| natural and experimental west nile virus infection in five raptor species. | we studied the effects of natural and/or experimental infections of west nile virus (wnv) in five raptor species from july 2002 to march 2004, including american kestrels (falco sparverius), golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos), red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), barn owls (tyto alba), and great horned owls (bubo virginianus). birds were infected per mosquito bite, per os, or percutaneously by needle. many experimentally infected birds developed mosquito-infectious levels of viremia (>10(5) wnv ... | 2006 | 16699143 |
| west nile virus in raptors from virginia during 2003: clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiologic findings. | sixty-one birds of prey admitted to the wildlife center of virginia (wcv; waynesboro, virginia, usa) from june to november 2003 were tested for west nile virus (wnv) infection. choanal and/or cloacal swabs were obtained and submitted to virginia's division of consolidated laboratory services (richmond, virginia, usa) for analysis with real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). forty birds of prey were positive for wnv by rt-pcr. five avian families and nine species of ra ... | 2006 | 16870856 |
| raptor mortality due to west nile virus in the united states, 2002. | west nile virus (wnv) has affected many thousands of birds since it was first detected in north america in 1999, but the overall impact on wild bird populations is unknown. in mid-august 2002, wildlife rehabilitators and local wildlife officials from multiple states began reporting increasing numbers of sick and dying raptors, mostly red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (bubo virginianus). commonly reported clinical signs were nonspecific and included emaciation, lethargy, ... | 2007 | 17495304 |
| pathology and epidemiology of natural west nile viral infection of raptors in georgia. | carcasses from 346 raptors found between august 2001 and december 2004 were tested for west nile virus (wnv) using virus isolation and immunohistochemistry; 40 were positive for wnv by one or both methods. of these 40 birds, 35 had histologic lesions compatible with wnv infection, one had lesions possibly attributable to wnv, and four had no histologic evidence of wnv. the most common histologic lesions associated with wnv infection were myocardial inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis; skeletal ... | 2007 | 17495305 |
| surveys for antibodies against mosquitoborne encephalitis viruses in california birds, 1996-2013. | from 1996 through 2013, 54,546 individual birds comprising 152 species and 7 orders were banded, bled, and released at four study areas within california, from which 28,388 additional serum samples were collected at one or more recapture encounters. of these, 142, 99, and 1929 birds from 41 species were positive for neutralizing antibodies against western equine encephalomyelitis virus (weev), st. louis encephalitis virus (slev), or west nile virus (wnv) at initial capture or recapture, respecti ... | 2016 | 26974395 |
| serologic evidence of west nile virus infection in three wild raptor populations. | we assayed for west nile virus (wnv) antibodies to determine the presence and prevalence of wnv infection in three raptor populations in southeast wisconsin during 2003-04. this study was conducted in the framework of ongoing population studies that started before wnv was introduced to the study area. for 354 samples, 88% of 42 adult cooper's hawks (accipiter cooperii), 2.1% of 96 nestling cooper's hawks, 9.2% of 141 nestling red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), and 12% of 73 nestling great hor ... | 2005 | 16252490 |
| pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in goshawks (accipiter gentilis) and great horned owls (bubo virginianus) naturally infected with west nile virus. | the carcasses of 25 great horned owls and 12 goshawks were investigated for west nile virus (wnv) infection by immunohistochemistry (ihc) performed on various organs, including brain, spinal cord, heart, kidney, eye, bone marrow, spleen, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and proventriculus, using a wnv-antigen-specific monoclonal antibody and by wnv-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), performed on fresh brain tissue only. wnv infection was diagnosed by ihc in all ... | 2005 | 16094831 |
| clinical and pathologic features of west nile virus infection in native north american owls (family strigidae). | since the initial report of west nile virus in the northeastern united states in 1999, the virus has spread rapidly westward and southward across the country. in the summer of 2002, several midwestern states reported increased cases of neurologic disease and mortality associated with west nile virus infection in various native north american owl species. this report summarizes the clinical and pathologic findings for 13 captive and free-ranging owls. affected species were all in the family strig ... | 2003 | 14562887 |
| clinical evaluation and outcomes of naturally acquired west nile virus infection in raptors. | west nile virus (wnv) infection and associated disease and mortality have been documented in numerous north american raptor species. information regarding clinical presentations and long-term outcomes of wnv-infected raptors is important in the clinic for the diagnosis, treatment, and assessment of prognosis, as well as for understanding potential population level effects on raptor species. raptors of 22 species admitted to a rehabilitation clinic were tested, from 2002 to 2005, for previous and ... | 2009 | 19368240 |