae family were found to be henipavirus natural reservoir. numerous studies ha ... | 2017 | 28060559 |