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eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate new york 1972-1974. 1975919
a serologic survey of pronghorns in alberta and saskatchewan, 1970-1972.to determine the exposure of free-ranging pronghorns (antilocapra americana ord) to selected pathogens, serum samples were obtained from 33 live-trapped animals from southwestern saskatchewan in 1970, and from 26 and 51 animals from southeastern alberta, in 1971 and 1972, respectively. antibodies were found to the agents of parainfluenza 3, bovine virus diarrhea, eastern and western encephalomyelitis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and the chlamydial group. no serologic reactors were found to ...1975167203
the effect of tilorone hydrochloride on the growth of several animal viruses in tissue cultures.tilorone hydrochloride, at a concentration of 10 mug/ml inhibits the growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 in bs-c-1 cells. the growth of vaccinia virus in bs-c-1 cells is partially inhibited; however, six viruses containing rna, including four members of the togavirus group grown in chick fibroblasts, are not affected by the drug. the inhibition of the growth of herpes virus by tilorone hydrochloride is greater when the multiplicity of infection is lower than 1 p.f.u/cell and when the drug is a ...1976177724
studies on immunity to alphaviruses in foals. 1979453684
cellular resistance to arbovirus infection.when an arbovirus enters an arthropod in an infected blood meal, several mechanisms may interact to affect its life cycle and ultimate transmissibility. intrinsic absolute failure in the establishment of infection must be contrasted with infection that is successfully established but is variably modulated in its viral yield throughout the vector's life-span. degrees of vertebrate host resistance make this modulation a central factor in determining whether an arthropod is an important vector in n ...1975801110
isolation of chikungunya virus contaminating an aedes albopictus cell line.an aedes albopictus cell line was found contaminated with structures morphologically compatible with an alphavirus. rapid isolation of a cytopathic virus was effected by combining sonication, concentration with aquacide ii-r, rate zonal sedimentation and subsequent plating of fractions on vero cells under agar overlay. the virus caused neithedeath nor disease on inoculation into infant and adult mice. it produced a c.p.e. in vero and bhk 21 cells, and multiplied in singh's aedes aegypti cells. t ...1975806659
antibody studies in ponies vaccinated with venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (strain tc-83) and other alphavirus vaccines.serologic studies in 24 ponies indicated that prevaccination antibodies to venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus (strain tc-83) had no influence on hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody stimulation by western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) or eastern equine encephalomyelits (eee)-wee vaccines. however, studies of the effects of vee neutralizing antibodies on neutralizing antibody stimulation by the heterologous alphavirus vaccines were inconclusive. the vee, wee, and eee antibody r ...1977851275
[the identification of alphaviruses by using cdna probes complementary to the 3'-terminal of the viral genome].venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, eastern equine encephalomyelitis and sindbis viruses, as well as members of various serological groups of alphaviruses were identified using synthesized molecular probes complementary to 3'-terminus of the molecule of the appropriate genomic rna: 32p-single-stranded kdna and e. coli-cloned 32p-double-stranded kdna. a high species-specificity of kdna-probes was demonstrated. the sensitivity of the method was 1 ng of viral rna overlayed on the nitrocellulose fi ...19921332260
[a monoclonal antibody study of the receptor area of the venezuelan encephalitis virus].the receptor region for virus-cell interaction in venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) viruses was studied using a panel of 17 monoclonal antibodies (mca). they were able to block agglutination of goose erythrocytes. the dominant role of glycoprotein e2 in the formation of viral receptor for eee and vee viruses was demonstrated. competitive radioimmunoassay identified three antigenic sites in this region. these sites were also responsible for virus ...19911723820
specific binding of host cell proteins to the 3'-terminal stem-loop structure of rubella virus negative-strand rna.at the 5' end of the rubella virus genomic rna, there are sequences that can form a potentially stable stem-loop (sl) structure. the complementary negative-strand equivalent of the 5'-end sl structure of positive-strand rubella virus rna [5' (+) sl structure] is thought to serve as a promoter for the initiation of positive-strand synthesis. we screened the negative-strand equivalent of the 5' (+) sl structure (64 nucleotides) and the adjacent region of the negative-strand rna for their ability t ...19911920622
from the centers for disease control. eastern equine encephalitis--united states, 1989. 19892789296
encephalomyelitis vaccines: a vero-derived cell culture alternative to primary duck embryonic cell cultures. 19882833043
nucleotide sequence of the genome region encoding the 26s mrna of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and the deduced amino acid sequence of the viral structural proteins.the 26s mrna and most of the nsp4 encoding regions of the eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) viral genome have been cloned. excluding the poly(a) tail, the 26s mrna region was determined to be 4139 nucleotides long and to share the same general organization as that of other alphaviruses. a highly conserved region of 19 nucleotides, the putative transcriptase recognition site for 26s mrna synthesis, was present at the 26s/42s junction region of the 42s genomic rna. translation of the 26s mrna ...19872886548
replication of alphaviruses in cultures of donkey monocytes.representative strains of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) were compared for their ability to grow in cultures of unstimulated leucocytes and monocytes derived from donkey peripheral blood. replication of epizootic and vaccine strains of veev, but not of enzootic strains was observed in this system. only a minority of monocytes supported virus replication as detected by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and infectious center assays. e ...19863004384
eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. 19892574935
eastern equine encephalitis in quebec and connecticut, 1972: introduction by infected mosquitoes on the wind?in 1972 there were outbreaks of eastern equine encephalitis in the eastern townships, quebec, canada and in connecticut, usa. climatic data including northern hemisphere synoptic charts were examined. the findings indicate that the virus could have been brought to lac brome by infected mosquitoes carried on surface winds from meriden, connecticut, on the night of august 22-23, 1972. the distance of 400 km would have been covered in 14-16 h at a speed of 25-30 km h-1 and at a temperature of 15 de ...19892563337
cross-protective immunity between equine encephalomyelitis viruses in equids.eighteen equids were inoculated with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) and 18 equids with western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) viruses to produce eee virus- and wee virus-immunized equids. twelve surviving eee virus-seropositive equids, 15 surviving wee virus-seropositive equids, and 10 nonimmunized, seronegative equids (controls) were subsequently inoculated with an equine pathogenic (epizootic) strain of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus to determine cross-protective immun ...19892552875
[the use of methisazone for preventing viral encephalitis and encephalomyelitis in an experiment in white mice]. 19902389571
complete sequence of the genomic rna of o'nyong-nyong virus and its use in the construction of alphavirus phylogenetic trees.the alphaviruses are a group of about 25 positive-strand rna viruses that are important human and veterinary pathogens and that are geographically dispersed. we report here the complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna of the alphavirus, o'nyong-nyong virus. the rna is 11,835 nucleotides in length and the organization of the genome is typical of alphaviruses. phylogenetic trees were constructed from the protein sequences of o'nyong-nyong and six other alphaviruses. trees were constructed f ...19902155505
arboviral surveillance--united states, 1990. 19902117244
a comparison of clinical manifestations and pathology of the equine encephalidites: vee, wee, eee. 19734534742
body size variation of culiseta morsitans in relation to vector potential for eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus.variation in the body size of wild culiseta morsitans collected from massachusetts was examined. no significant size variation was detected at any time during the collection period, nor was there a significant size difference between parous and nulliparous mosquitoes. we conclude that size variation in this species does not affect survivorship, an important aspect of vectorial capacity.19901983021
the relationship between size and parity status of field collected culiseta melanura.the relationship between body size and parity status of adult female culiseta melanura collected from 3 locations in northeastern united states was studied by measuring wing lengths and examining ovaries of individual mosquitoes. virus isolation was attempted from cs. melanura collected in maryland and in new jersey. at all 3 locations, the size of cs. melanura collected varied from large in the spring, to small in the summer. in new jersey and maryland mosquitoes collected in the fall were agai ...19901977877
[use of goat serum as a substitute for calf serum for growing various primary cultures from vertebrates].goat's serum was used to prepare primary cultures of fibroblast from chicken embryo and hamster kidney. later they were inoculated the east equine encephalomyelitis virus, being compared with culture from calf's serum. the choice of goat's serum is of great interest for the development of scientific research and national economy.19911812536
[effect of the method of passage on the biological properties of attenuated alphavirus strains].experiments with attenuated clones of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus were carried out to study the regularities in changes of biological properties of virus in "undiluted" passages and in passages by subcultivation of small doses. in the latter case the biological activity of the virus remained at the initial low level but in "undiluted" passages it increased, due to accumulation in the population of clones with altered plaque phenotype and i ...19846087563
genetic characterization of an antigenic subtype of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus.a 1983 human mississippi isolate of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev), recently identified as an antigenic subtype of the north american variety, was genetically characterized using oligonucleotide fingerprinting and sequencing of viral rna. this strain was found to be very closely related to other north american eeev isolates from the same time period. phylogenetic analysis suggested that this subtype belongs to a single eeev lineage in north america. two amino acid substitutions in ...19921280945
determination of the protective epitopes on the glycoproteins of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies.we have previously characterized seven unique antigenic epitopes on the two envelope glycoproteins of the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus vaccine strain, tc-83, by using monoclonal antibodies. the in vitro function of virus neutralization was primarily associated with one epitope on the gp56 (gp56c). to determine which epitopes were important in protecting animals from vee infection, purified monoclonal antibodies were inoculated i.v. into 3-wk-old swiss mice. twenty-four hours l ...19826183343
[ev viruses and isolation of sle, ee, group c and group guamá arboviruses in the amazon region of perú in 1975]. 19806255963
the 5'-terminal sequences of the genomic rnas of several alphaviruses.the 5'-terminal sequences of the genomic rnas of several alphaviruses have been determined. the nucleotide sequences at the extreme 5' termini are not highly conserved among the alphaviruses, but a similar stem and loop structure, which begins at the 5' end and utilizes about the first 40 nucleotides, can be formed in each case. downstream from this structure, beginning about 150 nucleotides from the 5' end, a conserved sequence of 51 nucleotides is found which can form two stable hairpin struct ...19836308269
evaluation of the epidemic potential of western equine encephalitis virus in the northeastern united states. 19761035448
eastern equine encephalitis (eee) antibody status in st. thomas, jamaica, 1975. 1976973351
serologic surveys for antibodies to western, eastern, california, and st. louis encephalitis and dengue 3 arboviruses in middle america, 1961-1975. 1977922235
inactivated venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine complexed with specific antibody: enhanced primary immune response and altered pattern of antibody class elicited.complexes of formalinized venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus vaccine and specific igg formed at antigen-antibody equivalence enhanced the immune responses of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). the predomonant class of antibody elicited by complexes was igg. in contrast, lower titers of antibody and a more biphasic (igg-igm) response were observed after exposure of monkeys to the vaccine alone. in comparison to the response of monkeys primed with antigen, a more rapid secondary respons ...1977404363
prevalence of antibodies to arboviruses in egypt. results of a serologic survey among 1,113 university students. 1975173201
chromatographic separations of alphavirus strains by hydroxylapatite.hydroxylapatite column chromatography methods were developed to characterize selected alphavirus populations. different conditions of ph and phosphate molarity were required to obtain satisfactory elution profiles and separations for western equine encephalomyelitis virus strains, compared with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and semliki forest virus strains. raising the ph of the buffers effected earlier elutions of all viruses. selection of phosphate gradients with more gentle slopes an ...197720452
ecology of keystone virus, a transovarially maintained arbovirus.our studies in the pocomoke cypress swamp of maryland have shown that key strain of ce is endemic and is carried by the floodwater mosquito a. atlanticus. the virus is transmitted transstadially in nature, as evidenced by our recovery of virus from larvae and males of this species. serologic evidence, both here and elsewhere, indicates that vertebrates are infected with key, but their role in the transmission cycle remains unknown. we have found several animals, for example, the gray squirrel, t ...197520017
receptor interaction between eastern equine encephalitis virus and chicken embryo fibroblasts.the attachment of eastern equine encephalitis virus to chicken embryo fibroblasts was studied at 0 degrees c. the binding specifically responsible for initiating infection was studied in the initial experiments by employing plaque-forming ability as the measured response. results from these initial studies were closely paralleled in studies of binding of radiolabeled virus under the same conditions. binding that had occurred at the ph optimum, ph 6.5, could be reversed only at higher ph. the obs ...197715136
endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955-1974.research and surveillance programs relating to the circulation of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in florida between 1955 and 1974 are summarized. all available data suggest that eee virus is 1) endemic in many florida fresh water swamps and waterways, 2) active in a continuous cycle throughout the year with a peak between may and august, and 3) circulating in culiseta melanura. it has been isolated also from eight other mosquito species.197612669
eastern equine encephalomyelitis. 19937695660
detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral antigen in avian blood by enzyme immunoassay: a laboratory study.an enzyme immunoassay (eia) was evaluated for its efficacy at detecting eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in avian blood and brain specimens. preliminary analysis of blood from experimentally infected house sparrows and naturally infected whooping cranes showed that eee antigen could be detected with the eia. polyclonal mouse antibodies were selected for antigen capture, and rabbit antibodies were selected for antigen detection. overnight antigen incubation increased sensitivity. the ...19863010753
site of suppression of banzi viral replication by an antiviral factor released from aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with banzi virus.the ability of the antiviral factor present in culture medium of aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with the flavivirus, banzi virus, to inhibit the replication of banzi virus was examined. the anti-banzi viral factor did not inhibit the uncoating of the virion. levels of viral rna were markedly reduced in mosquito cells treated with the antiviral factor. syntheses of negative-strand and of positive-strand viral rna species were inhibited to approximately the same extent. this inhibiti ...19853002069
[effect of immunosuppressants on the enhanced sensitivity of white mice to the eastern equine encephalitis virus].eee virus infection could be induced in white mice whose natural resistance to this virus had been reduced by immunosuppressive drugs such as: adreson, cyclophosphan and hydrocortisone.19852988194
absence of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus in immature coquillettidia perturbans associated with equine cases of eee. 19852906692
[the use of elisa and indirect immunofluorescence technics for the rapid detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis].we present the results attained in the identification of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus isolations in vero and xl-2 cell systems, using a double-antibody elisa technique and the indirect immunofluorescence method. the results attained through these two techniques coincided by 100% with identification through neutralization. with the former, the virus was detected within 6-8 hours after inoculation. better results were attained with xl-2 cells.19937984812
infection of a poikilothermic cell line (xl-2) with eastern equine encephalitis and western equine encephalitis viruses.eastern equine encephalitis (eee) was in cuba before the 1940s; the virus has been isolated from horses, birds, and rodents during epizootic as well as interepizootic periods. the only isolation of western equine encephalitis (wee) virus was from a sick pigeon found in the vicinity of havana university. both viruses can cause human disease; the isolation of wee virus from the centre of an urban area emphasises the need for the prompt isolation and rapid identification of these agents. the object ...19873031203
western equine encephalitis virus is a recombinant virus.the alphaviruses are a group of 26 mosquito-borne viruses that cause a variety of human diseases. many of the new world alphaviruses cause encephalitis, whereas the old world viruses more typically cause fever, rash, and arthralgia. the genome is a single-stranded nonsegmented rna molecule of + polarity; it is about 11,700 nucleotides in length. several alphavirus genomes have been sequenced in whole or in part, and these sequences demonstrate that alpha-viruses have descended from a common ance ...19883413072
arboviral infections of the central nervous system--united states, 1984. 19853923307
biological, physical, and chemical properties of eastern equine encephalitis virus. i. purification and physical properties.a new purification procedure was adopted for eastern equine encephalitis virus which does not subject the virus to pelleting at any stage. three- to 4-liter volumes were passed through a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column. the virus-containing fractions were banded on a sucrose cushion and finally concentrated in an isopycnic band in a linear sucrose gradient. this method reduced the volume 1,000-fold with a concomitant increase in viral titer, i.e., better than 90% recovery. numerous criteria h ...19714106780
evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex.evolution of viruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) complex was studied by analyzing rna sequences and oligonucleotide fingerprints from isolates representing the north and south american antigenic varieties. by using homologous sequences of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus as an outgroup, phylogenetic trees revealed three main eee virus monophyletic groups. a north american variety group included all isolates from north america and the caribbean. one south american varie ...19948254725
effect of environmental temperature on the vector competence of aedes taeniorhynchus for rift valley fever and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses.studies were conducted to determine the effect of environmental temperature on the susceptibility of aedes taeniorhynchus mosquitoes for venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) and rift valley fever (rvf) viruses. mosquitoes reared at low temperature (19 degrees c) were significantly more susceptible to infection with rvf virus (infection rate = 70%, 158 of 226) than were those mosquitoes reared at 26 degrees c (infection rate = 48%, 135 of 280), regardless of the temperature at which mosquitoes we ...19938279634
eastern equine encephalomyelitis. histopathologic and ultrastructural changes with isolation of the virus in a human case.enveloped toga virus particles were demonstrated by means of an electron microscopy in the brain tissues of a 3-year-old girl with acute encephalitis. areas of demyelinization and necrosis throughout the white matter and brainstem were revealed by light microscopy. these viral particles were identified as eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in postmortem isolation of the virus utilizing young mice and complement-fixation studies. to the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of e ...19751171613
localized eastern equine encephalitis in santiago del estero province, argentina, without human infection.in 1981, a localized epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) occurred in irrigated areas of four counties in the province of santiago del estero, argentina. the diagnosis was confirmed by serology, and there was no evidence of involvement of western or venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. the overall incidence of equine encephalitis was estimated 17%, the case-fatality rate at 61% and the inapparent: apparent infection ratio less than or equal to 2.9:1. this is the first localized epiz ...19911921689
analysis of the hemagglutination activity domains of the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses.the hemagglutination (ha) domains of the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) and the eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) viruses providing the interaction of virions and red blood cells were studied with the use of a panel of 17 hemagglutination inhibition (hi) monoclonal antibodies (mabs). a highly conserved domain (c domain) forming alphavirus-group-reactive mabs was identified in the e2 protein of the vee and eee viruses. these mabs inhibited ha of the western equine encephalomyeliti ...19948586535
the pattern of virus-specific peptide synthesis in rabbit cells infected with eastern equine encephalitis virus and its response to interferon. 19744856417
effect of interferon on synthesis of eastern equine encephalitis virus rna. 19715104127
detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus rna in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using dna in situ hybridization.eastern equine encephalomyelitis (f.ee) virus was detected in infected formalin-fixed horse and emu tissues and in infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. results of in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labeled 40-base dna probe complementary to a conserved region of the eee virus rna compared favorably with results of both virus isolation and serum neutralization tests. this technique may be useful for diagnosis of eee virus infection in various animal species, especially when fresh tissues a ...19968744734
western equine encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis virus antigens derived from sucrose-acetone treated chicken embryos. 19685645040
detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and highlands j virus antigens within mosquito pools by enzyme immunoassay (eia). i. a laboratory study.enzyme immunoassays (eias) producing either chromogenic or fluorogenic end products were developed and evaluated for detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) and highlands j (hj) viruses in pools of aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. overnight incubation of the mosquito samples in the eia significantly enhanced the sensitivity of the test. both the eee and hj eias were sensitive, readily detecting one infected mosquito in a pool with 99 noninfected, and specific, distinguishing homologous ...19846091470
eastern equine encephalitis transmission to emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) in volusia county, florida: 1992 through 1994.from may 1992 through october 1994, sera were collected from 204 domestic emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) at a ranch in volusia county, fl, and tested for antibody evidence of arboviral infection. hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and neutralizing (nt) antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus were identified in sera collected during each year. in addition, hi and nt antibodies to st. louis encephalitis virus were detected in 3 naturally infected emus. isolations of eee virus were mad ...19968887222
epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate new york, usa. iv. distribution of culiseta (diptera: culicidae) larvae in a fresh water swamp. 19826130157
glycoproteins e2 of the venezuelan and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses contain multiple cross-reactive epitopes.enzyme immunoassay (eia) with sixty types of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was used to study cross-reactive epitopes on the attenuated and virulent strains of the eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) viruses. all three structural proteins of the eee and vee viruses were demonstrated to have both cross-reactive and specific antigenic determinants. the glycoprotein e1 of eee and vee viruses possesses three cross-reactive epitopes for binding to mabs. ...19968973533
[induction of alphavirus ts-mutations by n-methyl-n-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine added to the replicating virus].the possibility of producing ts mutants of sindbis and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus by treatment of replicating virus with n-methyl-n-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine was studied. n-methyl-n-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine added in a concentration of 20 micrograms/ml to chick fibroblast cultures infected with sindbis virus for 4 hours was shown to induce ts mutations in the virus. under similar conditions no ts mutants of eee virus could be obtained. the content of ts mutants in the mutagenized ...19846324493
impact of naled on the mosquito vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus.this letter questions the appropriateness of methodology used in a study by howard and oliver (j. am. mosq. control assoc. 13:315-325; 1988). two independent data sets, collected for different purposes by 2 different groups, were subjected to statistical analysis to determine if the data sets differed. the experimental "design," as described by the authors, is an example of pseudoreplication, which arises when replicates are collected at a scale finer than the one for which conclusions of statis ...199810084147
arthropod-borne virus infections of the central nervous system.arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are an important cause of meningoencephalitis in north america. this article considers the common features of the four major cns arbovirus infections in this country and gives detailed descriptions of the individual virus infections.19846503938
development of reverse transcription-pcr assays specific for detection of equine encephalitis viruses.specific and sensitive reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assays were developed for the detection of eastern, western, and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (eee, wee, and vee, respectively). tests for specificity included all known alphavirus species. the eee-specific rt-pcr amplified a 464-bp region of the e2 gene exclusively from 10 different eee strains from south and north america with a sensitivity of about 3,000 rna molecules. in a subsequent nested pcr, the specificity was confirmed ...200010747138
detection of anti-arboviral immunoglobulin g by using a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.monoclonal antibody (mab)-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for the detection of anti-arboviral immunoglobulin g (igg elisas) were developed for a comprehensive array of medically important arboviruses from the alphavirus, flavivirus, and bunyavirus genera. tests were optimized and standardized so that maximum homology could be maintained among working parameters for the different viral agents, enabling a wide range of viruses to be easily tested for at one time. mabs wer ...200010790108
[brain gangliosides: a possible relation between the structure and the property of producing hemagglutination inhibition of the eastern equine encephalitis virus]. 19744467219
[identification of the encephalitis equine virus, parana, brazil].in the period of 1996-1999 some virus associated with encephalitis have been reported in horses from different regions of paraná state, brazil. to identify the etiologic agent associated with this illness, mosquitoes and serum samples were collected in the endemic area.200010920444
[serological survey on arbovirus infection in residents of an ecological reserve].serological inquires conducted in the ribeira valley, s. paulo state, brazil, showed an intense circulation of pathogenic arboviruses in the region. the goal was to verify the prevalence of arboviral infections in people living at the local ecological, and its potential association with these population' individual and familiar characteristics.200010920445
comparison of two aquatic alphaviruses, salmon pancreas disease virus and sleeping disease virus, by using genome sequence analysis, monoclonal reactivity, and cross-infection.cell culture isolates of salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) of farmed atlantic salmon and sleeping disease virus (sdv) of rainbow trout were compared. excluding the poly(a) tracts, the genomic nucleotide sequences of spdv and sdv rnas include 11,919 and 11,900 nucleotides, respectively. phylogenetic analysis places spdv and sdv between the new world viruses of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus and the old world viruses of aura virus and sindbis virus. w ...200212021349
isolation of eee virus from ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and culiseta melanura in coastal south carolina.a 1-year arbovirus study was conducted at the wedge plantation located in coastal south carolina to determine the occurrence and level of arbovirus activity in mosquito species inhabiting the site. mosquito species composition and temporal abundance were also determined. a total of 45,051 mosquitoes representing 27 species in 9 genera was collected and identified during 130 trap-nights between august, 1997, and july, 1998. the most abundant species was culex salinarius (n = 20,954) followed by o ...200312674532
mosquitoes captured in a horse-baited stable trap in southeast louisiana.a mosquito study based on collections from horse-baited stable traps was conducted in 1993 and 1994 at 3 sites in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of st. tammany parish (southeastern louisiana) to determine the major horse-feeding mosquito species that could be possible bridging and epidemic vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. a total of 4,535 mosquitoes in 1993 and 23,906 in 1994 involving 26 species were collected, of which, depending on the site, culex salinarius, ...200312825665
effect of sodium monofluoroacetate on multiplication of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. 195212983405
studies on the north american arthropod-borne encephalitides. vii. estimation of amount of eastern equine encephalitis virus inoculated by infected aedes aegypti. 195413207100
antibody-mediated infection of macrophages and macrophage-like cell lines with 17d-yellow fever virus.the 17d vaccine strain of yellow fever virus (17d-yf) produces a safe human arboviral infection that can provide antisera of well-defined specificity under chronologically defined conditions. we studied 17d-yf growth in human peripheral blood macrophages and in two continuous fc receptor-bearing, macrophage-like cell lines, p388d1 of mouse origin and u937 of human origin. cells were infected with virus in the presence or absence of antibody to 17d-yf and to two related flaviviruses, st. louis en ...19817299376
eastern equine encephalomyelitis in panama: the epidemiology of the 1973 epizootic.in late june 1973, a small outbreak of equine encephalitis caused by eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus occurred in the republic of panama. at least 100 horses were affected by the disease and 40 died. more than 1,700 human sera were obtained from areas of virus activity but no serological evidence for infection was found. four isolates of eee virus were recovered, one of which was from a small pool of culex taeniopus mosquitoes. serologic studies of infected horses and classification ...19807352621
differential reactivity of immune sera from human vaccinees with field strains of eastern equine encephalitis virus.eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that can produce a severe and often fatal acute encephalitis in humans, with significant neurologic sequelae in survivors. due to the serious nature of the disease, an investigational inactivated eee vaccine (pe-6) is available to individuals at risk for infection. both serologic and recent molecular analyses of eee viruses have demonstrated marked differences between the two antigenic varieties of eee virus, designated north ...19957485719
[course of infection with the eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and development of active immunity in grown mice]. 195813625975
production of high titer eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and viral antigens in chick embryo suspension cultures. 19724551960
[immunity of white mouse to eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. ii. studies with tissue culture]. 195913648580
[a method of fluorescent immunoenzyme analysis in the complex evaluation of viral and rickettsial vaccines].with the use of the unified indirect solid-phase fluorescent enzyme immunoassay the combined evaluation of the antigenic and immunogenic properties of experimental whole-virion inactivated virus vaccines against venezuelan and eastern equine encephalomyelitides, as well as of dried chemical typhus vaccine, has been made; their safety was determined indirectly by the content of ovalbumin. the protective role of antibodies evaluated by the solid-phase fluorescent enzyme immunoassay in typhus immun ...19947514329
eastern equine encephalitis virus in the west indies and british guiana. 196113915651
experimental infection of young broiler chickens with eastern equine encephalitis virus and highlands j virus.two-week-old broiler chickens were experimentally infected with either eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus or highland j (hj) virus. mortality rates were 24/30 (80%) in eee-virus-inoculated chickens and 2/30 (7%) in hj-virus-inoculated chickens. chickens inoculated with eee virus exhibited severe depression and somnolence on days 1-6 postexposure (pe), with 17/30 birds dying during this period. after day 6 pe, eee-virus-inoculated chickens exhibited abdominal distention, depression, and grow ...19947832711
the economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis.to estimate the economic burden imposed by eastern encephalitis (ee), we identified a series of residents of eastern massachusetts who had survived ee infection and enumerated any costs that could be attributed to their experience. the records of three people who suffered only a transient episode of disease were analyzed as well as those of three who suffered severe residual sequelae. transiently affected subjects mainly required assistance for direct medical services; the average total cost per ...19957856830
the mutagenic effect of some alkylating compounds on eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. 19744846207
diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in horses by immunoglobulin m and g capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.immunoglobulin m (igm) and g (igg) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) were used as possible adjuncts to hemagglutination inhibition (hi) and virus neutralization (vn) tests to differentiate between reaction to recent exposure to eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus and those due to prior vaccination. serum samples were evaluated by the igm-capture elisa, and the results were compared with those of hi and vn tests. of 381 serum samples, 51% (195 samples) were positive by ...19948011779
a comparison of the nucleotide sequences of eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses with those of other alphaviruses and related rna viruses. 19948030217
egg-production drop in turkeys associated with alphaviruses: eastern equine encephalitis virus and highlands j virus.alphaviruses were isolated from tracheas of turkey breeders in two north carolina flocks experiencing a severe drop in egg production. highlands j virus was isolated from one of the breeder flocks, in which production decreased by as much as 72.6% in selected houses over a 48-to-96-hour period. eastern equine encephalitis virus was isolated from the second breeder flock, which experienced an egg-production drop of 44.5%. clinical signs in both flocks were similar, with inactivity and the egg-pro ...19938141750
arbovirus disease--united states, 1993.during 1993, health departments from 20 states reported 78 cases of arboviral encephalitis to cdc. of these, 55 (71%) were california encephalitis (ce). this report summarizes information about arboviral encephalitis in the united states during 1993.19948183230
mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997-2002 in a wetland in northeastern mississippi.the species composition and population dynamics of adult mosquitoes in a wetland near iuka, ms, were analyzed over a 6-yr period (1997-2002) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection rates of arboviruses determined during five of those years. blood meals of three likely vector species were identified using a pcr-based method that allows identification of the host to species. culex erraticus (dyar & knab) composed 51.9% of the population during the 6-yr period with 295 f ...200415185956
high mortality of domestic turkeys associated with highlands j virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus infections.high mortality occurred in two flocks of commercial turkey hens placed in southern north carolina in fall 1991. daily mortality peaked at 3.19% in flock 1 and 3.79% in flock 2. clinical signs included restlessness, somnolence, vocalization, and acute death. gross lesions included atrophy of the bursa of fabricius, thymus, and spleen, and watery intestinal contents. microscopic changes included moderate to marked lymphocyte necrosis and depletion in the bursa, thymus, and spleen, widely scattered ...19938395810
susceptibility parameters of aedes albopictus to per oral infection with eastern equine encephalitis virus.aedes albopictus (skuse) mosquitoes were fed on snowy egrets, egretta thula (thayer and bangs), that had been infected by subcutaneous inoculation of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus. freshly fed mosquitoes were frozen and tested to determine how much virus they had ingested. other fed mosquitoes from the same lots were incubated for 7 d at 27 degrees c before testing. seven lots of ae. albopictus fed on viremic birds. based on average amounts of virus ingested and day 7 virus infection r ...19938433331
dual host infections: enhanced infectivity of eastern equine encephalitis virus to aedes mosquitoes mediated by brugia microfilariae.when mosquitoes feed on a vertebrate host that is infected concurrently with virus and microfilariae (mf), both pathogens are ingested. if mf penetrate the mosquito midgut, a small portion of the ingested virus may disseminate directly into the mosquito hemocoel. this phenomenon, termed microfilarial enhancement of arboviral transmission, has the potential to enhance the infectivity of arboviruses to mosquitoes. we investigated whether concurrent ingestion of brugia mf and eastern equine encepha ...19968651361
early events in the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice.to elucidate the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus infections, we used histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization to track the spread and early cellular targets of viral infection in mice. young mice were inoculated with virulent eee virus in their right rear footpad and were followed in a time-course study for 4 days. virulent eee virus produced a biphasic illness characterized by an early self-limiting replication phase in peripheral tissues followed ...200515632009
host range, amplification and arboviral disease emergence.etiologic agents of arboviral diseases are primarily zoonotic pathogens that are maintained in nature in cycles involving arthropod transmission among a variety of susceptible reservoir hosts. in the simplest form of human exposure, spillover occurs from the enzootic cycle when humans enter zoonotic foci and/or enzootic amplification increases circulation near humans. examples include eastern (eeev) and western equine encephalitis viruses (weev), as well as west nile (wnv), st. louis encephaliti ...200516358422
population size, parity structure, and wing length of coquillettidia perturbans in an ohio focus of eastern equine encephalitis.adult female density, parity status, and wing length were determined weekly for a population of coquillettidia perturbans in an area enzootic for eastern equine encephalitis virus in central ohio. samples were collected in co2-baited cdc miniature light traps from the first week in june through the 2nd week of september 1992. population density indicated a single emergence peak during the 2nd week in july. however, parity rates showed 2 peaks, occurring in the first week of august (70.9% parous) ...19968723260
arbovirus titer variation in field-collected mosquitoes.patterns in the distribution of titers in arbovirus-positive mosquito pools were examined. virus isolation records from the division of vector-borne infectious diseases, centers for disease control and prevention, from 1974 through 1993 were used to estimate virus titers in field-collected pools. pools were classified as either low titer (< or = 3.0 log10 plaque-forming units [pfu]/ml) or high titer (> 3.0 log10 pfu/ml). the proportion of virus-positive pools that had high titers varied among th ...19968827588
antibodies to arthropod-borne encephalitis viruses in small mammals from southern florida.from 1987 through 1991, blood samples were collected from 10 species of small mammals in indian river country, florida (usa). sera from 1,347 animals were analyzed for hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody to st. louis encephalitis (sle) and eastern equine encephalitis (eee) viruses. of these, 75 (5.6%) were positive for hi antibody to sle virus and 121 (9.0%) were positive for eee antibody. sera from five mammalian species were tested for neutralizing (nt) antibody to sle, eee, highlands j ...19968827668
prevalence of exposure to eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in domestic and feral swine in georgia. 19968953536
clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis.eastern equine encephalitis occurs principally along the east and gulf coasts of the united states. recognition of the neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis could hasten the diagnosis of the illness and speed the response to index cases.19979197215
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