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replication of swine and equine influenza viruses in canine kidney cells.both swine and equine influenza viruses were replicated in madin-darby canine kidney cells. hemagglutinin and complement-fixing antigens were synthesized at 4 to 8 hours postinfection and reached maximal synthesis at 16 to 20 hours. neuraminidase activity increased 9- to 11-fold; 50% of the total hemagglutinin antigen was made before the infective virus progeny was detected.197718972
swine influenza virus in man. zoonosis or human pandemic? 197659086
swine influenza virus and the recycling of influenza-a viruses in man.sera collected in 1967 and 1972 from people in the 0-100 age-group showed haemagglutination-inhibition (h.i.) antibody to swine virus a/iowa/15/30 (hsw1n1) in greatest number and with highest titre in people born before 1918. a slight decrease was observed from 1967 to 1972 in the number of sera with antibody to swine virus and in the height of the titres. the recently isolated a/new jersey/10/76 (hsw1n1) virus showed a result comparable to that of the swine/1930 virus in sera of 1972. on the an ...197659252
behaviour in ferrets of swine influenza virus isolated from man.after intranasal instillation into ferrets, the "swine" influenza virus a/new jersey/8/76(hsw1 n1) had a 50% minimal infectious dose similar to that of previously tested a/pr/8-a/england (h3 n2) recombinants virulent and attenuated for man. a/new jersey produced only a mild upper respiratory tract infection. however, higher titres of virus were recovered from the lungs over a longer period than experienced previously with asian and hong kong virus strains. there was a diphasic pyrexia the second ...197763712
the epidemiology of influenza.although unpredictable, influenza outbreaks are known to occur in three patterns: pandemics every 30 to 40 years, with high excess mortality; epidemics much more frequently, with lower excess mortality; and usually mild sporadic outbreaks. the possibility of a swine-flu pandemic this winter, resembling that of 1918-20, is the result of a unique deviation in the epidemiology of this fascinating disease.197667988
[comparative characteristics of influenza virus a/ussr/02/76 and swine influenza virus].comparative studies of the biological properties, antigenic structure and ultrastructure of influenza a viruses isolated in the ussr, a/new jersey/8/76 and a/swine/31 were carried out. antigenic differences between a/ussr/02/76 and a/swine/31 strains as well as a/new jersey/8/76 strain were found in the hemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase activity-inhibition tests. these differences were confirmed by serological examination of human sera.197771790
the prevalence of influenza viruses in swine and the antigenic and genetic relatedness of influenza viruses from man and swine. 197874123
antigenic shift in myxoviruses. 197774793
the influenza virus: antigenic composition and immune response.the architecture and chemical composition of the influenza virus particle is described with particular reference to the protein constituents and their genetic control. the dominant role in infection of the surface proteins - haemagglutinins and neuraminidases - acting as antigens and undergoing variation in time known as antigenic drift and shift is explained. the immuno-diffusion technique has illuminated the interrelationships of the haemagglutinins of influenza a viruses recovered over long p ...197988726
hemolysis-in-gel (hig) test for antibodies to influenza a, measles and mumps using liquid nitrogen freezed erythrocytes coupled with the respective viral antigen.a drawback with the hemolysis-in-gel test is the constant need for fresh erythrocytes which must be treated with virus before incorporation in the gel. this problem was overcome by freezing small droplets containing erythrocytes to which antigen had been attached. the droplets were stored at -70 degrees c or in liquid nitrogen. this modification was applied in detecting antibodies to influenza, measles and mumps viruses and the results were shown to equal those obtained with fresh erythrocytes.1978102699
[incidence of antibodies against influenza viruses a/victoria 3/75 (h3 n2) and a--swine (hsw1 n1) in large pig farms and attendants of pigs in the north moravian region (author's transl)]. 1979159135
evaluation of 6-azauridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine in the treatment of experimental viral infections.the potential antiviral activity of 6-azauridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine was evaluated in a coordinated study at five institutions. experimental models in five species, the mouse, rabbit, swine, cat, and ferret, were established with use of 10 viruses: herpesvirus hominis types 1 and 2, murine cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus, shope fibroma virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, swine influenza virus, feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, feline panleukopenia virus, and ferret distemper virus. ...1976180189
influenza: its antigenic variation and ecology.influenza viruses have two surface antigens, the glycoprotein structures hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). antibodies to each of these are associated with immunity, but the structures themselves are antigenically variable. when an antigenic change is gradual over time it is referred to as a drift, while a sudden complete or major change in either or both antigens is termed a shift. the mechanism of antigenic drift is usually attributed to selection of preexisting mutants by pressure fro ...1976187273
swine influenza vaccine program in the community: acceptability, reactions and responses.the operation of the national swine influenza immunization program was observed in the community of tecumseh, michigan. the purpose was to determine acceptability of a parenteral vaccine intended for the general population. participation of the residents was excellent. more than 64 per cent of eligibles were vaccinated; this figure resembled that of the rest of the local area, but not the national figures nor a suburban area of michigan where a similar study was carried out. sore arm after vacci ...1979217281
a seroepizootiologic study of five viruses in a swine-evaluation station.this serologic study was done to gain information on the spread, maintenance, and effect upon performance of five porcine viruses. blood samples were taken from two groups of 8- to 11-week-old pigs from a large number of indiana swine herds in a performance-testing station 1 week after entry, 7 weeks after entry (one group only), and at slaughter. the sera were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody tests for antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), swine influenza virus (siv), ...1979230762
the nurse's role in the swine influenza immunization program. 1977244353
genetic dimorphism in influenza viruses: characterization of stably associated hemagglutinin mutants differing in antigenicity and biological properties.influenza virus recombinant x-53 produced for use in the 1976 national immunization program for swine influenza was found to comprise two types of virions differing in their antigenic, replicative, and plaque-forming characteristics. one type, characteristic of x-53 and designated "l," was relatively low-yielding in chicken embryos, produced small clear plaques in madin-darby dog kidney cells, and was selectively inhibited by heterotypic antibody to the a/sw/cam/39 strain of swine influenza viru ...1978282644
influenza a viruses of the h2n2 subtype are lymphocyte mitogens. 1978305001
experience with monovalent and bivalent influenza vaccines in canada 1976. clinical evaluation of vaccines from four sources.clinical trials in adults of monovalent (200 cca units per dose) and bivalent (400 cca units per dose) inactivated influenza whole virus a/swine and a/victoria vaccines from different sources resulted in variations in clinical reactivity which may not be significant because of lack of controls and observer bias. in adults with no pre-vaccine antibody (hi less than 1/10) the a/swine monovalent vaccine from one source evoked significantly lower response than did the a/swine component of the bivale ...1977342309
swine influenza a at fort dix, new jersey (january-february 1976). iv. summary and speculation.influenza a/new jersey/76 virus was detected at fort dix from january 19 through february 9, 1976 and infected at least 230 military personnel. thirteen hospital admissions for acute respiratory disease were associated with influenza a/new jersey infection, and additional members of index training companies may have been hospitalized with influenza a/new jersey. this virus was likely introduced into the reception center by an incoming trainee. although our studies could not eliminate the possibi ...1977342615
[study of the immunological activity of blood in various rickettsial and viral infections].the content of various types of antibodies were studied in the blood serum of laboratory animals in experimental tick-borne rickettsiosis of northern asia. this was done by a simultaneous staging of indirect hemagglutination, indirect hemolysis, compliment fixation under cold conditions, and agglutination with proteus antigen ox19 tests. immune horse sera to the influenza virus were also studied with the aid of several serological tests. the data obtained pointed to the significant differences i ...1978352050
swine influenza vaccination in a dialysis and transplant population. 1978374434
swine influenza virus vaccine: potentiation of antibody responses in rhesus monkeys.polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid stabilized with poly-l-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose [poly(iclc)] enhances the antibody response in rhesus monkeys immunized with swine influenza virus subunit vaccine. monkeys given the vaccine-adjuvant combination had earlier and significantly (p less than .05) higher titers by 14 days compared to those that received vaccine alone. the potentiation of the antibody response of young monkeys given a split-virus vaccine in combination with poly(iclc) su ...1977408923
guillain-barré syndrome: the swine influenza virus vaccine incident in the united states of america, 1976-77: preliminary communication. 1979552571
ocular abnormalities after influenza immunization. 1977561590
investigations on the involvement of swine influenza a virus (hsw1n1) in the influenza outbreak recorded in a town of romania during the 1976--1977 winter season.seroepidemiological investigations performed with 1,620 serum samples and serodiagnostic tests with 166 paired sera demonstrated that swine influenza virus type a/new jersey 8/76 (hsw1n1) played no role in the epidemiology of human influenza in a large town of romania during 1977.1978567886
antibody formation in laboratory animals after parenteral application of a/swine influenza virus.antigenicity of swine influenza viruses, ann arbor/31 and recombinant x-53, was compared on the different animal species. the serological investigations of animals infected with live or immunized with the inactivated virus, demonstrated a close antigenic relationship between the h and n antigens of both viruses. for inactivated vaccine preparation it was recommended, on the basis of our results, to use ann arbor virus instead of virus x-53.1977604122
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the rnas of new influenza virus strains: an epidemiological tool.recently, we have shown by separating the rnas and proteins of different influenza a viruses on polyacrylamide gels, that influenza a viruses contain 8 genes corresponding to 8 virus specific proteins. by analyzing the rna patterns and the protein patterns of different recombinant viruses we, subsequently, succeeded in establishing a complete genetic map for influenza a viruses. these techniques were extended to characterize the genome of new influenza virus isolates. thus it was found that the ...1977604123
antigenic subgroups of influenza a (hsw1 n1) virus differentiated by hemagglutination inhibition.eleven influenza a/swine virus strains could be arranged in three subgroups by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) titrations. the antisera used include post-infection ferret sera (native as well as after adsorption with heterologous hsw1 n1 virus) and paired human sera from recent influenza a patients, showing antibody titre rises against a/swine virus. for serological detection of infections with an unknown a/swine virus, virus strains of the subgroup with the broadest reactivity are more suitabl ...1977604129
identification and preliminary antigenic analysis of swine influenza-like viruses isolated during an influenza outbreak at fort dix, new jersey.the sequence of events and the laboratory procedures that resulted in the identification of swine influenza-like viruses isolated during an influenza outbreak at fort dix, new jersey in january and february of 1976 are described. preliminary antigenic analysis suggested that the isolates from fort dix are closely related to a 1975 isolate of swine influenza virus and distinguishable from earlier swine influenza strains.1977606762
ether-treated, subunit hsw1n1 influenza vaccines: response of immunologically primed subjects to two antigenic variants.two bivalent, ether-treated, subunit influenza vaccines were compared in adults greater than or equal to 45 years old. both vaccines contained 200 chick cell-agglutinating (cca) units of a/victoria/3/75 antigen/dose. the hsw1n1 components, also at a level of 200 cca units/dose and designated a/shope and a/x-53, were antigenically representative of the a/swine/1976/31 and a/new jersey/8/76 viruses, respectively. a/shope virus possessed about 100 times more neuraminidase activity than a/x-53 virus ...1977606773
infection and vaccination of pigs with influenza a/new jersey/8/76 (hsw1n1) virus.pigs were infected and had mild signs of illness when exposed to influenza a/new jersey/8/76 (hsw1n1) virus. virus was recovered for up to eight days after exposure. the virus was readily transmitted to susceptible pen mates. vaccination with inactivated whole-virus vaccine did not provide protection against infection or disease. there was some protection against challenge when the pigs were vaccinated with a temperature-sensitive strain of influenza a/new jersey/8/76 virus.1977606794
swine influenza program in st. louis county. 1978634258
public opinion and the swine flu immunization program. 1978647572
surveillance of the swine influenza vaccination program at the royal military college, kingston.in a prospective study symptoms appearing in a previously healthy population within 6 weeks after inoculation with monovalent swine influenza vaccine (a/new jersey/76) were tabulated. of the 703 persons (ranging in age from 17 to 55 years) participating in the follow-up 54% reported experiencing symptoms, usually within 24 hours of vaccination; the symptoms were usually minor and none of the participants displayed evidence of guillain-barré syndrome.1978657050
from the john e. fogarty international center for advanced study in the health sciences. summary of the internationl workshop on the ecology of influenza viruses. 1978681789
antibody response in humans after administration of whole-virion and split vaccine prepared from two different influenza a/swine viruses. 1978721836
secretory antibody response to haemagglutinin of influenza virus a/swine and a/victoria in humans after administration of split and whole-virion vaccine. 1978721837
swine influenza: history and recommendations for vaccination. 1976792372
swine flu: play it again, uncle sam. 1976800413
the swine-influenza decision.we analyzed the economic aspects of mass immunization against swine-like influenza in 1976-1977, and have used the delphi technic for estimating the likelihood and characteristics of an epidemic. if an epidemic occurs and no preventive efforts are made, total costs could exceed $6 billion for the whole population and $3 billion for those in the high-risk group. expected net benefits from immunization vary with (1) the target population, (2) costs of vaccine administration and (3) vaccine accepta ...1976822331
the swine-influenza decision. 1977830271
[swine influenza]. 1977835180
a surveillance of human influenza virus in swine in southern taiwan.from september 1970 to december 1971, samples were taken monthly from farm pigs, piglets and abattoir pigs in southern taiwan for virus isolations and serologic studies. a total of 10 strains of hemagglutinating agent were isolated in january and july 1971, following 2 epidemics of human influenza occurring in december 1970 and june 1971, respectively. three strains were antigenically confirmed as influenza a similar to a/hong kong/68 virus.1977885670
sensitivity of influenza a/new jersey/8/76 (hsw1n1) virus to amantadine-hcl.the appearance of a swine type of influenza a among recruits in fort dix, new jersey, in 1976 prompted an evaluation of the sensitivity of this virus to amantadine - hcl. well-tolerated levels of the drug effectively blocked replication of the influenza a/new jersey/8/76 (hsw1n1) virus isolate in three laboratory models: monkey kidney cells, embryonated eggs, and intranasally infected mice. on a comparative basis this virus would appear to be more sensitive to amantadine - hcl than human influen ...1977894080
local immunity in the pig respiratory tract. ii. -- relationship of serum and local antibodies.antibody passage from blood to respiratory secretions was studied on pigs. the animals were passively immunized and have a high anti-hog cholera serum antibody titer. with normal animals as with swine influenza animals, no serum antibody could be recovered neither in buccopharyngeal secretions nor in lung washings: it seems that in such conditions no detectable transudation occurs from blood to local secretions. following intranasal inoculation of swine influenza virus or intramuscular injection ...1977907266
local immunity in the pig respiratory tract. i. -- cellular and humoral immune responses following swine influenza infection.by serial lung washings on living pigs, kinetics of humoral and cellular local immune responses have been studied following intranasal inoculation of swine influenza virus. local and serum antibodies appeared 8 days post-infection (p.i.) and reached a maximal titer 2 weeks p.i. antibody titer decreased faster in lung secretions than in serum. local and systemic cell-mediated immune responses were detected, by in vitro transformation tests, during the second week p.i.1977907269
isolation of wine influenza virus in oklahoma.three isolations of swine influenca virus were made from 2 swine herds in west-central oklahoma. many swine in these herds had signs of respiratory tract disease, and in 1 herd, some affected animals also had diarrhea. two isolations were made in swine testicle cell line and 1 in embryonating chicken eggs. all 3 strains were cytopathogenic for swine testicle cells.1977924848
[the possible epidemic recrudescence of swine-like influenza virus type a].an account of the effects of recent influenza epidemics is given from the medical standpoint, and also with respect to their social and economic repercussions. the part played by air travel in the carriage of such epidemics is also examined. the immunity of the population of rome towards an a strain swine fever (a/new jersey 8/76) is assessed in the light of personal research.1976995280
antibodies to influenza a/swine-like viruses (hsw1n1) in human sera: antigenic stimulation and changes in antibody status.human sera collected at the end of 1975 were studied for hi antibodies to influenza a/mayo clinic/103/74 (hsw1n1). the frequent occurrence of these antibodies in subjects born before 1930 suggested that they are present in about 25% of the finnish population. during the h3n2 epidemic in winter 1975-76 a low response of antibodies to a/swine-like viruses was recorded in about half of the influenza patients with a pre-existing titre, but not in any of the patients without pre-existing antibodies. ...1976998257
[prevalence of antibodies to a/new jersey/76, a/victoria/3/75 and b/hong kong/5/72 influenza viruses in the population of milan examined in the late spring of 1976 and evaluation of the past experience of the same population with probable agent of the 1918-20 pandemics].hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (h.i.a.) to influenza viruses a/new jersey/76, a/victoria/3/75 and b/hong kong/5/72 were titrated in 227 serum samples collected in milan in the late spring 1976 from healthy subjects of 0 to 90 years of age. in 185 of these neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies (n.i.a.) for the type a strains were also titrated. subjects up to 40 years of age lack h.i.a. to a/new jersey/76 strain; antibody levels equal to or greater than 1:40 are occasionally present in the ...19761016579
[possible significance of human patients with "swine" influenza virus in january-february,1976 at fort dix, new jersey, usa, and theories concerning the cause of deaths in the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919]. 19761024248
swine flu: did uncle sam buy a pig in a poke? 19761027540
the swine flu immunization program. 19761028314
[hypotheses and facts on the origin of pandemic strains of influenza a virus]. 19751121849
[a sero-epizootical survey on hong-kong type influenza among pigs in japan (author's transl)]. 19751241632
antiviral, immunosuppressive and antitumour effects of ribavirin. 19761256547
antigenicity of inactivated swine influenza virus concentrated by centrifugation.swine influenza virus grown in fertile chicken eggs was inactivated with a 1:4000 dilution of formalin for three days. centrifugation at 47,000 g for 1-3 hours concentrated the viral particles. reconstitution to 1/10 the original volume for use as a vaccine resulted in a product having an ha titer of 1:64 to 1:512. two doses of 4 ml given three weeks apart resulted in a serologic response in three of six gilts of breeding age. experimental challenge of two vaccinated and two control gilts to swi ...19761257594
letter: vaccine against swine influenza. 19761276748
swine influenza. 19921285165
outbreak of influenza in pigs. 19921314444
variation in seropositivity for some respiratory disease agents in finishing pigs: epidemiological studies on some health parameters and farm and management conditions in the herds.the relationship between the extent of seropositivity for aujeszky's disease virus (adv), actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (app.) serotype 2 and porcine influenza (pi) viruses serotype h1n1 and h3n2 in pigs on the one hand and the health status of the pigs and some farm and management conditions in the herds on the other hand was studied in 45 pig finishing herds, all members of one integration group. the health status was assessed by the extent of clinical signs, the use of veterinary drugs and ...19921315466
swine influenza surveillance, wisconsin agricultural fairs, 1989 and 1990. 19921315876
antibody responses of swine to type a influenza viruses in the most recent several years.a serological survey was conducted on 4,080 swine sera collected for the years 1985-90. the swine sera positive to a/new jersey/8/76 (swine type h1n1) strain were observed in annual (10-20%) and monthly (20-40%) incidences during the observation period except for occasional months. antibodies to recent human h1n1 viruses in swine were recognized in relation to the human h1n1 influenza epidemics. antibody responses of swine to human h3n2 strains appeared irrespective of human epidemics with the v ...19921318751
influenza a viruses: epidemiologic study in fatteners in spain (1987-89).2,979 sera were collected from slaughtered swine in two geographic areas of spain from 1987 to 1989. they were tested for antibodies against an h1n1- and h3n2-influenza virus by haemagglutination-inhibition tests (hi). the percentage of positive sera was higher in area i (78%-69.2%) than in area ii (63.1%-60.4%) for both viruses respectively. the coexistence of high titres to both h1n1- and h3n2-influenza virus became apparent in cold months simultaneously in each area, although influenza viruse ...19921320310
experimentally induced porcine proliferative and necrotising pneumonia with an influenza a virus. 19921324542
antigenic variant of swine influenza virus causing proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia in pigs.a new antigenic variant of swine influenza virus was isolated from the lungs of pigs experiencing respiratory problems in 7 different swine herds in quebec. pigs of different ages were affected, and the main clinical signs were fever, dyspnea, and abdominal respiration. coughing was not a constant finding of the syndrome. at necropsy, macroscopic lesions included the overall appearance of pale animals, general lymphadenopathy, hepatic congestion, and consolidation of the lungs. histopathologic f ...19921333815
pathogenicity of concurrent infection of pigs with porcine respiratory coronavirus and swine influenza virus.combinations of porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) and either of two swine influenza viruses (h1n1 or h3n2) were administered intranasally and by aerosol to six- to eight-week-old specific pathogen-free pigs. the clinical responses, gross respiratory lesions and growth performances of these pigs were studied and compared with those of single (prcv, h1n1 or h3n2) and mock-infected animals. prcv infection caused fever, growth retardation and lung lesions, but no respiratory symptoms. infection ...19921334565
[classical fowl plague and milder influenza infections in birds and mammals].wild waterfowl are currently considered the largest reservoir of the various haemagglutinin (h) and neuraminidase (n) subtypes of influenza virus. until now thirteen different h-types and nine different n-types have been detected in these populations. in the first instance, virus transmission from fowl to other animal species and to man is not causing disease problems. however, small changes at the molecular level of a given hn-subtype recently caused a dramatic increase in virulence for chicken ...19921336231
virus-specific effects of recombinant porcine interferon-gamma and the induction of mx proteins in pig cells.interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) and -gamma differed in their action against influenza virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) on pig cells. recombinant ifn-alpha severely impaired the cytopathic effect of vsv on pk-15 cells, whereas recombinant porcine ifn-gamma did not. ifn-alpha impaired also the replication of vsv and of influenza virus in primary pig kidney cells in contrast to ifn-gamma, which failed to induce an efficient antiviral state against both viruses. otherwise, the ifn system seem ...19921337754
haematological and clinicochemical blood profiles in slaughter pigs.in a cohort study, 40 pig finishing herds were selected: twenty pig herds with a low and twenty pig herds with a high prevalence of several pathological lesions recorded at slaughter in a six-month period before the start of the study. blood samples were taken from 20 pigs per herd at the end of the finishing period to investigate haematological and clinicochemical profiles. there was only a significant difference in serum albumin concentration between the low and high lesion prevalence groups. ...19921380195
interspecies transmission and reassortment of influenza a viruses in pigs and turkeys in the united states.genetic reassortment between influenza a viruses in humans and in animals and birds has been implicated in the appearance of new pandemics of human influenza. to determine whether such reassortment has occurred in the united states, the authors compared the genetic origins of gene segments of 73 swine influenza virus isolates (1976-1990), representing 11 states, and 11 turkey virus isolates (1980-1989), representing eight states. the host origin of gene segments encoding the internal proteins of ...19921415168
[laboratory problems of chemotherapy of viral infections in humans].the following problems are presented and discussed: scientific and epidemiologic basis of chemotherapy, relations of antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo especially important when new-drugs are developed and evaluated, inhibitors used in medical treatment and mechanisms of their antiviral functions, genesis and nature of virus resistance, possible role of interfering defective particles. the paper is addressed both to laboratories involved in new drugs construction as well to clinical ones pe ...19921470577
genetic relatedness of the nucleoprotein (np) of recent swine, turkey, and human influenza a virus (h1n1) isolates.the sequences of nucleoprotein (np) genes of recent human and turkey isolates of influenza a viruses, which serologically could be correlated to contemporary swine viruses, were determined. these sequences were closely related to the nps of these swine viruses and they formed a separate branch on the phylogenetic tree. while the early swine virus from 1931 resembled the avian strains in consensus amino acids of the np and in its ability to rescue np ts mutants of fowl plague virus in chicken emb ...19921536092
evolution and ecology of influenza a viruses.in this review we examine the hypothesis that aquatic birds are the primordial source of all influenza viruses in other species and study the ecological features that permit the perpetuation of influenza viruses in aquatic avian species. phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of influenza a virus rna segments coding for the spike proteins (ha, na, and m2) and the internal proteins (pb2, pb1, pa, np, m, and ns) from a wide range of hosts, geographical regions, and influenza a virus subt ...19921579108
application of directigen flu-a for the detection of influenza a virus in human and nonhuman specimens.directigen flu-a, a new enzyme immunoassay membrane test, rapidly detects influenza a virus antigen in specimens from patients. nasopharyngeal washes and pharyngeal gargles were used to determine the effectiveness of the assay as applied to different types of routinely collected clinical samples. all specimens had been previously shown to contain influenza a virus by virus isolation in tissue culture. directigen flu-a was 90% sensitive (95% confidence interval, 56 to 99.7%) with nasopharyngeal w ...19921583103
amino acid sequence identity between the ha1 of influenza a (h3n2) viruses grown in mammalian and primary chick kidney cells.primary isolation of type a influenza (h3n2) virus in mammalian madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells results in a virus with haemagglutinin (ha) identical to that of the virus replicating in the infected individual, whereas similar isolation of virus in the embryonated egg results in the selection of variants with amino acid substitutions in the globular head region of the ha molecule. to determine whether other mammalian and avian host cells routinely used in laboratory isolation of influenza ...19921588320
nucleotide sequence analysis of the ha1 coding portion of the haemagglutinin gene of swine h1n1 influenza viruses.the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences coding for the ha1 portion of the haemagglutinin (ha) genes of three swine influenza viruses were determined and compared with published ha sequence data for human h1n1 influenza viruses. sequence differences between the classic swine influenza has sw37 (a/swine/29/37) and nj76 (a/new jersey/11/76) were randomly distributed in the molecule without being confined to antigenic sites. in contrast, sequence differences between the has of sw37 and the a ...19921604929
pandemic influenza: a zoonosis?in the last two decades, influenza a viruses have been found to occur throughout the animal kingdom, mainly in birds, notably aquatic ones, in which infection is largely intestinal, waterborne, and asymptomatic. the domestic duck of southern china, raised in countless numbers all year round mainly as an adjunct to rice farming, is the principal host of influenza a viruses. studies based on hong kong h3n2 viruses from southern china suggest that pandemic strains originate from the domestic duck t ...19921609163
the first isolation of swine h1n1 influenza viruses from pigs in thailand.two influenza a viruses were isolated from pigs in thailand in january 1988 during the early febrile stage of an influenza-like illness. the isolates contained hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens related to those of swine h1n1 influenza virus. this result based on the virus isolation is compatible with the epizootiological evidence that, unlike the human influenza with peak activity in summer (may-july), swine influenza virus is prevalent in the winter season (november-january) in thailand. ...19911648899
[studies on sialidase and esterase in influenza viruses].the main contributions of the author and collaborators about sialidase (ec 3.2.1.18) of influenza virus types a and b and o-acetylesterase (ec 3.1.1.53) of type c are summarized. after a short introduction on the topic, the negative results obtained by the author on inhibitors are commented. then, the peculiarities of the three procedures assayed, based on the nadh determination as a measurement for the sialidase activity, are discussed. the spectrofluorimetric measurement of nadh concentration ...19911656837
detection of two antigenic subpopulations of a(h1n1) influenza viruses from pigs: antigenic drift or interspecies transmission?serological analysis of a group of 63 influenza h1n1 viruses isolated from pigs in italy in the period 1976-1988 revealed the presence of two distinct antigenic subpopulations: some viruses possessed a haemagglutinin indistinguishable from that of viruses typically associated with pigs, i.e., a/new jersey/8/76 (h1n1), whereas others showed a close antigenic relatedness with the haemagglutinin of avian-like h1 viruses. these findings represent further evidence that influenza a viruses from avian ...19911658216
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in québec. 19911659760
'mystery swine disease' in canada. 19911664161
hemagglutinin mutations related to antigenic variation in h1 swine influenza viruses.the hemagglutinin (ha) of a recent swine influenza virus, a/sw/in/1726/88 (h1n1), was shown previously to have four antigenic sites, as determined from analysis of monoclonal antibody (mab)-selected escape mutants. to define the ha mutations related to these antigenic sites, we cloned and sequenced the ha genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction of parent virus and mab-selected escape mutants. the genetic data indicated the presence of four amino acid changes. after alignment with the three- ...19921731091
swine influenza virus infections. transmission from ill pigs to humans at a wisconsin agricultural fair and subsequent probable person-to-person transmission.in september 1988, a previously healthy 32-year-old pregnant woman was hospitalized for pneumonia and died 8 days later. the only pathogen detected was an influenza virus antigenically related to the swine influenza virus (siv). four days before illness onset, the patient visited a county fair swine exhibition where there was widespread influenzalike illness among the swine. to detect other persons who were possibly infected by contact with the ill swine, we measured serum siv hemagglutination-i ...19911845913
influenza viral infection of swine in the united states 1988-1989.swine are an animal reservoir for influenza viruses capable of causing disease in humans. a serological survey in 1988-1989 demonstrates that subtype h1 influenza viruses continue to circulate at high frequency among swine in the north-central u.s.a. (average 51% incidence). subtype h3 viruses antigenically similar to current human h3 viruses are circulating at low frequency (average 1.1%), particularly in the southeast u.s.a.19911848066
reassessment of the association between guillain-barré syndrome and receipt of swine influenza vaccine in 1976-1977: results of a two-state study. expert neurology group.although the original centers for disease control study of the relation between a/new jersey/8/76 (swine flu) vaccine and guillain-barré syndrome (polyradiculoneuritis) demonstrated a statistical association and suggested a causal relation between the two events, controversy has persisted. to reassess this association, the authors obtained medical records of all previously reported adult patients with guillain-barré syndrome in michigan and minnesota from october 1, 1976 through january 31, 1977 ...19911851395
molecular evidence for a role of domestic ducks in the introduction of avian h3 influenza viruses to pigs in southern china, where the a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) strain emerged.the haemagglutinins (has) of five h3 influenza a viruses isolated from domestic ducks and one from a goose in southern china were analysed antigenically and genetically. the patterns of reactivity of two of the duck viruses and the goose virus with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to 10 different epitopes on the h3 ha were similar to those of influenza viruses isolated from wild ducks and pigs, as well as those of the earliest human h3 viruses. the other three isolates from domestic ducks were d ...19911875195
evolutionary analysis of the influenza a virus m gene with comparison of the m1 and m2 proteins.phylogenetic analysis of 42 membrane protein (m) genes of influenza a viruses from a variety of hosts and geographic locations showed that these genes have evolved into at least four major host-related lineages: (i) a/equine/prague/56, which has the most divergent m gene; (ii) a lineage containing only h13 gull viruses; (iii) a lineage containing both human and classical swine viruses; and (iv) an avian lineage subdivided into north american avian viruses (including recent equine viruses) and ol ...19911895397
molecular evolution of hemagglutinin genes of h1n1 swine and human influenza a viruses.the hemagglutinin (ha) genes of influenza type a (h1n1) viruses isolated from swine were cloned into plasmid vectors and their nucleotide sequences were determined. a phylogenetic tree for the ha genes of swine and human influenza viruses was constructed by the neighbor-joining method. it showed that the divergence between swine and human ha genes might have occurred around 1905. the estimated rates of synonymous (silent) substitutions for swine and human influenza viruses were almost the same. ...19911901364
interferon-induced proteins: identification of mx proteins in various mammalian species.mx protein controls influenza virus pathogenicity in mice in vivo. it is an abundant protein synthesized in response to interferon-alpha/beta. searches for homolog proteins in various animal species have been conducted using several methods: (1) radioactive labeling of proteins induced by interferon and analysis by 2-d gel electrophoresis, (2) immunoprecipitation, (3) protoblot-elisa analysis of cell-protein extracts, and (4) immunostaining of fixed cells. all mammalian species tested so far (in ...19911984648
evolutionary pathways of n2 neuraminidases of swine and human influenza a viruses: origin of the neuraminidase genes of two reassortants (h1n2) isolated from pigs.the complete nucleotide sequences of the neuraminidase (na) genes of two reassortant (h1n2) and two h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated from pigs were determined and phylogenetic relationships between these and previously reported n2 na genes were investigated. on the basis of pairwise nucleotide sequence identity, the na genes of two reassortants, a/sw/kanagawa/2/78 and a/sw/ehime/1/80, were most closely related to those of human influenza a virus strains isolated in 1972 and the earliest availab ...19912005434
guillain-barré syndrome and influenza vaccination in the us army, 1980-1988.an increased incidence of guillain-barré syndrome (polyradiculoneuritis) occurred in individuals who received the a/new jersey (swine) influenza vaccine in 1976-1977. a retrospective study encompassing the years 1980-1988 was conducted to determine if the us army's mass influenza vaccination program has been associated with an increased incidence of guillain-barré syndrome in active duty soldiers during the study years. no temporally related increase in guillain-barré syndrome was found during t ...19912028981
evolution of influenza a virus nucleoprotein genes: implications for the origins of h1n1 human and classical swine viruses.a phylogenetic analysis of 52 published and 37 new nucleoprotein (np) gene sequences addressed the evolution and origin of human and swine influenza a viruses. h1n1 human and classical swine viruses (i.e., those related to swine/iowa/15/30) share a single common ancestor, which was estimated to have occurred in 1912 to 1913. from this common ancestor, human and classical swine virus np genes have evolved at similar rates that are higher than in avian virus np genes (3.31 to 3.41 versus 1.90 nucl ...19912041090
evolution of pig influenza viruses.there is evidence that the nucleoprotein (np) gene of the classical swine virus (a/swine/1976/31) clusters with the early human strains at the nucleotide sequence level, while at the level of the amino acid sequence, as defined by consensus amino acids and in functional tests, its np is clearly "avian like." therefore it was suggested that the sw/31 np had been recently under strong selection pressure, possibly caused by reassortment with other avian influenza genes, whose gene products have to ...19912053297
agglutination of human o erythrocytes by influenza a(h1n1) viruses freshly isolated from patients.the hemagglutinin titers of 10 influenza a (h1n1) viruses were examined using the erythrocytes of several species. human o erythrocytes showed the highest agglutination titer to the viruses, whereas chicken erythrocytes showed a low titer. these findings were noted for at least 10 passages by serial dilutions of the viruses in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. all influenza a(h1n1) viruses, plaque-cloned directly from throat-washing specimens of patients, also agglutinated human o but not ...19912066386
haemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) antibodies against strains of influenza a virus in horse and pig sera in nigeria.sera from horses and pigs obtained from lagos and ibadan respectively were examined for haemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) antibodies to two strains each of h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes of influenza a virus. more horse sera had hi antibodies to the h3n2 than the h1n1 strains while pig sera reacted almost equally with strains of both subtypes. all the horse sera had hi antibodies to the two strains of h3n2 subtype (a/mississippi/1/85 and a/leningrad/360/86), while 87% and 14% of the horses examined were ...19902100750
evolution of the ns genes of the influenza a viruses. i. the genetic relatedness of the ns genes of animal influenza viruses.we compared the nucleotide sequences of the ns genes of 13 animal influenza viruses belonging to human, swine, avian, and equine viruses for the study of the genetic relatedness of the ns genes in animal influenza viruses. the ns genes of three virus strains a/chicken/brescia/02, a/equine/prague/56, and a/equine/miami/63 were newly sequenced. the base sequence homologies between the ns genes of avian, human, swine, and the a/equine/miami/63 viruses were 87.8% or higher. on the other hand, the ba ...19902144066
fatal swine influenza pneumonia during late pregnancy.serious morbidity or death from swine influenza infection is unusual in the immunocompetent host. we present a fatal case of pneumonia caused by this virus in a previously healthy 32-year-old woman during her third trimester of pregnancy, and review all published case reports of swine influenza in united states civilians. pregnancy may be a predisposing factor to fulminant infection with swine influenza virus.19902153372
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