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occurrence of acute paralysis virus of the honey bee (apis mellifera) in a hungarian apiary infested with the parasitic mite varroa jacobsoni.viruses of the honey bee have been known for a long time; however, recently the attention of scientists and apiculturalists has turned towards the relationship between these viruses and the parasitic mite varroa jacobsoni. although clinical symptoms indicated the presence of some of the viruses of bees in hungary, none have previously been isolated or identified. during july unusual adult bee and brood mortality was observed in some colonies of an apiary in budapest known to be infested with var ...199910497825
prevalence and seasonal variations of six bee viruses in apis mellifera l. and varroa destructor mite populations in france.a survey of six bee viruses on a large geographic scale was undertaken by using seemingly healthy bee colonies and the pcr technique. samples of adult bees and pupae were collected from 36 apiaries in the spring, summer, and autumn during 2002. varroa destructor samples were collected at the end of summer following acaricide treatment. in adult bees, during the year deformed wing virus (dwv) was found at least once in 97% of the apiaries, sacbrood virus (sbv) was found in 86% of the apiaries, ch ...200415574916
detection of multiple viruses in queens of the honey bee apis mellifera l.individual honey bee apis mellifera l. queens were examined for the presence of six honey bee viruses including acute bee paralysis virus, chronic bee paralysis virus, black queen cell virus, deformed wing virus, kashmir bee virus, and sacbrood virus. all viruses, except abpv, were detected in the samples. among queens examined for virus infections, 93% had multiple virus infections. the detection of viruses in queens raises the possibility of a vertical transmission pathway wherein infected que ...200516214161
the use of rna-dependent rna polymerase for the taxonomic assignment of picorna-like viruses (order picornavirales) infecting apis mellifera l. populations.single-stranded rna viruses, infectious to the european honeybee, apis mellifera l. are known to reside at low levels in colonies, with typically no apparent signs of infection observed in the honeybees. reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) of regions of the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is often used to diagnose their presence in apiaries and also to classify the type of virus detected.200818211671
the acute bee paralysis virus-kashmir bee virus-israeli acute paralysis virus complex.acute bee paralysis virus (abpv), kashmir bee virus (kbv) and israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv) are part of a complex of closely related viruses from the family dicistroviridae. these viruses have a widespread prevalence in honey bee (apis mellifera) colonies and a predominantly sub-clinical etiology that contrasts sharply with the extremely virulent pathology encountered at elevated titres, either artificially induced or encountered naturally. these viruses are frequently implicated in honey ...201019909972
medium for development of bee cell cultures (apis mellifera: hymenoptera: apidae).a media for the production of cell cultures from hymenopteran species such as honey bee, apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera: apidae) was developed. multiple bee cell cultures were produced when using bee larvae and pupae as starting material and modified hert-hunter 70 media. cell culture systems for bees solves an impasse that has hindered efforts to isolate and screen pathogens which may be influencing or causing colony collapse disorder of bees. multiple life stages of maturing larvae to early pu ...201020033792
emerging and re-emerging viruses of the honey bee (apis mellifera l.).until the late 1980s, specific viral infections of the honey bee were generally considered harmless in all countries. then, with the worldwide introduction of the ectoparasite mite varroa destructor, beekeepers encountered increasing difficulties in maintaining their colonies. epidemiological surveys and laboratory experiments have demonstrated that the newly acquired virulence of several viruses belonging to the family dicistroviridae (acute bee paralysis virus, kashmir bee virus and israeli ac ...201020423694
detection of honey bee (apis mellifera) viruses with an oligonucleotide microarray.in recent years, declines in honey bee (apis mellifera l.) colonies have been observed to varying degrees worldwide with the worst losses in the usa being termed colony collapse disorder (ccd). pathogen load and the prevalence of honey bee viruses have been implicated in these losses and many diseased hives have multiple viruses present. we have designed and tested an oligonucleotide microarray which enables the simultaneous detection of nine honey bee viruses: acute bee paralysis virus, black q ...201121419132
infestation of japanese native honey bees by tracheal mite and virus from non-native european honey bees in japan.invasion of alien species has been shown to cause detrimental effects on habitats of native species. insect pollinators represent such examples; the introduction of commercial bumble bee species for crop pollination has resulted in competition for an ecological niche with native species, genetic disturbance caused by mating with native species, and pathogen spillover to native species. the european honey bee, apis mellifera, was first introduced into japan for apiculture in 1877, and queen bees ...201121960435
Occurrence and prevalence of seven bee viruses in Apis mellifera and Apis cerana apiaries in China.Populations of Apis mellifera and Apis cerana in China were surveyed for seven bee viruses: acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), sacbrood virus (SBV), and Isreal acute paralysis virus (IAPV). No KBV was detected from any samples of the two species. In A. mellifera, DWV was the most prevalent virus, but in A. cerana, SBV was the dominant. Simultaneous multiple infections of viruses ...201222062807
infection of honey bees with acute bee paralysis virus does not trigger humoral or cellular immune responses.we have studied the responses of honey bees at different life stages (apis mellifera) to controlled infection with acute bee paralysis virus and have identified the haemolymph of infected larvae and adult worker bees as the compartment where massive propagation of abpv occurs. insects respond with a broad spectrum of induced innate immune reactions to bacterial infections, whereas defence mechanisms based on rna interference play a major role in antiviral immunity. in this study, we have determi ...201222258854
prevalence of nosema and virus in honey bee (apis mellifera l.) colonies on flowering period of acacia in korea.honey production from approximately 1.6 million colonies owned by about 199,000 korean beekeepers was almost 23,000 metric tons in 2009. nosema causes significant losses in honey production and the virus decreases population size. we initiated a survey of honey bee colonies on the blooming period of acacia to determine the prevalence of nosema and virus in 2011. most korean beekeepers have moved from the south to north of korea to get acacia nectar for 2 mon. this provided a valuable opportunity ...201122783125
parallel epigenomic and transcriptomic responses to viral infection in honey bees (apis mellifera).populations of honey bees are declining throughout the world, with us beekeepers losing 30% of their colonies each winter. though multiple factors are driving these colony losses, it is increasingly clear that viruses play a major role. however, information about the molecular mechanisms mediating antiviral immunity in honey bees is surprisingly limited. here, we examined the transcriptional and epigenetic (dna methylation) responses to viral infection in honey bee workers. one-day old worker ho ...201525811620
two novel viruses associated with the apis mellifera pathogenic mite varroa destructor.varroa destructor infestation of apis mellifera colonies carries and/or promotes replication of honey bee viruses like the deformed wing virus, the varroa destructor virus-1, the acute bee paralysis virus, the israeli acute bee paralysis virus and the kashmir bee virus that have been well described and characterized; but viruses exclusively associated with varroa were not found. to look for viruses that may associate with- or infect v. destructor we performed deep sequencing (rna-seq) of rna ext ...201627883042
the honey bee pathosphere of mongolia: european viruses in central asia.parasites and pathogens are apparent key factors for the detrimental health of managed european honey bee subspecies, apis mellifera. apicultural trade is arguably the main factor for the almost global distribution of most honey bee diseases, thereby increasing chances for multiple infestations/infections of regions, apiaries, colonies and even individual bees. this imposes difficulties to evaluate the effects of pathogens in isolation, thereby creating demand to survey remote areas. here, we co ...201626959221
occurrence of deformed wing virus, chronic bee paralysis virus and mtdna variants in haplotype k of varroa destructor mites in syrian apiaries.a small-scale survey was conducted on 64 beehives located in four governorates of syria in order to assess for the first time the presence of honeybee-infecting viruses and of varroa destructor mites in the country. rt-pcr assays conducted on 192 honeybees (apis mellifera l.) using virus-specific primers showed that deformed wing virus (dwv) was present in 49 (25.5%) of the tested samples and chronic bee paralysis virus (cbpv) in 2 (1.04%), whereas acute bee paralysis virus, sacbrood virus, blac ...201626914360
prevalence of honeybee viruses in different regions of china and argentina.honeybees are threatened by various pathogens and parasites. more than 18 viruses have been described in honeybees and many of them have been detected in china and argentina. in china, both apis cerana and apis mellifera are raised. in argentina, beekeepers raise different ecotypes of a. mellifera: european honeybees (in both temperate and subtropical regions) and africanised honeybees (in subtropical areas only). a thorough study was carried out in both china and argentina to analyse the curren ...201628332647
virus infections of honeybees apis mellifera.the health and vigour of honeybee colonies are threatened by numerous parasites (such as varroa destructor and nosema spp.) and pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa. among honeybee pathogens, viruses are one of the major threats to the health and well-being of honeybees and cause serious concern for researchers and beekeepers. to tone down the threats posed by these invasive organisms, a better understanding of bee viral infections will be of crucial importance in developing effectiv ...201527800411
vertical transmission of honey bee viruses in a belgian queen breeding program.the member states of european union are encouraged to improve the general conditions for the production and marketing of apicultural products. in belgium, programmes on the restocking of honey bee hives have run for many years. overall, the success ratio of this queen breeding programme has been only around 50%. to tackle this low efficacy, we organized sanitary controls of the breeding queens in 2012 and 2014.201525889959
lower virus infections in varroa destructor-infested and uninfested brood and adult honey bees (apis mellifera) of a low mite population growth colony compared to a high mite population growth colony.a comparison was made of the prevalence and relative quantification of deformed wing virus (dwv), israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv), black queen cell virus (bqcv), kashmir bee virus (kbv), acute bee paralysis virus (abpv) and sac brood virus (sbv) in brood and adult honey bees (apis mellifera) from colonies selected for high (hmp) and low (lmp) varroa destructor mite population growth. two viruses, abpv and sbv, were never detected. for adults without mite infestation, dwv, iapv, bqcv and kbv ...201525723540
analysis of the rdrp, intergenic and structural polyprotein regions, and the complete genome sequence of kashmir bee virus from infected honeybees (apis mellifera) in korea.kashmir bee virus (kbv) is one of the most common viral infections in honeybees. in this study, a phylogenetic analysis was performed using nine partial nucleotide sequences of rdrp and the structural polyprotein regions of south korean kbv genotypes, as well as nine previously reported kbv genotypes from various countries and two closely related genotypes of israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv) and acute bee paralysis virus (abpv). the korean kbv genotypes were highly conserved with 94-99 % sha ...201424824301
molecular and phylogenetic characterization of honey bee viruses, nosema microsporidia, protozoan parasites, and parasitic mites in china.china has the largest number of managed honey bee colonies, which produce the highest quantity of honey and royal jelly in the world; however, the presence of honey bee pathogens and parasites has never been rigorously identified in chinese apiaries. we thus conducted a molecular survey of honey bee rna viruses, nosema microsporidia, protozoan parasites, and tracheal mites associated with nonnative apis mellifera ligustica and native apis cerana cerana colonies in china. we found the presence of ...201323467539
inactivation of a non-enveloped rna virus by artificial ribonucleases: honey bees and acute bee paralysis virus as a new experimental model for in vivo antiviral activity assessment.rna-containing viruses represent a global threat to the health and wellbeing of humans and animals. hence, the discovery of new approaches for the design of novel vaccines and antiviral compounds attains high attention. here we describe the potential of artificial ribonucleases (arnases), low molecular weight compounds capable to cleave phosphodiester bonds in rna under mild conditions, to act as antiviral compounds via destroying the genome of non-enveloped rna viruses, and the potential of uti ...201121722669
phylogenetic analysis of acute bee paralysis virus strains.reverse transcription-pcr assays have been established for a quick, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of acute bee paralysis virus (abpv), a common virus of the honeybee (apis mellifera), directly from clinical samples. a 3,071-nucleotide fragment of the abpv genome, which includes the entire capsid polyprotein gene, was amplified from austrian, german, polish, and hungarian abpv samples and sequenced, and the sequences were compared. the alignment of a smaller fragment with abpv sequences from ...200212450876
in vivo and in vitro infection dynamics of honey bee viruses.the honey bee (apis mellifera) is commonly infected by multiple viruses. we developed an experimental system for the study of such mixed viral infections in newly emerged honey bees and in the cell line ame-711, derived from honey bee embryos. when inoculating a mixture of iflavirids [sacbrood bee virus (sbv), deformed wing virus (dwv)] and dicistrovirids [israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv), black queen cell virus (bqcv)] in both live bee and cell culture assays, iapv replicated to higher leve ...201626923109
honey bee apis mellifera parasites in the absence of nosema ceranae fungi and varroa destructor mites.few areas of the world have western honey bee (apis mellifera) colonies that are free of invasive parasites nosema ceranae (fungi) and varroa destructor (mites). particularly detrimental is v. destructor; in addition to feeding on host haemolymph, these mites are important vectors of several viruses that are further implicated as contributors to honey bee mortality around the world. thus, the biogeography and attendant consequences of viral communities in the absence of v. destructor are of sign ...201424955834
cross-species transmission of honey bee viruses in associated arthropods.there are a number of rna virus pathogens that represent a serious threat to the health of managed honey bees (apis mellifera). that some of these viruses are also found in the broader pollinator community suggests the wider environmental spread of these viruses, with the potential for a broader impact on ecosystems. studies on the ecology and evolution of these viruses in the arthropod community as a whole may therefore provide important insights into these potential impacts. we examined manage ...201323845302
seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (apis mellifera scutellata).the loss of apis mellifera l. colonies in recent years has, in many regions of the world, been alarmingly high. no single cause has been identified for these losses, but the interactions between several factors (mostly pathogens and parasites) have been held responsible. work in the americas on honeybees originating mainly from south africa indicates that africanised honeybees are less affected by the interplay of pathogens and parasites. however, little is known about the health status of south ...201323702244
molecular identification of chronic bee paralysis virus infection in apis mellifera colonies in japan.chronic bee paralysis virus (cbpv) infection causes chronic paralysis and loss of workers in honey bee colonies around the world. although cbpv shows a worldwide distribution, it had not been molecularly detected in japan. our investigation of apis mellifera and apis cerana japonica colonies with rt-pcr has revealed cbpv infection in a. mellifera but not a. c. japonica colonies in japan. the prevalence of cbpv is low compared with that of other viruses: deformed wing virus (dwv), black queen cel ...201222852042
prevalence of honey bee (apis mellifera) viruses in temperate and subtropical regions from argentina.in argentina, bee virus studies are still incipient, and there are no studies regarding the climatic effect. the aim of this study was to assess and compare the presence of honeybee viruses in different climatic regions from argentina. a total of 385 colonies distributed in five argentinean eco-regions were examined to evaluate the percentage of infestation with varroa destructor and the presence of seven virus species (deformed wing virus, dwv; acute bee paralysis virus, abpv; chronic bee paral ...201728449942
the first comprehensive molecular detection of six honey bee viruses in iran in 2015-2016.at least 18 viruses have been reported in the honey bee (apis mellifera l.). however, severe diseases in honey bees are mainly caused by six viruses, and these are the most important in beekeeping. these viruses include: deformed wing virus (dwv), acute bee paralysis virus (abpv), chronic bee paralysis virus (cbpv), sacbrood virus (sbv), kashmir bee virus (kbv), and black queen cell virus (bqcv). in this study, we evaluated 89 iranian honey bee apiaries (during the period 2015-2016) suffering fr ...201728429131
viruses of managed alfalfa leafcutting bees (megachille rotundata fabricus) and honey bees (apis mellifera l.) in western canada: incidence, impacts, and prospects of cross-species viral transmission.we examined whether alfalfa leafcutting bees (alcb, megachille rotundata) experienced a higher incidence of seven viruses commonly found honey bees (apis mellifera) when placed alongside honey bees for hybrid canola seed pollination. although two viruses - sacbrood virus (sbv) and deformed wing virus (dwv) - were detected in alcb adults, their presence appeared independent of whether honey bees were present in the same field or not. a further survey of viruses among alcb adults in three differen ...201728400199
in vitro infection of pupae with israeli acute paralysis virus suggests disturbance of transcriptional homeostasis in honey bees (apis mellifera).the ongoing decline of honey bee health worldwide is a serious economic and ecological concern. one major contributor to the decline are pathogens, including several honey bee viruses. however, information is limited on the biology of bee viruses and molecular interactions with their hosts. an experimental protocol to test these systems was developed, using injections of israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv) into honey bee pupae reared ex-situ under laboratory conditions. the infected pupae devel ...201324039938
population-genomic variation within rna viruses of the western honey bee, apis mellifera, inferred from deep sequencing.deep sequencing of viruses isolated from infected hosts is an efficient way to measure population-genetic variation and can reveal patterns of dispersal and natural selection. in this study, we mined existing illumina sequence reads to investigate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) within two rna viruses of the western honey bee (apis mellifera), deformed wing virus (dwv) and israel acute paralysis virus (iapv). all viral rna was extracted from north american samples of honey bees or, in one ...201323497218
neonicotinoid-coated zea mays seeds indirectly affect honeybee performance and pathogen susceptibility in field trials.thirty-two honeybee (apis mellifera) colonies were studied in order to detect and measure potential in vivo effects of neonicotinoid pesticides used in cornfields (zea mays spp) on honeybee health. honeybee colonies were randomly split on four different agricultural cornfield areas located near quebec city, canada. two locations contained cornfields treated with a seed-coated systemic neonicotinoid insecticide while the two others were organic cornfields used as control treatments. hives were ex ...201525993642
differential responses of africanized and european honey bees (apis mellifera) to viral replication following mechanical transmission or varroa destructor parasitism.for the first time, adults and brood of africanized and european honey bees (apis mellifera) were compared for relative virus levels over 48 h following varroa destructor parasitism or injection of v. destructor homogenate. rates of increase of deformed wing virus (dwv) for africanized versus european bees were temporarily lowered for 12h with parasitism and sustainably lowered over the entire experiment (48 h) with homogenate injection in adults. the rates were also temporarily lowered for 24h ...201525527405
virion structure of israeli acute bee paralysis virus.the pollination services provided by the western honeybee (apis mellifera) are critical for agricultural production and the diversity of wild flowering plants. however, honeybees suffer from environmental pollution, habitat loss, and pathogens, including viruses that can cause fatal diseases. israeli acute bee paralysis virus (iapv), from the family dicistroviridae, has been shown to cause colony collapse disorder in the united states. here, we present the iapv virion structure determined to a r ...201627384649
cryo-electron microscopy study of the genome release of the dicistrovirus israeli acute bee paralysis virus.viruses of the family dicistroviridae can cause substantial economic damage by infecting agriculturally important insects. israeli acute bee paralysis virus (iapv) causes honeybee colony collapse disorder in the united states. high-resolution molecular details of the genome delivery mechanism of dicistroviruses are unknown. here we present a cryo-electron microscopy analysis of iapv virions induced to release their genomes in vitro we determined structures of full iapv virions primed to release ...201727928006
rna viruses in hymenopteran pollinators: evidence of inter-taxa virus transmission via pollen and potential impact on non-apis hymenopteran species.although overall pollinator populations have declined over the last couple of decades, the honey bee (apis mellifera) malady, colony collapse disorder (ccd), has caused major concern in the agricultural community. among honey bee pathogens, rna viruses are emerging as a serious threat and are suspected as major contributors to ccd. recent detection of these viral species in bumble bees suggests a possible wider environmental spread of these viruses with potential broader impact. it is therefore ...201021203504
large-scale field application of rnai technology reducing israeli acute paralysis virus disease in honey bees (apis mellifera, hymenoptera: apidae).the importance of honey bees to the world economy far surpasses their contribution in terms of honey production; they are responsible for up to 30% of the world's food production through pollination of crops. since fall 2006, honey bees in the u.s. have faced a serious population decline, due in part to a phenomenon called colony collapse disorder (ccd), which is a disease syndrome that is likely caused by several factors. data from an initial study in which investigators compared pathogens in h ...201021203478
varroa destructor is an effective vector of israeli acute paralysis virus in the honeybee, apis mellifera.the israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv) is a significant marker of honeybee colony collapse disorder (ccd). in the present work, we provide the first evidence that varroa destructor is iapv replication-competent and capable of vectoring iapv in honeybees. the honeybees became infected with iapv after exposure to varroa mites that carried the virus. the copy number of iapv in bees was positively correlated with the density of varroa mites and time period of exposure to varroa mites. further, we ...201020926637
first molecular detection of a viral pathogen in ugandan honey bees.ugandan honey bees (apis mellifera l.) produce honey, and are key pollinators within commercial crops and natural ecosystems. real-time rt-pcr was used to screen immature and adult bees collected from 63 beekeeping sites across uganda for seven viral pathogens. no samples tested positive for chronic bee paralysis virus, sacbrood virus, deformed wing virus, acute bee paralysis virus, apis iridescent virus or israeli acute paralysis virus. however, black queen cell virus (bqcv) was found in 35.6% ...201020219470
changes in transcript abundance relating to colony collapse disorder in honey bees (apis mellifera).colony collapse disorder (ccd) is a mysterious disappearance of honey bees that has beset beekeepers in the united states since late 2006. pathogens and other environmental stresses, including pesticides, have been linked to ccd, but a causal relationship has not yet been demonstrated. because the gut acts as a primary interface between the honey bee and its environment as a site of entry for pathogens and toxins, we used whole-genome microarrays to compare gene expression between guts of bees f ...200919706391
first detection of israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv) in france, a dicistrovirus affecting honeybees (apis mellifera).bee samples were collected in french apiaries that displayed severe losses and mortality during the winter (from november 2007 to march 2008). they were screened for the presence of israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv) by using rt-pcr. five out of 35 surveyed apiaries, located in two different geographical areas, were found positive. this represents the first reported detection of iapv in france. the specificity of the pcr products was checked by sequencing. the phylogenetic analysis showed that ...200818703069
occurrence and genetic analysis of picorna-like viruses infecting worker bees of apis mellifera l. populations in devon, south west england.viruses of the european honeybee, apis mellifera l. are known to reside at low levels in colonies, typically showing no apparent signs of infection. using reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr), 23 apiaries in devon were screened for the presence of 6 honeybee viruses, with positive colonies being analysed for viral genetic diversity. ninety-seven percent of the colonies were positive for deformed wing virus (dwv), 29% were positive for acute bee paralysis virus (abpv) and 1.4% were positive for bot ...200818359042
development of a multiplex rt-pcr for the simultaneous detection of three viruses of the honeybee (apis mellifera l.): acute bee paralysis virus, black queen cell virus and sacbrood virus.a single-step multiple-target (multiplex) reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) was developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of three economically important viruses of the honeybee apis mellifera l.: acute bee paralysis virus (abpv), black queen cell virus (bqcv) and sacbrood virus (sbv). three compatible sets of primers, specific for each virus, were designed in conserved regions of the viral genomes for use in a one-step (single tube) rt-pcr assay. the individual rt-pcr assays ...200717207498
absence of deformed wing virus and varroa destructor in australia provides unique perspectives on honeybee viral landscapes and colony losses.honeybee (apis mellifera) health is threatened globally by the complex interaction of multiple stressors, including the parasitic mite varroa destructor and a number of pathogenic viruses. australia provides a unique opportunity to study this pathogenic viral landscape in the absence of v. destructor. we analysed 1,240a. mellifera colonies across australia by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and next-generation sequencing (ngs). five viruses were prevalent: black queen ce ...201728761114
bidirectional transfer of rnai between honey bee and varroa destructor: varroa gene silencing reduces varroa population.the mite varroa destructor is an obligatory ectoparasite of the honey bee (apis mellifera) and is one of the major threats to apiculture worldwide. we previously reported that honey bees fed on double-stranded rna (dsrna) with a sequence homologous to that of the israeli acute paralysis virus are protected from the viral disease. here we show that dsrna ingested by bees is transferred to the varroa mite and from mite on to a parasitized bee. this cross-species, reciprocal exchange of dsrna betwe ...201223308063
analysis of the nonstructural and structural polyprotein regions, and complete genome sequences of israel acute paralysis viruses identified from honeybees (apis mellifera) in korea.phylogenetic trees were constructed for 24 partial nucleotide sequences of the nonstructural polyprotein (orf1) and structural polyprotein regions (orf2) of korean iapv genotypes, as well as eight previously reported iapv sequences from various countries. most of the korean genotypes formed a distinct cluster, separate from other country genotypes. to investigate this phenomenon in more detail, three complete iapv genome sequences were identified from different regions in korea, i.e., korea1, ko ...201323886494
viral infection affects sucrose responsiveness and homing ability of forager honey bees, apis mellifera l.honey bee health is mainly affected by varroa destructor, viruses, nosema spp., pesticide residues and poor nutrition. interactions between these proposed factors may be responsible for the colony losses reported worldwide in recent years. in the present study, the effects of a honey bee virus, israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv), on the foraging behaviors and homing ability of european honey bees (apis mellifera l.) were investigated based on proboscis extension response (per) assays and radio ...201324130876
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