| rabies virus vaccines. | many years of research and observations on bait uptake, efficacy, behavioural studies of foxes, reduction and elimination of rabies, population dynamics of foxes following oral vaccination, as well as annual exchanges of researchers' experiences, formed the scientific background for field trials extending over many years. these are the most extensive field studies for the testing of a rabies vaccine so far. the use of the techniques and strategies of oral immunisation of foxes against rabies usi ... | 1995 | 7796967 |
| molecular epidemiology of terrestrial rabies in the former soviet union. | fifty-five rabies virus isolates originating from different regions of the former soviet union (fsu) were compared with isolates originating from eurasia, africa, and north america according to complete or partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences. the fsu isolates formed five distinct groups. group a represented viruses originating from the arctic, which were similar to viruses from alaska and canada. group b consisted of "arctic-like" viruses, originating from the south of east siberia and the ... | 2004 | 15650080 |
| an epidemic of sylvatic rabies in finland--descriptive epidemiology and results of oral vaccination. | when rabies reappeared in finland in april 1988, the country had been rabies free since 1959. soon a picture of sylvatic rabies become evident, its main vector and victim being the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides). between 8 april 1988 and 16 february 1989, 66 virologically verified cases were recorded (48 raccoon dogs, 12 red foxes, 2 badgers, 2 cats, 1 dog and 1 dairy bull) in an area estimated at 1700 km2 in south-eastern finland. the greatest distance between recorded cases was 67 km. ... | 1992 | 1598857 |
| raccoon dog rabies surveillance and post-vaccination monitoring in lithuania 2006 to 2010. | abstract: | 2011 | 22085767 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies virus circulating in south korea, 1998-2010. | we analyzed the nucleotide sequences of the g-l (glycoprotein-large protein) intergenic non-coding region of 33 strains of the rabies virus (rabv) isolated in south korea in 1998-2010 and compared the sequences with those of previously reported non-korean strains. the similarities of the nucleotide sequences of the g-l region among all korean rabv isolates ranged from 97.1 to 100%. based on the phylogenetic analysis of the g-l region, the korean rabv isolates were classified into three distinct ... | 2011 | 21467756 |
| genetic evidence for domestic raccoon dog rabies caused by arctic-like rabies virus in inner mongolia, china. | an outbreak of rabies affected domestic raccoon dogs on an animal farm in inner mongolia, china in 2007. a study was conducted to characterize the aetiological agent and clarify the origin of the rabies virus. brain tissues were obtained from five rabid raccoon dogs. viral nucleoprotein antigen was detected in the brain tissues and five rabies viruses were isolated from these rabid animals. phylogenetic analysis of the n and g gene sequences showed that these isolates were closely related to arc ... | 2011 | 20546631 |
| rabies in northeastern europe--the threat from invasive raccoon dogs. | the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the main terrestrial wildlife rabies vector in europe. however, recently the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides)--an invasive species originating from east asia--has become increasingly important as secondary host, especially in the baltic states. this imposes problems on neighboring rabies-free countries (such as finland), where the density of each of the two vector species on its own might be too low to sustain a long-term rabies epizootic, but the community o ... | 2009 | 19901385 |
| immunogenicity of the era g 333 rabies virus strain in foxes and raccoon dogs. | the immunogenic properties of era g 333 attenuated rabies virus strain in foxes and raccoon dogs by the oral route of administration were examined. this strain is a proposed candidate for oral rabies vaccine in russia. as was previously demonstrated, the advantage of this virus, provided by the us centers for disease control and prevention in the framework of the biotechnology engagement program, is apathogenicity for 3-week old and adult mice, as well as for other target and non-target species, ... | 2008 | 18634508 |
| pathological findings in the red fox (vulpes vulpes), stone marten (martes foina) and raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides), with special emphasis on infectious and zoonotic agents in northern germany. | anthropogenic landscape changes contributed to the reduction of availability of habitats to wild animals. hence, the presence of wild terrestrial carnivores in urban and peri-urban sites has increased considerably over the years implying an increased risk of interspecies spillover of infectious diseases and the transmission of zoonoses. the present study provides a detailed characterisation of the health status of the red fox (vulpes vulpes), stone marten (martes foina) and raccoon dog (nyctereu ... | 2017 | 28399176 |
| host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. | the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ... | 2017 | 28636590 |
| epidemiology of rabies in southeast europe. | rabies remains endemic within a number of countries in southeast europe including romania, bulgaria and turkey. with the probable expansion of the european union eastwards, it is likely that rabies elimination programs will be increased to reduce the burden of disease in new accession countries. a clear understanding of the epidemiology of the virus in this area of europe is vital before such programs are introduced. with the exception of turkey, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the principal dise ... | 2008 | 18634479 |
| efficacy and bait acceptance of vaccinia vectored rabies glycoprotein vaccine in captive foxes (vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and dogs (canis familiaris). | the red fox, dog, and raccoon dog are known to play a major role in the global epidemiology of rabies. these three canid species were used to compare the appetency and efficacy of two commercial bait formats, each containing a single dose of vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) vaccine. square and rectangular raboral v-rg baits were fed to individual caged animal, and results were evaluated using three parameters: bait consumption, induction of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies and protection ... | 2008 | 18620017 |
| the diversity of rabies virus in russia demonstrated by anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody application and limited gene sequencing. | a comparative analysis of anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody (n-mab) reaction profiles and dna sequences was performed on 97 selected rabies virus (rabv) isolates from russia and neighbouring states. a panel of 73 n-mab from the wistar institute (philadelphia, pa, usa), veterinary laboratories agency (weybridge, uk) and p-41 (tübingen, germany) was used. the sequence of a 400 bp fragment of the n gene was generated for all available isolates and a phylogenetic analysis of the fragment was car ... | 2006 | 16878463 |
| safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine sag2 in raccoon dogs. | oral vaccination programmes in several rabies-infected countries from northern and eastern europe should not be restricted to foxes but should target raccoon dogs as well. the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of rabigen sag2 bait was evaluated in raccoon dogs. safety of sag2 was demonstrated after direct instillation (n = 5) or ingestion of a bait (n = 5) using a quantity of virus at least 10 times superior to the field dose. all animals seroconverted and remained healthy. raccoon dogs were v ... | 2006 | 16603277 |
| molecular epidemiological study of arctic rabies virus isolates from greenland and comparison with isolates from throughout the arctic and baltic regions. | we report a molecular epidemiological study of rabies in arctic countries by comparing a panel of novel greenland isolates to a larger cohort of viral sequences from both arctic and baltic regions. rabies virus isolates originating from wildlife (arctic/red foxes, raccoon-dogs and reindeer), from domestic animals (dogs/cats) and from two human cases were investigated. the resulting 400 bp n-gene sequences were compared with isolates representing neighbouring arctic or baltic countries from north ... | 2006 | 16198016 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates from south korea. | a molecular epidemiological study was performed on 13 korean virus isolates, which were collected from wild and domestic animals diagnosed as rabid between 1998 and 2004. seven samples were from domestic animals such as dogs and cattle infected by rabid raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis), and the rest of the six samples were from raccoon dogs in the wild. the study was carried out based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein ... | 2005 | 16051390 |
| archival study of a finnish isolate from the 1988/89 rabies outbreak. | an archival brain sample from an infected dog taken during the 1988/89 rabies outbreak in finland was investigated to confirm that it was infected with classical rabies virus (genotype 1). the first 400 base pairs of the virus nucleoprotein gene were then sequenced and used to undertake a phylogenetic comparison between this isolate and a panel of rabies virus sequences from the baltic region. the finnish dog isolate was identical to a virus isolated from a raccoon-dog also recorded during the 1 ... | 2005 | 15789260 |
| [phylogenetic analysis of two rabies viruses, takamen and komatsugawa strains isolated in japan in the 1940's]. | the entire coding region of the nucleoprotein (n) gene of takamen and komatsugawa strains of rabies virus isolated in japan in 1940's were determined. phylogenetic analysis was performed on 140 lyssaviruses (128 viruses of genotype 1 and 12 lyssaviruses of other genotypes) isolated in various parts of the world, including the two japanese rabies strains, based on the sequences of 1,350 nucleotides of the n gene. the rabies viruses were divided into 12 distinct clusters at least, reflecting geogr ... | 2004 | 15508715 |
| rabies in wildlife in latvia. | in the baltic states, lyssaviruses are often detected in wildlife and presumed to constitute an important public health hazard. in order to decrease rabies incidence and eradicate wildlife reservoirs, a national rabies eradication program has been in place. since 1970 a vaccination program in dogs and cats has been executed, and in 1991 oral vaccination of foxes was started. however, due to an insufficient budget, the latter was not done regularly and nationwide before 2000. now, the program in ... | 2003 | 14511581 |
| comparative immunogenicity and efficacy studies with oral rabies virus vaccine sad p5/88 in raccoon dogs and red foxes. | a comparative study of immunogenicity and efficacy of the oral rabies virus vaccine sad p5/88 in raccoon dogs and foxes was conducted. the raccoon dogs received 10(6.9) (n = 6), 10(6.3) (n = 6) or 10(5.7) ffu sad p5/88 (n = 5) by direct oral application, and subsequently all animals seroconverted. the foxes received 10(7.2) (n = 4), 10(6.2) (n = 4), 10(5.2) (n = 4) and 10(4.2) ffu sad p5/88 (n = 5) by the same route. on days 106 and 196 post vaccination 10 raccoon dogs and 16 foxes were challeng ... | 2001 | 11702339 |
| ecology and evolution of rabies virus in europe. | the evolution of rabies viruses of predominantly european origin was studied by comparing nucleotide sequences of the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes, and by typing isolates using rflp. phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequence data revealed a number of distinct groups, each associated with a particular geographical area. such a pattern suggests that rabies virus has spread westwards and southwards across europe during this century, but that physical barriers such as the vistula river in p ... | 1999 | 10573146 |
| epidemiological surveillance of rabies in lithuania from 1986 to 1996. | rabies has been endemic in lithuania for centuries. the objective of this study was to evaluate rabies incidence and seasonal trends in domestic and wild animals in lithuania from 1986 to 1996. annual rabies reports and data on cattle numbers were collected. descriptive epidemiology and time series data analyses were performed to detect seasonal trends. a total of 1,475 specimens were submitted for rabies testing. of these, 1,248 (84.6%) were confirmed as rabies cases by immunofluorescence antib ... | 1998 | 9850540 |
| differentiation of two rabies strains in estonia with reference to recent finnish isolates. | we compared 24 rabies samples collected in estonia in 1989 to 1992, to identify the kinds of rabies strains circulating in this country. eleven of the strains came from the islands of saaremaa, hiiumaa and muhu, off the baltic coast; 13 came from the mainland. the mainland strains, like those from the 1988 to 1989 epizootic in finland, were antigenically different from the 11 island isolates. the island isolates reacted negatively with monoclonal antibody w-187.5 as does the sad b19 rabies vacci ... | 1993 | 8487369 |
| application of recombinant adenoviruses expressing glycoprotein or nucleoprotein of rabies virus to korean raccoon dogs. | a new rabies vaccine for animals, including raccoon dogs, in korea is needed to eradicate rabies infection. in this study, we constructed two recombinant adenoviruses expressing the glycoprotein or nucleoprotein of the rabies virus (rabv). we then investigated the safety and immunogenicity of these strains in raccoon dogs, depending on inoculation route. | 2015 | 26273578 |
| oral immunization of mice with recombinant rabies vaccine strain (erag3g) induces complete protection. | new rabies vaccine bait for both pets and raccoon dogs residing in korea is needed to eradicate rabies infection among animals. in this study, we constructed a recombinant rabies virus (rabv), the erag3g strain, using a reverse genetics system. then we investigated the efficacy of this strain in mice after oral administration and the safety of this strain in cats after intramuscular administration. | 2015 | 25648184 |
| twenty year experience of the oral rabies vaccine sag2 in wildlife: a global review. | the sag2 vaccine (rabigen® sag2) is a modified live attenuated rabies virus vaccine, selected from the sad bern strain in a two-step process of amino acid mutation using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. the strain is genetically stable and does not spread in vivo or induce a persistent infection. its absence of residual pathogenicity was extensively demonstrated in multiple target and non target species (such as wild carnivores and rodent species), including non-human primates. the efficacy o ... | 2014 | 25106552 |
| molecular characterization of korean rabies virus isolates. | the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) of 11 korean rabies virus (rabv) isolates collected from animals diagnosed with rabies between 2008 and 2009 were subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses. six isolates originated from domestic animals (cattle and dogs) and five were obtained from wild free-ranging raccoon dogs. the similarities in the nucleotide sequences of the n gene among all korean isolates ranged from 98.1 to 99.8%, while those of the g gene ranged from 97.9 to 99.3%. base ... | 2011 | 21368564 |
| [importance of the racoon dog in the epidemiology and epizootiology of rabies in the far east]. | raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides gray) have been shown to take part in the circulation of rabies virus within their natural area in the far east and thus to be dangerous as a source of infection for humans and domestic animals. the disease has been registered in the areas with high population density of this species, the spread of infection reaching 13 +/- 4.6% in the years of survey. the results of the preliminary determination of the sensitivity of raccoon dogs and the schematic map show ... | 1981 | 7331626 |
| rabies in estonia: situation before and after the first campaigns of oral vaccination of wildlife with sag2 vaccine bait. | despite the extermination of stray animals and the compulsory vaccination of companion animals, rabies has been widely distributed over estonia for more than 30 years. the red fox and the raccoon dog are the rabies virus reservoirs. through a phare project, successive oral vaccination campaigns, using rabidog sag2 baits, were implemented in the autumn of 2005 in north estonia, and in the spring and autumn 2006 throughout the whole territory. after the autumn 2005 campaign, 73.5% of the raccoon d ... | 2008 | 18524435 |
| reemergence of rabies in the southern han river region, korea. | recently, 11 cases of animal rabies were reported in the southern region (suwon and hwaseong cities) of gyeonggi province, south korea. the cases were temporally separated into two cases in dogs (canis lupus familiaris) in spring 2012 and nine cases in domestic animals and wildlife in winter 2012-13. all carcasses were submitted for histopathologic examination and viral antigen identification. sequences of the glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, and glycoprotein-large polymerase protein intergenic nonc ... | 2014 | 24807360 |
| detection of antibodies against the rabies virus in korean raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis). | rabies has been reported in dogs, cattle, and raccoon dogs in korea, especially in the provinces of gyeonggi and gangwon. the aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of the rabies in wild korean raccoon dogs by using 50 blood samples collected in gyeonggi and gangwon provinces. antibodies against rabies were measured by using a fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test. of the 50 blood samples tested, 20 raccoon dogs (40%) tested positive. seropositive animals were distribut ... | 2012 | 22448528 |
| molecular characterization of kgh, the first human isolate of rabies virus in korea. | the complete genome sequence of the kgh strain of the first human rabies virus, which was isolated from a skin biopsy of a patient with rabies, whose symptoms developed due to bites from a raccoon dog in 2001. the size of the kgh strain genome was determined to be 11,928 nucleotides (nt) with a leader sequence of 58 nt, nucleoprotein gene of 1,353 nt, phosphoprotein gene of 894 nt, matrix protein gene of 609 nt, glycoprotein gene of 1,575 nt, rna-dependent rna polymerase gene of 6,384 nt, and tr ... | 2013 | 23242520 |
| complete genome sequences of three rabies viruses isolated from rabid raccoon dogs and a cow in korea. | the complete genomes of three rabies viruses (bd0406cc, bv9901pj, and 08f40) of two raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) and a cow were determined. the genomic organization is typical of rabies viruses, and the open reading frames of the n, p, m, g, and l genes are 1,353, 894, 609, 1,575, and 6,384 bases in length, respectively. the full genome length of the three strains was 11,928 nucleotides, and the sequence similarity between the rabies viruses at the nucleotide level was 98.5- ... | 2013 | 23975690 |
| rabies and rabies virus in wildlife in mainland china, 1990-2013. | the number of wildlife rabies and wildlife-associated human and livestock rabies cases has increased in recent years, particularly in the southeast and northeast regions of mainland china. to better understand wildlife rabies and its role in human and livestock rabies, we reviewed what is known about wildlife rabies from the 1990s to 2013 in mainland china. in addition, the genetic diversity and phylogeny of available wildlife-originated rabies viruses (rabvs) were analyzed. several wildlife spe ... | 2014 | 24911887 |
| global mammal parasite database version 2.0. | illuminating the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of parasites is one of the most pressing issues facing modern science, and is critical for basic science, the global economy, and human health. extremely important to this effort are data on the disease-causing organisms of wild animal hosts (including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, arthropods, and fungi). here we present an updated version of the global mammal parasite database, a database of the parasites of wild ungulates (artioda ... | 2017 | 28273333 |
| safety and immunogenicity of recombinant rabies virus (erags) in mice and raccoon dogs. | the development of a genetically modified live rabies vaccine applicable to wild raccoon dogs is necessary for the eradication of rabies in korea. thus, we constructed a recombinant rabies virus (rabv) called the erags strain, using a reverse genetic system and evaluated its safety and efficacy in mice and its safety and immunogenicity in raccoon dogs. | 2016 | 27489806 |