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production of infectious swine vesicular disease virus from cloned cdna in mammalian cells.full-length cdna clones of the swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) were constructed from subgenomic cdna clones in the expression vector psvl (psvls00). the direct transfection of mammalian cells with plasmid psvls00 results in the production of infectious virus. the recovered virus was neutralized completely by anti-svdv guinea-pig serum, but did show a difference in plaque morphology from the parental virus.19902167939
the complete nucleotide sequence of a pathogenic swine vesicular disease virus.the nucleotide sequence of a swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) strain that is pathogenic for pigs has been determined and compared with that of a non-pathogenic strain of svdv, as well as a number of other enteroviruses. it shows only 98 base changes in comparison with a non-pathogenic strain of svdv (inoue et al., 1989, j. gen. virol. 70, 919-934). fourteen of these nucleotide differences between the pathogenic and the non-pathogenic svdv strains occur in the 5' non-coding region which, by a ...19902168111
antigenic comparison of the polypeptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes and other picornaviruses.the cross-reactivity of proteins coded for by the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was assessed by reaction of infected cell lysates with polyclonal and monospecific antisera against the structural and nonstructural proteins of fmdv type a12 strain 119ab. it was shown that the homologous polypeptides from most serotypes are antigenically related. the least cross-reactivity occurred between vp1, vp3, and the protease (3c) of type a12 and south african territories types 1 and ...19872437694
the complete nucleotide sequence of swine vesicular disease virus.the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of the enterovirus swine vesicular disease virus (svdv; h/3 '76) isolated from a healthy pig has been determined using molecular cloning and dna sequencing techniques. the rna genome was 7400 nucleotides long, excluding the poly(a) tract, and appeared to encode a single polyprotein of 2185 amino acids. the predicted amino acid sequence of the polyprotein showed close homology (around 90%) to that of the previously sequenced coxsackieviruses b1, b3 a ...19892543767
rapid identification of swine vesicular disease virus in vesicular epithelium using the fluorescent antibody technique. 19734365543
swine vesicular disease: virus survival in pork products. 19744377953
serological relationship of swine vesicular disease virus and coxsackie b5 virus. 19734586437
plaque morphology and pathogenicity for newborn mice of swine vesicular disease virus. ii. temperature-dependent mutants and their clones.from wild swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) strains temperature-dependent (td) mutants td 27 degrees c, td 32 degrees c and td 42 degrees c were derived. differences were noted in their pathogenicity for newborn mice. the non-homogeneity of the td populations was manifested by formation of plaques of various sizes and confirmed by differential pathogenicity of the clones derived from them. a higher pathogenicity of the td mutants and their clones was associated not only with larger plaques, b ...19836138983
blood dried on filter or blotting paper for the detection of antibody against swine vesicular disease virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 19826294958
comparative studies of united kingdom isolates of swine vesicular disease virus.the characteristics of four united kingdom isolates of swine vesicular disease (svd) virus from 1981 to 1982 have been compared with those of an isolate obtained from the first outbreak of swine vesicular disease diagnosed in the united kingdom in 1972. when the virus structural proteins were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the four isolates from 1981-82 all had the same polypeptide pattern, which was different from that of the 1972 isolate. immunodiffusion tests with the 1972 iso ...19836364280
complete nucleotide sequence of a coxsackie b5 virus and its relationship to swine vesicular disease virus.we report the first complete nucleotide sequence of the picornavirus coxsackievirus b5 (cb5), strain 1954/uk/85, an isolate from a case of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. we have compared the sequence with those of other coxsackie b viruses, coxsackievirus a9, poliovirus and swine vesicular disease virus (svdv). the genes encoding the three major capsid proteins are most closely related to those of svdv but the 5' and 3' noncoding regions and the p3 gene are more similar to the corresponding region ...19938388019
an indirect sandwich elisa for the identification of bovine enteroviruses.an indirect sandwich elisa is described for the detection of bovine enteroviruses. the assay was developed as an alternative to the complement fixation test and proved to be more sensitive and convenient. ten bovine enterovirus prototype strains were easily discriminated. no cross-reactions were observed with other picornaviruses including foot-and-mouth disease viruses, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine enteroviruses and bovine rhinovirus.19938388399
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna in clinical samples and cell culture isolates by amplification of the capsid coding region.foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important virus diseases of livestock. two important requirements for the control of this disease are rapid laboratory diagnosis and epidemiological investigation. the use of the polymerase chain reaction method (pcr) to amplify specific nucleic acid regions offers the unique possibility of combining swift viral detection with the production of genetic material suitable for sequencing and other methods of molecular epidemiological analysis. ...19938391540
the complete nucleotide sequence of a pathogenic swine vesicular disease virus isolated in japan (j1'73) and phylogenetic analysis. 19938367308
intratypic genome variability of the coxsackievirus b1 2a protease region.to analyse the intratypic genome variability of coxsackievirus b1, 17 coxsackievirus b1 isolates were collected over a period of 10 years. nucleotide sequences of the 2a coding region of the various coxsackievirus b1 isolates and known sequences of other enteroviruses were compared. the maximum diversity observed within the entire group of coxsackievirus b1 isolates was 25%. comparison of deduced amino acid sequences revealed a maximum diversity of 5%. phylogenetic analysis demonstrates a close ...19948126468
rapid and sensitive polymerase chain reaction based detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus in clinical samples and cell culture isolates, combined with a simultaneous differentiation with other genomically and/or symptomatically related viruses.reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction method (pcr) allowed the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), regardless of the serotype. a primer set corresponding to highly conserved regions of the 2b sequence was selected. by combining in a single reaction tube specific primer pairs for fmdv, swine vesicular disease virus, (svdv), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), all four viruses could be identified and differentiated in on ...19968634024
genetic and phylogenetic clustering of enteroviruses.genetic and phylogenetic analysis of enteroviruses showed that in the 5'ncr enteroviruses formed three clusters: polioviruses (pvs), coxsackievirus a type 21 (cav21), cav24 and enterovirus type 70 (env70) formed one cluster; coxsackievirus b isolates (cbvs), cav9, cav16, env71, echovirus type 11 (ev11), ev12 and all partially sequenced echoviruses and swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) belonged to another cluster and bovine enteroviruses (bevs) formed the third cluster. in the capsid coding re ...19968760417
identification of the location of antigenic sites of swine vesicular disease virus with neutralization-resistant mutants.neutralization sites on swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) have been identified by sequence analysis of neutralization-resistant mutants. eight neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced and neutralization-resistant mutants were selected with the mabs. resistance of the mutants to neutralization was shown using the stab-neutralization method, and the results indicated the presence of five neutralization sites on the virus. the location of each site was identified from amino acid c ...19958847515
development of two novel monoclonal antibody-based elisas for the detection of antibodies and the identification of swine isotypes against swine vesicular disease virus.two novel formats of elisa for the detection of antibodies against swine vesicular disease (svd) virus were developed. one of the tests described is a monoclonal antibody-based competitive elisa (mac-elisa). in this test, specific antibodies in serum are detected due to their ability to compete with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab). the second is an indirect trapping elisa which employs isotype-specific mabs to detect swine igg or igm specific for svd virus. the diagnostic sensitivity an ...19957769029
differential diagnosis and genetic analysis of the antigenically related swine vesicular disease virus and coxsackie viruses.monoclonal antibodies directed against an isolate of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), characterized by virus neutralization tests and competition assays, were used to compare svdv isolates and isolates of the antigenically related coxsackie viruses by elisa. svdv-specific reaction patterns and one specific for coxsackie viruses were observed. this provided a method for distinguishing between these enteroviruses. in addition, rt-pcrs were undertaken with coxsackie virus and svdv genomes. dif ...19957673387
electron microscopy of cells cultured in serum-free medium after inoculation of swine vesicular disease virus.morphological alterations of ib-rs-2 cells cultured in serum-free maintenance medium after inoculation of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) were studied electron-microscopically. cells harvested 0 to 3 hours after inoculation showed no alterations. cellular alterations were observed from 4 to 7 hours after inoculation. many vacuoles appeared just beneath the cytoplasmic membrane and were separated by thin cytoplasm. narrow pathways were sometimes seen in the degenerative cells. they occasiona ...19817335124
likelihood of introducing selected exotic diseases to domestic swine in the continental united states of america through uncooked swill.to help policy makers determine the need for current regulations (which require cooking of swill prior to feeding to swine), an assessment of the likelihood of exposing domestic swine in the continental united states of america (usa) to selected foreign animal disease agents by feeding uncooked swill was carried out. the hazard was assumed to originate from contraband food items entering the usa and subsequently being discarded in household waste. such food waste may be collected by licensed was ...19979329117
the propagation of a strain of swine vesicular disease virus in one-day-old mice. 19836323803
inactivation by gamma irradiation of animal viruses in simulated laboratory effluent.several animal viruses were treated with gamma radiation from a 60co source under conditions which might be found in effluent from an animal disease laboratory. swine vesicular disease virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and blue-tongue virus were irradiated in tissues from experimentally infected animals. pseudorabies virus, fowl plague virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus were irradiated in liquid animal feces. all were tested in animals and in vitro. the d10 val ...19826285822
evolution of a common structural core in the internal ribosome entry sites of picornavirus.the translational control involving internal ribosome binding occurs in poliovirus (pv), human rhinoviruses (hrv), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and hepatitis a virus (hav). internal ribosome binding utilizes cis-acting genetic elements of approximately 450 nucleotides (nt) termed the internal ribosome entry sites (ires) found in these picornaviral 5'-untranslated region (5'utr). although these ires elements are quite different in their primary sequence, ...19989562889
comparison of proliferation and cytopathogenicity of swine vesicular virus and coxsackievirus b5.sequential appearance of both swine vesicular disease virus and coxsackievirus b5 antigens in a pig kidney cell line was studied by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. the replication cycle of each virus was approximately 3-4 h. viral antigens were demonstrable in the cytoplasm 2 h after inoculation. a compact mass of fluorescence was seen when cells showed cytopathogenic effect at 5.5 h. after 3 h, a few viral particles, seen by electron microscopy, were in the cytoplasm. morphological ...19816269809
crystal formation of swine vesicular disease virus in porcine kidney cells (ib-rs-2 cells).crystal formation of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) in ib-rs-2 cells was studied by electron microscopy. cells were harvested 0, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6 and 7 hours after inoculation. crystalline arrays of svdv was first observed in the cytoplasm of a few cells 4.5 hours after inoculation. in the cytoplasm of many cells harvested at 5 hours, 1 to 3 crystalline arrays of svdv were observed. after that, a small number of cells had crystalline arrays in the cytoplasm. the cells with crystalline ...19806267485
a rt-pcr assay for the differential diagnosis of vesicular viral diseases of swine.a rt-pcr assay based on specific amplification of rna sequences from each of the etiological agents of three important vesicular diseases that affect swine, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), was developed. genotype-specific primers that amplified dna fragments of differential size from svdv 3d gene or vsv l gene were selected with the aid of a computer program. experimental testing of the primers predicted as svdv-spe ...19989694330
a comparative investigation of antibody to swine vesicular disease virus using counter immunoelectrophoresis, serum neutralization and double immunodiffusion tests. 19806255777
plaque morphology and pathogenicity for newborn mice of swine vesicular disease virus. i. wild strains and their clones.the population of wild swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) strains was found non-homogeneous as manifested by varying plaque size and different pathogenicity of the clones obtained. the clones derived from large plaques (5-9 mm)--dominating among wild strains--were more virulent for newborn mice than those obtained from smaller plaques (1-2 mm). to evaluate the pathogenicity of wild svdv strains the dose index was calculated; the clones were compared by dose index and theoretical pathogenicity ...19836138982
molecular cloning, expression and immunological analysis of the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) from swine vesicular disease virus.swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) is the aetiological agent of a highly contagious viral disease of pigs, whose symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the gene coding for the capsid protein precursor of svdv (p1) from a recent spanish isolate (spa/1/'93) was cloned and expressed in bacteria, and the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the recombinant product were evaluated. the recombinant p1 was recognised by antibodies against svdv induced in ...19989870584
highly sensitive detection of swine vesicular disease virus based on a single tube rt-pcr system and dig-elisa detection.a highly sensitive detection of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) based on a single tube rt-pcr system and digoxigenin (dig)-pcr-elisa detection was developed. using a one tube rt-pcr system, optimisation of the pcr conditions and optimisation of the microwell hybridisation and colourimetric detection of the amplicons resulted in a method that could detect viral rna in infected tissue culture fluid with a titre as low as 0.1 tcid50/100 microl. the same sensitivity was obtained with svdv-spike ...199910029329
replicase gene of coxsackievirus b3.a cdna copy covering two-thirds of the coxsackievirus b3 genome was cloned in the psti site of the pbr322 vector. a nucleotide sequence containing the gene for the viral replicase and the 3' noncoding region of the coxsackievirus b3 genome was determined. the predicted amino acid sequence of the coxsackievirus b3 replicase was shown to be remarkably similar to that of the poliovirus 1 replicase. the 3' noncoding region, in contrast, was only weakly homologous to the poliovirus 1 sequence but sho ...19846088796
airborne stability of swine vesicular disease virus. 19744372779
the airborne excretion by pigs of swine vesicular disease virus.the air of loose-boxes holding pigs affected with swine vesicular disease was sampled for virus. in the multistage impinger virus to a titre of 10(2.6) tcid 50 was associated with particles greater than 6 mum., 10(1.6) with particles 3-6 mum. and 10(1.4) or less with particles less than 3 mum. in the noses of workers in contact with the pigs for periods not less than 5 min., virus to a titre of 10(2.4) tcid 50 was found. virus was recovered from the air for 2-3 days during the disease and maximu ...19744361501
induction and characterization of swine beta interferon.newcastle disease virus (ndv) strain "h" and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly i:c) were used for interferon (ifn) induction in secondary pig kidney cells. a functional ifn system was detected and characterized. a wide similarity with the correspondent human and bovine systems was appreciated, with particular regard to the kinetics of synthesis. a glycosylated protein was essential for activity in bovine cells, but not in swine cells. poly i:c proved to be a very weak inducer, even in condit ...19873034503
induction of neutralizing antibodies by structural proteins vp1 and vp2 of swine vesicular disease virus. 19873033376
[the reproduction of swine vesicular disease virus in microcells and microcytoplasts]. 19882849265
an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection and quantification of antibodies against swine vesicular disease virus (svdv).a liquid phase blocking sandwich elisa has been compared with virus neutralisation for testing pig sera for antibodies against swine vesicular disease (svd) virus. highest infectivity titre of svd virus was obtained using a multiplicity of infection of 30 pfu/cell and harvesting after 21 h. titres obtained for 300 clinically normal animals were assessed by elisa and 89% were found to be 1/6 or less. results were skewed and spread up to 1/45. comparison of known positive sera resulted in a correl ...19892778030
no serological evidence for the presence of swine vesicular disease virus in south africa.an indirect elisa incorporating a protein a-peroxidase conjugate was developed for detecting antibodies to swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) in pig sera. this test and a conventional virus neutralization test were found to be equally sensitive. a total of 2846 pig sera collected from various abattoirs in south africa were tested using the indirect elisa. no serological evidence of infection with svdv in pigs in south africa was found.19921437026
heterotypic inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection by combinations of rna transcripts corresponding to the 5' and 3' regions.strategies to inhibit rna virus multiplication based on the use of interfering nucleic acids have to consider the high genetic polymorphism exhibited by this group of viruses. here, we report high levels of heterotypic inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infective particle formation in cotransfection experiments of susceptible cell lines with infections viral rna and combinations of viral transcripts. the interfering molecules used include the following regions on type c fmdv rna: ...199910669263
[diptera of calliphora genus, potential carriers and spreaders of swine vesicular disease virus].swine vesicular disease virus ingested by the adult fly calliphora persists several days in the digestive tract of the insect and is eliminated in feces. the virus ingested by the insect at larval stage has been recovered from the digestive tract and feces of adult flies. thus, the dissemination of the virus, even in a limited fashion, seems to be possible and attention is chiefly centered on the second process.1979229988
in vivo and in vitro studies on temperature-sensitive mutants of swine vesicular disease virus.two temperature-sensitive mutants of the ukg 27/72 strain of swine vesicular disease virus were isolated in tissue culture and a third was derived following adaptation in mice. all three were found to have similar growth restrictive temperatures, but varied considerably in their virulence when administered to pigs. the route of inoculation appeared to exert a considerable influence on the apparent degree of attenuation, the antibody titre engendered and the transmission of disease to pigs held i ...1979226626
chemical inactivation of swine vesicular disease virus. 1975166725
structural proteins of swine vesicular disease virus. 1975163084
comparison of swine vesicular disease virus and coxsackie b5 virus by serological and rna hybridization methods.the relatedness of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) and coxsackie b5 virus has been studied by virus neutralization and immunodiffusion tests and by hybridization of the virus rnas. clearly defined differences between the two viruses were found by the three methods. isolates of svdv from several countries were very closely related but could be differentiated. recent isolates of coxsackie b5 virus also appeared to be similar but clear differences could be detected between these and the protot ...197658963
detection of porcine enteroviruses by nrt-pcr: differentiation of cpe groups i-iii with specific primer sets.porcine enteroviruses (pev) comprising at least 13 serotypes grouped into three species are described as causative agents of neurological disorders, fertility disorders, and dermal lesions of swine. despite their well-documented acid stability, enteric infection route, and similarity of clinical symptoms, most of the porcine enterovirus (pev) serotypes are set apart from the genus enterovirus of the picornaviridae. hence, pcr procedures used commonly to detect enteroviruses are not applicable to ...200010960708
characterization of a bicistronic retroviral vector composed of the swine vesicular disease virus internal ribosome entry site.we cloned the 5' nontranslated region (ntr) from the genome of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), a member of the family picornaviridae, and used it to construct a bicistronic retroviral vector. the vector is characterized by coexpression of two genes from a single transcript. we found that inclusion of the 5' ntr of svdv did not negate the viral vector titer. protein analysis indicated that the 5' ntr could efficiently direct internal initiation, thus allowing the downstream gene to be trans ...19938445723
genotypic variation in coxsackievirus b5 isolates from three different outbreaks in the united states.genomic sequences in vp1/2a and 5'-non-coding region of 10 isolates of coxsackievirus b5 from three outbreaks were compared with published sequences of another coxsackievirus b5, swine vesicular disease virus, coxsackievirus b1, coxsackievirus b3, and coxsackievirus b4. isolates of coxsackievirus b5 from the same outbreak showed close relations, not exceeding 7.2% in nucleotide differences. differences were greater between isolates from different outbreaks, varying between 8.4 and 16%. we have a ...19958578854
detection of swine vesicular disease virus rna by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.two polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays are described for the detection of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) rna, a reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) and a reverse transcription nested pcr (rt-npcr). both the rt-pcr and rt-npcr were able to detect representative members of each of seven phylogenetically distinct groups of svdv and gave negative results with a range of porcine enteroviruses and of viruses responsible for vesicular conditions in pigs. when combined with a commercial kit for ...19979128868
effects of quaternary ammonium compounds with 0.1% sodium hydroxide on swine vesicular disease virus.the effects of quaternary ammonium compounds (qacs) with sodium hydroxide on swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), an enterovirus were studied. didecyldimethylammonium chloride (ddac) with 0.1% naoh showed a stronger effect against svdv than other qacs with 0.1% naoh. the effect of ddac with 0.1% naoh was strong at 40 degrees c. ddac was effective against svdv at ph values around 11.0, but not in the distilled water control. the effect of ddac with 0.1% naoh was already observed at 1 min after m ...19979192351
deletion or substitution of the aphthovirus 3' ncr abrogates infectivity and virus replication.the 3' noncoding region (ncr) of the genomic picornaviral rna is believed to contain major cis-acting signals required for negative-strand rna synthesis. the 3' ncr of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was studied in the context of a full-length infectious clone in which the genetic element was deleted or exchanged for the equivalent region of a distantly related swine picornavirus, swine vesicular disease virus (svdv). deletion of the 3' ncr, while maintaining the intact poly(a) tail as well ...200111125162
coxsackievirus b5 and the relationship to swine vesicular disease virus. 19979294928
detection of early infection of swine vesicular disease virus in porcine cells and skin sections. a comparison of immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization.sensitive methods are required to study the early pathogenesis of swine vesicular diseases (svd). therefore, two new methods, immunohistochemistry (ihc) and in-situ hybridization (ish), were developed and tested for their specificity and sensitivity. with these methods the svd virus (svdv) infection in cytospins of primary porcine kidney cells and in frozen skin sections was investigated. both ihc and the ish showed a specific cytoplasmic staining, but the ihc detected more infected cells than t ...19979389406
reduction of singleton reactors against swine vesicular disease virus by a combination of virus neutralisation test, monoclonal antibody-based competitive elisa and isotype specific elisa.pigs which are serologically positive for swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) but which show no clinical signs and for which there is neither a relevant history of the disease on the holding nor contact with a known outbreak are considered as singleton reactors. false positive serological results for an epizootic disease, like svd, in a non-vaccinated population or in imported animals are of great concern to international trade. for the virus neutralisation test, the gold standard for svd, sing ...19989506808
an international comparative analysis of a competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies to swine vesicular disease virus. 19989683084
an attenuating mutation in the 2a protease of swine vesicular disease virus, a picornavirus, regulates cap- and internal ribosome entry site-dependent protein synthesis.virulent and avirulent strains of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), a picornavirus, have been characterized previously. the major determinants for attenuation have been mapped to specific residues in the 1d-2a-coding region. the properties of the 2a proteases from the virulent and avirulent strains of svdv have now been examined. both proteases efficiently cleaved the 1d/2a junction in vitro and in vivo. however, the 2a protease of the avirulent strain of svdv was much less effective than th ...200111602706
swine vesicular disease virus. pathology of the disease and molecular characteristics of the virion.swine vesicular disease is a highly contagious disease of pigs that is caused by an enterovirus of the family picornaviridae. the virus is a relatively recent derivative of the human coxsackievirus b5, with which it has high molecular and antigenic homology. the disease is not severe, and affected animals usually show moderate general weakening and slight weight loss that is recovered in few days, as well as vesicular lesions in the mucosa of the mouth and nose and in the interdigital spaces of ...200011708597
viruses produced from complementary dna of virulent and avirulent strains of swine vesicular disease viruses retain the in vivo and in vitro characteristics of the parental strain.a full-length cdna copy of the genome of the pathogenic strain, j1'73, of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) was constructed and inserted into the plasmid psvl to generate a recombinant plasmid psvlsj1. infectious virus was produced following transfection of cultured mammalian cells with the plasmid. the recovered virus had the same in vitro properties as the parental strain with regard to antigenicity, plaque size on ibrs-2 cells and single-step growth. pigs were experimentally infected with ...19989687864
validation of a monoclonal antibody-based elisa to detect antibodies directed against swine vesicular disease virus.a simple, rapid and sensitive competitive monoclonal antibody-based elisa for the detection of antibodies directed against swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) was developed. the elisa was validated using field sera originating from svdv-infected and non-infected dutch pig herds, reference sera obtained from the community reference laboratory for swine vesicular disease at the institute for animal health, pirbright laboratory, uk, and sera from animals infected experimentally. when testing 4277 ...19989820579
[sero-monitoring of notifiable diseases in wild boar in the netherlands 1999-2001].within the framework of a sero-monitoring system, in operation since 1996. blood samples from wild boar shot during the hunting seasons 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 in the netherlands were screened for the presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), and anjeszky's disease virus (adv). the results indicate that csfv, svdv, and adv are uncommon in the wild boar population in the netherlands. because of the recent foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) ...200111780256
the persistence of swine vesicular disease virus infection in pigs.two groups of pigs were infected with a recent italian isolate of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv). blood, nasal swabs and faeces were collected for up to 6 months after exposure to infection and animals were killed at regular intervals to obtain tissues post-mortem. these samples were examined for virus by conventional means and for viral rna (vrna) by reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (rt-npcr). virus was identified intermittently from both clinically and subclinically ...19989825800
identification of neutralizing epitopes on a european strain of swine vesicular disease virus.six neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were used to isolate mab neutralization-resistant (mar) mutants from a recent european strain of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), itl/9/93. sequencing of mar mutants identified two epitopes located at positions analogous to sites 2a (vp2) and 3b (vp3) on poliovirus (pv) which have been previously identified on a japanese strain of svdv. a third epitope near to the c terminus of vp1, not previously recognized on svdv, was tentatively identified i ...199910073685
mapping the genetic determinants of pathogenicity and plaque phenotype in swine vesicular disease virus.a series of recombinant viruses were constructed using infectious cdna clones of the virulent j1'73 (large plaque phenotype) and the avirulent h/3'76 (small plaque phenotype) strains of swine vesicular disease virus to identify the genetic determinants of pathogenicity and plaque phenotype. both traits could be mapped to the region between nucleotides (nt) 2233 and 3368 corresponding to the c terminus of vp3, the whole of vp1, and the n terminus of 2a. in this region, there are eight nucleotide ...199910074117
molecular evolution of swine vesicular disease virus.phylogenetic analysis was used to examine the evolutionary relationships within a group of coxsackie b viruses that contained representatives of the major serotypes of this group and 45 isolates of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) from asia and europe. separate analyses of sequence data from two regions of the viral genomes encoding the vp1 and 3bc genes both revealed that the svdv belonged to a single monophyletic group which could be clearly distinguished from all other sampled coxsackievi ...199910092004
laboratory-scale inactivation of african swine fever virus and swine vesicular disease virus in pig slurry.two methods were evaluated for the inactivation of african swine fever (asv) and swine vesicular disease (svd) viruses in pig slurry: chemical treatment and heat treatment. the addition of naoh or ca(oh)2 at different concentration/time combinations at 4 degrees c and 22 degrees c was examined, as was virus stability at different temperature/time combinations. asf virus (asfv) was less resistant to both methods than svd virus (svdv). in slurry from one source, asfv was inactivated at 65 degrees ...199910432596
the complete consensus sequence of coxsackievirus b6 and generation of infectious clones by long rt-pcr.the full length sequence for the human pathogen coxsackievirus b6 (cvb6, schmitt strain) has been determined. we used long rt-pcr to generate full length dna amplicon of cvb6, and then directly sequenced the amplicons. one-step cloning of the full length amplicon enabled us to obtain an infectious clone of cvb6. rna generated from cvb6 amplicon dna or cvb6 clones, by transcription with t7 rna polymerase, was demonstrated to be infectious upon transfection into hela cells in vitro. the cvb6 genom ...199910500285
crystal structure of swine vesicular disease virus and implications for host adaptation.swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) is an enterovirus of the family picornaviridae that causes symptoms indistinguishable from those of foot-and-mouth disease virus. phylogenetic studies suggest that it is a recently evolved genetic sublineage of the important human pathogen coxsackievirus b5 (cbv5), and in agreement with this, it has been shown to utilize the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (car) for cell entry. the 3.0-a crystal structure of strain uk/27/72 svdv (highly virulent) reveals th ...200312692248
recovery and assay of african swine fever and swine vesicular disease viruses from pig slurry.assaying samples for infectious virus is more difficult when the sample is toxic to cells used in the assay, e.g. with samples of infected pig slurry. various techniques were compared for the recovery of african swine fever virus (asfv) and swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) in pig slurry. extraction with freon led to 80-100% recovery of svdv added to pig slurry. the assay sensitivity enabled undiluted, centrifuged sample to be put directly onto monolayers of ib-rs2 cells, allowing a minimum d ...199910540248
pilot scale thermal treatment of pig slurry for the inactivation of animal virus pathogens.this paper describes a pilot scale treatment plant that has been designed and built for the thermal inactivation in pig slurry of two viruses that infect pigs--african swine fever virus (asfv) and swine vesicular disease virus (svdv). the plant treats pig slurry continuously at a rate of up to 100 litres/hour and functions by heating the slurry, maintaining at least 99.99% of the slurry at the required temperature for a minimum period of 5 minutes, and then recovering the heat to raise the tempe ...199910565423
detection of porcine teschoviruses and enteroviruses by lightcycler real-time pcr.porcine picornaviruses comprising at least 23 serotypes grouped into six species were described as causative agents of neurological disorders, reproductive failure, and aphthae-like dermal lesions of swine. other viruses such as classical swine fever virus (csfv), african swine fever virus, pseudorabies virus (prv), vesicular stomatitis virus, vesicular exanthema virus, porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, and porcine parvovirus (ppv) may cause diseases with similar clinical symp ...200314500127
[serosurveillance of notifiable veterinary diseases in wild boar in the netherlands].during the hunting season 1996-1999, blood samples were collected from wild boar shot in the netherlands. sera were screened for presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), and trichinella spiralis. the results indicate that csfv, svdv, and adv are uncommon in the wild boar population. therefore, it seems that csfv, svdv, and adv infection in the wild boar population is not an important reservoir in the ...200010666784
effects of chlorine, iodine, and quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants on several exotic disease viruses.the effects of three representative disinfectants, chlorine (sodium hypochlorite), iodine (potassium tetraglicine triiodide), and quaternary ammonium compound (didecyldimethylammonium chloride), on several exotic disease viruses were examined. the viruses used were four enveloped viruses (vesicular stomatitis virus, african swine fever virus, equine viral arteritis virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) and two non-enveloped viruses (swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) ...200010676896
evaluation of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of swine vesicular disease virus.differential detection of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) from the other vesicular disease viruses of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), vesicular stomatitis (vs) and vesivirus is important as the vesicular lesions produced by these viruses are indistinguishable in pigs. two independent sets of primers and probe, designed from nucleotide sequences within the 5' untranslated region (utr) of the svdv genome, were evaluated in a real-time (5' nuclease probe-based or fluorogenic) pcr format. althoug ...200414738984
outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to sewage-contaminated drinking water.in august 1998, a large outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in a swiss village of 3500 inhabitants whereof more than 50% were affected. a high contamination of drinking water with faecal coliforms revealed a defect in the waste water system. the objective of the present study was to investigate the outbreak in respect of the presence of human pathogenic viruses. drinking water and clinical samples from patients were examined for the presence of 'norwalk-like viruses' (nlvs) and enteroviruses. n ...200010746582
application of universal primers for identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus and swine vesicular disease virus by pcr and pcr-elisa.two approaches for simultaneous identification of both foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) are described: (1) a single-step reverse transcription-pcr with three primers and (2) a pcr-elisa assay with two universal primers for genome amplification and two virus-specific probes for identification. these methods are based on the use of 3d gene universal pcr primers, the structure of which was optimized and refined due to the close relationship between the tw ...200415168202
detection of economically important viruses in boar semen by quantitative realtime pcr technology.the objective of this study was to develop quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (reti-pcr) tests for the detection of five economically important viruses in swine semen namely, pseudorabies virus (prv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). each reti-pcr test was validated for specificity, analytical sensitivity (detection limits), and experimental ...200415288957
molecular analysis of the prototype coxsackievirus b5 genome.to facilitate studies of the phylogenetic relationship between enteroviruses, in particular the prototype strain (faulkner) of coxsackievirus b5 (cvb5f) and other cvb5 isolates and to facilitate studies of the interactions between cvb5f and the target cell, the complete nucleotide sequence of the prototype has been determined. the complete sequence was collected from three overlapping reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) generated amplicons. molecular analysis of the cvb5f ge ...200010752549
immune recognition of swine vesicular disease virus structural proteins: novel antigenic regions that are not exposed in the capsid.swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) is an enterovirus of the picornaviridae family that belongs to the coxsackievirus b group. a number of antigenic sites have been identified in svdv by analysis of neutralizing monoclonal antibody-resistant mutants and shown to be exposed on the surface of the capsid. in this paper we have identified seven new immunodominant antigenic regions in svdv capsid proteins by a peptide scanning method, using a panel of sera from infected pigs. when these antigenic re ...200010772981
enzyme linked immunoassay and fluorescent antibody techniques in the diagnosis of viral diseases using staphylococcal protein-a instead of anti-gamma-globulins.staphylococcal protein-a (spa) is known to interact with the crystallizable fragment (fc) of igg molecules from several species. in the present study, spa coupled to either fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc) or peroxidase was used in place of antisera to igg for the fluorescent antibody (fa) techniques and the enzyme linked immunoassay (elisa). the spa conjugates produced low background staining when applied in these techniques, and provide a rapid, highly specific and sensitive means for the ide ...198015612263
viruses in boar semen: detection and clinical as well as epidemiological consequences regarding disease transmission by artificial insemination.many viruses have been reported to be present in boar semen, particularly during the viremic phase of the diseases. some of them, such foot-and-mouth disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine parvovirus, picornaviruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, japanese encephalitis virus, pseudorabies virus, african swine fever virus and reoviruses are of particular importance and accurate monitoring prior to and during the presence of boars i ...200515626416
primary diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.universal and serotype-specific primer sets were used in simple reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays on field samples of epithelium and vesicular fluid to determine their suitability for primary diagnosis of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). the specificity of reactions was confirmed by using other vesicular disease viruses, namely: swine vesicular disease virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and three vesiviruses. this resulted in the identification of ...200010996650
construction of a full-length infectious cdna clone of swine vesicular disease virus strain net/1/92 and analysis of new antigenic variants derived from it.the dutch swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) isolate net/1/92 was one of the first isolates belonging to a new svdv antigenic group. this strain was completely sequenced and was shown to have 93% similarity with the ukg/27/72 isolate. to enable antigenicity, replication, maturation and pathogenicity studies of net/1/92, an infectious full-length cdna clone, designated psvd146, was prepared. the in vitro and in vivo biological properties of the virus derived from psvd146 were studied by analysi ...200011038390
sequence analysis of the 5' untranslated region of swine vesicular disease virus reveals block deletions between the end of the internal ribosomal entry site and the initiation codon.swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) is a picornavirus closely related to the human pathogen coxsackievirus b5. in common with other picornaviruses, the 5' untranslated region (5' utr) of svdv contains an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) that plays an important role in cap-independent translation. the aim of this study was to use rt-pcr and sequencing to characterize a fragment of the 5' utr encompassing the entire ires. sequence analysis demonstrated high nucleotide identities within the ir ...200516186229
sero-surveillance of wild boar in the netherlands, 1996-1999.from 1996 to 1999, blood samples were collected from wild boar shot during the hunting season in crown properties, national parks and the free wildlife belt in the netherlands. sera were screened for the presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv) and trichinella spiralis. the results of the sero-surveillance system indicate that csfv, svdv and adv are uncommon within the wild boar population. hence, the ...200011107628
a serological survey of selected pathogens in wild boar in slovenia.serum samples collected from 178 shot wild boars (sus scrofa) were tested for the presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus, aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus, swine influenza virus, porcine parvovirus (ppv), swine vesicular disease virus, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (app), mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, salmonella spp., brucella spp. and haemophilus para ...200616460352
detection and serotype-specific differentiation of vesicular stomatitis virus using a multiplex, real-time, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay.a multiplex, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was developed that allowed simultaneous detection and rapid differentiation of vesicular stomatitis virus strains--new jersey (vsv-nj) and indiana 1, 2, and 3 (vsv-in1-3). this assay involves use of a set of vsv universal primers located in the l gene that amplify vsv-in1-3 and vsv-nj using probes that allow differentiation of the major serotypes indiana and new jersey. the assay was evaluated using reference v ...200616617693
the n-terminal region of the vp1 protein of swine vesicular disease virus contains a neutralization site that arises upon cell attachment and is involved in viral entry.the n-terminal region of vp1 of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) is highly antigenic in swine, despite its internal location in the capsid. here we show that antibodies to this region can block infection and that allowing the virus to attach to cells increases this blockage significantly. the results indicate that upon binding to the cell, svdv capsid undergoes a conformational change that is temperature independent and that exposes the n terminus of vp1. this process makes this region acces ...200111134318
nucleotide sequences and mutations of the 5'-nontranslated region (5'ntr) of natural isolates of an epidemic echovirus 11' (prime).an echovirus 11' (prime) virus caused an epidemic in hungary in 1989. the leading clinical form of the diseases was myocarditis. hemorrhagic hepatitis syndroms were also caused, however, with lethal outcome in 13 newborn babies. altogether 386 children suffered from registered clinical disease. no accumulation of serous meningitis cases and intrauterine death were observed during the epidemic, and the monovalent oral poliovirus vaccination campaign has prevented the further circulation of the vi ...200011205106
persistent infection is a rare sequel following infection of pigs with swine vesicular disease virus.nine isolates from pigs persistently infected with a recent italian isolate of swine vesicular disease (svd) virus, itl/9/93, were collected sequentially over 121 days and were characterized antigenically and biochemically. there was an accumulation of amino acid (aa) substitutions in the capsid proteins throughout the carrier state that could be correlated with alterations in antigenicity in virus isolates collected late stage in infection. the aa substitutions detected mainly occurred in vpi a ...200111561966
microarray-based molecular detection of foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and swine vesicular disease viruses, using padlock probes.the world organization for animal health (office international des epizooties, oie) includes the diseases caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), as "diseases notifiable to the oie". foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks have severe economical as well as social effects and cannot be differentiated from the diseases caused by the other two viruses on the basis of clinical symptoms. efficient laboratory techniques ...200717451815
virulence of swine vesicular disease virus is determined at two amino acids in capsid protein vp1 and 2a protease.to identify the genetic determinants of virulence for swine vesicular disease virus, a panel of recombinant and site-directed mutant viruses were constructed from cdna clones of a virulent j1'73 strain and an avirulent h/3'76 strain. initial studies mapped the genetic determinants of virulence to either or both of the two sites at nucleotide (nt) 2842, encoding vp1-132, and nt 3355, encoding 2a-20. to determine their relative importance with regard to virulence, viruses mutated at either of thes ...200111597755
characterization of neutralization sites on the circulating variant of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv): a new site is shared by svdv and the related coxsackie b5 virus.using a panel of new monoclonal antibodies (mabs), five neutralizing, conformation-dependent sites have been identified on the antigenic variant of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) circulating currently. in studies on the antigenic conservation of these sites, the four antigenic/genetic groups of svdv described showed distinguishable patterns, confirming this classification. by sequencing mab-resistant mutants, the five sites have been mapped precisely and localized on a three-dimensional mo ...200211752698
a serodiagnostic elisa using recombinant antigen of swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus nucleoprotein.a serodiagnostic elisa utilizing the recombinant nucleoprotein (rn protein) of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was developed, and evaluated by examining a panel of 141 virus neutralization (vn) positive and 101 negative sera. the rn protein-based elisa (rnelisa) appeared to be highly sensitive and specific (98.6% and 98.0%, respectively) when it was compared to the vn test. the result was similar to that of an elisa based on purified viral antigens with showing good correlation (r=0.8 ...200111767065
isotype specific elisas to detect antibodies against swine vesicular disease virus and their use in epidemiology.isotype specific elisas to detect antibodies against swine vesicular disease, which may help to estimate the moment of infection, were developed and validated on sera from pigs experimentally infected with four different isolates of swine vesicular disease virus. virus specific igm antibodies could be detected from days 3-49 and occasionally up to day 91 after infection. igg1 antibodies were first detected at day 8 and igg2 at day 11. iga antibodies coincided with igg1 antibodies, but antibody t ...200212002546
mapping of linear epitopes on the capsid proteins of swine vesicular disease virus using monoclonal antibodies.the antigenic linear map of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) has been studied using a repertoire of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against a recombinant svdv polyprotein, p1. peptide-scanning analyses, cross-reactivity studies with homologous and heterologous viruses and predicted location on a computer-generated three-dimensional model of the capsid proteins have allowed the identification of five main linear sites. two sites, the n terminus of vp3 and amino acids 51-60 on vp1, corresp ...200212029154
purification, crystallization and x-ray analysis of swine vesicular disease virus.swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) is the etiological agent of swine vesicular disease, a highly contagious disease in pigs, and is related to coxsackie b virus. crystalline arrays of svdv can be observed in the cytoplasm of cells 4.5 h after inoculation to porcine kidney cells (ibrs-2 cells). crystals of the jx/78 strain of svdv were obtained from virus in two wells of crystallization conditions and present preliminary x-ray data to 3.6 a resolution.200212037316
continuous porcine cell lines developed from alveolar macrophages: partial characterization and virus susceptibility.porcine monomyeloid cell lines were established following transfection of primary porcine alveolar macrophage cultures with plasmid psv3neo, carrying genes for neomycin resistance and sv40 large t antigen. the parental clone 3d4 exhibited a relatively rapid doubling time (25.5 h), high plating efficiency and mixed phenotype with respect to growth on a solid support. single cell cloning of the 3d4 parent resulted in establishment of several cell lines; three of them designated 3d4/2, 3d4/21 and 3 ...200212088830
establishment and characterization of two new pig cell lines for use in virological diagnostic laboratories.two pig cell lines derived from kidney and trachea tissues and referred to as newborn swine kidney (nsk) and newborn pig trachea (nptr) were established following serial culture of primary cells. they were characterized by an epithelial-like morphology, high capacity to replicate and stability of the cell monolayer for several days after seeding. their modal chromosome number was modified in comparison to that of primary swine cells and they both displayed a transforming potential in vitro and d ...200312505635
crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv).three different crystal forms of the swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), isolate spa/2/'93, were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique using ammonium sulfate and sodium/potassium phosphate as precipitants. monoclinic crystals, space group c2, with unit-cell parameters a = 473.7, b = 385.3, c = 472.8 a, beta = 100.4 degrees, contain one virus particle in the crystal asymmetric unit and diffract to 3.0 a resolution. a second type of crystals had a cubic morphology and diffracte ...200312595720
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