| bluetongue in sheep and goats. | a description is given of the symptomatology, pathology and pathogenesis of bluetongue in sheep and goats. the economic significance of the disease in south africa is discussed. | 1975 | 169785 |
| bluetongue: the disease in cattle. | most researchers in south africa found that although bt virus could be isolated from apparently healthy cattle and from inoculated cattle the virus did not produce overt clinical disease in cattle. however, when epizootics were reported outside africa, clinical signs were observed in cattle in israel, palestine, syria, portugal, and spain. most natural bt infections in cattle in the united states do not result in overt clinical signs. however, in certain infected herds, approximately 5% of the c ... | 1975 | 169786 |
| bluetongue in cyprus. | | 1975 | 169792 |
| hybridization relatedness of israeli and u.s. bluetongue (blu) serotypes using cdna probes from blu virus strain 11-uc8. | partial cdna clones representing 47%, 96%, and 98% of genome segments 7, 9, and 10, respectively, of a us bluetongue virus (blu) 11 virulent strain were used to study, for the first time, the genetic relationships between israeli blu proto-serotypes and field isolates, and us blu proto-serotypes. their usefulness as group-specific identification probes was also determined. the viral nucleic acid was extracted from the infected cells and the purified dsrna genome segments were fractionated by pol ... | 1992 | 1309643 |
| bluetongue virus infection in india: a review. | the history and epizootiology of bluetongue (bt) in india are reviewed. bt has become endemic in india. the first outbreak of bt in sheep and goats in the country was recorded in 1964 in maharashtra state. since then, several outbreaks of bt have been reported in sheep. exotic sheep are more susceptible than indigenous and cross-bred sheep. a serological survey has indicated the presence of bluetongue virus (btv) antibodies in cattle and buffalo in several states in india. however, clinical bt h ... | 1992 | 1335304 |
| variation amongst the neutralizing epitopes of bluetongue viruses isolated in the united states in 1979-1981. | neutralizing epitopes present on field isolates of bluetongue virus (btv) serotypes 10, 11, 13 and 17 were evaluated with a panel of polyclonal and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs). a total of 91 field isolates were evaluated, including 15 isolates of btv-10, 29 isolates of btv-11, 26 isolates of btv-13, and 21 isolates of btv-17. the viruses were isolated from cattle, goats, sheep, elk and deer in idaho, louisiana, nebraska and, predominantly, california, in the years 1979, 1980 and 19 ... | 1992 | 1379766 |
| bluetongue in the sultanate of oman, a preliminary epidemiological study. | a group specific agar-gel immunodiffusion test was used to demonstrate that there is a frequent and widespread distribution of bluetongue virus throughout the sultanate of oman. the culicoides midges c. imicola and c. schultzei, both capable of transmitting bluetongue group viruses, were recorded throughout the year. although these studies did not establish that bluetongue is enzootic in oman, type-specific neutralizing antibody results supported previous evidence for the existence of a saudi ar ... | 1991 | 1652452 |
| genetic variation and evolutionary relationships amongst bluetongue viruses endemic in the united states. | the genetic variation and evolutionary relationships amongst the five serotypes of bluetongue virus (btv) endemic to the united states were investigated by oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis. the viruses analyzed include prototype viruses of the five u.s. serotypes, and 32 viruses isolated from domestic and wild ruminants from the u.s. in the years 1979-1981. with the exception of serotype 2, most genes encoding the viral core and non-structural proteins were demonstrated to be highly conserve ... | 1991 | 1661983 |
| a monoclonal antibody blocking elisa detects antibodies specific for epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. | the isolation of a monoclonal antibody (1g9/c9) with specificity for the epizootic haemorrhagic disease (ehd) serogroup has enabled the development of a highly sensitive and specific blocking elisa (b-elisa) for the detection of serum antibodies to ehd viruses. the assay was sensitive to blocking antibodies present in hyperimmune reference antisera to all six ehd serotypes tested but was unaffected by reference antisera to 19 south african and eight australian serotypes of the related orbivirus ... | 1991 | 1663289 |
| [the significance of the structural characteristics of the agent for the problems of immunization against blue tongue]. | bluetongue virus (btv), an arthropod-borne virus, is transmitted primarily by biting midges of the genus culicoides. some insect species, which might serve as a potential vector, are prevalent in central europe. in sheep, bluetongue is acute and mortality is high, whereas in cattle, goats and most wild ruminants the infection is usually clinically inapparent. viremia is of short duration in sheep, but cattle experience a prolonged viremia and provide a reservoir for the dissemination of btv. at ... | 1991 | 1665600 |
| antibodies against certain bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viral serotypes in indonesian ruminants. | the orbiviruses contain several important viruses of livestock including bluetongue (bt) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer (ehd) which share some group antigens. preliminary screening of sera for antibodies to orbiviruses by the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test has previously revealed widespread infections with the bt group in indonesia. however serum neutralization (sn) tests give a more accurate estimate of exposure to each serotype in the bt and ehd groups, and in this study were ... | 1991 | 1679575 |
| epidemiology of bluetongue and related orbiviruses in the sultanate of oman. | sentinel herds at 34 farms were used to study the epidemiology of bluetongue and related orbiviruses in oman. the results indicate that bluetongue virus (btv) is widespread and is enzootic in northern oman. at least three btv serotypes (3, 4 and 22) were present at the time of the study. antibodies to epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer virus (ehdv) type 2 and ehdv-318 were also detected but were less prevalent. entomological investigations identified the presence of 16 species of culicoides. ... | 1991 | 1847102 |
| isolation and identification of arboviruses from the sultanate of oman. | sentinel herds and a vector surveillance system were used to identify the presence of arboviruses in oman. two strains of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 4 and two strains of akabane virus, were isolated and identified. both btv isolates and one akabane virus isolate came from goats while the second akabane isolate came from culicoides imicola. this is the first isolation of an akabane virus from culicoides in arabia. vector competence studies with the oman viruses in laboratory reared c. variip ... | 1991 | 1850363 |
| detection of bluetongue group-specific antibody by competitive elisa. | | 1990 | 1965579 |
| studies with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the serodiagnosis of bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer. | an elisa for the detection of serum antibody in sheep, cattle and goats to the viruses of bluetongue (btv) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer (ehdv) has been developed. two methods of antigen preparation were analysed for efficacy in the elisa and inter-group seroreactivity. a freeze-thaw (f/t) antigen appeared to have a narrower specificity than a cytoskeletal preparation from infected cells (p200) which contained all viral proteins. a higher background reactivity was seen when using th ... | 1988 | 2454528 |
| comparison of competitive elisa, indirect elisa and standard agid tests for detecting blue-tongue virus antibodies in cattle and sheep. | the performances of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using a group specific monoclonal antibody against bluetongue virus, an indirect elisa and the standard agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test were compared in the detection of serum antibody against bluetongue virus. test sera consisted of 1300 bovine, 530 ovine and 160 carpine samples from bluetongue-free areas of canada, 605 bovine and ovine field samples from the usa and barbados and 464 samples from 79 cattle and shee ... | 1989 | 2538952 |
| prevalence of serum antibodies to bluetongue virus in indigenous goats in zimbabwe revealed by a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | | 1989 | 2540576 |
| recombinant dna probe for serotype-specific identification of bluetongue virus 17. | the double-stranded rna genome from 117 field isolates of bluetongue virus (btv) serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 was blotted onto nitrocellulose paper and hybridized with a radioactively labeled cloned copy of dna genome segment 2 of btv-17. viral rna from btv prototype strains 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17 were used as controls. the probe hybridized only with the viral rna from prototype btv-17 virus and field isolates of btv-17. there was no cross hybridization with field isolates of btv serotypes 10, 11 ... | 1989 | 2540686 |
| prevalence of antibodies in goats in north-eastern brazil to selected viral and bacterial agents. | | 1989 | 2552630 |
| genotypic transitions among bluetongue viral isolates from domestic ruminants in colorado during 1981-1984. | two predominant electropherotypes of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 11 isolates from cattle during a 1981-1984 field study in eastern colorado were characterized. the genomes of strains isolated from the first 2 years of the study had 1 predominant electropherotype (co81), with the exception of 1 isolate that differed only in the migration of segment 3. a second electropherotype (co83), with differences in the migration of 4 segments, coexisted in the same region during 1983 and 1984 with strai ... | 1989 | 2562197 |
| [serologic study of blue tongue in the state of tamaulipas]. | | 1987 | 2820011 |
| the search for bluetongue viruses in australia. | in the 200 years that cattle and sheep have been present in australia no evidence of bluetongue (bt) disease has ever been reported. the discovery in 1977 that a virus isolated from culicoides species collected in 1975 was bluetongue virus (btv) triggered a search for bt viruses and their vectors throughout the country. between 1975 and 1983, 46 strains of 5 serotypes of btv were isolated by various workers from the blood of subclinically infected sentinel cattle or from culicoides species. the ... | 1985 | 2989867 |
| epidemiology of bluetongue in australia: the vertebrate hosts. | ruminants became established in australia after european settlement which commenced in the late 18th century. bluetongue (bt) disease has never been suspected in cattle or sheep in this country. the species of ruminants found to have antibodies to bt and epizootic haemorrhagic disease (ehd) viruses are cattle, buffaloes, deer, goats and sheep. no antibodies have been found in pigs, horses, marsupials (kangaroos and wallabies) or humans, even in areas of high prevalence of bt and ehd infection. t ... | 1985 | 2989897 |
| serotypes of bluetongue virus present in saudi arabia. | the widespread occurrence of infection with bluetongue virus (btv) in saudi arabia has been demonstrated by immunodiffusion testing. subsequently, 31 sheep sera and 1 goat serum with clear precipitating activity were examined by neutralization test using the 22 reference serotypes of btv. only 12 sheep sera neutralized 1 or more of btv serotypes: 6 (1 serum), 14 (2 sera), 17 (4 sera), 19 (1 serum) and 20 (11 sera). the goat serum neutralized only serotype 19 of btv. on the other hand, 19 sheep s ... | 1985 | 2989900 |
| bluetongue: virological and epidemiological observations in israel. | bluetongue (bt) has become endemic in israel. five bt virus (btv) types have been identified, of which btv 4 is dominant. results of the regular monitoring of viral activity in ruminants and culicoides, including country-wide serological surveillance in bovines and virus recovery trials from bovine semen, are represented. the seasonal and geographical distribution, susceptibility of various species and applied preventive measures are discussed. further studies are needed to establish the interse ... | 1985 | 2989902 |
| serological observations on the epidemiology of bluetongue virus infections in the caribbean and florida. | serological surveys of cattle, sheep and goats have confirmed that infection with bluetongue virus (btv) is common in florida, puerto rico and st. croix in the usa, in the caribbean countries of jamaica, st. kitts/nevis, antigua, st. lucia, barbados, grenada, trinidad and tobago, and the bahamas, and in the south american countries of guyana and suriname. in most countries, over 50% of ruminant livestock have antibody to btv as assessed by the bluetongue immunodiffusion (btid) test. a sentinel a ... | 1985 | 2989905 |
| epizootiological study of bluetongue virus infection in california livestock: an overview. | an epidemiologic program was undertaken in california to study bluetongue virus (btv) infection in domestic livestock. the study was designed to determine: a) prevalence of btv infection, b) serotypes of btv actively causing infection, c) seasonality of infection and d) species infected. a total of 8,751 cattle, 14,639 sheep and 4,785 goats were tested over the 3 1/2 year study. serologically, 41% of the cattle, 42% of the sheep and 21% of the goats were positive. virologically, 2.4% of the catt ... | 1985 | 2989906 |
| epidemiologic study of bluetongue virus on the tejon ranch, california: vector, host, virus relationships. | culicoides gnats were monitored from april through november, 1981, on the tejon ranch, kern county. levels of gnat breeding were determined by quantitative sampling of substrate from intermittent and permanent water sources. adult populations were measured by light trap collections taken around pens holding sentinel beef cattle, dairy calves, sheep, goats and deer. adult gnats were collected in the environs of the study area, and blood samples were obtained from sentinel animals for laboratory d ... | 1985 | 2989907 |
| epidemiologic implications of the genetic variations of bluetongue virus. | the segmented rna genome of bluetongue (bt) virus (btv) provides for considerable diversity. this diversity has been seen in biochemical and biophysical analyses of the numerous strains of btv as well as in clinical and immunologic responses of ruminant animals to btv infection. this report describes the preliminary characterization of a unique btv serotype 11 population recovered during 4 months in 1982 from 40 naturally infected animals including cattle, sheep and a goat. the strains of btv se ... | 1985 | 2989909 |
| bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in ruminants in georgia: survey by serotest and virologic isolation. | the frequencies of precipitating antibodies to bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in domestic ruminants and white-tailed deer (wtd) in georgia were 36% and 32%, respectively (n = 2,200). the frequencies of seropositivity to btv and ehdv were high among cattle (47% and 42%, respectively [n = 1,068]) and less so in wtd (36% and 34% [n = 414]). the frequencies among sheep were 34% for btv and 29% for ehdv (n = 286), whereas among goats, seropositivity was 8% for b ... | 1985 | 2998240 |
| preliminary survey for antibodies to bluetongue virus in indonesian ruminants. | | 1986 | 3027948 |
| serological survey of ruminants in some caribbean and south american countries for type-specific antibody to bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses. | the results of a serological survey of ruminant livestock in some countries of the caribbean and south america for type-specific antibody to bluetongue virus are reported. using the microneutralisation test with the international serotypes 1 to 22 of bluetongue virus, antibodies to several types were detected. analysis of the data indicated that in 1981-82 bluetongue virus types 6, 14 and 17, or viruses closely related to them, were infecting ruminants in this region of the world. antibody to th ... | 1984 | 6087543 |
| epizootiologic study of bluetongue: virologic and serologic results. | heparinized blood and serum samples were obtained from 1,295 ruminants in herds or flocks with bluetongue virus (btv) infection in 4 western states. submissions were from herds or flocks with clinical bluetongue (bt), as well as from animals on premises with no history of bt disease. insects, including culicoides variipennis, were collected in areas enzootic for bt disease. viral isolations were in 10-day-old embryonating chicken eggs that were then adapted to vero cells for serotyping. sera wer ... | 1981 | 6266296 |
| prevalence of bluetongue virus precipitating antibodies in sheep and goats of punjab, india. | | 1981 | 6275636 |
| prevalence of bluetongue viral antibodies in louisiana goats. | | 1981 | 6278995 |
| a serological survey of bluetongue in mozambique. | | 1981 | 6286018 |
| evidence for bluetongue virus in canada: 1976-1979. | since the identification of approximately 1 400 bovine serological reactors to bluetongue virus in the okanagan valley of british columbia in 1976, there has been no evidence of virus establishment in canada. no clinical signs suggestive of bluetongue were observed. it was not possible to demonstrate viral activity at the time the seropositive animals were detected and subsequent serological testing supports the hypothesis that the virus has not become endemic or indeed survived in canadian catt ... | 1982 | 6293686 |
| experimental bluetongue infections in gnotobiotic lambs and kids. | ten gnotobiotic lambs and 4 gnotobiotic kids inoculated with virulent bluetongue virus (btv) including btv international types 10, 11, 13, and 17 did not show clinical signs of bluetongue. seroconversion was observed in all gnotobiotes and conventional control sheep inoculated with the appropriate challenge btv. viremia was detected in 1 btv-infected gnotobiote. conventional control sheep inoculated with a given btv international serotype showed a marked febrile response with hyperemia of the na ... | 1983 | 6297338 |
| a survey of electropherotype relationships of bluetongue virus isolates from the western united states. | the genome profiles of 200 field isolates of bluetongue virus were obtained by extracting the double-stranded rna genome from each isolate and separating the ten genome segments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. these virus isolates, consisting of representatives of the four bluetongue virus serotypes existing in the u.s.a., were obtained during an epidemiological study commencing in 1979 in four western states of the united states. analysis of the migration patterns of the ten double-stran ... | 1983 | 6311948 |
| serological survey of ruminant livestock in some countries of the caribbean region and south america for antibody to bluetongue virus. | a serological survey of 6250 sera from cattle, sheep and goats in seven caribbean and two south american countries showed that antibody to bluetongue virus was widely distributed in each species throughout the survey area. overall prevalences of antibody were 70 per cent in cattle, 67 per cent in sheep and 76 per cent in goats as assessed by an immunodiffusion test. within countries the percentage prevalences were jamaica 77, st kitts/nevis 70, antigua 76, st lucia 82, barbados 61, grenada 88, t ... | 1983 | 6316623 |
| [epidemiological status of catarrhal fever of sheep (blue tongue) in senegal]. | | 1983 | 6324302 |
| prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea, parainfluenza-3, goat respiratory syncytial, bovine leukemia, and bluetongue viral antibodies in sheep. | sera from healthy sheep were collected in january and march 1982 from flocks of sheep located in southwestern and southeastern louisiana. these sera were tested for bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus, and goat respiratory syncytial virus (grsv) antibodies by microtitration virus-neutralization test. the sera were tested also for bovine leukemia virus (blv) and bluetongue virus (btv) antibodies by immunodiffusion tests. the number of flo ... | 1984 | 6329044 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of the core particle of bluetongue virus. | core particles of bluetongue virus serotype 1 (south africa) have been crystallized. the crystals, which grow up to 0.8 mm in diameter, belong to a primitive orthorhombic space group and have point group symmetry 222. the unit cell dimensions are 754 x 796 x 823 a3 and the crystallographic asymmetric unit contains one-half of a core particle. the best crystals diffract strongly to 4.8 a bragg spacings, which is the maximum resolution to which we can measure data with the detectors available, sug ... | 1995 | 7793074 |
| distribution of bluetongue virus in turkey, 1978-81. | information about the distribution of bluetongue in turkey during 1978-81 has been obtained by serological surveys in cattle, sheep and goats. the group-specific immunodiffusion test was used to identify the presence of bluetongue virus (btv) in a given province and the type-specific microneutralization test to decide which virus types had been in circulation. by drawing sera from accurately aged donor animals in may and august 1980, it was possible to draw up a general outline of the distributi ... | 1994 | 8005228 |
| heterogeneity of the l2 gene of field isolates of bluetongue virus serotype 17 from the san joaquin valley of california. | genome segment 2 (l2) from six field isolates of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 17 was sequenced by cycling sequencing after the amplification of the viral cdna by the polymerase chain reaction. the viruses were isolated from sheep, cattle and a goat in the san joaquin valley of california during the years 1981 and 1990. these viruses exhibit divergent patterns of neutralization with btv 17-specific monoclonal antibodies. the six l2 genes of the btv 17 field isolates all encode a protein of 955 ... | 1994 | 8165870 |
| the epidemiology of bluetongue virus in australia--a review. | | 1994 | 8172553 |
| evaluation of a commercial competitive elisa test kit for the detection of group-specific antibodies to bluetongue virus. | the performance of a competitive (c) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test kit, blueplate special (bps), commercially produced by diagxotics (wilton, ct) for detection of group-specific antibodies to bluetongue virus (btv) was compared with that of an internationally endorsed celisa-i. a total of 1,026 serum samples were tested in this study: 133 samples from 23 calves and 3 sheep experimentally infected with south african isolates of 19 btv serotypes and us isolates of 5 btv serotypes ... | 1993 | 8396982 |
| relative superiority of c-elisa for detection of bluetongue virus antibodies. | anti-vp7 bluetongue virus (btv) antibodies were detected in sera of ruminant livestock using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa). the per cent positivity for btv antibodies recorded in sheep was 34.61% in haryana, 7.14% in himachal pradesh and 28.88% in punjab. goat showed 64% positivity in haryana, 67.34% in himachal pradesh and 88.33% in rajasthan whereas cattle showed 67.44% positivity in haryana, 52.17% in punjab and 59.15% in rajasthan for btv antibodies. the percent pos ... | 1995 | 8786164 |
| antibodies to bluetongue and related orbiviruses in sheep and goats in bluetongue virus-endemic areas of northern and central queensland. | | 1995 | 8787524 |
| bluetongue disease and the molecular epidemiology of viruses from the western united states. | prototype and field isolates of united states bluetongue viruses were evaluated for genetic heterogeneity by sequence analyses. prototype viruses btv 2, 10, 11, 13 and 17 from the united states, btv 10 vaccine virus, and field isolates of btv 10 and 17 from california were analyzed. gene segment 2 from btv 10 and 17 isolated in 1980-81 and 1990 was sequenced along with gene segment 9 from btv 10 isolates. the wisconsin package was used to analyze nucleotide sequences and to predict amino acid co ... | 1996 | 8800543 |
| continued freedom from bluetongue virus infection in cattle and sheep in western australia south of latitude 26 degrees s. | | 1996 | 8937679 |
| in vitro susceptibility of goat mononuclear cells to bluetongue virus. | goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured and their susceptibility to bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 1 was tested. a small number of adherent and non-adherent cells were found positive for btv antigens by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence tests. both adherent and non-adherent cells supported limited level of viral replication as evidenced by low titre in the biological assay, thus indicating their susceptibility. | 1996 | 8979494 |
| abattoir survey of sheep and goats in the gambia. | an abattoir survey of sheep and goats was carried out in the gambia for one year. a total of 1248 goats and 438 sheep, predominantly young females, were slaughtered and sampled. sixty per cent of the females of both species were pregnant. there were no significant differences between the dressing percentages of different breeds and age groups. sex and stage of pregnancy had a significant influence on carcase yields in both species. in goats the highest carcase yields were obtained during the ear ... | 1998 | 9569483 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the s10 gene of field and laboratory strains of bluetongue virus from the united states. | the sequence of the s10 gene segment of the united states prototype strains of btv serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 obtained from the american type culture collection (atcc), the commercial modified live virus vaccine strains of btv serotypes 10, 11, and 17, and 20 field isolates of btv serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 was determined to better define the molecular epidemiology of btv infection in the us. all s10 gene segments were 822 nucleotides in length with two in-frame initiation codons (nucleotide ... | 1998 | 9712508 |
| duration of bluetongue viraemia and serological responses in experimentally infected european breeds of sheep and goats. | the duration of viraemia and the serological responses were studied in two breeds of sheep and two breeds of goats, experimentally infected with bluetongue (bt) virus serotype 4. viraemia, detectable by cell culture and embryonated chicken egg inoculation, lasted from the third to sixth day until the 27th-54th day post infection (p.i.). significant differences between sheep and goats were not recorded. lesbos sheep and goats together appeared to have significantly longer viraemias (n = 9, mean 4 ... | 1999 | 10063533 |
| a study on bluetongue virus infection in saudi arabia using sentinel ruminants. | four sentinel herds comprising cattle, sheep and goats were established at various localities in saudi arabia. maternal bluetongue antibodies were detected in all four sentinel herds but disappeared in 4-6 months, immediately followed by seroconversion in all. serological results indicated that the animals were recently exposed to bt virus serotypes 10, 12, 15 and 20. the epidemiology of the disease in saudi arabia is discussed. | 1998 | 10192836 |
| serosurvey for selected disease agents in white-tailed deer from mexico. | serum samples from 350 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus texanus) collected in march 1994 from northeastern mexico were tested for the prevalence of antibody activity against five infectious diseases of ruminants. the prevalence rate was 81% for bluetongue virus (btv) of all serotypes, 72% for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), 3% for borrelia burgdorferi, 69% for anaplasma marginale, and 0% for brucella abortus, b. melitensis, and b. ovis. these are diseases that affect domesti ... | 1999 | 10574545 |
| phage displayed peptides and anti-idiotype antibodies recognised by a monoclonal antibody directed against a diagnostic antigen of mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. | a monoclonal antibody (mab 4.52) raised against mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (mccp) cell lysate was used as a template to obtain substitute antigens recognised by its paratope. two approaches were investigated: a 17-mer random peptide library displayed on the surface of a filamentous phage was screened by panning on the immobilised mab 4.52 and anti-idiotype antibodies were generated by immunising a chicken with the f(ab')(2) fragments of the antibody. analysis of the peptide seq ... | 2001 | 11376960 |
| [blue tongue. update on the agent and the disease]. | bluetongue (bt) is a viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. it is particularly damaging in sheep, where up to half of infected animals may die, showing inflammation and hemorrhages of the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and intestines. in cattle and goats, bt rarely causes disease, however it can affect the animal's reproductive ability, so that losses are not easily estimated. bluetongue virus spreads from animal to animal by biting insects of the genus culicoides; and this is the r ... | 2001 | 11494756 |
| bluetongue virus diagnosis of clinical cases by a duplex reverse transcription-pcr: a comparison with conventional methods. | a duplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of bluetongue virus (btv) in clinical samples was developed. this assay, which detects the highly conserved s10 region of btv, was assessed for sensitivity and application as a rapid and dependable diagnostic tool by comparison with standard assays of virus detection, such as virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs and cell culture. simultaneous detection of btv and host beta-actin rnas minimizes the po ... | 2001 | 11543886 |
| first evidence of bluetongue virus in kazakhstan. | we report the results of the first serological survey for bluetongue virus in kazakhstan. we analysed blood samples collected from 958 livestock and 513 wild saiga antelopes over a large area of the country, and found 23.2% seroprevalence in livestock and 0% in saigas. seroprevalence in livestock did not vary by species, but increased significantly with age. there was no evidence for variation in seroprevalence at the regional level, but there was significant clustering at the farm level. blueto ... | 2003 | 12523989 |
| culicoides midges in catalonia (spain), with special reference to likely bluetongue virus vectors. | midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) were trapped weekly from may 2001 through december 2002 on two farms in the province of barcelona (spain). dosrius farm was stocked with sheep and goats whereas bellaterra farm had only sheep. this trapping programme was carried out within the framework of an investigation into the occurrence/absence of possible vectors of bluetongue virus (btv) in mainland spain. a total of 30,079 culicoides specimens were collected from 165 light trap c ... | 2003 | 12941013 |
| evaluation of antibody response and nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis following inoculation of a live attenuated bluetongue virus vaccine in goats. | to evaluate vaccine safety, antibody response, and nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis following inoculation of a commercial monovalent live attenuated bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 2 vaccine in goats. | 2004 | 15524318 |
| identification of bluetongue virus in goats in taiwan. | | 2005 | 15675526 |
| comparative efficacy of standard agid, ccie and competitive elisa for detecting bluetongue virus antibodies in indigenous breeds of sheep and goats in rajasthan, india. | the sero-prevalence of antibodies against blue tongue virus (btv) in 408 local breeds of sheep in rajasthan state in india was investigated using standard agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test. maximum seropositivities of 11.3% (13/115), 10.7% (13/121), 7.1% (11/155) and 5.9% (1/17) were recorded in the chokla, magra, nali and pugal breeds, respectively. out of 107 goat serum samples, 6 (5.6%) were agid positive. the performance of the standard agid, counter current immuno-electrophoresis (ccie) ... | 2005 | 15785128 |
| molecular analysis of the ns3/ns3a gene of bluetongue virus isolates from the 1979 and 1998-2001 epizootics in greece and their segregation into two distinct groups. | the sequence of the genome segment 10 (seg-10) encoding ns3/ns3a was determined for 19 field isolates of bluetongue virus (btv) of serotypes btv-1, btv-4, btv-9 and btv-16, derived from epizootics in greece in the years 1979 and 1998-2001. the aim of the study was to define the molecular epidemiology of the virus in this part of the mediterranean basin. on the basis of the seg-10 sequences, the isolates grouped into two distinct phylogenetic clusters. these were greek group i of solely serotype ... | 2005 | 15993974 |
| [genetic diversity analysis of the s10 gene of field and vaccine strains of bluetongue virus]. | s10 gene sequences of 1 attenuated vaccine strain and 31 chinese field isolates & 1 south africa strain of btv were determined. the results revealed that all 33 s10 gene segments have 822 nucleotides in length with two in-frame initiation codons (nucleotides 20 to 22 and 59 to 61) and a common termination codon (nucleotides 707 to 709), which encodes two proteins (ns3 and ns3a). nucleotide difference in the sequence of all s10 gene were from zero to 107 bp (86.4% - 100% identity). ns3/ns3a prote ... | 2003 | 16276888 |
| serogrouping of united states and some african serotypes of bluetongue virus using rt-pcr. | the diagnostic potential of rt-pcr for detection of bluetongue virus (btv) ribonucleic acid (rna) sequence in cell culture and tissue samples from infected ruminants from united states, sudan, south africa and senegal, was evaluated. the non structural protein 1 (ns1) gene of north american btv serotype 11 was targeted for pcr amplification. the united states btv serotypes 2, 10, 11, 13 and 17 and the sudanese btv serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 16 and btv serotype 4 from south africa and btv serotype 2 f ... | 2005 | 16280207 |
| evidence for the presence of bluetongue virus in kosovo between 2001 and 2004. | in 2001, clinical cases of bluetongue were observed in kosovo, and in that year and in 2003 and 2004, serum samples were collected from cattle and small ruminants and tested for antibodies to bluetongue virus. the results provide evidence that bluetongue virus was not present in kosovo before the summer of 2001, but that the virus circulated subclinically among the cattle and sheep populations of kosovo in 2002, 2003 and 2004. | 2006 | 16565337 |
| seroprevalence of bluetongue virus antibodies in sheep and goats in kerala state, india. | the results presented here record the first confirmation of bluetongue virus (btv) antibody in sheep and goats in kerala state. a total of 1,010 sera collected from the 14 districts within the state were screened for the presence of group-specific btv antibodies by dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot elisa). positive samples were obtained from 12 of the 14 districts. the overall btv antibody prevalence was 5.1 +/- 1.9% (at 95% confidence level) although the prevalence levels were consiste ... | 2005 | 16642765 |
| production, freezing and transfer of embryos from a bluetongue-infected goat herd without bluetongue transmission. | in order to import non-seasonal creole goats from the carribean to europe for an experimental purpose, thirty creole goats were treated with 10 mg of fsh; embryos were collected at slaughter, washed and deep frozen. after rapid thawing, they were reimplanted surgically into european dairy goats. twenty-four females ovulated but only 17 of the ovulating females had functional corpora lutea (cl) at collection. ovulation rate (cl goat ) and recovery rate (embryo cl ) were 13.8 and 78% for females w ... | 1986 | 16726193 |
| bluetongue virus detection by two real-time rt-qpcrs targeting two different genomic segments. | the detection of the bluetongue virus (btv) by conventional methods is especially difficult and labour-intensive. molecular diagnosis is also complex because of the high genetic diversity between and within the 24 serotypes of btv. in the present study, two laboratories joined forces to develop and validate two new rt-qpcrs detecting and amplifying btv segments 1 and 5. the 2 assays detect strains from all 24 serotypes. they both have a detection limit of 0.01 ece50 and all 114 samples from btv- ... | 2007 | 17196266 |
| serological survey for potential disease agents of free-ranging cervids in six selected national parks from germany. | a total of 164 blood samples, collected from free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in six german national parks (np) between 2000 and 2002, were assayed for antibodies against nine viral disease agents. antibodies were only detected against the alpha-herpesviruses; specifically, bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) (22 of 157, 14%), cervid herpesvirus-1 (17 of 157, 10.8%), and caprine herpesvirus-1 (11 of 159, 6.9%). titers ranged from 4 to 10 ... | 2006 | 17255452 |
| recombinant capripoxviruses expressing proteins of bluetongue virus: evaluation of immune responses and protection in small ruminants. | the development of recombinant capripoxviruses for protective immunization of ruminants against bluetongue virus (btv) infection is described. sheep (n=11) and goats (n=4) were immunized with btv recombinant capripoxviruses (btv-cpox) individually expressing four different genes encoding two capsid proteins (vp2 and vp7) and two non-structural proteins (ns1, ns3) of btv serotype 2 (btv-2). seroconversion was observed against ns3, vp7 and vp2 in both species and a lymphoproliferation specific to ... | 2007 | 17669563 |
| clinical signs of bluetongue virus serotype 8 infection in sheep and goats. | | 2007 | 17965371 |
| breeding sites of bluetongue vectors in northern europe. | | 2008 | 18223275 |
| description of the outbreak of bluetongue in corsica in 2003, and lessons for surveillance. | since 1999, several serotypes of bluetongue virus (btv) have been isolated in the western part of the mediterranean basin, and since 2000, corsica has been exposed to three different serotypes: btv serotype 2 in 2000, btv serotype 4 (btv-4) in 2003 and btv serotype 16 in 2004. in 2000 there were no surveillance systems for bluetongue, but in 2003, active surveillance of the circulation of btv and its vector culicoides species, aided by a raised level of awareness in farmers and veterinarians, ma ... | 2008 | 18263916 |
| spatial and temporal evolution of bluetongue virus in wild ruminants, spain. | we confirmed the emergence of bluetongue virus (btv) in 5 wild ruminant species in spain. btv seroprevalence was high and dispersed with time, with a south-to-north gradient. our results suggest a complex epidemiology of btv and underline the need for additional research on wildlife in europe. | 2008 | 18507912 |
| the phenology and population dynamics of culicoides spp. in different ecosystems in the netherlands. | the netherlands has enjoyed a relatively free state of vector-borne diseases of economic importance for more than one century. emerging infectious diseases may change this situation, threatening the health of humans, domestic livestock and wildlife. in order to be prepared for the potential outbreak of vector-borne diseases, a study was undertaken to investigate the distribution and seasonal dynamics of candidate vectors of infectious diseases with emphasis on bluetongue vectors (culicoides spp. ... | 2008 | 18639947 |
| a cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of bluetongue virus serotype 8 in sheep and goats in 2006 and 2007 in the netherlands. | in august 2006 a major epidemic of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv8) started off in north-west europe. in the course of 2007 it became evident that btv8 had survived the winter in north-west europe, re-emerged and spread exponentially. recently, the european union decided to start vaccination against btv8. in order to improve the understanding of the epidemiological situation, it was necessary to execute a cross-sectional serological study at the end of the bt vector season. cattle were the tar ... | 2008 | 18752681 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies against bluetongue virus in animals imported to poland from eu countries. | the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of btv-specific antibodies in animals imported to poland from eu countries after 15 june 2006. from 1 january 2007 to 22 january 2008, a total of 10719 samples of sera collected from cattle, goats and fallow deer were tested. sera were screened using the highly sensitive and specific c-elisa test and positive results were confirmed by the agid assay. out of 10719 sera, 30 (0.28% of the total number of samples) were found to be positive in ... | 2008 | 18942541 |
| genetic characterization of toggenburg orbivirus, a new bluetongue virus, from goats, switzerland. | a novel bluetongue virus (btv) termed toggenburg orbivirus (tov) was detected in goats from switzerland by using real-time reverse transcription-pcr. cdna corresponding to the complete sequence of 7 of 10 double-stranded rna segments of the viral genome was amplified by pcr and cloned into a plasmid vector. five clones for each genome segment were sequenced to determine a consensus sequence. blast analysis and dendrogram construction showed that tov is closely related to btv, although some genom ... | 2008 | 19046507 |
| bluetongue: vector surveillance in austria in 2007. | since the first outbreaks of bluetongue disease (btd) were reported from the netherlands, germany, and belgium in autumn of 2006, the disease is a main topic in central europe. the infectious disease, which originated in south africa and from which austria has been spared up to now, affects particularly sheep, cattle, also goats and wild ruminants - but never humans. transmitters of the bluetongue virus (btv, family reoviridae, genus orbivirus), which occurs in several 24 serotypes, are biting m ... | 2008 | 19066770 |
| bluetongue in belgium: episode ii. | bluetongue (bt) is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants. in august 2006, domestic ruminant populations in northern europe became infected with bt virus serotype 8 (btv-8). the first btv-8-case of the year 2007 in belgium was notified in july. this case was the starting point of a second wave of bt outbreaks. the main objective of this study was to describe the evolution and the clinical impact of the second episode of bt in belgium. in addition, the main differences with the previous ep ... | 2009 | 19200297 |
| epidemiology of bluetongue virus serotype 8, germany. | in germany, bluetongue disease had not been reported before 2006. during august 2006-august 2008, >24,000 bluetongue virus serotype 8 infections were reported, most (20,635) in 2007. in 2006 and 2007, respectively, case-fatality rates were 6.4% and 13.1% for cattle and 37.5% and 41.5% for sheep. vaccination in 2008 decreased cases. | 2009 | 19239757 |
| [vaccination against bluetongue: safety and immune response in the field]. | bluetongue, caused by the bluetongue virus serotype 8 has rapidly spread through europe since 2006. the first cases in switzerland were detected in october 2007. the european union and switzerland launched a vaccination campaign in june 2008. this study aims to demonstrate the safety and the immune response of the three vaccines used in switzerland under practical conditions in the field. the trial was carried out in cattle, sheep and goats. based on the results of this study recommendations for ... | 2009 | 19263379 |
| toggenburg orbivirus, a new bluetongue virus: initial detection, first observations in field and experimental infection of goats and sheep. | a novel bluetongue virus termed "toggenburg orbivirus" (tov) was detected in two swiss goat flocks. this orbivirus was characterized by sequencing of 7 of its 10 viral genome segments. the sequencing data revealed that this virus is likely to represent a new serotype of bluetongue virus [hofmann, m.a., renzullo, s., mader, m., chaignat, v., worwa, g., thuer, b., 2008b. genetic characterization of toggenburg orbivirus (tov) as a tentative 25th serotype of bluetongue virus, detected in goats from ... | 2009 | 19272719 |
| first evidence of bluetongue virus serotype 16 in croatia. | this study described the first report of btv-16 in croatia. serological evidence occurred in cattle at the end of september and continued during october and november 2004. all positive animals were in the dubrovnik-neretva county, a region located in the southernmost part of croatia. btv-16 infection was also detected in goats and sheep. apart from few cases reported in greece between 1999 and 2000, btv-16 has never been reported in the balkanic peninsula before. the btv strain was isolated from ... | 2009 | 19376658 |
| [occurrence of biting midges (culicoides spp.) at three different altitudes in an alpine region of switzerland]. | the aim of this field study was to investigate the occurrence of biting midges (culicoides spp.), the potential vectors of the bluetongue virus (btv), in an alpine region of switzerland (vals/gr) at altitudes between 1300 and 2000 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.). for this purpose, insects were caught with uv-light traps once weekly from the end of june to the end of october 2008. midges were found on all altitudes investigated, but distinct differences in the abundance at different stations we ... | 2009 | 19421953 |
| evidence of mixed infection of peste des petits ruminants virus and bluetongue virus in a flock of goats as confirmed by detection of antigen, antibody and nucleic acid of both the viruses. | a mixed infection with peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) and bluetongue virus (btv) occurred in goats which exhibited symptoms characteristic of ppr. a number of samples were collected from ailing or dead goats for labrotory diagnosis. antibody to btv and pprv was detected in sera samples by competitive elisa. no pprv antigen was detected in tissue samples like lung and spleen, however, presence of pprv antigen in some sera samples was confirmed by sandwich elisa. all the blood samples col ... | 2009 | 19430955 |
| [to vaccinate against bluetongue or not?]. | | 2009 | 19462622 |
| [bluetongue, current situation]. | | 2009 | 19480153 |
| an investigation on the culicoides species composition at seven sites in southern switzerland. | in the past decade, there have been regular outbreaks of bluetongue (bt) in many parts of europe. owing to the presence of bt disease and its vectors in countries adjacent to switzerland, an initial entomological survey was conducted in 2003, which established the presence of several midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae). subsequently, a sentinel herd monitoring system was established with the primary entomological aim being the determination and further study of culicoides p ... | 2009 | 19493190 |
| a single-tube rt-pcr for rapid detection and differentiation of some african isolates of palyam serogroup orbiviruses. | a single-tube nested reverse transcriptase (nrt) polymerase chain reaction (nrt-pcr) was developed and evaluated for detection of palyam serogroup orbiviruses ribonucleic acid (rna) in cell cultures and clinical samples. a pair of outer primers (pal1 and pal2), designed from genome segment three of chuzan virus of the palyam viruses serogroup, resulted in amplification of a primary 660-base pair (bp) pcr product. using a pair of internal (nested) primers (pal3 and pal4), the nrt-pcr produced a 3 ... | 2009 | 19500619 |
| subclinical bluetongue virus infection in domestic ruminants in taiwan. | bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants. taiwan, with the tropic of cancer crossing through it, was considered free of bluetongue virus (btv) before 2001. the goals of this study are to identify the serotype and phylogeny of taiwan btv isolates and to understand the serological status and chronology of btv infection. analysis of the s10 gene segment revealed that taiwan btv isolates are closely related to chinese strains. seropositive results were fou ... | 2010 | 19900768 |
| financial consequences of the dutch bluetongue serotype 8 epidemics of 2006 and 2007. | this study calculates the financial consequences of the bluetongue serotype 8 (btv8) epidemics of 2006 and 2007 in the netherlands. we constructed a deterministic economic model that is compatible with the dutch livestock production systems for cattle, sheep and goats. two hundred cattle farms and 270 sheep farms were infected with btv8 in the epidemic of 2006, whereas 30,417 cattle farms, 45,022 sheep farms and 35,278 goat farms were estimated to be infected in the epidemic of 2007. the net cos ... | 2010 | 19962204 |
| questionnaire survey about the motives of commercial livestock farmers and hobby holders to vaccinate their animals against bluetongue virus serotype 8 in 2008-2009 in the netherlands. | after a massive epidemic of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv-8) among ruminants in 2006-2007 in the european union (eu), the netherlands started a voluntary emergency vaccination campaign in may 2008, subsidized by the eu. at the start of a new campaign in 2009, without subsidized vaccination, we investigated by mail survey the motives of farmers and hobby holders to vaccinate against btv-8 in 2008 and 2009. mean vaccine uptake in 2008 was: 73% in sheep, 71% in cattle, 43% in goat farms and 67% ... | 2010 | 20123141 |
| immunohistochemical detection of bluetongue virus in fixed tissue. | the vp7 structural protein is the most abundant of the major core proteins and is highly conserved in all serotypes of bluetongue virus (btv). the aim of this study was to develop immunohistochemical techniques for the detection of btv vp7 in bouin's- and formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded tissues from small ruminants (sheep and goats) naturally infected with btv. tissue samples were taken from animals in which btv infection had been confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reac ... | 2010 | 20156627 |
| detection of toggenburg orbivirus by a segment 2-specific quantitative rt-pcr. | toggenburg orbivirus (tov) has been detected recently in healthy goats in switzerland. the virus is related closely to bluetongue virus (btv) and is considered tentatively as a 25th serotype of btv. upon detection of additional tov-positive goats in switzerland, germany, and italy, these tov isolates were characterized genetically by partial sequencing of the viral genome segment 2 which encodes vp2, the major outer capsid protein of orbiviruses. a tov-specific rt-qpcr was developed, targeting c ... | 2010 | 20219538 |
| surveillance of bluetongue virus antibody in goats using a recombinant vp7-based indirect elisa in the coastal saline area of west bengal, india. | the authors describe the serological surveillance of bluetongue virus (btv) group-specific antibody in goats of the coastal saline (sunderban) area of west bengal, india. a recombinant viral protein 7 (rvp7)-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to detect the antibody in sera. the bacterially expressed rvp7 was purified by affinity chromatography. the diagnostic performance of the assay was assessed by comparing it to the commercially available previously validated co ... | 2009 | 20391384 |