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serological survey for bovine bacterial and viral pathogens in captive arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx pallas, 1776).tests for antibodies to bovine bacterial and viral pathogens were conducted on 239 sera from 128 arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) from seven locations (taif, riyadh and mahazat as said, saudi arabia; san diego, united states of america [usa]; shaumari, jordan; qatar; and bahrain). no antibodies to pasteurella multocida type e or epizootic haemorrhagic disease 1 virus were found. antibodies to brucella abortus, p. multocida type b, p. multocida type d, lumpy skin disease virus and akabane virus were ...19921305861
elisa test for the serodiagnosis of akabane virus infection in cattle.a simple elisa test has been developed for the detection of igg and igm antibodies to akabane virus in bovine serum. the test is specific and its sensitivity higher than the serum neutralisation assay. detection of igm antibodies can serve as a rapid method of diagnosing primary infection with akabane virus. the superiority of elisa resides mainly in the rapidity of performance and that it can be performed with inactivated reagents at high dilutions of serum samples. thus it might enable the sur ...19892508282
a study of the host range and distribution of antibody to akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) in kenya.serum neutralizing antibody to akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) was found in a high proportion (50-95%) of cattle sampled in kenya, while sheep and goats had fewer positive (13-33%). camel and horse sera also contained antibody to the virus (70% and 50% respectively). the antibody was found in animals from the high altitude temperature type of grasslands, drier bushed and wooded grasslands and the semi-desert. no arthrogryposis nor hydranencephaly has been encountered in ken ...19854020110
a farming systems study of abortion in dairy cattle on the atherton tableland. 2. the pattern of infectious diseases.the role of infectious agents on dairy farms on the atherton tableland in tropical north queensland was studied as part of a comprehensive investigation into the causes of bovine abortion. the prevalence of antibody in serums collected from 7 herds whose annual abortion rates ranged from 3% to 21% were as follows: leptospira hardjo 49.9% (426/853), l. pomona 0.4% (3/851), bovine virus diarrhoea (bvd) 33.7% (35/104). infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibr) 11.5% (12/105), akabane virus 92.2 ...19892505741
detection of antibodies against akabane virus in bovine sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.an enzyme-linked immunonosorbent assay was established for detection of antibodies to akabane virus in bovine sera. the assay was shown to be a useful serological tool for studies on akabane virus infection.19892505436
hydranencephaly in newborn calves in zambia.hydranencephaly without arthrogryposis was observed in three newborn holstein-friesian calves, born during one week in a 400-cow dairy herd in zambia. the affected calves were blind and exhibited nystagmus and depressed behavior. akabane virus infection was suspected based on the pathological findings and etiological data, however, we could not determine the exact causative agent.19938357935
encephalitis of cattle caused by iriki isolate, a new strain belonging to akabane virus.a disease characterized by nervous signs was found in 10 calves in two districts in kagoshima prefecture, japan, from october to november, 1984. histopathological changes of nonpurulent encephalitis were found in every case. an agent, named iriki isolate, was isolated from the cerebellum of a calf in hmlu-1 cell cultures. all of the affected calves possessed neutralizing antibody to the virus. a high seropositive rate to the virus in cohabiting cattle and cattle kept in the epizootic area, and s ...19892494374
an outbreak of congenital hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia among calves in south kyushu, japan: a pathological study.an outbreak of congenital hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia occurred between november 1985 and may 1986 in miyazaki, south kyushu, japan. seventy-three calves had nervous signs of varying severity such as inability to stand, locomotor difficulties, defective vision and difficulty in sucking. at necropsy, 62 calves had macroscopic lesions in the central nervous system: hydranencephaly accompanied by cerebellar hypoplasia in 47; hydranencephaly alone in eight; and dilatation of the lateral ...19902236906
isolation and identification of arboviruses from the sultanate of oman.sentinel herds and a vector surveillance system were used to identify the presence of arboviruses in oman. two strains of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 4 and two strains of akabane virus, were isolated and identified. both btv isolates and one akabane virus isolate came from goats while the second akabane isolate came from culicoides imicola. this is the first isolation of an akabane virus from culicoides in arabia. vector competence studies with the oman viruses in laboratory reared c. variip ...19911850363
letter: akabane disease: epizootic abortion, premature birth, stillbirth and congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in cattle, sheep and goats caused by akabane virus. 19751222008
epizootic congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle: isolation of akabane virus from affected fetuses.previous serolgoical studies strongly suggested akabane virus to be the etiologic agent of epizootic abortion and congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in cattle, and this view was further corroborated in this study by the isolation of the virus from an aborted fetus in an epizootic of the disease and from a fetus extracted froma cow which was suggested by serologic tests to have a recent infection with the virus. the latter fetus had histological changes of encephalomyelitis and polymyositi ...1976962588
isolations of akabane virus from sentinel cattle and culicoides brevitarsis.a total of 14 isolations of akabane virus were made from the blood of five cattle during sub-clinical infection. the serial isolation of this virus from four of these animals suggests a viraemia of at least 3 or 4 days. neutralising antibody to akabane virus in the serum of infected calves reached an initial peak titre of 32 to 256 four to five days after the viraemia but later uose further to a range of 64 to 512. three isolations of akabane virus were made from culicoides brevitarsis collected ...1978753220
antibodies to akabane virus in australia.neutralising antibody to akabane virus was shown to develop in cattle in northern australia throughout the year and also on the east coast of new south wales in the summer during 1975/1976. other species found to have antibody to akabane virus were buffaloes, horses, camels and sheep, but no antibody was found in domestic chickens, ducks, wallabies or man. the biting midge culicoides brevitarsis has been detected in all the major areas where antibody was demonstrated in this study.1978655964
encephalomyelitis in mice experimentally infected with akabane virus.lesions in the central nervous system of mice, induced by intracerebral injection of akabane virus, were observed by the fluorescent antibody technique and histological method. fluorescent antigens were recognized in the cytoplasm of nerve cells, but were not detected exactly in any other part. fluoresced nerve cells were distributed almost all over the central nervous system, especially in medulla oblongata and spinal cord. the appearance of fluorescent antigens was followed by histological cha ...1979395444
akabane virus.akabane virus, an arthropod-borne bunyavirus, is the major cause of epizootics of congenital malformations in ruminants in australia, japan, korea, and israel, and is suspected to be a cause of sporadic outbreaks elsewhere. blood-sucking insects, such as biting midges, transmit the virus horizontally to vertebrates. climatic factors influence the seasonal activity and geographic range of the vector population and, therefore, occurrence of related disease. inoculated ruminants seroconvert rapidly ...19947728635
study of akabane infection in saudi arabia by the use of sentinel ruminants.two sentinel herds of calves (eastern and central regions of saudi arabia) and one of sheep and goats (south western region) were established to study akabane virus infection. the herd at the al-ahsa oasis (eastern region) showed evidence of akabane viral activity, as reflected by the presence of maternal (colostral) antibody, which had waned to insignificant concentrations by the time the calves had reached the age of 5 months. there was no evidence of subsequent seroconversion. the other two s ...19989839208
neutralising antibodies to akabane virus in ruminants in cyprus.neutralising antibodies to akabane virus, a cause of arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly, were demonstrated in serum samples from 33 sheep, 3 goats and 1 bovine among 285 serum samples collected in south-eastern cyprus from december 1970 onwards. twenty-four of the 29 sheep having positive antibodies came from one farm in liopetri. no positive sera came from animals born after 1969, no association with abortions or stillbirths was noted and no arthrogryposis or hydranencephaly was observed in cyp ...19817256874
akabane disease in cattle: congenital abnormalities caused by viral infection. experimental disease.nonpurulent encephalomyelitis and polymyositis were primary lesions of cattle and goats experimentally infected with akabane virus. two caprine fetuses, two months old, were infected placentally and examined 11 days after inoculation; twin caprine fetuses, three months old, were inoculated intramuscularly through the dam's uterus and examined nine days after inoculation. both lesions were seen in each fetus. reactive proliferation of immature endothelial cells was a significant encephalitic chan ...19827200279
akabane disease in cattle: congenital abnormalities caused by viral infection. spontaneous disease.akabane disease, an infectious disorder causing congenital abnormalities in calves, was studied in naturally affected calves between 1972 and 1974 in japan. the animals included one three-month fetus from which a strain of akabane virus (obe-1) was isolated, and a total of 177 stillborn or premature fetuses and deformed or infirm newborn calves that died within a few days of birth. the three-month fetus had nonpurulent encephalomyelitis in the undifferentiated central nervous system, characteriz ...19827200278
experimental infection of bulls with akabane virus.eight bulls were inoculated with akabane virus and the clinical effects, development of viraemia and serological response to infection were followed. in addition semen was collected regularly from each bull both before and after inoculation. the bulls had a viraemia which occurred between days 2 and 9 after inoculation and which lasted for three to five days. virus neutralising antibodies were detected in the serum of all bulls by days 7 to 10. semen samples were tested for virus by inoculation ...19816798655
the consequences of infection of cattle with akabane virus at the time of insemination. 19816798085
bluetongue in western turkey.in october 1977 clinical bluetongue broke out in aydin province, western turkey and spread to adjacent provinces in the autumn months of 1978 and 1979. the outbreak was caused by a virus of serotype 4 and appeared to occur in a totally susceptible population. it was eventually controlled by widespread use of attenuated type-specific vaccine. bluetongue virus was isolated from sheep on several occasions and also from a calf with congenital arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly. this latter finding i ...19826289510
detection and quantitation of akabane and aino viruses by multiplex real-time reverse-transcriptase pcr.a multiplex, quantitive reverse-transcriptase real-time pcr, using mgb taqman chemistry, for detecting akabane virus (akav) and aino virus (ainv) is described. each specific probe was labeled with a different fluorescent dye--vic for detecting akav and 6-carboxy-fluorescein (fam) for detecting ainv. all available sequences of viral s rna were aligned and primers and probes were designed so that akav primers and probes would recognize all akavs but not ainv, and vice versa. the parameters for mul ...200414738981
growth of epizootic hemorrhagic disease, akabane, and ephemeral fever viruses in aedes albopictus cells maintained at various temperatures.the growth curves of one epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) virus serotype (reoviridae), two akabane virus strains (bunyaviridae) and three bovine ephemeral fever (bef) group viruses (rhabdoviridae) were determined in aedes albopictus cells maintained at 15, 20, 28 and 33 degrees c. ae albopictus cells supported the growth of all the viruses although not necessarily at all temperatures. because none of the viruses exhibited cytopathic effect in ae albopictus cells, growth was assayed in baby ha ...19854051908
simultaneous detection of bovine arboviruses using single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) assay was developed to detect and identify arboviruses in infected cell-culture fluids and field specimens. the technique was equally sensitive for detecting five different viruses in cell cultures, namely the chuzan, ibaraki, and bluetongue viruses belonging to orbivirus, and the akabane virus and peaton virus belonging to orthobunyavirus, and was less sensitive than former viruses for detecting aino virus belonging ...200415234812
variability in limb malformations and possible significance in the pathogenesis of an inherited congenital neuromuscular disease of charolais cattle (syndrome of arthrogryposis and palatoschisis).limb abnormalities in 30 calves with an inherited congenital neuromuscular disorder known as syndrome of arthrogryposis and palatoschisis were classified according to the range of severity of joint deformity in either flexion or extension, and restricted joint movement. joint movement was variably affected; it was either normal, lax, restricted in the range of mobility, or occasionally, fixed. the characteristic findings were: bilateral hyperextension of the hind fetlock, flexion deformity of th ...19853976131
prevalence of neutralising antibodies to akabane virus in the arabian peninsula.serum-neutralising antibodies to akabane virus were found in a wide range of domestic animals in all countries of the arabian peninsula but the virus does not seem to be endemic there. sentinel herds in oman and n. yemen did not detect any akabane activity between august 1984-november 1986 and may 1983-november 1984, respectively. however, there is strong evidence to suggest that akabane virus incursions have recently taken place in kuwait, saudi arabia and bahrain as neutralising antibodies wer ...19883176312
the development of akabane virus-induced congenital abnormalities in cattle.a prospective study of the incidence and severity of congenital deformities of calves, attributable to maternal infection by akabane virus, was carried out on a population of 174 susceptible animals that were between one and nine months pregnant at the time of infection. the study was carried out in the hunter valley of new south wales during 1983, after an epidemic of akabane virus infection in late february to early march 1983. the incidence of virus-induced abnormalities in calves and fetuses ...19883137718
isolation of akabane virus from the biting midge culicoides oxystoma in japan.akabane virus was isolated from the biting midge, culicoides oxystoma, collected in a cowshed in kagoshima on kyushu island of japan. this is the first report on the isolation of akabane virus from biting midges of the genus culicoides in japan. two calves kept as bait in the cowshed seroconverted to akabane virus. these results strongly suggest that c. oxystoma may be a vector of akabane virus.19873124329
appearance of slow-reacting and complement-requiring neutralizing antibody in cattle infected with akabane virus.slow-reacting complement-requiring neutralizing (nt) antibody was detected in sera from cattle 2 weeks after infection with akabane virus. bovine sera obtained 3 or 4 weeks after infection contained slow-reacting noncomplement-requiring nt antibody. the slow-reacting complement-requiring nt antibody was sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol (2-me), whereas the slow-reacting noncomplement-requiring nt antibody was resistant to 2-me. the initial phase may represent the igm response and the later phase a ...19873116752
improved hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests for akabane virus using formalinized goose erythrocytes.when formalinized instead of fresh goose erythrocytes were used in the hemagglutination (ha) test system of the akabane virus, the agglutinability of the erythrocytes increased and became less salt-dependent. the improved method based on these findings should facilitate the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test and may be useful for epidemiological studies of the akabane virus.19863095571
possible windborne spread to western turkey of bluetongue virus in 1977 and of akabane virus in 1979.an outbreak of bluetongue in sheep started in the menderes valley, aydin province, western turkey, in october 1977. the severity of the disease indicated that it had not been there before but had been introduced into the area. analysis showed that, while it was possible for the virus to have been brought into the area by movement of infected animals, there was also a period of south-easterly winds which could have carried infected midges from cyprus, where bluetongue was present. during the nigh ...19852862205
cleavage of akabane virus s rna in the brain of infected ruminants.since 2002 there has been a rise in arthrogryposis/hydranencephaly incidence in israel, caused by akabane viruses (akav) and possibly by aino viruses. in response to the outbreak, serological, molecular-diagnostic and research tools were developed. akav sequences were detected by real-time rt-pcr in the brain tissue of 2 out of 20 tested calves and lambs that suffered from hydranencephaly. when the s segments from the two infected calves were characterized, it was concluded that the s genome wer ...200818246421
the distribution of akabane virus in the middle east.serological evidence was used to confirm an outbreak of akabane disease in cattle in the turkish province of aydin in 1980. thereafter, serum collections from the middle east were screened for the presence of neutralizing antibodies to akabane virus. the results indicate that the virus was present in a number of provinces on the south turkish coast in 1979 and 1980 but that it probably did not persist into 1981; the virus had also been present on cyprus in 1980 and on at least one previous occas ...19948062874
effect of heparin on hemagglutination by pseudorabies virus.heparin inhibited hemagglutination (ha) by pseudorabies virus (prv), but not ha by akabane virus, bovine adenovirus type 7, fukuoka virus, getah virus, japanese encephalitis virus, and parainfluenza virus type 3 belonging to the families bunyaviridae, adenoviridae, rhabdoviridae, togaviridae, flavivi-idae, and paramyxoviridae, respectively. the minimal inhibitory concentration of heparin required to inhibit 8 ha u of prv ranged from 0.005 to 0.01 u/ml. mouse erythrocytes failed to combine with t ...19938381261
an outbreak of akabane virus-induced abnormalities in calves after agistment in an endemic region.during 1988, 2 farmers in the bega district agisted pregnant cattle in the hunter valley of new south wales. on return to the district to calve, 54% of calves from herd 1 and 30% of calves from herd 2 were affected with congenital arthrogryposis or hydranencephaly caused by akabane virus infection. field observations and laboratory findings from this outbreak are presented, illustrating the danger of moving immunologically naive animals into areas where akabane virus is endemic.19938457173
australian-indonesian collaboration in veterinary arbovirology--a review.australian-indonesian collaboration in veterinary development programs has led to significant advances in the study of arboviruses. this paper reviews the resulting knowledge of arboviral infections of livestock in indonesia. the first recognized arboviral disease of animals in indonesia was bovine ephemeral fever. serology indicates that the virus is widespread, as are related rhabdoviruses. local sheep appear resistant to bluetongue disease, but imported sheep have suffered mortalities. blueto ...19958545953
the isolation of akabane virus (iriki strain) from calves in taiwan.nonsuppurative encephalitis in calves aged 4-12 months, cow abortion and fetal deformities were endemic in dairy farms in taiwan in recent years. a virological investigation emphasizing on arthpodborn virus (arbovirus) was conducted. total of 11 strains of akabane virus were isolated from endemic districts between june and july of 1992. among them, seven viruses were isolated from blood samples of 15 calves showing nervous signs. another 4 akabane viruses were isolated from clinically healthy ca ...19968819843
setaria marshalli infection in neonatal calves.a total of 50 filariid worms of setaria spp. was recovered from the peritoneal cavity of three neonatal calves infected with the akabane virus. the parasites were identified as s. marshalli by their morphological characteristics. males were 41-52 mm long and females 68-98 mm. most of them were fully matured, indicating that the calves were infected prenatally. this is the first report of prenatal infection in calves by s. marshalli in korea.19968843697
akabane virus: serological survey of antibodies in livestock in the sudan.an investigation was conducted to assess the prevalence of akabane virus antibodies in domestic ruminants from different ecological zones of sudan. neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in sheep, goats and cattle sampled between 1979 and 1980 from el obeid, nyala, kassala, jonglei and sennar. the highest prevalence was in jonglei where 27% of six sheep, 36% of eleven goats and 47% of 90 cattle had antibodies to the virus. although antibodies were demonstrated in 8% of 79 dams and 15% of 70 d ...19969239934
restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of akabane virus nucleoprotein gene.the nucleoprotein genes of akabane virus s rna segment from 21 japanese and two australian isolates were amplified by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using a primer set containing the initiation and termination codon of the gene. the rt-pcr products were sufficiently produced from the purified virion rnas of all the isolates, and then analyzed by enzymatic digestion with 11 restriction endonucleases. digestion with the eight restriction enzymes revealed sequence vari ...19979342713
effect of bovine herpes virus-1, bluetongue virus and akabane virus on the in vitro development of bovine embryos.bovine oocytes enclosed by follicular epithelial (fe) cells were exposed to bovine herpes virus-1 (bhv-1), bluetongue virus (btv) and akabane virus (av), matured in culture for 24 h and then in vitro fertilized. in the bhv-1-exposed group, bhv-1 was isolated from medium 3 days after in vitro fertilization at a high titer, and a severe cytopathic effect was observed in the fe cells. oocytes in the bhv-1-exposed group developed to the 2-cell to 8-cell stage, but failed to develop into blastocysts. ...19979355248
preferential infection of neuronal and astroglia cells by akabane virus in primary cultures of fetal bovine brain.akabane virus is a member of the genus bunyavirus; it is pathogenic for ruminants and transmitted by arthropod vectors. infection of adult cattle and sheep causes a transient viremia without obvious clinical signs, while infection of pregnant animals often causes fetal abnormalities including hydranencephaly, poliomyelitis and arthrogryposis. infectious virus or viral antigens is present in the brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle of infected fetuses. to understand the interaction between akab ...200010781726
detection of akabane viral antigens in spontaneous lymphohistiocytic encephalomyelitis in cattle.a 5-month-old japanese black bull calf and twenty-seven 1-27-day-old calves exhibiting neurological signs between august and october 1998 were examined. the bull calf exhibited rapid breathing, fever, hypersensitivity, and ataxia and was euthanized 4 days after the onset of symptoms. the 27 calves primarily exhibited ataxia, and 15 had arthrogryposis. histological examination of the bull calf revealed perivascular infiltraction by mononuclear cells, diffuse to multifocal gliosis, and neuronal ne ...200011108451
demonstration of akabane virus antigen using immunohistochemistry in naturally infected newborn calves.eight newborn calves showing ataxia were necropsied and examined histologically. six of seven cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from these animals had neutralizing antibody for akabane virus (akv). all examined calves had nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, localized mainly in the midbrain and spinal cord. corresponding to the encephalitic lesion, akv antigen was demonstrated in neuroglial cells in the brain stem and neuronal cells in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. this is the first stud ...200111280378
encephalomyelitis associated with akabane virus infection in adult cows.between august and september 2000, five 2-7-year-old cows in korea exhibited neurologic signs and were diagnosed as infected with akabane virus based on the results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, serology, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) analysis. immunohistochemistry and rt-pcr were equally effective and sensitive for diagnosing akabane virus infection during the early stage of infection. typical lymphohistiocytic inflammation characterized by perivascular ...200212009066
akabane and bovine ephemeral fever virus infections.akabane and bovine ephemeral fever viruses are exotic to the american continent. both viruses are spread by insect vectors, and each causes disease of varying severity in food-producing animals. however, there are few other similarities between the agents and the diseases that they cause. they do not share the same insect vectors, the mammalian host range is different, and the clinical manifestations of virus infection vary markedly. akabane virus is a cause of severe congenital defects, but adu ...200212442580
first cases of animal diseases published since 2000. 3. cattle.in this third article of a series of papers listing first case reports of animal diseases published since 2000, the following seven cases of cattle diseases are discussed: al amyloidosis. canola oil intoxication. disseminated intracytoplasmic neuronal vacuolation. encephalomyelitis associated with akabane virus infection in adult cows. lower limb deformity: "mirror image duplication of the plantar/palmar half of the distal portion of the digit". lupinus argenteus intoxication. novel propionibact ...200314535583
host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals.the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ...201728636590
serological evidence of akabane virus infection in northern israel in 2001.in february 2002 the first cases of a "blind newborn calves" syndrome with hydranencephaly appeared in israel. eighty-one serum samples, from 54 animals on farms where the syndrome was recorded and 27 others from unaffected farms were examined by neutralization of akabane virus (akav, strain obe-1) by the micro-titer method. forty-seven of the 54 samples from the affected farms contained high serum neutralization titers against akav (mean sn titer 79.5 and +/- 44.7, standard deviation), whereas ...200415133276
competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of the antibodies specific to akabane virus.a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa) using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against akabane virus (akav) was developed to detect antibodies to akav in cattle sera. the performance of the test using 7 different competitor mabs was evaluated in sequential serum samples and sera from cattle infected with various bovine arboviruses. the dynamics of the antibody response expressed by percentage of inhibition (pi) in c-elisa coincided with those of neutralizing antibody t ...200415586574
abortions, stillbirths and deformities in sheep at the al-ahsa oasis in eastern saudi arabia: isolation of a bluetongue serogroup virus from the affected lambs.a wave of abortions, stillbirths and deformities in sheep occurred at the al-ahsa oasis in the eastern region of saudi arabia in the second half of 1999. the abortions were recorded in august and september and stillbirths and deformities in neonates were observed in october. adult sheep were clinically normal. a virus was isolated in chicken embryos, adapted to vero cell culture and further identified as bluetongue (bt) virus. the virus isolated was not neutralised by the akabane virus. referenc ...200415861886
embryo transfer as a means of controlling the transmission of viral infections. i. the in vitro exposure of preimplantation bovine embryos to akabane, bluetongue and bovine viral diarrhea viruses.as part of a program to study the feasibility of using embryo transfer to control disease, initial experiments were undertaken to determine the virus susceptibility of early embryos. two hundred and ninety-three preimplantation bovine embryos (16-cell to blastocyst stage) were exposed to either akabane virus (av), bluetongue virus (btv) or bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). two hundred and thirty-seven of these embryos were then cultured for 24-48 hours in order to determine whether the virus h ...198216725707
chronological and geographical variations in the small rna segment of the teratogenic akabane virus.characterization of the small rna segment of the teratogenic akabane virus was performed to define the genetic heterogeneity and molecular epidemiology of the virus. the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were highly conserved among the akabane virus isolates, irrespective of the year of isolation and geographical origin, except for a kenyan strain mp496. on the basis of the nucleocapsid gene sequences of the segment, 170 field isolates were grouped into four distinct phylogenetic lineages. the ...200616730837
sequence determination and functional analysis of the akabane virus (family bunyaviridae) l rna segment.akabane virus (akav) causes epizootic congenital deformities in cattle, sheep, and goats. due to the lack of a complete genome sequence, the molecular biological properties of this virus are not known. we have cloned and sequenced the functional large (l) rna segment of akav, and shown that it has polymerase activity using a minireplicon system with rna polymerase i. the complete l rna segment is 6868 nucleotides long and encodes an l protein of 2251 amino acids, which functions as an rna-depend ...200717216138
comparison of akabane virus isolated from sentinel cattle in japan.adult cows, ewes, and goats infected with akabane virus (akav) of the genus orthobunyavirus of the family bunyaviridae do not present any clinical signs; however, in utero infections may result in abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, and congenital deformities such as arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle, sheep, and goats. in contrast, the iriki strain, a variant of akav isolated from a calf with nervous signs and encephalitis, causes encephalitis in experimentally inoculated calv ...200717467929
genetic diversity and reassortments among akabane virus field isolates.sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were carried out for 35 akabane virus (akav) field isolates collected from japan, taiwan, australia and kenya, and for one tinaroo virus (tinv). of the three rna segments, the m rna segment encoding the glycoproteins that induce neutralization antibodies was the most variable among the isolates. the difference in the m rna segments among asian (japanese and taiwanese) isolates was not large (<12.3% nucleotide (nt) and <5.9% amino acid (aa) differences), rathe ...200717659802
an extended outbreak of congenital chondrodysplasia in calves in south east australia.to report an outbreak of congenital chondrodystrophy in calves in south east australia.200818363985
bovine epizootic encephalomyelitis caused by akabane virus in southern japan.akabane virus is a member of the genus orthobunyavirus in the family bunyaviridae. it is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors such as culicoides biting midges and is widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions of the world. the virus is well known as a teratogenic pathogen which causes abortions, stillbirths, premature births and congenital abnormalities with arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle, sheep and goats. on the other hand, it is reported that the virus rar ...200818554406
serosurveillance of viral diseases in korean native goats (capra hircus).a total of 804 goat sera were collected from 144 goat farms in five regions of south korea during a period between 2005 and 2006 and screened for the antibodies of viral pathogens in ruminants. the individual seropositive rates for each virus were 13.7% (110/804) for bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), 9.5% (76/804) for bovine parainfluenza type-3 virus (pi-3v), 5.5% (44/804) for akabane virus (akav), 13.3% (107/804) for aino virus (ainv), 2.0% (16/804) for chuzan virus (chuv) and 1.0% (8/804) for bov ...200818840974
encephalomyelitis of cattle caused by akabane virus in southern japan in 2006.six calves, aged between 55 days and 15 months, were presented between september and november 2006 with neurological signs including limb weakness and circling. microscopical examination of the brain and spinal cord revealed the presence of non-suppurative encephalitis in all animals. perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes and macrophages and diffuse gliosis was prominent in the cerebrum and degeneration and/or necrosis of neurons with vacuolation of the neuropil was present in the brainstem. neuro ...200919162275
serological survey of arthropod-borne viruses among wild boars in japan.a total of 90 blood samples were collected from wild boars in the kyushu region of japan, and a seroepidemiological survey for 7 arthropod-borne viruses was performed using hemagglutination inhibition tests. the individual seropositive rates for each virus were 52.2% for japanese encephalitis virus (jev), 47.8% for getah virus (getv), 13.3% for akabane virus, 10.0% for aino virus and less than 5% for bluetongue virus, chuzan virus and ibaraki virus. the results indicated that among the 7 viruses ...200919721358
genetic analysis of akabane virus isolates from cattle in korea.bayesian inference (bi) and neighbor joining (nj) analyses of the phylogenetic relationships between the nucleotide sequences of the n gene of akabane virus revealed an unclear topology among genogroups i-iii, which was probably caused by genetic reassortment or recombination between these genogroups. in contrast, nucleotide and amino acid phylogenetic tree analyses of the m rna segment agreed with the topologies obtained by using the bi and nj methods. therefore, distinct genogrouping of akaban ...201019733454
serological and clinical evidence of a teratogenic simbu serogroup virus infection of cattle in israel, 2001-2003.during the last 35 years, two major outbreaks of akabane virus (akav) infection were recorded in cattle in israel in 1969/1970 and 2002/2003. congenital malformations of calves characterised by the appearance of an arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly syndrome first appeared in israel in 1969. based on epidemiological, clinical, pathological, histopathological and serological data, this syndrome was strongly correlated with seroreactivity to akav, a member of the bunyaviridae, simbu serogroup. in ...200420419647
prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to akabane virus in ruminants in saudi arabia.a total number of 2125 serum samples collected from indigenous sheep and goats and locally-raised cattle from different localities in saudi arabia, were screened for akabane virus-neutralizing antibodies. the overall prevalence of antibodies was 32% in the animals examined. however the prevalence in cattle was 49%, while in sheep and goats it was 17%. no clinical cases of akabane have been confirmed so far in saudi arabia; but virus isolation attempts are ongoing.19989673576
what can akabane disease teach us about other arboviral diseases.viruses of the simbu serogroup cause lesions to foetuses that are seen at birth and that correlate with the stage of pregnancy at which the dam first contracts the virus. the simbu serogroup comprises arboviruses known to cause outbreaks of abnormal parturitions in domestic ruminants; these abnormalities include abortion, stillbirth, and congenitally deformed neonates. simbu serogroup members include: akabane virus (akav), aino virus, cache valley virus, and schmallenberg virus. lately, dairy he ...201627723047
experimental infection of cows with newly isolated akabane virus strain (akav-7) causing encephalomyelitis.akabane virus (akav), an arthropod-transmitted bunyavirus, is a major cause of congenital abnormalities and encephalomyelitis in ruminants. in 2010, there was a major outbreak of encephalomyelitis in korea and fifteen akav strains, including akav-7, were isolated from cows. to identify the neuropathogenicity of akav-7, we performed experimental infection of cows. six-month-old female korean holstein dairy cattle were inoculated with akav-7 by various routes, including intracerebral (ic), intrasu ...201627287214
reconstruction of the schmallenberg virus epidemic in belgium: complementary use of disease surveillance approaches.schmallenberg virus (sbv) emerged across europe in 2011 and belgium was among the first countries affected. in this study, published findings are combined with new data from veterinary surveillance networks and the belgian reference laboratory for sbv at the veterinary and agrochemical research centre (coda-cerva) to reconstruct the epidemic in belgium. first retrospective cases of sbv were reported by veterinarians that observed decreased milk yield and fever in dairy cattle in may 2011. the nu ...201626790935
a serological survey of akabane virus infection in cattle in sudan.a cross-sectional survey was carried out in ten states in sudan to determine seroprevalence and to assess risk factors associated with akabane virus (akav) infection in dairy herds. serum samples were collected from a total of 361 dairy cattle and tested for antibodies against akav using elisa. the prevalence rates of akav antibodies in cattle varied between 69.6% in khartoum state and 3.3% in sennar state with an overall prevalence rate of 29.4%. the prevalence rates of akav antibodies were sig ...201424977042
evidence of schmallenberg virus circulation in ruminants in greece.during march 2013, we investigated the presence and the levels of schmallenberg virus (sbv) circulation in three dairy cow herds and three sheep flocks in central macedonia, greece. in two cow herds, a high number of abortions had been observed during the winter. six bulk-tank milk samples and 147 individual sera were screened for sbv-specific antibodies by elisa. positive reactions were obtained from 5 out of 6 bulk-tank milk samples, 58 out of 90 sera from the 3 cow herds, and 2 sera from 2 of ...201423868549
duration of maternally derived antibodies against akabane virus in calves: survival analysis.to prevent encephalomyelitis caused by akabane virus, as observed in 2006, vaccination of calves is one of the most effective prophylactic measures. for vaccination of calves, the duration of the maternal antibodies need to be considered because these antibodies are an obstacle to the effectiveness of the vaccine. in order to estimate the age of antibody decay in calves and to find factors influencing the duration of passive immunity, we conducted survival analysis using data from nationwide sen ...200919652478
Neurological diseases of ruminant livestock in Australia. IV: viral infections.Most viral infections that affect the central nervous system of ruminants are exotic to Australia. As such, this review focuses on viruses of importance in Australian ruminants, including Akabane virus and the ruminant pestiviruses, bovine viral diarrhoea virus and border disease virus, as well as bluetongue virus. Each virus is discussed in terms of pathogenesis, clinical signs and diagnosis.201121864304
evaluating the protective efficacy of a trivalent vaccine containing akabane virus, aino virus and chuzan virus against schmallenberg virus infection.schmallenberg virus (sbv), an arthropod borne pathogen, spread rapidly throughout the majority of europe since 2011. it can cause a febrile disease, milk drop, diarrhea, and fetal malformation in ruminants. sbv, a member of the simbu serogroup within the genus orthobunyavirus, is closely related to akabane virus (akav) and aino virus (ainov) among others. in the present study, 4 holstein-friesian calves were immunized twice four weeks apart with a multivalent, inactivated vaccine against akav an ...201324313924
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