| a new name (pneumocystis jiroveci) for pneumocystis from humans. | the disease known as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a major cause of illness and death in persons with impaired immune systems. while the genus pneumocystis has been known to science for nearly a century, understanding of its members remained rudimentary until dna analysis showed its extensive diversity. pneumocystis organisms from different host species have very different dna sequences, indicating multiple species. in recognition of its genetic and functional distinctness, the organis ... | 2002 | 12194762 |
| genetic differences in pneumocystis isolates recovered from immunocompetent infants and from adults with aids: epidemiological implications. | polymerase chain reaction analysis, direct dna sequencing, and histological staining were used to determine whether pneumocystis jirovecii was present in lung tissue specimens obtained, at autopsy, from 58 infants without identifiable immunodeficiency. the results of genotyping of these specimens were compared with the results of genotyping of specimens obtained from 384 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected adults with pneumocystis pneumonia. p. jirovecii dna was detected at the mitochond ... | 2005 | 16235182 |
| identification of c31 and c32 sterols in pneumocystis carinii hominis-infected human lungs. | two sterols in autopsied whole lung specimens obtained from pneumocystis carinii pneumonia patients were detected by gas-liquid chromatography and their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. both were in the lanosterol series; the c31 sterol, with a methyl group at c-24, was identified as euphorbol, and the more abundant c32 sterol, with an ethyl group at c-24, is given the trivial name pneumocysterol. | 1996 | 8822839 |
| pneumocystis jiroveci n. sp. from man: morphology, physiology, and immunology in relation to pathology. | pneumocystis jiroveci n. sp. from humans is redescribed, including the trophozoite precyst, cyst, intracystic bodies, and empty cyst. the morphology, biology, and physiology of this organism are compared with those of p. carinii from rats. drug-induced immunosuppression produces similar disease patterns in both hosts, but several other pathogenic mechanisms seen in man have not been reproduced in rats. in most humans, immunity terminates infection and carriers are few; but in rats, immunity is g ... | 1976 | 828240 |
| pneumocystis and trypanosoma cruzi: nomenclature and typifications. | published phylogenetic reclassifications of pneumocystis as a fungus resulted in a nomenclatural shift from the zoological code to the international code of botanical nomenclature. the same may be true for all microsporidians and sundry other organisms. this resulted in the invalidation of names and subsequently precipitated changes to the botanical code to accommodate pneumocystis and microsporidian names. the repercussions following application of the 2005 vienna code to pneumocystis nomenclat ... | 2006 | 16441572 |
| [increased risk of infection with biological immunomodifying antirheumatic agents. clear guidelines are necessary as shown by case reports]. | several potent immunosuppressive drugs have become available in the new millennium for patients with rheumatologic diseases, crohn's disease and other autoimmune disorders. five patient cases from växjö central hospital (uptake area 178 000 individuals) with listeria meningitis, pneumocystis jiroveci and tuberculosis pneumonia, listeria sepsis, legionella pneumonia and e coli sepsis are described. a doubled risk for infections has previously been observed for ra patients, as compared to healthy ... | 2005 | 16408703 |
| intensive care of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: time to take another look. | | 2005 | 16280411 |
| outcome of critically ill human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. | the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of prior use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) on outcome of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)- patients admitted to intensive care units (icus). this study was a retrospective chart review of 242 hiv-infected patients who required 259 consecutive admissions to a university-affiliated hospital icu during a 3-year period. patient demographics, cd4 count, admission diagnosis, prior haart, pneumocystis jiroveci prophylaxis, length ... | 2005 | 16280405 |
| chronic cough in primary health care attendees, harare, zimbabwe: diagnosis and impact of hiv infection. | cough lasting for > or = 3 weeks (i.e., chronic cough) indicates that a patient has suspected tuberculosis (tb). at the primary health care level, the spectrum of disease that causes chronic cough has not been previously investigated in a setting with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. | 2005 | 15909272 |
| purification and characterization of human-derived pneumocystis jirovecii dihydrofolate reductase expressed in sf21 insect cells and in escherichia coli. | pneumonia caused by pneumocystis jirovecii is still a major opportunistic infection among patients with aids. this opportunitistic pathogen is susceptible to therapy with inhibitors of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) that target cell growth. recent studies have shown that recombinant human-derived pneumocystis dhfr (pdhfr) differs from rat-derived pdhfr by 38% in amino acid sequence. however, characterization of drug susceptibility, kinetics, and the three-dimensional structure of huma ... | 2005 | 15766885 |
| db75, a novel trypanocidal agent, disrupts mitochondrial function in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | the aromatic diamidines represent a class of compounds with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; however, their development is hindered by a lack of understanding of their mechanism of antimicrobial action. db75 [2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan] is a trypanocidal aromatic diamidine that was originally developed as a structural analogue of the antitrypanosomal agent pentamidine. db289, a novel orally active prodrug of db75, is undergoing phase iib clinical trials for early-stage human african try ... | 2004 | 15388460 |
| pneumocystis jiroveci genotypes in the spanish population. | this study describes the genotype distribution of pneumocystis jiroveci in 79 respiratory samples obtained from 15 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) with p. jiroveci pneumonia and 64 human immunodeficiency virus-negative subjects with different chronic pulmonary diseases. the genotyping was based in analysis of 2 independent genetic loci: the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rna (mt lsu rrna) fragment (assessed by direct sequencing) and the gene for dihydropteroate syn ... | 2004 | 15206063 |
| pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase genotypes in immunocompetent infants and immunosuppressed adults, amiens, france. | to date, investigations of pneumocystis jirovecii circulation in the human reservoir through the dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) locus analysis have only been conducted by examining p. jirovecii isolates from immunosuppressed patients with pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp). our study identifies p. jirovecii genotypes at this locus in 33 immunocompetent infants colonized with p. jirovecii contemporaneously with a bronchiolitis episode and in 13 adults with pcp; both groups of patients were monitored i ... | 2004 | 15200857 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serologic responses to pneumocystis jiroveci. | seroepidemiologic studies of pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) in humans have been limited by inadequate reagents. we have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using three overlapping recombinant fragments of the human pneumocystis major surface glycoprotein (msga, msgb, and msgc) for analysis of antibody responses in hiv-positive patients and healthy blood donors. hiv-positive patients had significantly higher antibody levels to all msg fragments. furthermore, hiv-positive patients ... | 2004 | 15200818 |
| multilocus genotyping of pneumocystis jirovecii in patients developing diverse forms of parasitism: implication for a wide human reservoir for the fungus. | pneumocystis jirovecii its and dhps genotypes were identified in 3 patient groups developing diverse forms of p. jirovecii infections: 13 patients with pneumocystis pneumonia, 8 patients merely colonized by the fungus, and 19 immunocompetent infants with bronchiolitis developing mild p. jirovecii infection. common p. jirovecii genotypes were found in the 3 patient groups, suggesting that common sources of p. jirovecii were involved in the fungus acquisition, and that transmission cycles of p. ji ... | 2003 | 14736212 |
| quantitation of anti-pneumocystis jiroveci antibodies in healthy persons and immunocompromised patients. | to facilitate studies of the epidemiology of pneumocystis jiroveci infection in both healthy persons and immunocompromised patients, we developed a quantitative elisa with recombinant major surface glycoprotein (msg) fragment msg-14, a p. jiroveci-specific protein that includes a highly conserved region of the msg protein family. by immunoblot, all samples reacted with the carboxyl portion of msg-14; by elisa, immunocompromised patients with pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) who were immunocompromise ... | 2003 | 12792860 |
| pneumocystis jiroveci genotypes and primary infection. | this study describes the molecular typing of pneumocystis jiroveci organisms from 5 nonpremature immunocompetent infants who developed a primary infection. four p. jiroveci internal transcribed spacer (its) types were identified. all have been previously described in reports concerning immunosuppressed adults with pneumocystosis. present data suggest that identical types can be implicated either in first contact or in additional contacts between fungus and host and that both immunocompetent infa ... | 2003 | 12746783 |
| hiv and respiratory infections in children. | respiratory disease is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). this review highlights recent data and developments that relate to the impact of hiv on respiratory infections particularly in african children. autopsy and clinical studies continue to show that bacterial pneumonia and pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (pcp) are common respiratory infections and causes of death in regions where antiretroviral therapy and pcp prophylaxis ... | 2003 | 12682567 |
| pneumocystis jiroveci internal transcribed spacer types in patients colonized by the fungus and in patients with pneumocystosis from the same french geographic region. | pneumocystis jiroveci (human-derived pneumocystis) infections can display a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, of which pulmonary colonization with the fungus may represent an important part, occurring frequently in patients with various underlying diseases and presenting alternative diagnoses of acute pneumocystosis (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia [pcp]). there are few data concerning the p. jiroveci genotypes involved in pulmonary colonization, whereas several genotypes responsible for ... | 2003 | 12517845 |
| serologic responses to epitopes of the major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis jiroveci differ in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected persons. | the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of pneumocystis jiroveci (p. jiroveci) is important in the immunopathogenesis of pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp), but is difficult to study in humans. we generated 3 overlapping recombinant msg fragments (msga, msgb and msgc), and analyzed their reactivity with serum samples from 95 healthy blood donors and 94 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. reactivity to the msg fragments varied with hiv infection and prior episodes of pcp but not with geog ... | 2002 | 12195351 |
| genetic diversity of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis based on variations in nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacers of rrna genes. | a variety of genes have been used to type pneumocystis carinii. in the present study, nucleotide sequence variations in the its1 and its2 internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of the rrna genes were used to type pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis dna obtained from the lungs of 60 human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. these regions were amplified by pcr, cloned, and sequenced. multibase polymorphisms were identified among samples. several new genotypes are reported on the basis ... | 2002 | 11923323 |
| pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis dna in immunocompetent health care workers in contact with patients with p. carinii pneumonia. | the possible transmission of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis from patients with p. carinii pneumonia to asymptomatic health care workers (hcw), with or without occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with p. carinii pneumonia, was examined. hcw in a specialist inpatient hiv-aids facility and a control group in the general medical-respiratory service in the same hospital provided induced sputum and/or nasal rinse samples, which were analyzed for the prese ... | 2001 | 11682501 |
| inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis and amphotericin b reduce the viability of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. | pneumocystis carinii synthesizes sterols with a double bond at c-7 of the sterol nucleus and an alkyl group with one or two carbons at c-24 of the side chain. also, some human-derived pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis strains contain lanosterol derivatives with an alkyl group at c-24. these unique sterols have not been found in other pathogens of mammalian lungs. thus, p. carinii may have important differences in its susceptibility to drugs known to block reactions in ergosterol biosynthesis i ... | 2000 | 10817720 |
| pneumocysterol [(24z)-ethylidenelanost-8-en-3beta-ol], a rare sterol detected in the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii hominis: structural identity and chemical synthesis. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains among the most prevalent opportunistic infections among aids patients. currently, drugs used clinically for deep mycosis act by binding ergosterol or disrupting its biosynthesis. although classified as a fungus, p. carinii lacks ergosterol. instead, the pathogen synthesizes a number of distinct delta7, 24-alkylsterols, despite the abundance of cholesterol, which it can scavenge from the lung alveolus. thus, the pathogen-specific sterols appear vital f ... | 1999 | 9874778 |
| pre-aids era isolates of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis: high genotype similarity with contemporary isolates. | isolates of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis were examined from six individuals who died of p. carinii pneumonia between 1968 and 1981 and who had underlying immunodeficiencies which were not due to human immunodeficiency virus infection. dna sequence variation was analyzed in the genes encoding the mitochondrial large subunit rrna (mt lsu rrna), the internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of the nuclear rrna, the arom locus, and the mitochondrial small subunit rrna. no major variations wer ... | 1998 | 9431927 |
| urokinase plasminogen activator and tgf-beta production in immunosuppressed patients with and without p. jiroveci infection. | macrophages play a pivotal role in a host's defence against pulmonary infections. macrophage functions are impaired in immunosuppressed (is) patients, regardless of whether they are hiv-positive (hiv+) or -negative (hiv-). several studies have indicated that urokinase plasminogen activator (upa) and transforming growth factor beta (tgf-beta) are important factors in a host's defence against pulmonary pathogens. we measured upa and tgf-beta activity in unstimulated peripheral blood monocytes (pbm ... | 2006 | 16704917 |
| progression of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients receiving echinocandin therapy. | echinocandins are a novel class of antifungal drugs that target beta (1, 3)-d-glucan synthesis. animal studies have shown that these agents have activity against pneumocystis jiroveci infection; however, clinical data are lacking. we reviewed all cases of proven p. jiroveci pneumonia (pcp) in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients at our hospital over a 5 year period (2001-2005). two patients received conventional pcp treatment and concomitant use of echinocandins for presumed invasi ... | 2006 | 17029129 |
| [strongyloides stercoralis and hiv: a case report of an indigenous disseminated infection from non-endemic area]. | strongyloides stercoralis affects people who live in the tropics, but it also extends to temperate regions where its low incidence rate may lead to misdiagnose it. inside the host this nematode may remain silent for many years, nevertheless, in patients infected with hiv its reactivation leads to a disseminated infection in ectopic sites. this report presents the case of a 34 years-old man infected with hiv who lived in a highland area in the province of córdoba, argentina. he was admitted to th ... | 2006 | 17152211 |
| htlv-1-associated adult t cell leukemia lymphoma presenting as granulomatous pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (pjp) and hypercalcemia. | since the initial description of human t cell lymphotropic virus (htlv-1), clusters of this infection have been detected globally. unlike hiv infection, most patients infected with htlv-1 remain asymptomatic throughout their lifetime. | 2007 | 17356979 |
| [human pulmonary trichomonoses]. | colonization of human lungs by various trichomonas species is a frequent occurrence, but is unknown to most physicians. at this site of infection, the parasite develops into an amoeboid form that renders it unrecognizable. for this reason it has been overlooked until recently. morphological identification is not feasible under these conditions and molecular tools provide the only means of identification. the species involved are not restricted to trichomonas tenax, a saprophyte of the mouth that ... | 2007 | 17449372 |
| outbreak of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in renal transplant recipients: p. jiroveci is contagious to the susceptible host. | prophylaxis against pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (pcp) is only recommended during some periods after renal transplantation. recent advances in immunosuppressive therapy have considerably reduced acute rejection. however, the reported pcp outbreaks are increasing in renal transplant recipients. | 2009 | 19667941 |
| newly formed cystic lesions for the development of pneumomediastinum in pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. | pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly named pneumocystis carinii, is one of the most common opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. | 2009 | 19835635 |
| quantitative taqman pcr for detection of pneumocystis jiroveci. | we developed a quantitative real-time pcr assay for detection and quantification of pneumocystis jiroveci in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens based on primers and probe targeting the gene encoding beta-tubulin. the assay was able to detect 50 dna copies per ml of a standard plasmid containing the target sequence. the intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 0.46%-4.27% and 0.05-2.00% over 5 log(10) values. fifty-seven controls of human, viruses, bacteria and fungi dna samples w ... | 2005 | 15767014 |
| fatal cytomegalovirus-associated adrenal insufficiency in an aids patient receiving corticosteroid therapy. | a 35-year-old homosexual man, who had already received sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and steroid therapy because of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, was referred to our hospital. he was also diagnosed as having cytomegalovirus (cmv) co-infection, and started receiving intravenous gancyclovir for cmv infection on the 2nd day of admission into our hospital. he had to continue the steroid therapy because his respiratory condition did not improve. on the 10 ... | 2007 | 17473501 |
| [two cases of respiratory infection complicating treatment with infliximab]. | infliximab, an anti-tnf-alpha agent, is highly effective against rheumatoid arthritis and crohn's disease. however, respiratory infection can occur as a complication. we report two cases complicated by respiratory infection following administration of infliximab. the first case, a 67-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis, developed pneumocystis pneumonia after three courses of infliximab therapy. the second case, a 31-year-old man with crohn's disease, developed pulmonary tuberculosis after f ... | 2007 | 17491318 |
| a middle-aged man with newly diagnosed hiv infection and rash. | ten is a rare cutaneous drug reaction associated with high morbidity and mortality. the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. development of an effective treatment algorithm has been hampered by the low incidence of this disorder, incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms of epidermal death, and lack of large controlled trials to evaluate therapeutic interventions. | 2007 | 17694932 |
| pearson syndrome in an infant heterozygous for c282y allele of hfe gene. | pearson syndrome is a rare mitochondrial disorder characterized by sideroblastic anemia, liver disease, renal tubulopathy and exocrine pancreas deficiency. | 2007 | 17852457 |
| yield of primary and repeat induced sputum testing for pneumocystis jiroveci in human immunodeficiency virus-positive and -negative patients. | induced sputum sampling has an approximate 70% sensitivity for detection of pneumocystis jiroveci in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) patients. bronchoalveolar lavage sampling has greater than 90% sensitivity but is a far more invasive procedure. therefore, bronchoalveolar lavage testing is often recommended as a follow-up after a negative induced sputum. in hiv-negative patients, the utility of induced sputum testing is still not well defined. | 2007 | 17922597 |
| [rhodococcus equi pneumonia in an hiv+ patient: an uncommon association]. | the human infection by rhodococcus equi, even in the presence of hiv infection, remains a rare disease. the authors present a case report of pneumonia, occurring in a hiv+ man. after identifying pneumocystis jiroveci in the bal, despite proper medication, the patient didn't improve. another bal was performed and a rhodococcus equi isolated. the therapeutic regimen was changed according to this finding and the patient improved. the authors make a review of the literature, focusing on the rarity o ... | 2007 | 17962888 |
| flinderstechnology associates (fta) filter paper-based dna extraction with polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of pneumocystis jirovecii from respiratory specimens of immunocompromised patients. | we evaluated the diagnostic value of flinders technology associates (fta) filter paper together with polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii) from induced sputum (is) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) samples. the study involved 162 patients with clinical diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (hiv/aids) patients and other immunocompromised patients. p. jirovecii cysts or trophoz ... | 2007 | 18022923 |
| epidemiology and clinical significance of pneumocystis colonization. | pneumocystis pneumonia has long been recognized as a cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised populations, particularly those with hiv infection. pneumocystis colonization-that is, detection of the organism or its dna, without signs or symptoms of pneumonia-has recently been described, and accumulating evidence suggests that it may be an important clinical phenomenon. sensitive molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction are frequently used to identify pneumocystis coloni ... | 2008 | 18171279 |
| ikbkg (nuclear factor-kappa b essential modulator) mutation can be associated with opportunistic infection without impairing toll-like receptor function. | patients with hypomorphic nuclear factor-kappab essential modulator (nemo) mutations have extensive phenotypic variability that can include atypical infectious susceptibility. | 2008 | 18179816 |
| [pneumocystis and cytomegalovirus pneumonia in hiv patients - two clinical cases]. | cytomegalovirus is capable of causing disease in immunocompromised patients. in people infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) it becomes an important agent when there is advanced immunosupression. its role as a pulmonary pathogen in these patients has been questioned. in the case of pneumocystosis the presence of cytomegalovirus doesn't seem to worsen prognosis, except in cases where corticosteroids are used. authors present two cases of patients with hiv infection and advanced immun ... | 2008 | 18265923 |
| pneumocystis carinii infection. update and review. | to review and update the literature on current trends with regard to pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci ) diagnosis, treatment modalities, and its role in human disease processes. | 2004 | 15335253 |
| [a case of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia that presented with cavity and cystic changes in a malignant thymoma patient]. | a 53-year-old man had received various chemotherapy and steroid treatments for malignant thymoma. he had demonstrated persistent fever since the beginning of january 2006, and chest radiograph showed consolidation in the left middle lung fields. bacterial pneumonia was suspected, but antibiotics were not effective. he was referred and admitted to our hospital on january 16. chest radiograph and ct scan on admission showed diffuse ground-glass opacities, consolidation with cavity, and cystic chan ... | 2008 | 18516993 |
| [pneumocystis pneumonia in a patient treated with pemetrexed for non small cell lung cancer]. | pneumocystis pneumonia is a life-threatening infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy for solid malignancies. | 2011 | 21277483 |
| dapsone-induced hemolytic anemia in lung allograft recipients. | lung transplant (lt) recipients often receive dapsone for pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis. however, the prevalence of dapsone-induced hematologic toxicity in lt recipients is unknown. we report a high prevalence of hemolytic anemia (ha) associated with dapsone use in lt patients when compared with other patients described in the literature who have been prescribed dapsone prophylaxis. | 2008 | 18971091 |
| pneumocystis colonization in immunocompetent and simian immunodeficiency virus-infected cynomolgus macaques. | pneumocystis (pc) colonization is common among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected subjects, although the clinical consequences of pc carriage are not fully understood. we examined the frequency of asymptomatic carriage in healthy and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected cynomolgus macaques by use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and assessment of changes in the serologic response to a recombinant fragment of the pc protein kexin (kex1). anti-kex1 antibodies were detected in 95 ... | 2009 | 19014344 |
| [infections in immunosuppressed patients]. | molecular biology techniques represent a major advance in the microbiologic diagnosis of infectious diseases, since these methods are able to detect etiological microorganisms with high sensitivity. moreover, these procedures can also establish prognostic and therapeutic efficacy markers with a sufficiently short turnaround time for the results to have a real impact on the clinical management of immunosuppressed patients. however, these techniques still have substantial limitations that should b ... | 2008 | 19195448 |
| clinical indicators of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (pcp) in south african children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. | pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) caused by pneumocystis jiroveci is common in hiv-infected children, producing substantial morbidity and mortality. initiation of timely, effective therapy depends on clinical identification of children with pcp. | 2006 | 16460981 |
| colon perforation with peritonitis in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient due to cytomegalovirus and amoebic colitis. | invasive amoebiasis is rarely seen in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals, even in endemic areas. by contrast, cytomegalovirus (cmv) disease is recognized as a major clinical problem in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. a 34-year-old hiv-infected man with amoeba colitis, disseminated mycobacterium avian complex and cmv infection with cecum perforation, presented with the initial symptoms of fever, shortness of breath and painful sensation when swallowing. he was tr ... | 2005 | 16496064 |
| [human reservoirs of pneumocystis]. | pneumocystis jirovecii, the fungal agent that causes pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp), is known to exclusively infect humans. molecular studies have enabled detection of this fungus in individuals who have been colonized by p. jirovecii. such colonization, found in several populations, seems to act as a human reservoir for the fungus. various studies have reported mutations associated with sulfa resistance in p. jirovecii strains isolated from colonized patients, who can transmit the mutant genotype ... | 2010 | 19403207 |
| geographical variation in serological responses to recombinant pneumocystis jirovecii major surface glycoprotein antigens. | the use of recombinant fragments of the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of pneumocystis jirovecii has proven useful for studying serological immune responses of blood donors and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive (hiv(+)) patients. here, we have used elisa to measure antibody titres to msg fragments (msga, msgb, msgc1, msgc3, msgc8 and msgc9) in sera isolated in the usa (n=200) and spain (n=326), to determine whether geographical location affects serological responses to these antigens ... | 2009 | 19416292 |
| mycophenolate mofetil: effects on cellular immune subsets, infectious complications, and antimicrobial activity. | mycophenolate mofetil (mmf) is one of the most frequently used immunosuppressive drugs in solid organ transplant recipients. mmf is an inhibitor of inosine-5'-monophosphate, and is able to preferentially inhibit b-cell and t-cell function. the immunosuppressive abilities of mmf have made it one of the most successful anti-rejection drugs in transplant patients, but patients also appear to have increased susceptibility to infections, specifically cytomegalovirus and bk virus. despite its associat ... | 2009 | 19497072 |
| evidence for high prevalence of pneumocystis jirovecii exposure among cameroonians. | cameroon lacks the capacity for routine pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) diagnosis, thus, the prevalence of cameroonian exposure to this microbe is unknown. it is known that pneumocystis infecting different mammalian host species represent diverse phylogenetic backgrounds and are now designated as separate species. the highly sensitive nature of elisa and the specificity afforded by using human-derived p. jirovecii msg peptides has been shown to be useful for serological analysis of human sera. thus ... | 2009 | 19665440 |
| serum (1-3)-beta-d-glucan as a tool for diagnosis of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection or hematological malignancy. | (1-3)-beta-d-glucan (bg) reactivity was tested in serum samples from 28 patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection or a hematological malignancy and pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (pcp) and 28 control patients. the sensitivity and specificity of bg detection with the fungitell assay for pcp were 100 and 96.4%, respectively, using a cutoff value of 100 pg/ml. serum bg testing looks promising for the noninvasive diagnosis of pcp. our data suggest that a higher cutoff value for the diag ... | 2009 | 19846641 |
| successful treatment of severe pneumocystis pneumonia with clindamycin-primaquine in an hiv-negative patient. | pneumocystis pneumonia is an increasingly recognized threat in non-hiv immunosuppressed patients and is associated with worse outcomes compared to hiv-infected patients. the preferred first line treatment is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; however, second line treatments for those intolerant of this regimen have been primarily studied in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we report a case of pneumocystis pneumonia in a 75-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll) ... | 2009 | 19864989 |
| [current epidemiology of pneumocystis jirovecii infections]. | pneumocystis fungi has been recognized as causative agent of pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. the epidemiology of pneumocystis infection has been dynamically changing over the past two decades. in this review, the current understanding of factors contributing to the spreading of pneumocystis jirovecii in immunocompetent and immunocompromised human populations is highlighted. primary infections, routs of transmission and colonization issues are discussed. data concerning p. jirovecii i ... | 2009 | 19899590 |
| fact or fiction: does the non-hiv/aids immunosuppressed patient need pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis? an updated literature review. | pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (pjp) is a potentially fatal fungal infection occurring in immunocompromised patients. | 2009 | 19919808 |
| good outcome with trimethoprim 10 mg/kg/day-sulfamethoxazole 50 mg/kg/day for pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in hiv infected patients. | pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (pcp) in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients is usually treated with trimethoprim (tmp)-sulfamethoxazole (smx) 1920 mg 3 times daily (approximately equivalent to tmp 15 mg/kg/day-smx 75 mg/kg/day) for 21 days. pharmacokinetic data suggest that lower doses would be equally efficacious and might be associated with a lower incidence of adverse effects. we conducted a retrospective review of case notes for the first episode of laboratory-confirmed pc ... | 2009 | 19922070 |
| bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a case report. | bordetella bronchiseptica can be a cause of virulent pneumonia in humans with impaired immune systems. few cases have been reported in the medical literature where bordetella bronchiseptica has been the only pathogen isolated during a course of interstitial pneumonia. | 2009 | 19946552 |
| skin-deep clues to a complex disease. | | 2010 | 20143652 |
| the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus-associated tuberculosis in hong kong. | to evaluate the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus-associated tuberculosis in hong kong. | 2010 | 20519755 |
| quantification and spread of pneumocystis jirovecii in the surrounding air of patients with pneumocystis pneumonia. | airborne transmission of pneumocystis has been demonstrated in animal models and is highly probable in humans. however, information concerning burdens of pneumocystis jirovecii (human-derived pneumocystis) in exhaled air from infected patients is lacking. our objective is to evaluate p. jirovecii air diffusion in patients with pneumocystis pneumonia. | 2010 | 20572759 |
| relationship of pneumocystis jiroveci humoral immunity to prevention of colonization and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a primate model of hiv infection. | pulmonary colonization by the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis jiroveci is common in hiv(+) subjects and has been associated with development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). host and environmental factors associated with colonization susceptibility are undefined. using a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) model of hiv infection, the immunologic parameters associated with natural pneumocystis jiroveci transmission were evaluated. shiv-infected macaques were exposed to ... | 2010 | 20660609 |
| acute hiv infection with rapid progression to aids. | acute hiv infection is rarely recognized as the signs and symptoms are normally unspecific and can persist for days or weeks. the normal hiv course is characterized by a progressive loss of cd4+ cells, which normally leads to severe immunodeficiency after a variable time interval. the mean time from initial infection to development of clinical aids is approximately 8-10 years, but it is variable among individuals and depends on a complex interaction between virus and host. here we describe an ex ... | 2010 | 20835515 |
| severe septic-shock like reaction to co-trimoxazole in an hiv-positive man. | adverse drug reactions occur at a greater frequency in hiv-infected individuals. a 38-year-old eritrean man was treated with outpatient co-trimoxazole for confirmed pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, but was switched to clindamycin and primaquine due to nausea and vomiting. following development of methaemaglobinaemia, he was recommenced on prophylactic co-trimoxazole. he was later found moribund with features resembling septic shock and required invasive respiratory support. the diagnosis of a r ... | 2010 | 20852206 |
| anemia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected women in rwanda. | to determine the prevalence and risk factors of anemia among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected women in rwanda and the influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) on anemia, we analyzed 200 hiv-positive women and 50 hiv-negative women in a cross-sectional study. clinical examinations and iron and vitamin b(12) assays were performed, and complete blood counts, serum folic acid levels, and cd4 cell count determined. the prevalence of anemia was significantly higher among hi ... | 2011 | 21363986 |
| fungalrv: adhesin prediction and immunoinformatics portal for human fungal pathogens. | abstract: | 2011 | 21496229 |
| accuracy of serum ldh elevation for the diagnosis of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. | in 328 immunocompromised patients, 105 with and 193 without pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (pcp), serum lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) was analysed retrospectively, taking into consideration the time interval from the onset of symptoms to the start of specific therapy. 97 of the 105 pcp patients were negative for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). eight were positive. of the 193 patients without pcp 134 were hiv-negative and 59 were hiv-positive. in hiv-negative patients the sensitivity of ldh el ... | 2011 | 21528464 |
| pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. | pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is an opportunistic infection capable of causing life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. to elucidate the clinical presentation and outcome of this disease in taiwan, we analyzed the patients with p. jirovecii pneumonia during a 34-month period. | 2008 | 19255691 |
| plagues in the icu: a brief history of community-acquired epidemic and endemic transmissible infections leading to intensive care admission. | the ability to diagnose and treat infectious diseases and handle infectious disease outbreaks continues to improve. for the most part, the major plagues of antiquity remain historical footnotes, yet, despite many advances, there is clear evidence that major pandemic illness is always just one outbreak away. in addition to the hiv pandemic, the smaller epidemic outbreaks of legionnaire's disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome, among many others, points out t ... | 2009 | 19268795 |
| long-term serologic responses to the pneumocystis jirovecii major surface glycoprotein in hiv-positive individuals with and without p. jirovecii infection. | the immune responses to pneumocystis jirovecii major surface glycoprotein (msg) in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection are poorly understood. | 2009 | 19301979 |
| outcomes of moderate-to-severe pneumocystis pneumonia treated with adjunctive steroid in non-hiv-infected patients. | while it is well-known that adjunctive corticosteroid use improves the outcome of moderate-to-severe pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), there is limited data on its efficacy in non-hiv-infected patients with pcp. patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage for suspected pcp from january 2007 through december 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. we compared demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in 8 ... | 2011 | 21788460 |
| pneumocystis infection and the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | with increases in the immunocompromised patient population and aging of the hiv+ population, the risk of serious fungal infections and their complications will continue to rise. in these populations, infection with the fungal opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis jirovecii remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. infection with pneumocystis (pc) has been shown to be associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) in human subjects with and without hiv inf ... | 2011 | 21717077 |
| expanding the clinical and genetic spectrum of human cd40l deficiency: the occurrence of paracoccidioidomycosis and other unusual infections in brazilian patients. | cd40 ligand (cd40l) deficiency or x-linked hyper-igm syndrome (x-higm) is a well-described primary immunodeficiency in which pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a common clinical feature. we have identified an unusual high incidence of fungal infections and other not yet described infections in a cohort of 11 x-higm patients from nine unrelated brazilian families. among these, we describe the first case of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) in x-higm. the molecular genetic analysis of cd40l was perform ... | 2011 | 22193914 |