| studies on the immune response in chickens i. effect of various immunization procedures on the primary and secondary antibody responses to bovine serum albumin. | antibody response and generation of immunological memory in chickens after stimulation by bovine serum albumin (bsa) were investigated. a single intravenous injection of bsa induced a relatively high primary antibody response but failed to generate definite memory for the secondary antibody response. variation in antigen dosage and the time interval between antigen injections did not affect significantly the levels of the primary and secondary antibody responses. the immunogenicity of deaggregat ... | 1978 | 676427 |
| salmonella enteritidis in commercial layer farms in new york state; environmental survey results and significance of available monitoring tests. | seven hundred fifty-one environmental samples were collected from 76 chicken layer houses in a voluntary salmonella enteritidis (se) survey study carried out in new york state between january 15 and april 8, 1991. se was recovered from both houses on 1 farm. sampling of manure pits and mice in hen houses was useful for se screening. phage types of se from the environment, birds, and mice were identical. the rapid whole-blood test was unreliable, and culture of cloacal swabs was inadequate for de ... | 1992 | 1457543 |
| use of pilocarpine-induced alimentary secretions to measure intestinal shedding of salmonella enteritidis in chickens. | a technique has been developed that uses the parasympathomimetic drug pilocarpine to induce alimentary secretions in chickens for measuring local immune responses to salmonella enteritidis strain se6. a study was conducted to determine if these secretions could also be used to detect intestinal se6 shedding. white leghorn chickens infected with 1 x 10(9) se6 were samples weekly using cloacal swabs, and the isolation rates from these samples were compared with alimentary secretions induced by ora ... | 1992 | 1533116 |
| vaccination of chickens with chicken-derived salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 aroa live oral salmonella vaccines. | two strains of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 isolated from chickens, sela5 and se267, were virulent in balb/c mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. in 18-20-day-old chickens given 10(7) c.f.u. intravenously (i.v.), both strains caused some deaths. one-day-old chicks infected orally with 10(9) c.f.u. of either strain also suffered limited mortality. strain sela5 was the more virulent by the oral route. aroa mutants sela5 aroa and se267 aroa were reduced in i.p. virulence by up to six lo ... | 1992 | 1561832 |
| airborne infection of laying hens with salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. | hens were exposed to small-particle aerosols containing different concentrations of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. they developed a systemic infection and some birds were still excreting the organism in the faeces when killed 28 days after infection. s enteritidis was present for a similar period in a wide range of alimentary tract issues and in the ovary and oviduct. | 1992 | 1609467 |
| [chicken feed contaminated with salmonella enteritidis in a small egg-producing farm as source of a chain of infection in man--problems in tracing the mode of transmission]. | after having eaten rissoles containing eggs from a small laying flock two men fell ill with severe gastroenteritis by phage type 4 of s. enteritidis, one of them additionally with pancreatitis. in a sample of chicken feed and litter from the suspected hen-house we found the same phage type of s. enteritidis with the same virulence plasmid as in the faeces of the two patients. because of the dramatic increase of human salmonellosis and the growing numbers of cases with serious symptoms, resulting ... | 1992 | 1571623 |
| evaluation of the efficacy of an oil-emulsion bacterin for protecting chickens against salmonella enteritidis. | to assess the potential protective efficacy of a salmonella enteritidis bacterin, an acetone-killed oil-emulsion vaccine was prepared from a phage type 13a s. enteritidis strain and administered subcutaneously to hens in two experiments. hens were housed individually, and every other hen was vaccinated (at 23 weeks of age in one experiment and at 45 weeks in the other). a second (booster) bacterin injection was administered 6 weeks later in both experiments. three weeks after the second vaccinat ... | 1992 | 1485883 |
| [protection from virulent salmonella groups b and d after the peroral immunization of chicks with a hybrid of salmonella typhimurium and salmonella dublin]. | chickens over 10 days old, infected orally with virulent salmonellae, were found to remain alive. histologic investigation showed the development of mild enteritis and more pronounced, lasting for more than two weeks, inflammation of the cecum, dissemination and focal lesions in the liver (granulomas, necrosis). in experiments on the oral immunization of 3-day old chickens the bivalent hybrid of s. typhimurium vaccine strain 274 and s. dublin induced only pronounced blast transformation in lymph ... | 1992 | 1481606 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. | an elisa was developed and tested for its ability to detect antibodies against salmonella enteritidis in chickens. various features of the elisa were evaluated and optimized. the outer membrane protein antigens selected by use of the protein immunoblotting method made the assay specific and sensitive. the assay was evaluated in chickens experimentally infected with s enteritidis. blood samples collected at weekly intervals after experimental infection with s enteritidis were analyzed by elisa. r ... | 1991 | 1892261 |
| observations on the mode of bacterial infection of hens' eggs. | | 1992 | 1478483 |
| research note: automated droplet application of a competitive exclusion preparation. | an automatic dosing cabinet similar to that used for infectious bronchitis vaccination was used to treat newly hatched chicks with a commercial competitive exclusion product, broilact. randomly selected boxes of treated and untreated (control) chicks were taken to the laboratory and challenged with either salmonella infantis or salmonella enteritidis (pt4) using the seeder bird technique. three experiments were carried out with each serotype. twelve days after challenge, the ceca of the chicks a ... | 1992 | 1470597 |
| effect of induced molting on the course of infection and transmission of salmonella enteritidis in white leghorn hens of different ages. | previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown that inducing molt using a 2-wk feed removal protocol in 58- to 84-wk-old white leghorn hens increased the severity of intestinal infection by salmonella enteritidis (se). as susceptibility to infection can be influenced by age, a study was conducted to compare the effect of the feed removal on infection by se in 20-, 40-, and 74-wk-old hens. birds were orally infected with 5 to 10 x 10(6) se on day 4 of fast and were sampled for se shedding 3, ... | 1992 | 1437971 |
| prevention of colonization by salmonella enteritidis pt4 in broiler chickens. | field experiments in the netherlands and in scandinavian countries have shown that an undefined microflora originating from spf adult poultry will reduce considerably the colonization of young chicks by salmonella. a commercial product from this so-called nurmi concept, broilact, was studied for its effectiveness in preventing infection of broilers with salmonella enteritidis pt4 (s.e.). two trials were carried out, in which the birds were exposed to s.e. via 'seeder' birds placed among them. th ... | 1992 | 1419537 |
| the role of mice in the epizootiology of salmonella enteritidis infection on chicken layer farms. | a microbiological survey of 10 mice-infested poultry farms was conducted to determine the role of mice in the epizootiology of s. enteritidis infection. five of the farms were rated as clean of s. enteritidis and five as contaminated based on culture results of environmental samples for s. enteritidis. of 2103 environmental samples and 715 mice and rats tested, 5.1% and 16.2%, respectively, were culture-positive for s. enteritidis. on contaminated farms, s. enteritidis was isolated from 24.0% of ... | 1992 | 1417592 |
| microbiological and histopathological effects of an induced-molt fasting procedure on a salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. | a study was undertaken to determine if a 2-week feed-removal protocol, as is used by industry to induce a molt in aging hens, would affect the course of a salmonella enteritidis infection. white leghorn hens aged 69-84 weeks were deprived of feed to induce a molt, and on day 4 of the fast, the birds were orally infected with 5 x 10(6) s. enteritidis. s. enteritidis organisms were enumerated in the spleen on day 6 and from the alimentary tract on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. little difference was ... | 1992 | 1417591 |
| comparison of four different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serological diagnosis of salmonella enteritidis infections in experimentally infected chickens. | the program for the eradication of salmonella enteritidis from chickens in the netherlands is based on bacteriological examination of breeding flocks. there is a great need for a specific and sensitive serological screening test. for that purpose, we developed four different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas), i.e., an indirect elisa with s. enteritidis flagellin, an indirect elisa with s. enteritidis lipopolysaccharide, a double-antibody sandwich blocking elisa that uses monoclonal ant ... | 1992 | 1400954 |
| serological responses of chickens experimentally infected with salmonella enteritidis pt4 by different routes. | commercially reared chickens were challenged with salmonella enteritidis phage-type (pt) 4 by aerosol, or via the conjunctiva. inhalation of 2.9 x 10(2) or 4.2 x 10(3) s. enteritidis resulted in the production of igg antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of s. enteritidis pt4. when the aerosol inoculum was increased to 2.4 x 10(5) bacteria per bird the antibody produced were predominantly of the igm-class. chickens challenged with 10(3) s. enteritidis pt4 via the conjunctiva mounted only a ... | 1992 | 1397118 |
| serum, disc and egg elisa for the serodiagnosis of salmonella gallinarum and s. enteritidis infections in chickens. | an elisa was evaluated for the serodiagnosis of fowl typhoid and paratyphoid due to salmonella enteritidis in chickens. the hot phenol: water lipopolysaccharide (lps) extract of salmonella was used as the antigen. chicken serum, eggs and discs impregnated with chicken blood were tested for the presence of antibodies against salmonella factor 'o' 9 antigen. the substrate and chromogen used were hydrogen peroxide and orthophenylenediamine respectively. serological results from the experimentally a ... | 1992 | 1381107 |
| macrophage antimicrobial functions in a chicken mhc chromosome dosage model. | macrophages respond to certain inflammatory signals with a marked increase in respiratory burst and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates; these metabolites play an essential role in the destruction of invading microorganisms. in this study, macrophage antibacterial inflammatory responses were compared among chickens having two (disomic), three (trisomic), or four (tetrasomic) copies of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-encoding microchromosome (b15 haplotype). phorbol myrista ... | 1992 | 1326019 |
| effect of sample selection from experimentally contaminated hatching eggs and freshly hatched chicks on salmonella enteritidis detection rate. | the conventional culture methods of hatching eggs using shell and/or egg contents for detection of salmonella organisms give mostly unsatisfactory results. the aim of the present study is to evaluate selection of other samples and techniques of culturing hatching eggs and freshly hatched chicks. this current study provides the best evidence of salmonella enteritidis in artificially contaminated eggs (layer type) by using enrichment broth in empty egg shell samples in comparison to culturing samp ... | 1992 | 1289043 |
| [study of salmonella cultures. iv. immunogenicity of salmonella resistant to antibiotics]. | three avirulent and 5 slightly virulent for birds mutants of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella braenderup, resistant to streptomycin (s), chlorteracyclin (ct), and chloramphenicol (ch) were used in the production of live vaccines. the latter were tested for immunogenicity on albino mice and birds. on the eighth and 15th day following vaccination the protein fractions in the blood serum of the birds were followed up through electrophoresis on agar gel, while the agglutinin titer was determine ... | 1975 | 1108410 |
| evaluation of several methods of detecting salmonellae in groups of chickens. | chickens exposed experimentally to salmonella agona, s. blockley, s. enteritidis, s. infantis, and s. typhimurium were tested serologically by microagglutination and microantiglobulin procedures and culturally by cloacal swabs and environmental samples. chicks infected at one day old yielded the highest level of positive cloacal swab cultures, whereas exposure of older birds gave maximal serologic titers. recovery of salmonella from environmental samples is dependent on a number of factors, incl ... | 1979 | 384988 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella isolates from the broiler chicken industry in ontario. | antibacterial drug resistance among 219 salmonella isolates recovered during 1974 from poultry and poultry environments at the various production stages of broiler chickens in three integrated ontario companies are recorded. all isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole complex, furazolidone, cephaloridine and amoxicillin. a relative increase in resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin with an accompanying decrease in resistance to triple sulfa compound was recor ... | 1977 | 318909 |
| an agar gel enzyme assay (agea) for simple detection of salmonella enteritidis antibodies in chicken sera. | an agar gel enzyme assay (agea) was developed for the detection of antibodies to salmonella enteritidis (se). the assay was based on the ability of antibodies to diffuse through an agar gel and react with antigen coated on a polystyrene surface. the antigen-antibody reaction was then made visible by applying an enzyme-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin and the addition, subsequently, of a substrate-containing gel. the color change in circular zones was taken as the indication for the presence of ant ... | 1991 | 1832368 |
| [the role of day-old chicks in the transmission of salmonella enteritidis]. | the epidemiological analysis of an outbreak of salmonellosis, registered in may 1988 on the territory of two regions of the karelian assr and covering 10 villages, was carried out. altogether 112 persons were affected. one-day old chickens sold to the population by the local poultry plant were the source of infection which was transmitted through everyday contacts: those persons who had direct contact with chickens were affected. s. enteritidis with similar biological characteristics were isolat ... | 1991 | 1832259 |
| development and application of an elisa for detecting antibodies to salmonella enteritidis in chicken flocks. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) were developed for the detection of igg antibody to salmonella enteritidis in poultry flocks. a lipopolysaccharide (lps) and heat-extracted (he) antigen for use in the elisa were evaluated together with the rapid slide test (rst), microagglutination test (mt) and the microantiglobulin (mag) test. in experimentally infected specific pathogen free chickens, good correlation was seen between all tests although, generally, the mt and mag detected antibody ... | 1991 | 1826801 |
| fate of unirradiated salmonella in irradiated mechanically deboned chicken meat. | mechanically deboned chicken meat was irradiated at 0, 1.25 and 2.50 kgy (cesium 137) and inoculated with salmonella dublin atcc 15480, salmonella enteritidis atcc 9186 or salmonella typhimurium atcc 14028. samples were then stored at 5 degrees c and 10 degrees c and were subjected to microbiological analysis directly after irradiation and inoculation (time 0), and after 24, 72, 120, 168 and 216 h of storage. samples stored at 20 degrees c were examined at time 0 and after 6, 12 and 24 h of stor ... | 1991 | 1790108 |
| molecular characterization of salmonella enteritidis isolates from maine poultry and poultry farm environments. | eighty-six salmonella enteritidis isolates obtained during a surveillance program of poultry farms in maine were subjected to phage-typing, plasmid profiling and fingerprinting, outer-membrane polypeptide analysis, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. isolates were obtained from a variety of sources, including poultry-farm environmental samples, chicken organ samples, human stool samples, cat feces, and live-trapped rats and mice. these isolates were compared with 21 s. enteritidis isolates or ... | 1992 | 1627105 |
| prevalence of salmonella enteritidis in spent hens. | as part of a usda/aphis study on the prevalence of salmonella enteritidis in spent laying hens, 3700 pooled cecal samples were cultured for salmonella. samples were received from a single processing plant and represented 81 commercial egg-type layer flocks from nine southern states. salmonella were isolated from 2418 of the 3700 (65.4%) cecal pools, but only six isolates were serotype enteritidis. s. enteritidis was isolated from three flocks from two states but was detected in only six of 140 s ... | 1992 | 1627097 |
| a disc elisa for the detection of salmonella group d antibodies in poultry. | an elisa using lipopolysaccharide antigens prepared from salmonella gallinarum and s enteritidis was developed for the serological diagnosis of fowl typhoid and s enteritidis infection in poultry. there was good agreement between the results of the elisa and conventional serological tests when samples from naturally infected birds and s enteritidis immunised birds were tested. some cross reactions were observed when serum samples from s typhimurium infected birds were tested by elisa. subsequent ... | 1992 | 1620974 |
| egg-related salmonellosis stimulates responses. | | 1989 | 2647691 |
| experimental salmonella enteritidis infection in chicks. | | 1989 | 2648671 |
| [prevention of salmonella infections in laying hens by vaccination]. | after multiple infections with s. enteritidis in humans and demonstration of s. enteritidis in egg products, s. enteritidis (lysotype 6, plasmid profile 40) could be isolated from organs of hens, anal swab tests of chicken, liquid manure, egg shells and non pasteurized egg contents. because of the largeness of the hen farm prophylactic vaccinations seemed to be advisable additionally to improvement of the management and hygiene. a vaccine registered in 1987 for use in pigeons and water fowl "zoo ... | 1992 | 1575674 |
| [salmonella enteritidis in chicken eggs]. | after an outbreak caused by salmonella enteritidis (se) of which home-made mayonnaise and remoulade sauce were found to be the cause, se was detected in ten of the remaining eggs. subsequently 409 eggs of the next shipment from the same outlet were examined bacteriologically. of 70 of the eggs examined, se was found in 5 egg yolk samples and in 3 egg white samples as well as in 2 of 7 pooled shell samples. five out of 35 pooled whole egg samples comprising a total of 349 eggs were likewise posit ... | 1991 | 1872792 |
| egg transmission after infection of hens with salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. | | 1989 | 2692277 |
| effect of time and temperature on growth of salmonella enteritidis in experimentally inoculated eggs. | influence of time and temperature on salmonella enteritidis multiplication in experimentally injected eggs was examined. there was an increase in the number of s. enteritidis with the increase in temperature of egg storage. there was less increase of s. enteritidis in eggs stored at 4 degrees c than in eggs held at temperatures higher than 4 degrees c (p less than 0.05). these results suggest a possible method for monitoring commercial eggs for the presence of s. enteritidis. it was concluded th ... | 1989 | 2695050 |
| the prevalence of salmonella enteritidis and other salmonella sp. among canadian registered commercial chicken broiler flocks. | a nation-wide survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellas among canadian commercial broiler flocks. environmental (litter and/or water) samples from 226 of 294 (76.9%) randomly selected flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. litter samples were more often contaminated with salmonellas than water samples (47.4 v. 12.3%). fifty different salmonella serovars were isolated. the most prevalent serovars were s. hadar, s. infantis, and s. schwarze ... | 1991 | 1879484 |
| salmonella enteritidis in poultry. | | 1988 | 3061150 |
| the use of plasmid profiles and nucleic acid probes in epidemiologic investigations of foodborne, diarrheal diseases. | the application of nucleic acid analyses to investigations of infectious disease outbreaks has resulted in useful molecular strain markers that distinguish the epidemic clone of a particular pathogen and help identify specific vehicles of infection. we have successfully used plasmid profile analysis, restriction endonuclease digestion of plasmid and whole-cell dnas, and nucleic acid hybridization to investigate recent outbreaks of foodborne diarrheal illness. plasmid analysis has been important ... | 1991 | 2018708 |
| the prevalence of salmonella enteritidis and other salmonella spp. among canadian registered commercial layer flocks. | a survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellas among canadian commercial egg producing flocks. environmental (faecal and eggbelt) samples from 152 of 295 (52.9%) randomly selected flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. thirty-five different salmonella serovars were isolated. eggbelt samples were more often contaminated with salmonellas than faecal samples (25.7 v. 10.1%). the most prevalent serovars were s. heidelberg, s. infantis, s. hadar, ... | 1991 | 2019297 |
| studies on the serological and immunological response of chickens to endotoxin and endotoxoid. | chicks two, three and four weeks of age respond well serologically to endotoxin given intravenously, with the older chicks giving a better response. the induced immunity against live organism challenge produced by homologous endotoxin from escherichia coli or salmonella typhimurium is specific between these two organisms, however, cross-immunity occurs between e. coli 045 and e. coli 0109 and between salmonella enteritidis and s. typhimcrium and further, endotoxins from different organisms may b ... | 1972 | 4259932 |
| experimental salmonellosis in the chicken. 2. fate of a temperature-sensitive filamentous mutant. | | 1974 | 4597564 |
| control of salmonella enteritidis infections in poultry by polymyxin b and trimethoprim. | antimicrobial compounds were screened in vitro in trypticase soy broth for antimicrobial activity against a virulent strain of salmonella enteritidis. of the several compounds tested, polymyxin b showed the strongest inhibition in vitro, preventing growth at a concentration of less than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml. polymyxin b administered in the drinking water was effective in vivo for preventing infections in 1-day-old chickens but did not remove established infections in 1-week-old chickens. ... | 1991 | 2039233 |
| salmonella contamination of poultry flocks in the netherlands. | the contamination of poultry in the netherlands with salmonella enteritidis was tested. for this, different methods (detection of s. enteritidis in faecal samples of 25 g; detection of s. enteritidis in cloacal swabs; detection of s. enteritidis by serological testing of antibodies in serum) were compared for their efficiency to detect s. enteritidis in flocks of poultry. testing of faecal samples clearly yielded the best results. this method was used in a transmission study, in which 14 flocks ... | 1991 | 2021053 |
| salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis transmitted by intact chicken eggs. | to determine the source and to describe the clinical importance of a large outbreak of salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis in tennessee, which is outside the geographic focus of the s. enteritidis pandemic. | 1991 | 2058873 |
| comparison of the antigenicity of phenol and ethylenediaminetetraacetate complexes isolated from cell walls of salmonella enteritidis. | cell walls of salmonella enteritidis were extracted with phenol and with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (edta). phenol extracts were consistently more antigenic in chickens than edta extracts. differences in the action of edta and phenol upon bacterial cell walls were demonstrated by the use of radioisotopes. | 1972 | 4623283 |
| vaccination of chickens with a salmonella enteritidis aroa live oral salmonella vaccine. | a mouse-virulent strain of salmonella enteritidis, se795 (ld50 less than 10 organisms for mice), was non-virulent for 12-day-old chickens given 10(6) cfu intravenously; the organisms were cleared from liver and spleen by day 14 as measured by direct plating and by day 21 by enrichment. an se795aroa mutant, cu58, was also cleared from liver and spleen by day 14 after intravenous inoculation of 10(7) cfu. day-old chicks vaccinated orally with either one dose of 10(9) cu58 at 1 day of age, 10(7) at ... | 1990 | 2097493 |
| serological analysis of chicken flocks for antibodies to salmonella enteritidis. | | 1990 | 2099766 |
| vaccination of chickens with aroa and other mutants of salmonella typhimurium and s. enteritidis. | | 1990 | 2101474 |
| laboratory assessment of protection given by an experimental salmonella enteritidis pt4 inactivated, adjuvant vaccine. | an experimental inactivated salmonella enteritidis pt4 vaccine, containing 10(11) cfu/ml and 50 per cent oil adjuvant, was used in laboratory vaccination trials in chickens. a single subcutaneous vaccination at three weeks or two vaccinations at three and six weeks old provided good protection against challenge with 10(9) cfu or 10(8) cfu of virulent organisms administered intramuscularly or intravenously at five and eight weeks old, respectively. the degree of protection was assessed according ... | 1990 | 2151002 |
| detection of salmonella. | | 1990 | 2180197 |
| s enteritidis infection in pheasants. | | 1990 | 2180198 |
| nitrofurantoin resistance in isolates of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from poultry and humans. | all 38 isolates of salmonella enteritidis phage type (pt) 4 from chickens and 86 of 89 isolates from human patients were resistant to nitrofurantoin. resistance to other agents was rare. thirteen of 16 isolates of s. enteritidis other than pt4 were nitrofurantoin-resistant, and resistance to other agents was slightly more common than with isolates of pt4. only one third of 83 isolates of other salmonella serotypes were nitrofurantoin-resistant, but resistance to other agents was more common and ... | 1990 | 2184161 |
| evaluation of the chicken crop as a source of salmonella contamination for broiler carcasses. | much previously published research has focused on the role of cecal and intestinal salmonella contamination of poultry carcasses within commercial processing plants. presently, we have evaluated the persistence of experimentally inoculated salmonella enteritidis in the crops and ceca of commercial broiler chickens during the last week of growth (weeks 6 to 7) and the presence of crop and cecal salmonella in 7-wk-old broilers in a commercial processing plant. when broilers were inoculated with 1 ... | 1995 | 7501601 |
| the invasiveness of different strains of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 for young chickens. | five strains of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (pt4) isolated in 1978, 1984 and 1988 were examined for their ability to colonise the caecum and invade the liver of day-old chickens. all strains were capable of caecal colonisation and there were no differences in their colonisation ability in this respect. in contrast there was a gradation in the ability of strains to invade the liver, with strains isolated in 1988 proving the most invasive. absence of a 38 megadalton (md) plasmid, which has ... | 1990 | 2227356 |
| serological tests for salmonella enteritidis in chickens. | | 1990 | 2405574 |
| salmonella enteritidis: the egg and i. | the world-wide clinical incidence of salmonella enteritidis has increased markedly. the increase is associated with the enhanced ability of the bacterium to systemically colonise layer chickens. subsequent contamination and consumption of intact shell eggs from colonised layer hens, either directly or in foods containing raw or lightly cooked eggs, causes human disease. despite investigation, no change in the biology of the bacterium has been correlated with increased colonisation in chickens. t ... | 1995 | 7611983 |
| serological response of chickens to salmonella enteritidis infection. | fifty-eight sera, from 29 chickens originating from two layer flocks known to be naturally infected with salmonella enteritidis phage type (pt) 4, were examined for antibodies to s. enteritidis. using the techniques of immunoblotting and elisa, antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of s. enteritidis were detected in 43 of 58 sera. antibodies were of the igg class and bound to the s. enteritidis lps antigen o = 12. bacterial agglutination reactions using whole-cell preparations of s. enterit ... | 1990 | 2407544 |
| serological tests for salmonella enteritidis in chickens. | | 1990 | 2408224 |
| case-control study of infections with salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in england. | to determine the source of indigenous sporadic infection with salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. | 1989 | 2508916 |
| survival and growth of food poisoning bacteria following inoculation into cottage cheese varieties. | following inoculation into cottage cheese varieties with and without sorbic acid, obtained directly from the manufacturer, strains of enteropathogenic escherichia coli and other e. coli survived but failed to multiply during storage at 7, 10 or 25 degrees c. in the absence of sorbic acid spoilage due to pseudomonas fluorescens occurred after storage for 5-13 days at 7 or 10 degrees c and 1-2 days at 25 degrees c. salmonella enteritidis, s. hadar, s. saint-paul, s. typhimurium and s. virchow surv ... | 1989 | 2518228 |
| salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection of broiler chickens: a hazard to public health. | the pericardial fluids and contents of caeca and spleens from 81 broiler chickens that had been condemmed at processing factories because of macroscopic pericarditis were examined for salmonella species. 47 (58%) of these chickens yielded s enteritidis phage type (pt) 4. viable counts of the organism in fluids from 6 of the most severely affected hearts ranged from 10(4) to 10(7) colony-forming units/ml. s enteridis pt4 was also isolated from 8 of 20 fresh chilled chickens on retail sale. no oth ... | 1989 | 2569611 |
| [salmonella enteritidis and the chicken egg; a 'new' cause of salmonellosis in man]. | | 1989 | 2685616 |
| comparison of the salmonella-tek elisa to culture methods for detection of salmonella enteritidis in litter and cloacal swabs of poultry. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using the salmonella-tek elisa test system, was compared with bacteriological isolation for detection of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in litter and cloacal swabs of poultry. before elisa, samples were enriched in tetrathionate broth for 18-24 h or in tetrathionate broth (18-24 h), followed by m-broth/novobiocine (4-6 h). the bacteriological isolation procedure included incubation in buffered peptone water and inoculation on modified semisolid ... | 1994 | 7701866 |
| serological and bacteriological investigations of chickens from flocks naturally infected with salmonella enteritidis. | groups of 10 birds were obtained from four flocks which had shown evidence of natural salmonella infection. s enteritidis had been isolated from three flocks and s typhimurium from the fourth. each bird was housed in a separate cage and blood samples and cloacal swabs were taken weekly to follow the course of natural infection. after four weeks the birds were killed and examined post mortem. the isolation of salmonella species could not be related to the serological results. in individual birds ... | 1989 | 2690455 |
| salmonella enteritidis phage type 4: chicken and egg. | | 1988 | 2901572 |
| salmonella enteritidis infection in broiler chickens. | | 1988 | 3289255 |
| phage types and epidemiological significance of salmonella enteritidis strains in hungary between 1976 and 1983. | in hungary, 14 819 human salmonella enteritidis strains were isolated between 1976 and 1983. phage type was determined of 10 132 human strains originating from 6852 foci, and of 711 strains isolated from animals and water in this period. the human strains were typable in 99.4% and they belonged into 21 phage types. five phage types (1, 4, 7, 16 and 17) were more frequent than 1%. phage type 7 predominated among the strains isolated between 1976 and 1980, including 65.6%-89.3% of the strains. the ... | 1985 | 3915176 |
| bacteria persistence in animal tissues. | | 1974 | 4598283 |
| [study of salmonella cultures. iii. the variability and virulence of salmonella resistant to antibiotics]. | | 1973 | 4607855 |
| cultivation of samples of hatcher chick fluff, floor litter and feces for the detection of salmonella infection in chicken flocks. | | 1971 | 4947605 |
| studies on the immune response in chickens. iv. generation of hapten-specific memory and absence of increase in carrier-specific helper memory in antibody response to sheep red blood cell antigen and its hapten-conjugate. | the role of carrier recognition in the hapten-specific antibody response of chickens to hapten (tnp) conjugate of sheep red blood cells (srbc) was studied. the anti-tnp antibody response to the challenge with either tnp-srbc or dnp conjugate of salmonella enteritidis (dnp-sal) of chickens previously primed with tnp-srbc was definitely higher than that of unprimed chickens. injection of tnp-chicken red blood cells, which did not provoke any significant primary anti-tnp response, also induced the ... | 1983 | 6220933 |
| intestinal carriage of campylobacter jejuni and salmonella by chicken flocks at slaughter. | campylobacter jejuni were isolated in large numbers from the majority of birds sampled in colonic swabs from 28 of 60 flocks at slaughter. by contrast only small numbers of birds from 11 of the same 60 flocks yielded salmonella enteritidis serotypes. three c. jejuni isolates from each flock were serotyped on the basis of their heat-stable antigens, using antisera prepared against 16 serotypes common in campylobacter diarrhea in man. the majority (72 of 83) of the chicken isolates could be seroty ... | 1984 | 6383579 |
| antimicrobic effects of lactobacillus fermentation on edible waste material contaminated with infected carcasses. | survival of newcastle disease virus (ndv) and salmonella enteritidis serovar typhimurium (introduced as infected carcasses) in lactobacillus-fermented edible waste material was studied to determine the ability of the fermentation to activate disease agents in carcasses. two trials were conducted. in the 1st trial, the fermented wastes contained 20% infected carcasses (protein) consisting of equal numbers of chicken (ndv) and rat (salmonella) carcasses, and the 2nd trial contained 40% carcasses ( ... | 1984 | 6441490 |
| gastrointestinal colonization by salmonellae and pathogenic escherichia coli in monoxenic and holoxenic chicks and poults. | chicks monocolonized by either salmonellae or pathogenic strains of escherichia coli had persistent and undiminished colonization of all levels of the gastrointestinal tract and frequently had bacteremia during test periods ranging to 35 days. poults monocolonized by salmonellae or arizona hinshawii 7:"1,7,8 developed a similar pattern of colonization. conventionally reared chicks and poults had rather variable colonization by these pathogens, and it was most persistent in the ceca. groups treat ... | 1982 | 6756370 |
| salmonella exclusion in broiler chicks by the competitive action of adult gut microflora. | a series of experiments was carried out to investigate the efficacy of the competitive exclusion technique in the control of salmonella in broiler chicks. anaerobic overnight culture obtained using 10(-3) g ml-1 caecal material in vl-broth medium provided total exclusion of a moderate s. enteritidis challenge (1.2 x 10(2) cells/chick). increasing the challenge level resulted in less protection, but significant protection occurred at an excessive s. enteritidis challenge level of 1.5 x 10(6) cell ... | 1995 | 7476569 |
| detection of salmonella enteritidis in eggs and chicken with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | an elisa previously developed for the rapid detection of salmonella enteritidis (se) in environmental samples was modified and applied to food samples. a sandwich elisa was designed that employs affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibodies for the capture stage and highly specific monoclonal antibodies for the detection stage. thirty-nine species of bacteria other than se, including 32 salmonella species, were included in cross-reactivity testing with elisa. results showed no reactivity with a ... | 1995 | 7479499 |
| pathogenesis of salmonella enteritidis infection in laying chickens. i. studies on egg transmission, clinical signs, fecal shedding, and serologic responses. | laying hens were inoculated orally, intracloacally (ic), or intravenously (iv) with salmonella enteritidis phage type 8 isolates from a human (e700-87) eggs (y-8p2), or the ovary of a hen (27a). oral or iv inoculation of 2 x 10(8) to 4 x 10(8) colony-forming units (cfu) of e700-87 caused depression, anorexia, reduced egg production, diarrhea, and some mortality. lower doses resulted in milder clinical signs. s. enteritidis was cultured from the shells of a few eggs but not from egg contents. fec ... | 1990 | 2241680 |
| isolation of salmonella enteritidis from internal organs of experimentally infected hens. | tissues from experimentally infected hens were examined for the presence of salmonella enteritidis (se). se was recovered from internal organs of both orally inoculated hens and hens infected by horizontal contact transmission. se was isolated from 58% of the ceca, 51% of the livers, 47% of the spleens, 17% of the ovaries, and 17% of the oviducts of hens sampled during the first 5 weeks after exposure. se was recovered at a low frequency from all internal organs sampled for as long as 22 weeks a ... | 1990 | 2282024 |
| prevalence of salmonella in chicken carcasses in portugal. | during 1986-87 57% of 300 chicken carcasses yielded salmonellas where tested by a swabbing method. serotypes isolated were salmonella enteritidis (66%), salm. agona (12%), salm. newport (6%), salm. saintpaul (6%), salm. derby (4%), salm. typhimurium (3%), salm. bardo (1%), salm. ohio (1%) and untypable (2%). the results are compared with those of avian and human salmonellosis registered in portugal during the same period. | 1990 | 2292513 |
| control of salmonella enteritidis in sweden. | the swedish control of salmonella, with special reference to salmonella enteritidis, in poultry is described. the control is directed at all serotypes of salmonella and imported grandparent chickens are controlled, which is considered to be the main reason why sweden so far is not found to be involved in the worldwide spread of different phagetypes of s. enteritidis. however, this spread has initiated a more stringent control of salmonella in layers as earlier existed in broilers. since 1990, 90 ... | 1995 | 7654509 |
| [the biological properties of salmonella enteritidis strains isolated from different sources in the period of 1969-1989]. | the study of s. enteritidis cultures of different origin, isolated at the period of 1969-1989, revealed that almost all strains isolated in 1988-1989 belonged to phagovar 1 and carried a plasmid with a molecular weight of 36 md, while of the cultures isolated in 1969-1984 only one belonged to phagovar 1 and had a plasmid of 36 md. all s. enteritidis strains under study, irrespective of their origin and time of isolation, were highly virulent for mice, experimentally infected by different routes. ... | 1995 | 7660705 |
| invasiveness and persistence of salmonella enteritidis, salmonella typhimurium, and a genetically defined s. enteritidis aroa strain in young chickens. | newly hatched chicks were dosed orally with a salmonella typhimurium wild-type strain, an s. enteritidis wild-type strain, and a genetically defined s. enteritidis aroa vaccine candidate, strain cvl30. the s. typhimurium strain, 2391 nalr, was virulent in newly hatched chicks and caused deaths in 7 of 20 chicks after an oral dose of 10(5) organisms. the s. enteritidis wild-type strain, la5, caused death in 1 of 25 chicks and gross pathology including pericarditis and perihepatitis in 6 of the 24 ... | 1994 | 7927749 |
| horizontal transmission of salmonella enteritidis in molted and unmolted laying chickens. | the impact of induced molting on the horizontal transmission of s. enteritidis was studied. in expt. 1, every other hen in rows of either molted or unmolted hens was infected with s. enteritidis (1 x 10(6) bacteria/hen). s. enteritidis was transmitted more rapidly to the unchallenged hens in the adjacent cages of molted hens than in unmolted hens, and these molted hens shed significantly more of the organism than unmolted hens. in expts. 2 and 3, the center hen in two rows each of 11 molted and ... | 1995 | 7677644 |
| synergism of lactate and succinate as metabolites utilized by veillonella to inhibit the growth of salmonella typhimurium and salmonella enteritidis in vitro. | the inhibition of salmonellae growth by a veillonella bacterium isolated from the cecal contents of adult chickens was examined. the veillonella isolate was grown on an agar medium supplemented with 175 mumol of lactate or succinate/ml. either 0, 100, 125, 150, or 175 mumol of succinate/ml was added to the lactate medium; either 0, 100, 125, 150, or 175 mumol of lactate/ml was added to the succinate medium; and the ph of all media was adjusted to 6.0. agar overlays of veillonella cultures grown ... | 1995 | 7677651 |
| effect of mating activity on the ability of salmonella enteritidis to persist in the ovary and oviduct of chickens. | experiments were undertaken to determine whether female leghorn chickens that had been mated had a lower incidence of salmonellae colonization in the ovary, oviduct, internal organs, and eggs than did unmated birds from the same flock when both were inseminated with salmonella enteritidis-contaminated semen. eggs were sampled at approximate 3-day intervals, and fecal samples were taken at 24 hours and 7 days after insemination. fourteen days following insemination, hens were euthanatized and the ... | 1995 | 7677653 |
| detection of two smooth colony phenotypes in a salmonella enteritidis isolate which vary in their ability to contaminate eggs. | salmonella enteritidis isolates were obtained from eggs after infection of leghorn hens with a parent isolate (se6) known to only infrequently contaminate eggs. isolates from eggs exhibited two phenotypes that were subtly different. one phenotype was typically smooth, while the other was transiently rough. both sets of isolates were phage type 13a and positive for d1 epitopes. immunoblot analysis of entire colonies and gas chromatographic analysis of purified lipopolysaccharide revealed that the ... | 1993 | 7692818 |
| gross and microscopic lesions in young chickens experimentally infected with salmonella enteritidis. | one-day-old and 7-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were orally infected with a field isolate of salmonella enteritidis phage type 13a. chickens were sequentially euthanatized at various intervals until 42 days of age, and selected tissues were collected for microscopic evaluation. eleven of 53 chickens (21%) infected at 1 day of age and 2 of 28 chickens (7%) infected at 7 days of age died. gross and microscopic lesions were more frequent and severe in chickens infected at 1 day of age and ... | 1994 | 7702516 |
| growth and penetration of salmonella enteritidis, salmonella heidelberg and salmonella typhimurium in eggs. | eggs and egg dishes are important vehicles for salmonella infections. salmonella enteritidis, salmonella typhimurium and salmonella heidelberg, which can be isolated from chicken ovaries and feces, have been implicated in approximately 50% of the foodborne salmonellosis outbreaks in the united states. in this study, the growth of these three organisms, inoculated into yolks and albumen, was compared at 4, 10 and 25 degrees c. regardless of whether 10(2) cfu/g or 10(4) cfu/g was inoculated into t ... | 1995 | 7710915 |
| comparison of resistance of various poultry lines to infection by salmonella enteritidis. | a study was undertaken to determine the susceptibility or resistance of 9 outbred experimental or commercial poultry lines to salmonella enteritidis pt4. young chicks were inoculated either intramuscularly or orally just after hatching. after intramuscular challenge the lines could be divided into susceptible lines (ld 50% < or = 10(2) salmonella per animal), intermediate lines (ld 50% about 10(4) salmonella) and resistant lines (ld 50% > 10(5) salmonella). the results obtained after oral challe ... | 1995 | 7735307 |
| plasmid profiles and resistance to antimicrobial agents among salmonella enteritidis isolates from human beings and poultry in the midwestern united states. | in the study reported here, 121 salmonella enteritidis isolates from human beings and 467 isolates from nonhuman sources were analyzed for plasmid pattern and susceptibility to a panel of antimicrobial agents commonly used as biologic markers. a significant (p < 0.05) number of isolates from nonhuman sources were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and tetracycline. resistance to aminoglycosides, quinolones, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was uncommon. of the 588 isolates, 445 (76%) were res ... | 1995 | 7775246 |
| salmonella enteritidis colonization of the reproductive tract and forming and freshly laid eggs of chickens. | salmonella enteritidis colonizes the tissues of the chicken ovary and oviduct, presumably contaminating eggs and thereby contributing to human outbreaks of salmonellosis. in this study, commercial adult laying hens were given an oral inoculation of 10(8) s. enteritidis organisms. tissues from various organs, the intestines, and the reproductive tract, including freshly laid eggs, were collected daily for up to 40 days postinoculation (p.i.). within 2 days p.i. s. enteritidis was detected by cult ... | 1995 | 7790055 |
| subdivision of salmonella enteritidis pt 4 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: potential for epidemiological surveillance. | using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), nine profile types were identified in xbai digests of a panel of strains of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (pt 4) isolated in england and wales between 1967 and 1992. when applied to 39 isolates from humans, chickens, poultry products and feed, strains belonging to pulsed-field profile (pfp) 1 predominated. dna-dna hybridization studies demonstrated that a band of approximately 57 kb was associated with the presence of the 38 mda s. enteritidis ... | 1994 | 8039660 |
| observations on disinfection regimens used on salmonella enteritidis infected poultry units. | studies carried out at the laboratory and in the field identified many potential problems during disinfection of poultry units naturally contaminated with salmonella enteritidis. there appeared to be variations in the efficiency of commonly used disinfectants within a disinfectant group when used in a contaminated house. it was possible for salmonella and other coliforms to be amplified during the pressure washing or steam cleaning process. if an effective terminal disinfectant was not used afte ... | 1995 | 7792235 |
| response to salmonella enteritidis infection by the immunocompromised avian host. | to develop knowledge of the avian immune response and improve the ability of chickens to resist infection by salmonella enteritidis (se), the role of the different components of the immune response against se infection was examined. birds were given treatments with cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine a, or testosterone propionate to induce immunological deficiency, and experiments were performed to determine the effects of each on the immune response. each treatment reduced hatch rate, survival rate, ... | 1995 | 7792237 |
| comparison of prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines against salmonella enteritidis organ invasion in neonatal leghorn chicks. | investigations in our laboratories have indicated that when salmonella enteritidis (se)-immune lymphokines--supernatants from concanavalin-a-stimulated t cells derived from se-immune adult chickens--were administered intraperitoneally to 1-day-old chicks before se challenge, they conferred protection against se organ invasion within 24 hr. this resistance mediated by se-immune lymphokines was associated with a concomitant increase in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes that peaked 4 hr ... | 1995 | 7794186 |
| microbiological analysis of the early salmonella enteritidis infection in molted and unmolted hens. | a study was conducted in which the early kinetics (4 hr to 96 hr) of an infection by salmonella enteritidis in older white leghorn hens was examined, and a molt was induced through withholding feed to determine its effect on the progression of this infection. molted and unmolted hens were orally infected with 5-10 x 10(6) s. enteritidis on day 4 of the feed removal. at 4, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr postinfection, liver, spleen, ileum, colon, cecum, and feces were removed from six hens per group and s ... | 1995 | 7794191 |
| [tetracycline-resistant plasmid of salmonella enteritidis isolated in kumamoto city]. | we isolated salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis serovar. enteritidis (s. enteritidis) from a mass of cases which broke out in september, 1991 in kumamoto city. the isolates were shown to hold plasmids on which a tetracycline (tc)-resistant gene was located. the plasmid, about 9 kb in size, was capable of expressing the gene in escherichia coli, unstable in s. enteritidis and escherichia coli. thus in order to investigate the creeping prevalence of the tc-resistant plasmid in kumamoto cit ... | 1994 | 7829903 |
| in vivo activation of heterophil function in chickens following injection with salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines. | we have previously shown that increased resistance to salmonella enteritidis organ infectivity in day-old chicks was conferred by the immunoprophylactic administration of s. enteritidis-immune lymphokines (ilk). this resistance was associated with a significant increase in the number of circulating heterophils 4 h after ilk injection. the objective of the present study was to evaluate heterophil function following the administration of ilk in day-old chicks. significant increases (p < 0.001) in ... | 1995 | 7829972 |
| [presentation of salmonellosis in the tandil district, argentina]. | from january 1990 to july 1992 a prospective study on the salmonellosis form of presentation, reservoirs and transmission in tandil was carried out. forty strains of salmonella enterica were isolated with the following distribution: 28 humans (17 children and 11 adults), 6 in foods (1 in raw milk, 3 in well water, 1 in home made mayonnaise and 1 in chicken salad) and 6 in animals (1 in cow, 2 in chicken and 2 in calves). salmonella enteritidis was the most frequent isolate. disease was evident o ... | 1994 | 7838978 |