| potential infectivity of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains in ixodes ricinus ticks from serbia. | anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from different geographical regions are characterised by diverse potential infectivity for humans and domesticated animals. we investigated the potential pathogenicity of a. phagocytophilum strains in ixodes ricinus ticks from 11 geographically different localities in serbia. sequences obtained in this study showed a high variability of p44 paralogues. some of them, however, formed groups with similarities greater than 86% ('similarity groups'). previous studies ... | 2010 | 20460222 |
| [ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis]. | ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are zoonoses caused by bacteria from the family anaplasmataceae, including human and animal pathogens. the human pathogens are ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme), anaplasma phagocytophilum, the pathogen causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), e. ewingii and neorickettsia sennetsu, granulocytotropic and monocytotropic ehrlichia species, respectively. ehrlichia spp. are small, gram-negative, obligate intracellular b ... | 2009 | 20077398 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum - the most widespread tick-borne infection in animals in europe. | the bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila) may cause infection in several animal species including human. the disease in domestic ruminants is also called tick-borne fever (tbf), and has been known for at least 200 years. in europe, clinical manifestations due to a. phagocytophilum have been recorded in sheep, goat, cattle, horse, dog, cat, roe deer, reindeer and human. however, seropositive and pcr-positive mammalian have been detected in several other species. ... | 2007 | 17682851 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants in europe. | the agent that causes tick-borne fever (tbf) in sheep was first described in 1940, 8 years after the disease was first recognized in scotland. the same agent was soon shown to cause tbf in sheep and pasture fever in cattle in other parts of the uk, scandinavia, and other parts of europe. after the initial use of the name rickettsia phagocytophila, the organism was given the name cytoecetes phagocytophila to reflect its association with granulocytes and its morphological similarity with cytoecete ... | 2006 | 17114753 |
| [babesia microti and anaplasma phagocytophilum: two emerging zoonotic pathogens in europe and hungary]. | babesia microti and anaplasma phagocytophilum was recently reported with a minimum prevalence of 0.9 and 1.3% in hungary based on the pcr-sequencing analysis of 452 european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus). these results and the epidemiological data of the neighbouring countries indicate that human cases caused by these pathogens may occur in the country. the aim of the present paper is to summarise the current knowledge on the morphology, life cycle and distribution of b. microti and a. phagocytop ... | 2005 | 15856623 |
| neuropathological changes in ovine fetuse caused by tickborne fever. | | 2004 | 15651549 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum: an emerging tick-borne pathogen in hungary and central eastern europe. | anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila, ehrlichia equi and anaplasma phagocytophila) is the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis (anaplasmosis) in humans, horses, sheep, cattle, dogs and cats. in the present study, 452 european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus) collected from 100 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary were tested for the pathogen, as 112 pools each containing five or fewer ticks from one fox. six of the pools, representing ticks from six different foxes, w ... | 2004 | 15228721 |
| cultivation of an ovine strain of ehrlichia phagocytophila in tick cell cultures. | ehrlichia phagocytophila (previously known as cytoecetes phagocytophila) which causes tick-borne fever (tbf) in sheep and pasture fever in cattle in the uk and mainland europe is transmitted by the temperate hard tick ixodes ricinus. the disease in sheep is characterized by fever, leucopenia and immunosuppression. studies on the pathogenesis and other aspects of the disease have been hampered because the organism has not been cultivated in continuous or primary cell culture systems. this paper d ... | 2002 | 12354525 |
| serological investigation of granulocytic ehrlichia infection in sheep in norway. | serum samples of 749 sheep from 75 sheep flocks in norway, i.e. 361 lambs (6 to 7 months old) and 388 adults (> 1.5 year), were analysed for antibodies to ehrlichia equi. ten animals from each flock were examined. seropositive animals were found along the coast of southern norway from vestfold to sør-trøndelag (as far north as 63 degrees 38'n). seropositive sheep were not found in southeast, east or northern norway. thirty-two flocks were seropositive, although tick-borne fever had only been dia ... | 2001 | 11887393 |
| comparative pathology, and immunohistology associated with clinical illness after ehrlichia phagocytophila-group infections. | the ehrlichia phagocytophila-group also includes e. equi and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent that are probably a single species. disease is mild to severe illness in ruminants, horses, and humans, but the comparative pathology and ehrlichial distribution in tissues is poorly described. we compared pathology and ehrlichial distribution in humans with hge, horses with e. equi infection, and a sheep with e. phagocytophila infection. frequent findings included splenic lymphoid deplet ... | 2000 | 10761721 |
| lymphocyte responses to mitogens and rickettsial antigens in sheep experimentally infected with ehrlichia (cytoecetes) phagocytophila. | infection of sheep with ehrlichia (cytoecetes) phagocytophila, the causative agent of tick-borne fever (tbf), was characterised by a significant reduction in lymphocyte reactivity to the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin a, pokeweed mitogen and escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide during the period of rickettsiaemia. the addition of the prostaglandin inhibitor, indomethacin, or the nitric oxide inhibitor, n(g)-monomethyl-l-arginine, had no significant effect on the suppressive effects of ... | 1999 | 10392768 |
| granulocytic ehrlichia infection in ixodid ticks and mammals in woodlands and uplands of the u.k. | the prevalence of infection with ehrlichiae of the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup (the granulocytic ehrlichiae), in questing ixodes ricinus ticks of u.k. upland and woodland habitats, was investigated by pcr. the prevalence of infection in the three feeding stages of i. ricinus indicated that granulocytic ehrlichiae are transmitted transstadially with no, or inefficient, transovarial transmission. the presence of infected ticks in both habitats indicates that endemic cycles of granulocytic e ... | 1998 | 9824827 |
| immunosuppression in sheep experimentally infected with ehrlichia phagocytophila. | the effect of tick-borne fever (tbf) on antibody formation and lymphocyte proliferation in sheep was studied following experimental infection with ehrlichia phagocytophila. all infected sheep developed fever within three to four days. the sheep recovered clinically within eight days. both infected and non-infected control sheep were immunised twice with different antigens, that is, on days 9 and 35 following the experimental infection. the levels of antibodies produced against tetanus toxoid and ... | 1994 | 8191013 |
| sequential pathology of tick-borne fever. | the sequential pathology and clinical responses of 12 sheep infected with the sourhope strain of cytoecetes phagocytophila are described. during the experimental period of 3 weeks, the clinical effects were mild, as is usual. there was transient leucopenia, affecting mainly lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils. parasitaemia was detected from days 5 to 16, approximately. a mild but consistent histopathological response up to day 21 comprised (i) pulmonary alveolitis with minimal shedding of c ... | 1994 | 7836572 |
| an ovine abortion storm caused by infection with cytoecetes phagocytophila. | | 1995 | 7740734 |
| persistence of ehrlichia phagocytophila infection in two age groups of lambs. | tick-borne fever (tbf) is caused by the rickettsiae ehrlichia phagocytophila and is a common disease in sheep in tick (ixodes ricinus) infested areas in norway. earlier investigations have shown that some sheep could remain infected for several months after the primary infection. in this study, the persistence of e. phagocytophila after experimental infection was investigated in 2 age groups of lambs. six lambs (1-2 weeks old) and 14 lambs (6-8 months old) were inoculated intravenously with an o ... | 2001 | 11957373 |
| reduced weight gain due to subclinical anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila) infection. | tick-borne fever (tbf) is caused by the rickettsia anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila) and is a common disease in sheep in areas of norway infested by ixodes ricinus ticks. tbf can cause both direct and indirect losses to sheep kept on tick-infested pastures. in the present work we studied a sheep flock of 26 ewes and 50 lambs on pasture from may until september. no cases of tbf had earlier been observed on this pasture. blood samples from lambs with a reduced weekly we ... | 2002 | 14570133 |
| tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in wild and domestic small mammals in northern spain. | the prevalence and diversity of tick-borne zoonotic bacteria (borrelia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, coxiella burnetii, and spotted fever group rickettsiae) infecting 253 small mammals captured in the basque country (spain) were assessed using pcr and reverse line blot hybridization. trapping sites were selected around sheep farms (study 1, 2000 to 2002) and recreational parks (study 2, 2003 to 2005). the majority of the studied mammals (162) were wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus), but six othe ... | 2007 | 17693556 |
| a modification of the indirect immunofluorescence test for detection of ehrlichia phagocytophila antibodies. | a modified technique for production of antigen and performance of the test is described. a suspension of infected neutrophils was directly applied to multiwell slides. multichannel pipettes may be used for dilution and application of sera. the modification increases the capacity both by production of the antigen and by performance of the test. this paper also gives a quantitative determination of the antibodies. | 1991 | 1818509 |
| distinct host species correlate with anaplasma phagocytophilum anka gene clusters. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a gram-negative, tick-transmitted, obligate intracellular bacterium that elicits acute febrile diseases in humans and domestic animals. in contrast to the united states, human granulocytic anaplasmosis seems to be a rare disease in europe despite the initial recognition of a. phagocytophilum as the causative agent of tick-borne fever in european sheep and cattle. considerable strain variation has been suggested to occur within this species, because isolates from huma ... | 2010 | 21177886 |
| identification of anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick populations in estonia, the european part of russia and belarus. | clin microbiol infect abstract: anaplasma phagocytophilum is associated with diseases of goats, sheep, cattle, dogs and horses. in the beginning of the 1990s it was identified as a human pathogen, causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) in the usa, europe and the far east of russia. a. phagocytophilum is maintained in nature in an enzootic cycle including ticks as the main vector and a wide range of mammalian species as reservoirs. ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus ticks were collected in ... | 2011 | 21199155 |
| variant-specific and diminishing immune responses towards the highly variable msp2(p44) outer membrane protein of anaplasma phagocytophilum during persistent infection in lambs. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of tick-borne fever in small ruminants and has been identified as the zoonotic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. the norwegian strains of the rickettsia are naturally persistent in lambs and represent a suitable experimental system for analyzing the mechanisms of persistence. variation of the outer membrane protein msp2(p44) by recombination of variable pseudogene segments into an expression site is believed to play a key role in persisten ... | 2010 | 19695712 |
| treatment and control of chlamydial and rickettsial infections in sheep and goats. | small ruminants are susceptible to several chlamydial and rickettsial infections. some of them, such as ehrlichia ruminantium, have a great impact on the sheep and goat industry while others, such as coxiella burnetii, are important zoonotic agents. this review focuses on measures of treatment and control for the following organisms: chlamydophila abortus (formerly chlamydia psittaci immunotype 1), coxiella burnetii, anaplasma ovis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and ehrlichia ruminantium. | 2010 | 21215905 |
| a comparative study of clinical manifestations, haematological and serological responses after experimental infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum in two norwegian sheep breeds. | it has been questioned if the old native norwegian sheep breed, old norse sheep (also called norwegian feral sheep), normally distributed on coastal areas where ticks are abundant, is more protected against tick-borne infections than other norwegian breeds due to a continuously high selection pressure on pasture. the aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis in an experimental infection study. | 2011 | 21314927 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum intragranulocytic morulae in aborting sheep: a herd case in sicily. | the present report describes the haematological and serological findings observed in a dairy sheep farm during an aborting outbreak. fifty ewes divided into two groups were included in the study: group a consisted of 35 healthy ewes and group b consisted of 15 ill subjects. from each ewe, blood samples were collected for microscopic examination and serological assay. after 3 months, all ewes were subjected to microscopic examination, serological and biochemical assay. morula-containing granulocy ... | 2011 | 21463497 |
| [prevalence of anaplasma spp. infection in a desert landscape region of heshuo, xinjiang]. | to study the prevalence of anaplasmosis among human, domestic sheep and tick population in heshuo area, southern xinjiang and to investigate the diversity of anaplasma species. | 2013 | 23751470 |
| in vitro propagation of cytoecetes phagocytophila, the causative agent of tick-borne fever. | cytoecetes phagocytophila, a neutrophilic rickettsia which parasitizes sheep and cattle, was propagated transiently at 37 degrees c in cultures of heparinized whole blood of sheep supplemented with medium 199 containing hepes buffer. significant increases in the number of infected cells and the number of rickettsias per infected cell were observed within 24 h. back-passage into sheep produced typical tick-borne fever. | 1982 | 7051517 |
| stages in the development of cytoecetes phagocytophila, the causative agent of tick-borne fever. | | 1982 | 6897253 |
| serotypes in cowdria ruminantium and their relationship with ehrlichia phagocytophila determined by immunofluorescence. | two tick-borne rickettsial pathogens of ruminants, cowdria ruminantium (causative agent of heartwater disease) and ehrlichia phagocytophila (causative agent of tick-borne fever), were successfully cultivated in caprine or ovine neutrophilic granulocytes. infected cultures were subsequently used as antigens in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. low-level bilateral serological cross-reactions could be detected between cowdria and ehrlichia. in addition, comparison of five cowdria stocks using ... | 1989 | 2696198 |
| response of sheep to experimental concurrent infection with tick-borne fever (cytoecetes phagocytophila) and louping-ill virus. | the pathogenesis of concurrent cytoecetes phagocytophila and louping-ill virus infection was studied in two experiments. in the first experiment 18 four- to seven-year-old rams were used. ten were infected with c phagocytophila and five days later eight of these animals and the remaining eight sheep were infected with louping-ill virus. the two rams infected with c phagocytophila alone developed no clinical signs apart from a transient pyrexia, while only three of the eight rams infected with lo ... | 1986 | 3764102 |
| molecular epidemiological survey and genetic characterization of anaplasma species in mongolian livestock. | anaplasma species are obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogens that cause great economic loss to the animal industry. few studies on anaplasma infections in mongolian livestock have been conducted. this study examined the prevalence of anaplasma marginale, anaplasma ovis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and anaplasma bovis by polymerase chain reaction assay in 928 blood samples collected from native cattle and dairy cattle (bos taurus), yaks (bos grunniens), sheep (ovis aries), and goats (capra a ... | 2017 | 28678004 |
| evaluation of microbial communities and symbionts in ixodes ricinus and ungulate hosts (cervus elaphus and ovis aries) from shared habitats on the west coast of norway. | recent reports suggest a potential for transmission of a newly discovered rickettsial endosymbiont, midichloria mitochondrii, to animals and humans from feeding ticks (ixodes ricinus). using molecular methods; i. ricinus, sheep and red deer in anaplasma phagocytophilum-endemic areas of norway, were examined to see if they were infected by m. mitochondrii or related organisms like wolbachia pipientis and rickettsia spp. a total of 532 ticks collected from pastures, 76 blood samples from grazing l ... | 2014 | 25132534 |
| anaplasma phagocytophila as an abortifacient agent in sheep farms from northern spain. | | 2003 | 12860669 |