| emergence of nipah virus in malaysia. | a pig-borne virus causing viral encephalitis amongst human beings in malaysia was detected in 1997 by the ministry of health. initially, the disease was considered to be japanese encephalitis. subsequently, it was thought to be a hendra-like viral encephalitis, but on 10th april, 1999 the minister of health announced this mysterious and deadly virus to be a new virus named nipah virus. the virus was characterized at cdc, atlanta, georgia. the gene sequencing of the enveloped virus revealed that ... | 2000 | 11193645 |
| nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular malaysia. | between late 1998 and 1999, the spread of a new disease of pigs, characterized by a pronounced respiratory and neurological syndrome, sometimes accompanied by the sudden death of sows and boars, was recorded in pig farms in peninsular malaysia. the disease appeared to have a close association with an epidemic of viral encephalitis among workers on pig farms. a previously unrecognised paramyxovirus was later identified from this outbreak; this virus was related to, but distinct from, the hendra v ... | 2000 | 11189713 |
| hendra virus disease in horses. | the author provides an account of the discovery of a previously undescribed disease of horses and a description of the studies involved in determining the aetiology of the disease. the causative virus, now named hendra virus (hev), is the reference virus for a proposed new genus within the virus family paramyxoviridae. the virus is a lethal zoonotic agent able to cause natural disease in humans and horses and experimentally induced disease in cats, guinea-pigs and mice. the virus also naturally ... | 2000 | 11189712 |
| assessment of nipah virus transmission among pork sellers in seremban, malaysia. | between september 1998 and may 1999, 265 cases of encephalitis were reported from among those involved in pig rearing. a few cases were also reported among abattoir workers. this raised questions of the risk of transmission among those who handled raw pork. a serosurvey was conducted among pork sellers in seremban town, which is about 20 km from one of the pig rearing areas which had reported cases of encephalitis. it was found that out of the 28 pork sellers tested, only one tested positive for ... | 2000 | 11127331 |
| risk factors for nipah virus transmission, port dickson, negeri sembilan, malaysia: results from a hospital-based case-control study. | a hospital-based case-control study of viral encephalitis was carried out at port dickson hospital, in the state of negeri sembilan, malaysia. between march and may 1999, 69 clinically diagnosed viral encephalitis cases and 31 controls were interviewed. job histories on pig farming activities were assessed by a group of epidemiologists and veterinary surgeons. results show that among clinical cases of viral encephalitis, 52 (75.4%) cases were diagnosed to have nipah virus infection based on posi ... | 2000 | 11127330 |
| diagnosis of nipah virus encephalitis by electron microscopy of cerebrospinal fluid. | between 1998 and 1999, an outbreak of potentially fatal viral encephalitis erupted among pig farm workers in west malaysia, and later spread to singapore where abattoir workers were afflicted. although japanese encephalitis virus was initially suspected, the predominant aetiologic agent was subsequently confirmed to be nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus related to but distinct from hendra virus. | 2000 | 11090749 |
| the exceptionally large genome of hendra virus: support for creation of a new genus within the family paramyxoviridae. | an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in hendra, a suburb of brisbane, australia, in september 1994 resulted in the deaths of 14 racing horses and a horse trainer. the causative agent was a new member of the family paramyxoviridae. the virus was originally called equine morbillivirus but was renamed hendra virus (hev) when molecular characterization highlighted differences between it and members of the genus morbillivirus. less than 5 years later, the closely related nipah virus (niv) emerged ... | 2000 | 11024125 |
| [nipah virus outbreak in malaysia, 1999]. | | 2000 | 10998976 |
| emerging diseases. malaysian researchers trace nipah virus outbreak to bats. | scientists are a step closer to unraveling a medical mystery that killed 105 people in malaysia last year and destroyed the country's pig industry. the nipah virus, which caused the disease, most likely originated in a native fruit bat species, malaysian researchers reported here at a meeting last week. they say the findings will help malaysian health authorities prevent future outbreaks of the nipah virus. others see the case as an argument for expanding research into infections that can leap t ... | 2000 | 10939954 |
| molecular characterization of nipah virus, a newly emergent paramyxovirus. | recently, a new paramyxovirus, now known as nipah virus (nv), emerged in malaysia and singapore, causing fatal encephalitis in humans and a respiratory syndrome in pigs. initial studies had indicated that nv is antigenically and genetically related to hendra virus (hv). we generated the sequences of the n, p/c/v, m, f, and g genes of nv and compared these sequences with those of hv and other members of the family paramyxoviridae. the intergenic regions of nv were identical to those of hv, and th ... | 2000 | 10860887 |
| nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. | a paramyxovirus virus termed nipah virus has been identified as the etiologic agent of an outbreak of severe encephalitis in people with close contact exposure to pigs in malaysia and singapore. the outbreak was first noted in late september 1998 and by mid-june 1999, more than 265 encephalitis cases, including 105 deaths, had been reported in malaysia, and 11 cases of encephalitis or respiratory illness with one death had been reported in singapore. electron microscopic, serologic, and genetic ... | 2000 | 10827955 |
| risk factors for nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in singapore. | during 10-19 march 1999, 11 workers in 1 of 2 singaporean abattoirs developed nipah-virus associated encephalitis or pneumonia, resulting in 1 fatality. a case-control study was conducted to determine occupational risk factors for infection. case patients were abattoir a workers who had anti-nipah igm antibodies; control subjects were randomly selected abattoir a workers who tested negative for anti-nipah igm. all 13 case patients versus 26 (63%) of 41 control subjects reported contact with live ... | 2000 | 10823780 |
| case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in malaysia. | an outbreak of encephalitis affecting 265 patients (105 fatally) occurred during 1998-1999 in malaysia and was linked to a new paramyxovirus, nipah, that infected pigs, humans, dogs, and cats. most patients were pig farmers. clinically undetected nipah infection was noted in 10 (6%) of 166 community-farm controls (persons from farms without reported encephalitis patients) and 20 (11%) of 178 case-farm controls (persons from farms with encephalitis patients). case patients (persons with nipah inf ... | 2000 | 10823779 |
| clinical features of nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in malaysia. | between september 1998 and june 1999, there was an outbreak of severe viral encephalitis due to nipah virus, a newly discovered paramyxovirus, in malaysia. | 2000 | 10781618 |
| nipah viral encephalitis or japanese encephalitis? mr findings in a new zoonotic disease. | an epidemic of suspected japanese encephalitis occurred in malaysia in 1998-1999 among pig farmers. in neighboring singapore, an outbreak occurred among pig slaughterhouse workers. it was subsequently established that the causative agent in the outbreak was not the japanese encephalitis virus but a previously unknown hendra-like paramyxovirus named nipah virus. | 2000 | 10730635 |
| fatal encephalitis due to nipah virus among pig-farmers in malaysia. | between february and april, 1999, an outbreak of viral encephalitis occurred among pig-farmers in malaysia. we report findings for the first three patients who died. | 1999 | 10520635 |
| nipah-virus encephalitis--investigation of a new infection. | | 1999 | 10520625 |
| meningoencephalitis caused by a novel paramyxovirus: an advanced mri case report in an emerging disease. | eleven abattoir workers in singapore were infected in march 1999 by an outbreak caused by the nipah virus. this newly discovered, hendra-like paramyxovirus causes acute infection of the cns. we present the magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (mrs) findings in a patient suffering from acute meningoencephalitis. multiple small white matter lesions were detected on diffusion-weighted imaging (dwi) and t2-weighted images. there were no abnormalities detected o ... | 1999 | 10489496 |
| lessons to be learnt from the nipah virus outbreak in singapore. | | 1999 | 10489489 |
| the neurological manifestations of nipah virus encephalitis, a novel paramyxovirus. | a novel hendra-like paramyxovirus named nipah virus (niv) was the cause of an outbreak among workers from one abattoir who had contact with pigs. two patients had only respiratory symptoms, while 9 patients had encephalitis, 7 of whom are described in this report. neurological involvement was diverse and multifocal, including aseptic meningitis, diffuse encephalitis, and focal brainstem involvement. cerebellar signs were relatively common. magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain showed sca ... | 1999 | 10482278 |
| update: outbreak of nipah virus--malaysia and singapore, 1999. | during march 1999, health officials in malaysia and singapore, in collaboration with australian researchers and cdc, investigated reports of febrile encephalitic and respiratory illnesses among workers who had exposure to pigs. a previously unrecognized paramyxovirus (formerly known as hendra-like virus), now called nipah virus, was implicated by laboratory testing in many of these cases. febrile encephalitis continues to be reported in malaysia but has decreased coincident with mass culling of ... | 1999 | 10366143 |
| indigenous anti-hepatitis a virus igm capture elisa for the diagnosis of hepatitis a. | anti-hepatitis a virus igm capture elisa was developed by using the reagents produced in the niv laboratory. the major reagents of the assay were anti-human igm antibody, hepatitis a virus (hav) and anti-hav igg-horse radish peroxidase (hrp) conjugate. of these, anti-human igm antibodies were generated in rabbit against igm secreted by human hybridoma clone(g3). hav was derived from buffalo green money kidney cell line infected with hm-175 strain. virus purified from the cell lysates was used fo ... | 1994 | 8088883 |
| nipah encephalitis outbreak in malaysia. | between september 1998 and june 1999, there was a severe outbreak of viral encephalitis among the pig farm workers in malaysia. | 2003 | 12625108 |
| malaysia culls pigs as nipah virus strikes again. | | 2000 | 10963210 |
| emerging viral diseases of southeast asia and the western pacific. | over the past 6 years, a number of zoonotic and vectorborne viral diseases have emerged in southeast asia and the western pacific. vectorborne disease agents discussed in this article include japanese encephalitis, barmah forest, ross river, and chikungunya viruses. however, most emerging viruses have been zoonotic, with fruit bats, including flying fox species as the probable wildlife hosts, and these will be discussed as well. the first of these disease agents to emerge was hendra virus, forme ... | 2001 | 11485641 |
| serological examination for evidence of infection with hendra and nipah viruses in queensland piggeries. | to examine piggeries in queensland for evidence of infection with hendra virus and nipah virus. | 2001 | 11491222 |
| exogenous porcine viruses. | porcine organs, cells and tissues provide a viable source of transplants in humans, though there is some concern of public health risk from adaptation of swine infectious agents in humans. limited information is available on the public health risk of many exogenous swine viruses, and reliable and rapid diagnostic tests are available for only a few of these. the ability of several porcine viruses to cause transplacental fetal infection (parvoviruses, circoviruses, and arteriviruses), emergence or ... | 2003 | 12934944 |
| molecular characterization of the polymerase gene and genomic termini of nipah virus. | in 1998, nipah virus (nv) emerged in peninsular malaysia, causing fatal encephalitis in humans and a respiratory disease in swine. nv is most closely related to hendra virus (hv), a paramyxovirus that was identified in australia in 1994, and it has been proposed that hv and nv represent a new genus within the family paramyxoviridae. this report describes the analysis of the sequences of the polymerase gene (l) and genomic termini of nv as well as a comparison of the full-length, genomic sequence ... | 2001 | 11504554 |
| traceback systems used during recent epizootics in asia. | traceback systems in most countries of asia are not well developed, as indicated by responses to a questionnaire by veterinary officials in thirteen countries. marking of animals for traceback is practised only in a limited number of countries in specific areas or zones and for specific purposes only. in malaysia, traceback has been undertaken by marking farm code tattoos on pigs. this enables the identification of the farm of origin of pigs found to be infected by nipah virus in sero-surveillan ... | 2001 | 11548530 |
| ultrastructure of hendra virus and nipah virus within cultured cells and host animals. | the ultrastructure of hendra and nipah viruses is described in cultured cells, pigs, horses and humans. differences in ultrastructure between the viruses are evident within infected cell cultures and lungs from infected amplifier hosts. these differences are important in viral identification and differentiation and understanding the pathogenesis of disease. | 2001 | 11334747 |
| comparative pathology of the diseases caused by hendra and nipah viruses. | information on the pathogenesis and transmissibility of hendra and nipah viruses was obtained by comparing their histopathology. both viruses induced syncytial cells in vascular tissues and they were primarily vasotropic and/or neurotropic, generating interstitial pneumonia or encephalitis. nipah virus in pigs was also epitheliotropic in respiratory epithelium and thus contagious. | 2001 | 11334749 |
| the economic imperative of nipah virus surveillance in indonesia. | | 2001 | 11579874 |
| nipah virus among military personnel involved in pig culling during an outbreak of encephalitis in malaysia, 1998-1999. | | 2001 | 11592256 |
| nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in malaysia, 1998-1999. | an outbreak of encephalitis primarily affecting pig farmers occurred during 1998-1999 in malaysia and was linked to a new paramyxovirus, nipah virus, which infected pigs, humans, dogs, and cats. because five abattoir workers were also affected, a survey was conducted to assess the risk of nipah infection among abattoir workers. | 2001 | 11689513 |
| the expected economic impact of selected exotic diseases on the pig industry of australia. | the authors assess the expected economic impact of three exotic diseases on the pig industry of australia. an integrated epidemiological/economic approach was used to assess the effects of classical swine fever, nipah virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. scenarios involving either an epidemic event, in which the outbreaks were confined to selected regions and were eradicated, or an endemic situation, in which the diseases became established in australia, were studied. based o ... | 2001 | 11732410 |
| specific detection of nipah virus using real-time rt-pcr (taqman). | nipah and hendra viruses belong to the novel henipavirus genus of the paramyxoviridae family. its zoonotic circulation in bats and recent emergence in malaysia with fatal consequences for humans that were in close contact with infected pigs, has made the reinforcement of epidemiological and clinical surveillance systems a priority. in this study, taqman rt-pcr of the nipah nucleoprotein has been developed so that nipah virus rna in field specimens or laboratory material can be characterized rapi ... | 2004 | 15288966 |
| isolation of nipah virus from malaysian island flying-foxes. | in late 1998, nipah virus emerged in peninsular malaysia and caused fatal disease in domestic pigs and humans and substantial economic loss to the local pig industry. surveillance of wildlife species during the outbreak showed neutralizing antibodies to nipah virus mainly in island flying-foxes (pteropus hypomelanus) and malayan flying-foxes (pteropus vampyrus) but no virus reactive with anti-nipah virus antibodies was isolated. we adopted a novel approach of collecting urine from these island f ... | 2002 | 11880045 |
| nipah virus infection in bats (order chiroptera) in peninsular malaysia. | nipah virus, family paramyxoviridae, caused disease in pigs and humans in peninsular malaysia in 1998-99. because nipah virus appears closely related to hendra virus, wildlife surveillance focused primarily on pteropid bats (suborder megachiroptera), a natural host of hendra virus in australia. we collected 324 bats from 14 species on peninsular malaysia. neutralizing antibodies to nipah virus were demonstrated in five species, suggesting widespread infection in bat populations in peninsular mal ... | 2001 | 11384522 |
| nipah virus encephalitis outbreak in malaysia. | emerging infectious diseases involving zoonosis have become important global health problems. the 1998 outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis among pig farmers in malaysia caused by a newly emergent paramyxovirus, nipah virus, is a good example. this disease has the potential to spread to other countries through infected animals and can cause considerable economic loss. the clinical presentation includes segmental myoclonus, areflexia, hypertension, and tachycardia, and histologic evidence incl ... | 2002 | 11938496 |
| experimental nipah virus infection in pigs and cats. | a human isolate of nipah virus from an outbreak of febrile encephalitis in malaysia that coincided with a field outbreak of disease in pigs was used to infect eight 6-week-old pigs orally or subcutaneously and two cats oronasally. in pigs, the virus induced a respiratory and neurological syndrome consistent with that observed in the malaysian pigs. not all the pigs showed clinical signs, but nipah virus was recovered from the nose and oropharynx of both clinically and sub-clinically infected ani ... | 2002 | 11945001 |
| full length genome sequence of tioman virus, a novel paramyxovirus in the genus rubulavirus isolated from fruit bats in malaysia. | a novel paramyxovirus in the genus rubulavirus, named tioman virus (tiv), was isolated in 1999 from a number of pooled urine samples of island flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus) during the search for the reservoir host of nipah virus. tiv is antigenically related to menangle virus (menv) that was isolated in australia in 1997 during disease outbreak in pigs. sequence analysis of the full length genome indicated that tiv is a novel member of the genus rubulavirus within the subfamily paramyxovir ... | 2002 | 12111411 |
| [zoonoses caused by new viruses in the paramyxoviridae family]. | based on the literature data, the outbreaks of new zoonoses caused by new members of the family paramyxoviridae are briefly presented. some characteristics of hendra and nipah virus, epidemiological aspects, clinical picture and pathology are described. fruit bats are mentioned as the key to the epidemiology of hendra virus. the virus was isolated from affected humans, horses, and from the uterine fluids of a grey-headed fruit bat (pteropus poliocephalus). new morbillivirus designated nipah viru ... | 2001 | 11554115 |
| characterization and identification of oya virus, a simbu serogroup virus of the genus bunyavirus, isolated from a pig suspected of nipah virus infection. | a virus, named oya virus, was isolated in vero cell cultures from the lungs of a pig suspected of nipah virus infection. the virus was revealed as a spherical enveloped rna virus with a diameter of 79 nm. for identification of oya virus, rt-pcr was performed. a common primer set for s-rna of the simbu serogroup of the genus bunyavirus was able to amplify a cdna from oya virus rna. the sequence data of the product revealed that the partial gene of oya virus s-rna segment had 65-70% homology with ... | 2002 | 12181680 |
| cloning and expression of the nucleocapsid protein gene of nipah virus in different strains of escherichia coli. | the coding region of the nucleocapsid (n) gene was amplified from the viral rna and inserted into the bacterial expression vector, ptrchis2, for intracellular expression in three escherichia coli strains: top 10, bl 21 and sg 935. the n protein was expressed as a fusion protein containing the myc epitope and his-tag at its c-terminal end. the amount of the fusion protein expressed in strain sg 935 was significantly higher than the other two strains, and was detected by the anti-myc antibody, ant ... | 2002 | 12385971 |
| membrane fusion tropism and heterotypic functional activities of the nipah virus and hendra virus envelope glycoproteins. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are novel paramyxoviruses from pigs and horses, respectively, that are responsible for fatal zoonotic infections of humans. the unique genetic and biological characteristics of these emerging agents has led to their classification as the prototypic members of a new genus within the paramyxovirinae subfamily called henipavirus: these viruses are most closely related to members of the genus morbillivirus and infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fu ... | 2002 | 12388678 |
| menangle and nipah virus infections of pigs. | viruses belonging to the family paramyxoviridae generally have not been recognized as a significant cause of disease in pigs until recently. between 1997 and 1999, there were large outbreaks of disease in pigs in australia and malaysia due to infection with viruses that have been shown to be new members of the paramyxoviridae family. this article reviews current knowledge of menangle and nipah virus infections in pigs, the only major species of domestic animals to experience serious disease afte ... | 2002 | 12442583 |
| nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. | in 1998, an outbreak of acute encephalitis with high mortality rates among pig handlers in malaysia led to the discovery of a novel paramyxovirus named nipah virus. a multidisciplinary investigation that included epidemiology, microbiology, molecular biology, and pathology was pivotal in the discovery of this new human infection. clinical and autopsy findings were derived from a series of 32 fatal human cases of nipah virus infection. diagnosis was established in all cases by a combination of im ... | 2002 | 12466131 |
| late clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow up of nipah virus infection. | the nipah virus is a newly identified paramyxovirus responsible for an outbreak of fatal encephalitis in malaysia and singapore. this paper reports the follow up clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 22 affected subjects. of 13 patients with encephalitis, one died, one was lost to follow up, and seven recovered. among the four remaining patients, one had residual sixth nerve palsy, another suffered from severe clinical depression, and a third patient had evidence of retinal artery ... | 2003 | 12486285 |
| nipah virus--a potential agent of bioterrorism? | nipah virus, a newly emerging deadly paramyxovirus isolated during a large outbreak of viral encephalitis in malaysia, has many of the physical attributes to serve as a potential agent of bioterrorism. the outbreak caused widespread panic and fear because of its high mortality and the inability to control the disease initially. there were considerable social disruptions and tremendous economic loss to an important pig-rearing industry. this highly virulent virus, believed to be introduced into p ... | 2003 | 12615307 |
| emerging viral infections of the nervous system. | new viral infections of the nervous system have been appearing with great regularity. some result from the evolution of new agents and others from the entry of viruses into new hosts or environments. the emergence of neurovirulent enteroviruses causing a paralytic poliomyelitis syndrome and rhomboencephalitis represent the evolution of new human viruses. most emerging viral infections represent movement of an agent into new geographic areas or across species barriers. the transport of neurovirul ... | 2003 | 12707845 |
| a novel approach for collecting samples from fruit bats for isolation of infectious agents. | during the outbreak of nipah virus encephalitis involving pigs and humans in peninsular malaysia in 1998/1999, a conventional approach was initially undertaken to collect specimens from fruit bats by mist-netting and shooting, as an integral part of wildlife surveillance of the natural reservoir host of nipah virus. this study describes a novel method of collecting fruit bats' urine samples using plastic sheets for isolation of nipah virus. this novel approach resulted in the isolation of severa ... | 2003 | 12758277 |
| a golden hamster model for human acute nipah virus infection. | a predominantly pig-to-human zoonotic infection caused by the novel nipah virus emerged recently to cause severe morbidity and mortality in both animals and man. human autopsy studies showed the pathogenesis to be related to systemic vasculitis that led to widespread thrombotic occlusion and microinfarction in most major organs especially in the central nervous system. there was also evidence of extravascular parenchymal infection, particularly near damaged vessels (wong kt, shieh wj, kumar s, n ... | 2003 | 14578210 |
| nipah virus: vaccination and passive protection studies in a hamster model. | nipah virus, a member of the paramyxovirus family, was first isolated and identified in 1999 when the virus crossed the species barrier from fruit bats to pigs and then infected humans, inducing an encephalitis with up to 40% mortality. at present there is no prophylaxis for nipah virus. we investigated the possibility of vaccination and passive transfer of antibodies as interventions against this disease. we show that both of the nipah virus glycoproteins (g and f) when expressed as vaccinia vi ... | 2004 | 14694115 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against formalin-inactivated nipah virus isolated from the lungs of a pig. | eight clones of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to nipah virus (nv) were produced against formalin-inactivated nv antigens. they reacted positive by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, and one of them also demonstrated virus neutralizing activity. they were classified into six different types based on their biological properties. these mabs will be useful for immunodiagnosis of nv infections in animals and further research studies involving the genomes and proteins of nv. | 2004 | 14960818 |
| nipah virus conforms to the rule of six in a minigenome replication assay. | to study the replication of nipah virus (niv), a minigenome replication assay that does not require the use of infectious virus was developed. the minigenome was constructed to encode a niv vrna analogue containing the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) under the control of putative niv transcription motifs and flanked by the niv genomic termini. cat protein was detected only when plasmids encoding the niv minigenome, nucleocapsid protein (n), phosphoprotein (p) and polymerase prot ... | 2004 | 14993656 |
| late presentation of nipah virus encephalitis and kinetics of the humoral immune response. | nipah virus is a newly discovered paramyxovirus transmitted directly from pigs to humans. during a large encephalitis outbreak in malaysia and singapore in 1998-9, most patients presented acutely. a 12 year old child is described who developed encephalitis 4 months after exposure to the virus. she was diagnosed by a new indirect igg enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), which is also described. the late presentation and igg subclass responses had similarities to subacute sclerosing panencep ... | 2001 | 11561048 |
| emerging encephalitogenic viruses: lyssaviruses and henipaviruses transmitted by frugivorous bats. | three newly recognized encephalitogenic zoonotic viruses spread from fruit bats of the genus pteropus (order chiroptera, suborder megachiroptera) have been recognised over the past decade. these are: hendra virus, formerly named equine morbillivirus, which was responsible for an outbreak of disease in horses and humans in brisbane, australia, in 1994; australian bat lyssavirus, the cause of a severe acute encephalitis, in 1996; and nipah virus, the cause of a major outbreak of encephalitis and p ... | 2004 | 15119765 |
| [occupational bio hazards: current issues]. | over the last decade, there was noted a large advancement of knowledge on living organisms and their products posing a potential occupational risk. novel risk factors, often new to science, were identified, the role and significance of already known factors better comprehended, and occupational groups endangered by biological hazards more thoroughly recognized. novel viruses and prions, emerging in different parts of the world, may pose a particular threat to health and life of health care worke ... | 2004 | 15156765 |
| monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical diagnosis of malaysian nipah virus infection in pigs. | formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissues of three malaysian farm pigs naturally infected with nipah virus were used to investigate the value of anti-nipah virus mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and rabbit polyclonal antibody for immunohistochemical diagnosis. mabs 11f6 and 12a5 gave intense immunolabelling in lung tissue that had been fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for about 4 years, whereas the reactivity of mabs 13a5 and 18c4 and polyclonal antibody was reduced significantly by ... | 2004 | 15276859 |
| a solid-phase blocking elisa for detection of antibodies to nipah virus. | a monoclonal antibody (mab) based solid-phase blocking elisa was developed for detection of antibodies to nipah virus. the elisa was designed to detect remaining antigens on the plate with anti-nipah mab conjugate after the reaction with sample serum, and enabled simple procedure, detection of neutralizing antibody to nipah virus, and application of samples from different animal species. forty of 200 swine reference sera examined were positive by the elisa, of which thirty seven were found posit ... | 2004 | 15381364 |
| relapsed and late-onset nipah encephalitis. | an outbreak of infection with the nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus, occurred among pig farmers between september 1998 and june 1999 in malaysia, involving 265 patients with 105 fatalities. this is a follow-up study 24 months after the outbreak. twelve survivors (7.5%) of acute encephalitis had recurrent neurological disease (relapsed encephalitis). of those who initially had acute nonencephalitic or asymptomatic infection, 10 patients (3.4%) had late-onset encephalitis. the mean interval betwe ... | 2002 | 12112075 |
| reactivity of anti-nipah virus monoclonal antibodies to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissues from experimental nipah and hendra virus infections. | the immunohistochemical reactivity of seven clones of mouse monoclonal antibodies raised to nipah virus antigens were investigated using formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded porcine and equine lung tissues from experimental nipah and hendra virus infection, respectively. either microwave irradiation or enzymatic digestion effectively unmasked the viral antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. four clones showed positive reaction to both nipah virus-infected porcine lung tissue ... | 2004 | 15528861 |
| solubility, immunogenicity and physical properties of the nucleocapsid protein of nipah virus produced in escherichia coli. | the nucleocapsid (n) protein of nipah virus (niv) can be produced in three escherichia coli strains [top10, bl21(de3) and sg935] under the control of trc promoter. however, most of the product existed in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies. there was no improvement in the solubility of the product when this protein was placed under the control of t7 promoter. however, the solubility of the n protein was significantly improved by lowering the growth temperature of e. coli bl21(de3) cell cultur ... | 2004 | 15042656 |
| [nipah virus infections]. | | 2004 | 15624469 |
| isolation and molecular identification of nipah virus from pigs. | nipah viruses from pigs from a malaysian 1998 outbreak were isolated and sequenced. at least two different nipah virus strains, including a previously unreported strain, were identified. the findings highlight the possibility that the malaysia outbreaks had two origins of nipah virus infections. | 2004 | 15663869 |
| purification of the extra-cellular domain of nipah virus glycoprotein produced in escherichia coli and possible application in diagnosis. | the glycoprotein (g) of nipah virus (niv) is important for virus infectivity and induction of the protective immunity. in this study, the extra-cellular domain of niv g protein was fused with hexahistidine residues at its n-terminal end and expressed in escherichia coli. the expression under transcriptional regulation of t7 promoter yielded insoluble protein aggregates in the form of inclusion bodies. the inclusion bodies were solubilized with 8 m urea and the protein was purified to homogeneity ... | 2005 | 15707682 |
| [nipah virus infection]. | nipah virus (niv), emerged in peninsular malaysia, caused an outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis in humans and respiratory diseases in pigs between 1998 and 1999. by may of 1999, the death of 105 humans and the culling of about 1.1 million pigs were reported. fruitbats of pteropid species were identified as the natural reservoir hosts. the epidemiological studies suggested that niv was introduced into pig farms by fruitbats, and was than transmitted to humans (mainly pig farmers) and other a ... | 2004 | 15745162 |
| a survey of nipah virus infection among various risk groups in singapore. | following the nipah virus (nv) outbreak in march 1999 in singapore, a serological survey was undertaken to screen individuals potentially exposed to nv. blood samples were tested for nv igm, igg and neutralizing antibodies. twenty-two (1.5%) of 1469 people tested had antibodies suggesting nv infection. although 12 of the 22 infected people (54.6%) were symptomatic, the remaining 10 (45.4%) were clinically well and had no past history of compatible pulmonary or neurological disease. clinical and ... | 2002 | 11895096 |
| [nipah virus--another product from the asian "virus factory"]. | | 2005 | 15892474 |
| invasion of the central nervous system in a porcine host by nipah virus. | nipah virus, a newly emerged zoonotic paramyxovirus, infects a number of species. human infections were linked to direct contact with pigs, specifically with their body fluids. clinical signs in human cases indicated primarily involvement of the central nervous system, while in pigs the respiratory system was considered the primary virus target, with only rare involvement of the central nervous system. eleven 5-week-old piglets were infected intranasally, orally, and ocularly with 2.5 x 10(5) pf ... | 2005 | 15919907 |
| purification and characterization of nipah virus nucleocapsid protein produced in insect cells. | the nucleocapsid (n) protein of nipah virus (niv) is a major constituent of the viral proteins which play a role in encapsidation, regulating the transcription and replication of the viral genome. to investigate the use of a fusion system to aid the purification of the recombinant n protein for structural studies and potential use as a diagnostic reagent, the niv n gene was cloned into the pfastbacht vector and the his-tagged fusion protein was expressed in sf9 insect cells by recombinant baculo ... | 2005 | 16000431 |
| virology--11th international congress. 9-13 august 1999, sydney, australia. | the main theme of this conference was understanding the complex biology of viruses in order to design appropriate vaccines for human use. the use of both plant and animal viruses as vectors for delivery vehicles was widely discussed. these engineered viruses could be delivered in oral formulations or, in the case of plant viruses, grown in the plant host and used as edible vaccines. new technologies for producing highly attenuated vaccines through the use of 'molecular clone technologies' were s ... | 1999 | 16113984 |
| nipah virus outbreak in malaysia. | nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus, closely related to hendra virus emerged in northern part of peninsular malaysia in 1998. the virus caused an outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis in humans with a high mortality rate, whereas, in pigs, encephalitis and respiratory diseases but with a relatively low mortality rate. the outbreak subsequently spread to various regions of the country and singapore in the south due to the movement of infected pigs. nipah virus caused systemic infections in human ... | 2003 | 12637075 |
| identification of epitopes in the nucleocapsid protein of nipah virus using a linear phage-displayed random peptide library. | a random peptide library of heptamers displayed on the surface of m13 bacteriophage was used to identify specific epitopes of antibodies in pooled sera of swine naturally infected by nipah virus. the selected heptapeptides were aligned with protein sequences of nipah virus and several putative epitopes were identified within the nucleocapsid protein. a total of 41 of 60 (68%) selected phage clones had inserts resembling a region with the sequence snrtqge, located at the c-terminal end (amino aci ... | 2005 | 15543570 |
| hendra and nipah viruses: new zoonotically-acquired human pathogens. | some of the key features of hendra and nipah viruses are summarized in table 1. the appearance of these new viruses over the last 10 years emphasizes a number of issues. (1) epidemics of human infectious diseases can occur unexpectedly and with high impact in terms of morbidity and mortality. (2) we do not know what epidemiologic factors conspire to allow these viruses to stray out of their bat reservoirs into the two different intermediate hosts (horses and pigs) and then into humans. (3) we do ... | 2005 | 15763222 |
| nipah virus glycoprotein: production in baculovirus and application in diagnosis. | a method for serological diagnosis of nipah virus (niv) is described. dna encoding truncated g protein of niv was cloned into the pfastbac ht vector, and the fusion protein to his-tag was expressed in insect cells by recombinant baculovirus. the resulting his-g recombinant fusion protein was purified by affinity chromatography and used as the coating antigen for serological testing by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (elisa). when tested against a panel of swine serum samples, the reco ... | 2004 | 15522449 |
| anthropogenic deforestation, el niño and the emergence of nipah virus in malaysia. | in late 1998, a novel paramyxovirus named nipah virus, emerged in malaysia, causing fatal disease in domestic pigs and humans with substantial economic loss to the local pig industry. pteropid fruitbats have since been identified as a natural reservoir host. over the last two decades, the forest habitat of these bats in southeast asia has been substantially reduced by deforestation for pulpwood and industrial plantation. in 1997/1998, slash-and-burn deforestation resulted in the formation of a s ... | 2002 | 16329551 |
| the ecology of emerging neurotropic viruses. | the authors review common themes in the ecology of emerging viruses that cause neurological disease. three issues emerge. first, 49% of emerging viruses are characterized by encephalitis or serious neurological clinical symptoms. second, all of these viruses are driven to emerge by ecological, environmental, or human demographic changes, some of which are poorly understood. finally, the control of these viruses would be enhanced by collaborative multidisciplinary research into these drivers of e ... | 2005 | 16287685 |
| nipah virus: an emergent paramyxovirus causing severe encephalitis in humans. | nipah virus is a recently emergent paramyxovirus that is capable of causing severe disease in both humans and animals. the first outbreak of nipah virus occurred in malaysia and singapore in 1999 and, more recently, outbreaks were detected in bangladesh. in humans, nipah virus causes febrile encephalitis with respiratory syndrome that has a high mortality rate. the reservoir for nipah virus is believed to be fruit bats, and humans are infected by contact with infected bats or by contact with an ... | 2005 | 16287690 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against binary ethylenimine inactivated nipah virus. | nipah virus, a zoonotic paramyxovirus which emerged recently was chemically inactivated using binary ethylenimine (bei). the inactivated virus was concentrated and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. the gradient fractions were examined by electron microscopy and western immunoblot, and gradient fraction containing mainly nipah matrix (m) and nucleocapsid (n) proteins was used for immunizing balb/c mice to generate hybridomas. screening of the resultant hybridoma clones identified five ... | 2006 | 16226320 |
| quantitative estimation of nipah virus replication kinetics in vitro. | nipah virus is a zoonotic virus isolated from an outbreak in malaysia in 1998. the virus causes infections in humans, pigs, and several other domestic animals. it has also been isolated from fruit bats. the pathogenesis of nipah virus infection is still not well described. in the present study, nipah virus replication kinetics were estimated from infection of african green monkey kidney cells (vero) using the one-step sybr green i-based quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase cha ... | 2006 | 16784519 |
| nipah virus rna synthesis in cultured pig and human cells. | nipah virus infection of porcine stable kidney cells (ps), human neuronal cells (sk-n-mc), human lung fibroblasts cells (mrc-5), and human monocytes (thp-1) were examined. rapid progression of cytopathic effects (cpe) and cell death were noted in ps cell cultures treated with nipah virus, followed by mrc-5, sk-n-mc, and thp-1 cell cultures, in descending order of rapidity. significant increase in the intracellular nipah virus rna occurred beginning at 24 hr pi in all the infected cells. whereas, ... | 2006 | 16789019 |
| bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. | bats (order chiroptera, suborders megachiroptera ["flying foxes"] and microchiroptera) are abundant, diverse, and geographically widespread. these mammals provide us with resources, but their importance is minimized and many of their populations and species are at risk, even threatened or endangered. some of their characteristics (food choices, colonial or solitary nature, population structure, ability to fly, seasonal migration and daily movement patterns, torpor and hibernation, life span, roo ... | 2006 | 16847084 |
| hendra and nipah viruses: pathogenesis and therapeutics. | within the past decade a number of new zoonotic paramyxoviruses emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in man and livestock. hendra virus was the cause of fatal infections of horses and man in australia in 1994, 1999 and 2004. nipah virus caused encephalitis in humans both in malaysia in 1998/99, following silent spread of the virus in the pig population, and in bangladesh from 2001 to 2004 probably as a result of direct bat to human transmission and spread within the human ... | 2005 | 16375714 |
| serodiagnosis using recombinant nipah virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in escherichia coli. | nipah virus nucleocapsid (niv-n) protein was expressed in escherichia coli and purified by histidine tag-based affinity chromatography. an indirect immunoglobulin g (igg) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for human and swine sera and an igm capture elisa for human sera were established using the recombinant niv-n protein as an antigen. one hundred thirty-three suspected patient sera and 16 swine sera were used to evaluate the newly established elisa systems in comparison with the cdc ina ... | 2006 | 16954238 |
| establishment of a nipah virus rescue system. | nipah virus (niv), a paramyxovirus, was first discovered in malaysia in 1998 in an outbreak of infection in pigs and humans and incurred a high fatality rate in humans. fruit bats, living in vast areas extending from india to the western pacific, were identified as the natural reservoir of the virus. however, the mechanisms that resulted in severe pathogenicity in humans (up to 70% mortality) and that enabled crossing the species barrier were not known. in this study, we established a system tha ... | 2006 | 17053073 |
| nipah virus: impact, origins, and causes of emergence. | nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe febrile encephalitis resulting in death in 40% to 75% of human cases. nipah virus is considered a biosafety level-4 pathogen and is listed as a select agent with high risk for public health and security due to its high mortality rate in people and the lack of effective vaccines or therapies. the natural reservoir for nipah virus and related members of the genus henipavirus are fruit bats of the genus pteropus. nipah virus emerged in ... | 2006 | 16448602 |
| inhibition of henipavirus infection by nipah virus attachment glycoprotein occurs without cell-surface downregulation of ephrin-b2 or ephrin-b3. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are newly identified members of the family paramyxoviridae and have been classified in the new genus henipavirus based on unique genetic characteristics distinct from other paramyxoviruses. transgenic cell lines were generated that expressed either the attachment protein (g) or the fusion protein (f) of niv. functional expression of niv f and g was verified by complementation with the corresponding glycoprotein, which resulted in the development of syncyt ... | 2007 | 17251577 |
| transmission of human infection with nipah virus. | nipah virus (niv) is a paramyxovirus whose reservoir host is fruit bats of the genus pteropus. occasionally the virus is introduced into human populations and causes severe illness characterized by encephalitis or respiratory disease. the first outbreak of niv was recognized in malaysia, but 8 outbreaks have been reported from bangladesh since 2001. the primary pathways of transmission from bats to people in bangladesh are through contamination of raw date palm sap by bats with subsequent consum ... | 2009 | 19886791 |
| nipah virus strain variation. | | 2005 | 16485499 |
| lessons from the nipah virus outbreak in malaysia. | the nipah virus outbreak in malaysia (september 1998 to may 1999) resulted in 265 cases of acute encephalitis with 105 deaths, and near collapse of the billion-dollar pig-farming industry. because it was initially attributed to japanese encephalitis, early control measures were ineffective, and the outbreak spread to other parts of malaysia and nearby singapore. the isolation of the novel aetiological agent, the nipah virus (niv), from the cerebrospinal fluid of an outbreak victim was the turnin ... | 2007 | 19108397 |
| antibody prophylaxis and therapy against nipah virus infection in hamsters. | nipah virus (niv), a member of the paramyxoviridae family, causes a zoonotic infection in which the reservoir, the fruit bat, may pass the infection to pigs and eventually to humans. in humans, the infection leads to encephalitis with >40 to 70% mortality. we have previously shown that polyclonal antibody directed to either one of two glycoproteins, g (attachment protein) or f (fusion protein), can protect hamsters from a lethal infection. in the present study, we have developed monoclonal antib ... | 2006 | 16439553 |
| molecular characteristics of the nipah virus glycoproteins. | nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus, which emerged in 1998 from fruit bats in malaysia and caused an outbreak of severe respiratory disease in pigs and fatal encephalitis in humans with high mortality rates. in contrast to most paramyxoviruses, niv can infect a large variety of mammalian species. due to this broad host range, its zoonotic potential, its high pathogenicity for humans, and the lack of effective vaccines or therapeutics, niv was classified as a biosafety level 4 ... | 2007 | 17470910 |
| envelope-receptor interactions in nipah virus pathobiology. | nipah (niv) and hendra (hev) viruses are members of the newly defined henipavirus genus of the paramyxoviridae. nipah virus (niv) is an emergent paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in up to 70% of infected patients, and there is increasing evidence of human-to-human transmission. niv is designated a priority pathogen in the niaid biodefense research agenda, and could be a devastating agent of agrobioterrorism if used against the pig farming industry. endothelial syncytium is a pathognom ... | 2007 | 17470911 |
| experimental nipah virus infection in pteropid bats (pteropus poliocephalus). | seventeen grey-headed fruit bats (pteropus poliocephalus) were inoculated subcutaneously with an isolate of nipah virus derived from a fatally infected human. a control group of eight guinea-pigs was inoculated intraperitoneally with the same isolate in order to confirm virulence. three of eight infected guinea-pigs developed clinical signs 7-9 days post-inoculation. infected fruit bats developed a subclinical infection characterized by the transient presence of virus within selected viscera, ep ... | 2007 | 17498518 |
| [nipah encephalitis]. | nipah encephalitis is a particular dangerous disease that affects animals and man. fatal cases of the disease have been identified in the persons looking after pigs in the villages of malaysia. the causative agent is presumably referred to as morbilliviruses of the paramixoviridae family. two hundred persons died among the ill patients with the signs of encephalitis. the principal hosts of the virus were fox-bats (megaschiroptera) inhabiting in the surrounding forests. the present paper descries ... | 2008 | 18450103 |
| recent progress in henipavirus research. | following the discovery of two new paramyxoviruses in the 1990s, much effort has been placed on rapidly finding the reservoir hosts, characterising the genomes, identifying the viral receptors and formulating potential vaccines and therapeutic options for these viruses, hendra and nipah viruses caused zoonotic disease on a scale not seen before with other paramyxoviruses. nipah virus particularly caused high morbidity and mortality in humans and high morbidity in pig populations in the first out ... | 2007 | 17629946 |
| pulau virus; a new member of the nelson bay orthoreovirus species isolated from fruit bats in malaysia. | after the outbreak of nipah virus (niv) in 1998-99, which resulted in 105 human deaths and the culling of more than one million pigs, a search was initiated for the natural host reservoir of niv on tioman island off the east coast of malaysia. three different syncytia-forming viruses were isolated from fruit bats on the island. they were nipah virus, tioman virus (a novel paramyxovirus related to menangle virus), and a reovirus, named pulau virus (puv), which is the subject of this study. puv di ... | 2006 | 16205863 |
| induction and sequencing of rousette bat interferon alpha and beta genes. | bats are considered to be natural reservoirs for several viruses of clinical importance, including rabies virus, nipah virus, and hendra virus. type i interferons (ifns) is an important part of the immune system in the defense against viral infection. to investigate the function of type i ifns upon viral infection in bats, the nucleic acid, and amino acid sequences of egyptian rousette (rousettus aegyptiacus) ifn-alpha and -beta were characterized. sequence data indicated that bat ifn-alpha cons ... | 2008 | 18436311 |
| emerging and re-emerging viruses in malaysia, 1997-2007. | over the past decade, a number of unique zoonotic and non-zoonotic viruses have emerged in malaysia. several of these viruses have resulted in significant morbidity and mortality to those affected and they have imposed a tremendous public health and economic burden on the state. amongst the most devastating was the outbreak of nipah virus encephalitis in 1998, which resulted in 109 deaths. the culling of more than a million pigs, identified as the amplifying host, ultimately brought the outbreak ... | 2009 | 19010076 |