| molecular variability of the adhesin-encoding gene pvpa among mycoplasma gallisepticum strains and its application in diagnosis. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is an important pathogen of chickens and turkeys that causes considerable economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. the reemergence of m. gallisepticum outbreaks among poultry, the increased use of live m. gallisepticum vaccines, and the detection of m. gallisepticum in game and free-flying song birds has strengthened the need for molecular diagnostic and strain differentiation tests. molecular techniques, including restriction fragment length polymorphism of ge ... | 2001 | 11326008 |
| monitoring mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae infection in breeder chickens after treatment with enrofloxacin. | three experimental strains of breeder chickens were accidentally exposed to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and mycoplasma synoviae (ms), presumably from a newly introduced group of leghorn-type pullets. the experimental strains subsequently became infected and were diagnosed positive for mg and ms by the serum plate agglutination (spa) test and confirmed by the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of tracheal swabs. treatment with 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin via ... | 2001 | 11417841 |
| cases of swollen head syndrome in broiler chickens in greece. | from 50 commercial broiler flocks included in a study concerning respiratory disease, signs of swollen head syndrome (shs) were shown in eight. postmortem examination was performed in eight birds showing signs of shs from each flock. the trachea and head from each bird were collected for laboratory investigation. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used for the detection of viral and avian mycoplasma antigens in the trachea, and bacteriologic examinations were performed from the inf ... | 2001 | 11569754 |
| the macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta in the supernatants of mycoplasma gallisepticum-infected chicken leukocytes attracts the migration of chicken heterophils and lymphocytes. | chicken monocytes, macrophages, heterophils and thrombocytes were infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum, and their supernatants were collected and tested for the presence of chemotactic activities. the supernatants from mg-infected monocytes and macrophages were able to attract the migration of both heterophils and lymphocytes. the chemotactic activity in these supernatants could be abolished by antibodies prepared against the 10 amino acid peptides of the macrophage inflammatory protein (mip)- ... | 2002 | 11687266 |
| characterization of mutations in dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv involved in quinolone resistance of mycoplasma gallisepticum mutants obtained in vitro. | mycoplasma gallisepticum enrofloxacin-resistant mutants were generated by stepwise selection in increasing concentrations of enrofloxacin. alterations were found in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the four target genes encoding dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv from these mutants. this is the first description of such mutations in an animal mycoplasma species. | 2002 | 11796386 |
| field evaluation of tylosin premix in layers previously vaccinated with a live mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine. | mycoplasma gallisepticum infection results in numerous clinical signs including a reduction in egg production in laying chickens. attempts to prevent mycoplasmosis have included vaccination with both killed and attenuated live m. gallisepticum strains. live vaccines provide reduction in clinical signs and have been shown to replace indigenous strains when used in a consistent program for several placements. antibiotic therapy is another option for controlling losses associated with mycoplasmosis ... | 2002 | 11922337 |
| detection of antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine ts-11 by an autologous pmga enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is a poultry pathogen that causes respiratory disease and loss of egg production worldwide. a live attenuated vaccine, ts-11, has been used for control of m. gallisepticum in several countries. the rapid serum agglutination test is usually used as an indicator of flock response to vaccination; however, in some flocks, the detected response may be weak or absent. with the use of specific monoclonal antibodies against m. gallisepticum strain s6 pmga in immunoaffinity purif ... | 2002 | 12061651 |
| the effects of 6/85 live mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine in commercial layer hens over a 43-week laying cycle on egg production, selected egg quality parameters, and egg size distribution when challenged before beginning of lay. | in each of two trials, 80 commercial leghorn-type pullets were separated into two treatments with four replicates of 10 chickens in each treatment. forty pullets were designated as controls and received no inoculation, whereas the remaining 40 pullets received the 6/85 vaccine strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) at 10 wk of age. hen-day egg production, egg weight, eggshell strength, haugh unit score, pimpling incidence, and blood/meat spot incidence were monitored and recorded weekly in each ... | 2002 | 12061653 |
| effects of an s6 strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum challenge before beginning of lay on various egg characteristics in commercial layers. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a reproductive/respiratory disease in poultry implicated in suboptimum egg production and decreased hatchability. commercial layer hens raised in a controlled environment were inoculated with the s6 strain of mg at 10 wk of age. egg production and selected egg and egg quality parameters were quantitated over the entire lay cycle for inoculated and control birds. the s6 inoculation had no effect on bird weight, egg production, associated egg quality parameters, or ... | 2002 | 12243522 |
| poor systemic antibody response after vaccination of commercial broiler breeders with mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine ts-11 not associated with susceptibility to challenge. | a live attenuated mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine, ts-11, has been used for control of m gallisepticum in several countries. the rapid serum agglutination test is usually used as an indicator of flock response to vaccination; however, in some flocks, the detected response may be weak or absent. we investigated whether the low level, or lack, of systemic antibodies in ts-11-vaccinated flocks is correlated with susceptibility to infection after challenge with a virulent m. gallisepticum strain. b ... | 2002 | 12243526 |
| development and application of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction for avian respiratory agents. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed and optimized to simultaneously detect 6 avian respiratory pathogens. six sets of specific oligonucleotide primers for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian influenza virus (aiv), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), and mycoplasma synoviae (ms) were used respectively in the test. with the use of agarose gel electrophoresis for detection of the pcr-amplified dna produc ... | 2002 | 12243534 |
| prevalence of mycoplasma antibodies in lesser prairie-chicken sera. | serologic testing by the serum plate agglutination (spa) procedure was performed to detect the presence of cross-reacting antibodies to mycoplasma meleagridis, mycoplasma synoviae, and mycoplasma gallisepticum in lesser prairie-chickens (tympanuchus pallidicinctus) trapped over a 2-yr period in finney and kearny counties of southwestern kansas. sera examined from birds (n = 50) obtained in march-april 2000 tested positive for m meleagridis, m. synoviae, and m. gallisepticum at levels of 6%, 10%, ... | 2002 | 12243537 |
| natural cases and an experimental study of h9n2 avian influenza in commercial broiler chickens of iran. | since 1998, an epidemic of avian influenza has occurred in the iranian poultry industry. the agent was pathotyped as non-highly pathogenic and subtyped as an h9n2 avian influenza virus. therefore it did not require eradication. however, frequent incidences of high mortality were observed commonly on broiler farms. no other species of bird were affected. the circulation of the virus and mixed infection with other respiratory pathogens, particularly infectious bronchitis virus and mycoplasma galli ... | 2002 | 12396348 |
| serological monitoring of 40 swiss fancy breed poultry flocks. | rapid serum agglutination, haemagglutination inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen swiss fancy breed chicken flocks for antibodies against 12 avian infectious agents. for this purpose, 1,002 blood samples from 40 flocks were collected and tested. ten percent of the samples were positive for salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and 62.5% of the flocks were affected. more than 75% of the flocks had antibodies against mycoplasma gallisepticum/mycoplasma synoviae, infectiou ... | 2002 | 12396360 |
| a modified live mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine to protect chickens from respiratory disease. | the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a modified live mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine (gt5) for the protection of chickens against infection and respiratory disease. gt5 was constructed by the reconstitution of the avirulent high passage r (r(high)) strain with the gene encoding the major cytadhesin gapa. gt5 expressed gapa on its surface yet retained the phenotypic characteristics of the parental r(high) strain. birds vaccinated with gt5 were protected upon challenge with the vir ... | 2002 | 12399199 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum: influence of cell invasiveness on the outcome of experimental infection in chickens. | recently we have shown that a low (r(low)) and a high laboratory passage (r(high)) of the poultry pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum prototype strain r differ markedly in their capability to invade non-phagocytic eukaryotic cells. in the present study the infection traits of these two mycoplasma passages were compared in an in vivo setting. after aerosol inoculation of chickens, m. gallisepticum was re-isolated from the inner organs of birds infected with r(low), whereas no mycoplasma was recover ... | 2002 | 12423769 |
| gapa and crma coexpression is essential for mycoplasma gallisepticum cytadherence and virulence. | it was previously demonstrated that avirulent mycoplasma gallisepticum strain r(high) (passage 164) is lacking three proteins that are expressed in its virulent progenitor, strain r(low) (passage 15). these proteins were identified as the cytadhesin molecule gapa, the putative cytadhesin-related molecule crma, and a component of a high-affinity transporter system, hata. complementation of r(high) with wild-type gapa restored expression in the transformant (gt5) but did not restore the cytadheren ... | 2002 | 12438360 |
| cloning and analysis of the gene for a major surface antigen of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | myplasma gallisepticum infects a wide variety of gallineaceous birds including chickens, turkeys, and pheasants. infection occurs both horizontally and vertically. thus, control of the spread of m. gallisepticum to noninfected flocks is difficult. continual monitoring is necessary to identify infected flocks even under the most stringent infectious control practices. monitoring, however, is usually performed by measuring hemagglutination activity (ha) in serum, an insensitive and variable test. ... | 2002 | 12495041 |
| effects of genetic selection for high or low antibody response on resistance to a variety of disease challenges and the relationship of resource allocation. | lines of white leghorn chickens were selectively bred for either a high (h) or low (l) antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. the parental lines, hh and ll, and reciprocal crosses, hl (sire line cited first and dam line second) and lh, were compared for their responses to various diseases. high antibody titers were associated with reduced body weight. lines and their crosses were challenged with infectious diseases. the ll line was most resistant to mycobacterium avium, whereas the hh line was ... | 2002 | 12495065 |
| infectious disease survey of lesser prairie chickens in north texas. | lesser prairie chicken (tympanuchus pallidicinctus) abundance, like that of most grassland birds, has declined rangewide for decades. although habitat loss and degradation are likely ultimate causes for this decline, infectious agents, particularly microparasites, could be proximate contributors. no surveys of pathogenic bacteria or viruses have been published for this species. we surveyed 24 free-living lesser prairie chickens from hemphill county, texas (usa), for evidence of exposure to salmo ... | 2002 | 12528454 |
| chemotactic response of lymphocytes in chicken embryos infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum. | a prominent feature of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection is a lymphoproliferative response at the site of infection. in this study, artificial air cells (aacs) were made in eggs containing 16-day old chicken embryos. an mg culture and supernates from mg-infected rp-9 cells, hd-11 cells and monocytes were separately deposited on the membranes of the aac. after incubation for 5 days, the eggs were opened and the aac membranes were collected for histopathological examinations. immunolabelling ... | 2003 | 12531685 |
| phenotypic switching in mycoplasma gallisepticum hemadsorption is governed by a high-frequency, reversible point mutation. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is a flask-shaped organism that commonly induces chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. phenotypic switching in m. gallisepticum hemadsorption (ha) was found to correlate with phase variation of the gapa cytadhesin concurrently with that of the crma protein, which exhibits cytadhesin-related features and is encoded by a gene located downstream of the gapa gene as part of the same transcription unit. in clones derived from strain r(lo ... | 2003 | 12595441 |
| characterisation of mycoplasma gallisepticum strains involved in respiratory disease in pheasants and peafowl. | two cases of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in different avian species in backyard gamebird operations in slovenia were investigated. in the first case, m gallisepticum was associated with severe respiratory disease with almost 20 per cent mortality in pheasants, whereas the infection was less pathogenic for chickens and turkeys reared at the same site. the m gallisepticum isolates from pheasants had a unique pmga gene sequence containing a repeat of 12 nucleotides, and they contained only s ... | 2003 | 12625537 |
| sensory properties of articular afferents following mycoplasma arthritis in the chicken. | the physiological properties of joint capsule mechanical nociceptors of monoarthritic chickens (gallus domesticus) were studied by recording the electrical activity from single c (group iv) and a-delta (group iii) fibres dissected from the parafibular nerve. by injecting live mycoplasma gallisepticum cultures into the ankle joint a typical mycoplasma arthritis was induced which was restricted to a single joint. during the early stage of the disease (7-21 days after infection) there was histopath ... | 2003 | 12644261 |
| homologue of macrophage-activating lipoprotein in mycoplasma gallisepticum is not essential for growth and pathogenicity in tracheal organ cultures. | while the genomes of a number of mycoplasma species have been fully determined, there has been limited characterization of which genes are essential. the surface protein (p47) identified by monoclonal antibody b3 is the basis for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and appears to be constitutively expressed. its gene was cloned, and the dna sequence was determined. subsequent analysis of the p47 amino acid sequence and searches of ... | 2003 | 12670978 |
| effects of f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation at twelve weeks of age on egg yolk composition in commercial egg laying hens. | in two trials, the effects of f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum (fmg) on the contents of egg yolks from commercial single comb white leghorn laying hens were investigated over a production cycle. ten hens were assigned to each of 8 (trial 1) or 16 (trial 2) negative pressure fiberglass biological isolation units. birds in half of the total units served as sham-inoculated controls, and those in the other half were inoculated with fmg at 12 wk of age. eggs were collected and yolks were harvested a ... | 2003 | 12710476 |
| influences of supplemental dietary poultry fat and f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum infection on the early performance of commercial egg laying hens. | f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum (fmg) may alter reproductive performance in layers through its effects on lipid metabolism. therefore, the influences of 1.5% supplemental dietary poultry fat (pf) and fmg infection on the early performance of commercial egg-laying hens were determined. birds were either sham- or fmg-inoculated at 12 wk, and experimental diets were initiated at 20 wk of age. body weight at 12, 20, and 24 wk, total daily egg mass, feed consumption and feed conversion at 20 and 24 ... | 2003 | 12710479 |
| effects of an s6 strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum challenge at onset of lay on digestive and reproductive tract characteristics in commercial layers. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), a reproductive/respiratory pathogen in poultry, has been implicated in suboptimum egg production and decreased hatchability. commercial layer hens raised in a controlled environment were inoculated with the s6 strain of mg at 20 wk of age. the s6 inoculation had no effect on bird weight, egg production, digestive tract weight and length, or histopathologic lesion scores, although significant differences were noted in the lengths and weights of various portions of t ... | 2003 | 12713163 |
| scanning electron microscopic studies of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in embryonic tracheae. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) was used to infect chicken embryos, and scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the morphologic changes in the tracheae. tracheae harvested from embryos infected with mg for 5 days showed extensive deciliation, surface erosion, and inflammatory cell infiltration. embryonic tracheal explants infected with mg for 6 hr showed the same deciliation and surface erosion. the damage to the tracheal surface caused by mg at the embryonic stage might play a role in th ... | 2003 | 12713177 |
| cytadherence-deficient mutants of mycoplasma gallisepticum generated by transposon mutagenesis. | cytadherence-related molecules of mycoplasma gallisepticum strain r-low were identified by tn4001 transposon mutagenesis with the hemadsorption (ha) assay as an indicator for cytadherence. three gm(r) ha-negative (ha(-)) colonies displaying a stable ha(-) phenotype through several successive generations in which gentamicin selection was maintained were isolated from four independent transformation experiments and characterized. southern blot analysis showed that the transposon was inserted as a ... | 2003 | 12819064 |
| diseases of free-ranging chickens in the qwa-qwa district of the northeastern free state province of south africa. | a total of 177 free-ranging chickens from 19 qwa-qwa villages were bled from wing veins over a period of 6 months (june-november 2000). serological tests indicated that 5% of chickens tested had been exposed to newcastle disease, 43% to infectious bronchitis and 63% to mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. mcmaster and visser sieve techniques were used to determine helminth and coccidia from pooled fresh faecal samples. helminths isolated in 37% of the villages investigated were heterakis, ascarid ... | 2003 | 12836740 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum-induced alterations in chicken red blood cells. | incubation of mycoplasma gallisepticum with washed chicken red blood cells for 1 hr or 5 hr resulted in altered red blood cell surface morphology and perforations of the cells. | 2003 | 12887211 |
| effects of f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation at twelve weeks of age on the blood characteristics of commercial egg laying hens. | in two trials, the effects of an f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum (fmg) inoculation at 12 wk of age on the blood characteristics of commercial single combed white leghorn laying hens were investigated throughout lay. variables measured in both trials were whole blood hematocrit, plasma protein (pp), and serum cholesterol, triglycerides (st), and calcium. in both trials, hematocrit at 20 wk of age was significantly increased in birds inoculated with fmg. in trial 1, st and pp were significantly ... | 2003 | 12967252 |
| an immunological phenomenon in chickens following infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum. | | 1961 | 13774131 |
| control of experimental mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in young chickens with tylosin and other antibiotics. | | 1965 | 14253997 |
| chicken red blood cell adsorption test for detection of colonies of mycoplasma gallisepticum developed on agar media. | | 1965 | 14284965 |
| comparison of tube agglutination, hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and antiglobulin titers on serums of chickens and turkeys infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum. | | 1965 | 14340910 |
| effects of cyclosporin a on the immune responses and pathogenesis of a virulent strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. | immune responses to the virulent s6 strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum in immunocompetent and cyclosporin a (csa)-treated specific pathogen free chickens were investigated, and pathogenesis of the m. gallisepticum strain was also examined. ten-day-old specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated by eye-drop with m. gallisepticum, and a control uninfected group was inoculated with mycoplasma broth. blood was collected weekly for 4 weeks from five birds in each group and whole blood lymphocyte ... | 2003 | 14522705 |
| molecular variability of house finch mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates as revealed by sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the pvpa gene. | mycoplasma gallisepticum, a major pathogen of chickens and turkeys, has caused significant declines in house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) populations in the eastern united states since it was first observed in this species in 1994. there is evidence that m. gallisepticum infection is now endemic among eastern house finches, although disease prevalence has declined, suggesting an evolving host-parasite relationship. studies based on randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) have documented the pr ... | 2003 | 14562892 |
| real-time polymerase chain reaction for mycoplasma gallisepticum in chicken trachea. | in this work, we describe a rapid detection procedure for mycoplasma gallisepticum from chicken tracheal swabs by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) by lightcycler system, where we were able to monitor the amplification of the newly synthesized m. gallisepticum-specific pcr product as a proportionally increasing fluorescent signal by using the double-stranded dna binding dye sybr green i and have identified m. gallisepticum-specific pcr products by dna melting curve analysis by plotting t ... | 2003 | 14562901 |
| induction of a mycoplasma gallisepticum pmga gene in the chicken tracheal ring organ culture model. | genetic and molecular methods to investigate the pathogenesis of the poultry respiratory pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum are quite limited. therefore, the objective of this study was to design and evaluate a functional genomics approach to identify m. gallisepticum genes involved in colonization of the poultry respiratory tract. to serve as a transcriptional reporter, a promoterless lacz gene from escherichia coli was cloned into the tn4001 transposon. the transposon was used to randomly mutag ... | 2003 | 14562906 |
| avian influenza (h9n2) outbreak in iran. | an epidemic of avian influenza (ai) (h9n2) occurred in broiler chicken farms in iran during 1998-01. mortality between 20% and 60% was commonly observed on the affected farms. mixed infections of the influenza virus with other respiratory pathogens, particularly infectious bronchitis virus and mycoplasma gallisepticum, were thought to be responsible for such high mortality, which resulted in great economic losses. clinical signs included swelling of the periorbital tissues and sinuses, typical r ... | 2003 | 14575072 |
| effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternatives for an antibiotic, on the cecal microbial ecosystem in broiler chickens. | an in vivo experiment was conducted to study the potential prebiotic effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharide extracts, lentinus edodes extract (lene), tremella fuciformis extract, and astragalus membranaceus radix extract, on chicken growth and the cecal microbial ecosystem, as compared with the antibiotic apramycin (apr). this investigation was carried out in terms of a dose-response study. the chickens were naturally infected with avian mycoplasma gallisepticum prior to the experiment. the ... | 2004 | 14979567 |
| safety and efficacy of the avirulent mycoplasma gallisepticum strain k5054 as a live vaccine in poultry. | a mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) isolate from an atypically mild outbreak in turkey breeders was found to be similar to house finch isolates by dna analyses. a preliminary study in turkeys showed that this isolate (k5054) caused very mild lesions and protected turkeys against subsequent challenge with a virulent mg strain. in this study, k5054 was further evaluated as a potential vaccine strain in commercial layer-type chickens and turkeys. the safety of k5054 was evaluated by aerosol challenge f ... | 2004 | 15077802 |
| effects of an s6 strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation before beginning of lay on the leukocytic characteristics of commercial layers. | a clinical study was conducted on commercial layers housed in biological isolation units, within which exogenous stress factors potentially affecting bird performance were minimized. this set-up was devised in order to assess how a pre-lay inoculation of s6 strain mycoplasma gallisepticum affects the leukocytic properties of laying chickens. previous studies have demonstrated relative decreases in lymphocyte and relative increases in heterophil percentages in birds infected with other strains of ... | 2004 | 15077815 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum--induced alterations in cytokine genes in chicken cells and embryos. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) was used to infect the msb-1 cells, the hd-11 cells, and chicken embryos. the rna from these cells and the embryonic spleen cells were extracted and assayed for the expression of cytokine genes using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the results showed that mg infection suppressed the expression of the il-8 gene in the msb-1 cells and enhanced the expression of the il-8 and il-6 genes in the hd-11 cells; a slightly increased expression of macrophage i ... | 2004 | 15077819 |
| induced expression of the antimicrobial peptide melittin inhibits experimental infection by mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. | the in vivo action of the antimicrobial peptide melittin, expressed from a recombinant plasmid vector, on chickens experimentally infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum was studied. the plasmid vector pbi/mel2/rtta includes the melittin gene under the control of an inducible tetracycline-dependent human cytomegalovirus promoter and the gene coding for the trans-activation protein rtta. aerosol administration of the vector, followed by infecting the chickens with m. gallisepticum 1226, is shown t ... | 2004 | 15158186 |
| a serological survey for pathogens in old fancy chicken breeds in central and eastern part of the netherlands. | to get an impression of the presence of pathogens in multi-aged flocks of old fancy chicken breeds in the netherlands, plasma samples originating from 24 flocks were examined for antibodies against 17 chicken pathogens. these flocks were housed mainly in the centre and east of the netherlands, regions with a high poultry density. the owners of the tested flocks showed their chicken at national and international poultry exhibitions. antibodies against avian influenza, egg drop syndrome '76 virus, ... | 2004 | 15185615 |
| significance of interactions between escherichia coli and respiratory pathogens in layer hen flocks suffering from colibacillosis-associated mortality. | this study aimed to examine the significance of interactions between escherichia coli and various respiratory pathogens during outbreaks of colibacillosis-associated mortality in layer hen flocks under field conditions. for this purpose, a case-control study involving 20 control flocks with baseline mortality and 20 flocks with increased mortality due to e. coli septicaemia and polyserositis, was conducted. in each colibacillosis flock, blood samples were taken from 20 hens at the onset of clini ... | 2004 | 15223556 |
| disposition kinetics of doxycycline in chickens naturally infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum. | 1. the pharmacokinetic properties of doxycycline were determined in healthy chickens and chickens naturally infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum after a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration of the drug at 20 mg/kg body weight. tissue residues of the tested drug after an oral dose of 20 mg/kg given twice daily for 5 consecutive days were also estimated in diseased chickens. 2. the plasma concentrations of doxycycline following single i.v. and oral administration were higher in heal ... | 2004 | 15484732 |
| morphologic changes in chicken cells after in vitro exposure to mycoplasma gallisepticum. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) was used to expose chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls), red blood cells (rbcs), heterophils, and chicken tumor cells (msb-1 and hd-11 cells). incubation of pbls with mg for 3 hr resulted in extensive clumping of lymphocytes. incubation of the msb-1 cells with mg also caused clumping of the cells, with many of the cells showing perforations and others showing capping of the surface projections. incubation of rbcs with mg resulted in an altered cell surface mo ... | 2004 | 15529970 |
| testing the efficacy of fermented wheat germ extract against mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of chickens. | the effect of fermented wheat germ extract (fwge, immunovet-hbm) was studied in chickens challenged with mycoplasma gallisepticum. ninety m. gallisepticum- and m. synoviae-free 3-wk-old chickens were exposed to aerosol infection of m. gallisepticum. one group (30 birds) was treated with fwge, a second group with tiamulin, and a third group was untreated. the fourth group was exposed to pbs aerosol as a negative control. on d 9, all chickens were slaughtered and examined for the presence of gross ... | 2004 | 15554060 |
| persistence of mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens after treatment with enrofloxacin without development of resistance. | the ability of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum to persist despite fluoroquinolone treatment was investigated in chickens. groups of specific pathogen free chickens were experimentally infected with m. gallisepticum and treated with enrofloxacin at increasing concentrations up to the therapeutic dose. when m. gallisepticum could no longer be re-isolated from chickens, birds were stressed by inoculation of infectious bronchitis virus or avian pneumovirus. although m. gallisepticum coul ... | 2005 | 15737482 |
| pigeon paramyxovirus: association with common avian pathogens in chickens and serologic survey in wild birds. | pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (ppmv-1) was isolated from pigeons from east-central alabama and used in association with chicken anemia virus (cav), infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), or finch mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in specific-pathogen-free chickens to assess dinical disease and pathology. ppmv-1 infection in all groups was conducted at day 10 of age via the ocular route. the low passage ppmv-1 isolate was inoculated into chickens in different groups at 10 days post-cav infection, 6 days po ... | 2005 | 15839419 |
| evaluation and comparison of various pcr methods for detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens. | four genetic mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) polymerase chain reactions (pcrs) (16s rrna pcr, three newly developed pcr methods that target surface protein genes [mgc2, lp (nested) and gapa (nested)]) were compared for analytical specificity and sensitivity and for diagnostic sensitivity (se) and specificity of detection from tracheal swabs. the licensed mg dna test kit flock chek test (idexx, laboratories, inc., westbrook, me) was as well evaluated for the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity o ... | 2005 | 15839425 |
| a self-propelled, constant-speed spray vaccinator for commercial layer chickens. | vaccination of commercial layer chickens is labor intensive and often results in poor rates of seroconversion, which, in turn, generally correlate with decreased flock uniformity and performance. attempts to improve the vaccination process include numerous variations of individual shop-built vaccinators in use by the layer sector of the poultry industry. each of these vaccinators has limitations that contribute to poor vaccinations. major problems include the nonuniform speed of the applicator s ... | 2005 | 15839429 |
| chemotaxis in mycoplasma gallisepticum. | boyden-type chemotactic chambers were used to demonstrate that mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) was capable of migrating into chemotactic membranes. scanning electron microscopy was used to confirm that mg could penetrate the membranes. to further demonstrate the invasive ability of mg, mg was deposited on the shell membranes of 9-day-old chicken embryos, and after 6 days of incubation, the presence of mg dna in the allantoic fluids was detected by polymerase chain reactions. these results indicate ... | 2005 | 15839430 |
| an acute inflammatory response alters bone homeostasis, body composition, and the humoral immune response of broiler chickens. | to quantify the effects of an acute phase response in broilers, chicks were injected with 1 mg/kg escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps) at 15 and 23 d. lipopolysaccharide injection increased feed/gain (p = 0.03), increased liver weight (p = 0.09), and decreased tibia calcium (p = 0.05) and breaking strength (p < 0.04) by d 28. in a second experiment, 3 d postinjection of chicks at d 31, lps decreased bw (p < 0.01), breast weight (p = 0.08), and tibia breaking strength (p = 0.05), and increas ... | 2005 | 15844811 |
| use of mgc2-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for rapid differentiation between field isolates and vaccine strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum in israel. | increasing use of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) live vaccines has led to a need for a rapid test for differentiation of mg field strains from the live vaccine strains ts-11 and 6/85. we examined the differentiating potential of diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers targeted to the gene mgc2, encoding a cytadherence-related surface protein uniquely present in mg. the mgc2-pcr diagnostic primers are specific for mg in tests of all avian mycoplasmas or bacteria present in the chicken t ... | 2005 | 16094829 |
| correlates of immune protection in chickens vaccinated with mycoplasma gallisepticum strain gt5 following challenge with pathogenic m. gallisepticum strain r(low). | colonization of the avian respiratory tract with mycoplasma gallisepticum results in a profound inflammatory response in the trachea, air sacs, conjunctiva, and lungs. a live attenuated m. gallisepticum vaccine strain, gt5, was previously shown to be protective in chickens upon challenge; however, the mechanisms by which this vaccine and others confer protection remain largely unknown. the current study evaluated several potential correlates of gt5 vaccine-mediated immune protection following ch ... | 2005 | 16113257 |
| safety and efficacy of mycoplasma gallisepticum ts-11 vaccine for the protection of layer pullets against challenge with virulent m. gallisepticum r-strain. | mycoplasma gallisepticum ts-11 vaccine was studied for its safety and protective ability in 49-day-old m. gallisepticum-free and mycoplasma synoviae-free commercial tetra sl layer chickens. sixty birds were distributed into four groups: 15 were unvaccinated but were challenged with m. gallisepticum r-strain, 15 were vaccinated by eye drop and then challenged with virulent m. gallisepticum r-strain 4 weeks post vaccination, 15 were designated as controls without vaccination and challenge, and 15 ... | 2005 | 16147571 |
| an experimental model to quantify horizontal transmission of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | before interventions to control horizontal transmission of mycoplasma gallisepticum can be tested, a suitable experimental model should be available. transmission dynamics in a flock can be quantified by two parameters: the average number of secondary cases infected by one typical infectious case (r0) and the number of new infections that occur due to one infectious animal per unit of time (beta). the transmission dynamics of m. gallisepticum have not been studied experimentally, so the aim of t ... | 2005 | 16147573 |
| age related differences in the immune response to vaccination and infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum. | several studies have suggested that there are age related differences in the responses of chickens to vaccination and infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum, but there have not been any systematic comparisons of the responses of young birds to vaccination with those of birds the same age to infection. the aim of the studies described here was to examine the immune responses of chickens between 1 and 6 weeks of age to vaccination and to infection with m. gallisepticum. birds under 4 weeks of age ... | 2006 | 16288936 |
| the cellular immune response in the tracheal mucosa to mycoplasma gallisepticum in vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens in the acute and chronic stages of disease. | mycoplasma gallisepticum causes a lymphoproliferative response in the tracheal mucosa of infected birds. the studies reported here aimed to determine, using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining, which lymphocyte subsets were infiltrating the mucosa during the acute and chronic phases of disease and to determine whether these subsets differed in birds that had been vaccinated with strain ts-11. in vaccinates there was no detectable infiltration of t or b lymphocytes between 1 and 6 ... | 2006 | 16406173 |
| identification of a virulence-associated determinant, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (lpd), in mycoplasma gallisepticum through in vivo screening of transposon mutants. | to effectively analyze mycoplasma gallisepticum for virulence-associated determinants, the ability to create stable genetic mutations is essential. global m. gallisepticum mutagenesis is currently limited to the use of transposons. using the gram-positive transposon tn4001mod, a mutant library of 110 transformants was constructed and all insertion sites were mapped. to identify transposon insertion points, a unique primer directed outward from the end of tn4001mod was used to sequence flanking g ... | 2006 | 16428737 |
| the effect of vaccination with a bacterin on the horizontal transmission of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | the effect of an inactivated vaccine on the horizontal transmission of mycoplasma gallisepticum was quantified in a transmission model. twenty non-vaccinated and 20 vaccinated 23-week-old specific pathogen free hens were housed in pairs, while five individually housed hens acted as a negative control group. each pair consisted of a challenged chicken (10(4) colony forming units intratracheally) and a non-challenged susceptible contact bird. infection was monitored by serology, quantitative polym ... | 2006 | 16448940 |
| effects of s6-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation at ten, twenty-two, or forty-five weeks of age on the performance characteristics of commercial egg laying hens. | experimental inoculation of commercial laying hens, maintained under controlled conditions, with the s6-strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum (s6mg) at 10 wk of age has previously been shown to affect the lengths and weights of various portions of the reproductive tract without affecting subsequent performance. two trials were conducted to compare the effects of s6mg inoculation at 10 wk of age (prior to lay), 22 wk of age (onset of lay), and 45 wk of age (during lay) on performance characteristics ... | 2005 | 16463961 |
| transfer of maternal immunoglobulins and antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae to the allantoic and amniotic fluid of chicken embryos. | maternal antibodies can protect avian embryos against vertically transmitted pathogens during embryogenesis and also young birds after hatching. in contrast to the well-known transfer of maternal immunoglobulin (ig) g (also termed igy) from the yolk to embryonic blood, information about the transfer of iga, igg and igm from the egg albumen to the extra-embryonic fluids is very limited. in our study, iga, igg and igm to mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae were detected in oviduct was ... | 2005 | 16537160 |
| further western spread of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of house finches. | mycoplasma gallisepticum, an important pathogen of poultry, especially chickens and turkeys, emerged in 1994 as the cause of conjunctivitis in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) in their eastern range of north america. the resulting epidemic of m. gallisepticum conjunctivitis severely decreased house finch abundance and the continuing endemic disease in the eastern range has been associated with repeating seasonal peaks of conjunctivitis and limitation of host populations. mycoplasma gallisept ... | 2006 | 16870870 |
| serological survey of the infectious disease status of old english game fowl in the lower north island, new zealand. | to investigate the serological status of old english game (oeg) cockerels for a range of infectious diseases of poultry. | 2006 | 16915341 |
| the effect of a live vaccine on the horizontal transmission of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | the effect of a live mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine on the horizontal transmission of this mycoplasma species was quantified in an experimental animal transmission model in specific pathogen free white layers. two identical trials were performed, each consisting of two experimental groups and one control group. the experimental groups each consisted of 20 birds 21 weeks of age, which were housed following a pair-wise design. one group was vaccinated twice with a commercially available live att ... | 2006 | 16990145 |
| molecular characterization of mg isolates using rapd and pfge isolated from chickens in brazil. | in the present study, 27 primers were screened under different cycles by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) method. mathematical models were used for analysis of the genetic relationships among strains, including vaccinal, reference strains and nine field isolates previously characterized as mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg)f by rapd and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the pfge was considered as laborious, expensive and time-consuming than rapd method. these methods improved the typeab ... | 2006 | 17062123 |
| development and validation of a real-time taqman polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum in naturally infected birds. | in this study, we report the development and validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay using a taqman-labeled probe for the detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mglp assay). the mglp assay was highly specific with a detection limit of 25 template copies per reaction and a quantification limit of 100 template copies per reaction. validation of the assay was completed with 1247 samples (palatine cleft and tracheal swabs) from m. gallisepticum-positive and -negative chicken ... | 2006 | 17274291 |
| effects of supplemental dietary phytase and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on the blood characteristics of commercial layers inoculated before or at the onset of lay with the f-strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | in 3 trials, the effects of dietary supplementation with phytase (phy) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on bw and the blood characteristics of commercial layers that were inoculated prelay (12 wk of age) or at the onset of lay (22 wk of age) with f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum were assessed at 34, 50, and 58 wk of age. experimental layer diets, which included either a basal control diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.025% phy and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, were fed from 20 through 58 wk of ... | 2007 | 17369552 |
| experimental infection of chickens and turkeys with mycoplasma gallisepticum reference strain s6 and north carolina field isolate rapd type b. | during an epidemic of mycoplasmosis in chicken and turkey flocks in north carolina between 1999 and 2001, isolates of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) from affected flocks were characterized by random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd), and eight distinct rapd types were identified. mg rapd type b accounted for more than 90% of the isolates and was associated with moderate-to-severe clinical signs and mortality. the virulence of mg rapd type b for chickens and turkeys was compared with sham-in ... | 2007 | 17461274 |
| the mycoplasma gallisepticum osmc-like protein mg1142 resides on the cell surface and binds heparin. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is an avian pathogen that causes a chronic respiratory disease of chickens and results in significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. colonization of the host and the establishment of chronic disease are initiated by the cytadherence of m. gallisepticum to the host respiratory epithelium. while several proteins involved in cytadhesion have been characterized, molecules that interact with components of the host extracellular matrix, a process that is ce ... | 2007 | 17464059 |
| transcriptional responses of mycoplasma gallisepticum strain r in association with eukaryotic cells. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is an etiologic agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. other than proteins important for cytadherence, few m. gallisepticum factors or pathways contributing to host cell interactions have been identified. in this study, an oligonucleotide-based microarray was utilized to investigate transcriptional changes in m. gallisepticum strain r(low) upon exposure to eukaryotic cells. fifty-eight genes were either up- or downregulated ... | 2007 | 17557819 |
| molecular characterization and determination of antimicrobial resistance of mycoplasma gallisepticum isolated from chickens. | in this study, three consecutive approaches of molecular characterization, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and antimicrobial tested on mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) isolated from chicken farms were investigated. these approaches were conducted between 2004 and 2005 to 134 mg samples collected from five different regions of the intensive farming area of thailand. twenty mg isolates and four reference strains including s6, f, ts-11, and 6/85 were classified according to ran ... | 2007 | 17570621 |
| identification of major immunogenic proteins of mycoplasma synoviae isolates. | mycoplasma synoviae isolates differ in patterns of immunogenic proteins, but most of them have not been identified yet. the main aim of this study was their identification in two closely related m. synoviae isolates, ulb 02/p4 and ulb 02/ov6, recovered recently from chickens in slovenia. n-terminal sequencing identified 17 m. synoviae proteins. amongst them were 14 major, highly expressed but previously unidentified proteins, including enzymes, chaperones and putative lipoproteins. ulb 02/p4 pro ... | 2008 | 17720337 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum invades chicken erythrocytes during infection. | recently, it was demonstrated using in vitro assays that the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum is able to invade nonphagocytic cells. it was also shown that this mycoplasma can survive and multiply intracellularly for at least 48 h and that this cell invasion capacity contributes to the systemic spread of m. gallisepticum from the respiratory tract to the inner organs. using the gentamicin invasion assay and a differential immunofluorescence technique combined with confocal laser scanning ... | 2008 | 17954728 |
| effects of route of inoculation on mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in captive house finches. | the routes by which mycoplasma gallisepticum initiates infection during outbreaks of conjunctivitis in house finches remain uncertain. as m. gallisepticum recovered from the cloaca of chickens remains viable for up to 3 days in chicken faeces, the possibility of spread via faecal contamination has been suggested. to test the hypothesis that food or water contaminated with m. gallisepticum may initiate infection, 20 house finches were experimentally inoculated by the oral or the conjunctival rout ... | 2007 | 17994326 |
| chemokine and cytokine gene expression profiles in chickens inoculated with mycoplasma gallisepticum strains rlow or gt5. | mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens leads to tracheitis, airsacculitis, poor feed conversion and reduced egg production, resulting in considerable economic hardship on the poultry industry. the chemokines and cytokines responsible for recruitment, activation and proliferation of leukocytes in affected tissues have not been described. in the current study, chemokine and cytokine gene expression profiles were investigated in tracheas of chickens inoculated with m. gallisepticum strains ... | 2007 | 18006123 |
| strain differentiating real-time pcr for mycoplasma gallisepticum live vaccine evaluation studies. | mycoplasma gallisepticum causes respiratory disease and production losses in poultry. vaccination of poultry with m. gallisepticum live vaccines is an approach to reduce susceptibility to infection and to prevent the economic losses. the development and evaluation of live vaccines usually requires the involvement of several vaccine and challenge strains in the same experimental setup. our goal was to develop a tool to allow the differentiation between a set of known m. gallisepticum strains in a ... | 2008 | 18160233 |
| displaying the protein of mycoplasma gallisepticum agglutinin on the cell surface of bacillus thuringiensis with the s-layer protein. | the s-layer protein ctc surface-display system of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) was used to test the possibility of displaying the protein of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) agglutinin (pmga) on the bt cell surface. by fusing part of pmga1.2 (pmga1.2p) with the surface-anchoring motif of ctc, two recombinant plasmids, pctc-pmga1.2p and pcspmga1.2p, were constructed. they harboured the fusion genes ctc-pmga1.2p and csa-ctc-pmga1.2p (csa represents csaab operon, important in anchoring the s-layer prot ... | 2008 | 18243589 |
| a recombinant pvpa protein-based diagnostic prototype for rapid screening of chicken mycoplasma gallisepticum infections. | mycoplasma gallisepticum is the primary agent of chronic respiratory disease causing important economic losses in the poultry industry. serological monitoring is essential to maintain mycoplasma-free breeder flocks and often complicated by the cross-reactions between different mycoplasma species. to overcome serological cross-reactions, a large fragment of the m. gallisepticum pvpa cytadhesin, species-specific surface-exposed protein, was produced in e. coli as a recombinant protein (rpvpa336) a ... | 2008 | 18248920 |
| effects of increased dosages of the mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine mycovac-l in layer chickens subsequently challenged with virulent m. gallisepticum: egg production and serologic response. | ten-week-old hy-line commercial w-36 pullets were spray-vaccinated with mycovac-l at the manufacturer's recommended dosage (1x) or at 15 times that rate (15x). at 22 or 45 wk of age, subsets of 1x- and 15x-vaccinated pullets were challenged with the virulent mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) strain rlow. percent hen-day egg production was determined through week 55. analyses for treatment effects on overall (22-56 wk) percent hen-day egg production revealed no significant differences between nonchal ... | 2007 | 18251402 |
| molecular survey of avian respiratory pathogens in commercial broiler chicken flocks with respiratory diseases in jordan. | acute respiratory tract infections are of paramount importance in the poultry industry. avian influenza virus (aiv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), avian pneumovirus (apv), and mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) have been recognized as the most important pathogens in poultry. in this study, trachea swabs from 115 commercial broiler chicken flocks that suffered from respiratory disease were tested for aiv subtype h9n2, ibv, ndv, and apv by using reverse transcription ... | 2008 | 18281569 |
| effects of time-specific f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation overlays on prelay ts11-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation on performance characteristics of commercial laying hens. | mycoplasma bacteria are virtually ubiquitous in layer chicken flocks, and mycoplasma gallisepticum is the species of greatest concern to commercial egg producers. live m. gallisepticum vaccines were initially approved by the usda for use in commercial layers in 1988 to help control m. gallisepticum outbreaks. in the present study, 2 trials were conducted to determine the effects of 2 currently available live mycoplasma vaccines (the ts11-and f-strains) when used together. the following 4 inocula ... | 2008 | 18339985 |
| comparative assessment of a metabolically attenuated mycoplasma gallisepticum mutant as a live vaccine for the prevention of avian respiratory mycoplasmosis. | in a previous study, signature sequence mutagenesis (ssm) was used to identify a mutant with a disruption of the gene encoding the metabolic factor, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, and that mutant was designated mg 7. the current study assessed the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of mg 7 in comparison to two commercially available vaccines (ts-11 and f) as well as a laboratory vaccine strain, gt5. intratracheal vaccination of chickens with all four attenuated mutants induced varying levels o ... | 2008 | 18342996 |
| a survey of avian mycoplasma species for neuraminidase enzymatic activity. | among 23 currently recognized avian mycoplasma (am) species only mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, mycoplasma meleagridis and mycoplasma iowae cause disease and loss of production in chickens and/or turkeys. because neuraminidases are considered virulence factors in many pathogenic microorganisms the aim of our study was to determine which am species possess neuraminidase enzymatic activity (neac). small samples of am cells were assayed for neac using the chromogenic substrate 5-bro ... | 2008 | 18372121 |
| natural case of salpingitis apparently caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. | a natural case of salpingitis, apparently caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), in layer chickens is described. in the flock from which the chickens originated, there was a 3 to 4% drop in egg production per month around 250 days old. the production was reduced 70% at 400 days of age, which was 77% of the predisease level. salpingitis was characterized by marked thickening of the oviductal mucosa due to epithelial hyperplasia and marked lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. colonization of mg on th ... | 1997 | 18483915 |
| assessment of the efficacy of tilmicosin as a treatment for mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in chickens. | this study involved two experiments which examined the efficacy of 'in water' tilmicosin medication for the treatment of experimental mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) disease. the first experiment investigated tilmicosin concentrations of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/l administered for 5 days. in the second experiment, dose levels of 50, 75 and 100 mg/l tilmicosin administered for either 3 or 5 days were investigated. the first experiment suggested that tilmicosin was effective in reducing the incidence ... | 1998 | 18483985 |
| lymphoproliferative responses of specific-pathogen-free chickens to mycoplasma gallisepticum strain pg31. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is one of the aetiologic agents of chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. we investigated humoral and cellular immune mechanisms following experimental infection with four different strains of mg. peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) obtained from chickens were examined for proliferation using antigen preparations of whole cell mg as stimuli in vitro. a consistent lymphoproliferative response was observed against the homologous who ... | 1998 | 18483998 |
| antibody response detected by immunoblot in respiratory tract washings of chickens after infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum. | two experiments were conducted to test the sensitivity of western blotting for detection of m. gallisepticum antibodies in respiratory washings and sera of infected chickens by mouse monoclonal antibodies to chicken igg, igm and iga. in the first experiment, birds infected at 10 days of age were examined 2 weeks later. in the respiratory washings, iga antibodies reacted with eight polypeptides of m. gallisepticum, while igm and igg reacted with three. in the serum iga antibodies were not detecte ... | 1998 | 18484042 |
| a comparison of a commercial pcr-based test to culture methods for detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in concurrently infected chickens. | the suitability of commercial pcr-based test kits for the detection of either mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) or m. synoviae (ms) was compared to detection by culture. the mg and ms kit detected six and five homologous strains respectively in broth cultures and there were no reactions with thirteen het-erologous species including m. imitans, a species phylogenetically closely related to mg. tracheal and lung/air-sac swabs were collected from twenty 17-week-old commercial pullets which were seropos ... | 1998 | 18484270 |
| effects of prelay ts11-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation and time-specific f-strain m. gallisepticum inoculation overlays on internal egg and eggshell characteristics of commercial laying hens. | mycoplasma infections are pandemic in multiage layer chicken flocks, with mycoplasma gallisepticum being the species of greatest concern to commercial egg producers. live m. gallisepticum vaccines are presently being used to help control m. gallisepticum outbreaks. however, vaccination of layers with f-strain m. gallisepticum may adversely affect egg production. in the present study, 2 trials were conducted to compare the effects of 2 currently available live mycoplasma vaccines (the ts11- and f ... | 2008 | 18577616 |
| detection and quantification of mycoplasma gallisepticum genome load in conjunctival samples of experimentally infected house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. | a taqman-based real-time, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay utilizing the mgc2 gene was developed to detect mycoplasma gallisepticum in conjunctival swabs of experimentally infected house finches. the assay was demonstrated to be quantitative by the standard curve method with reproducible results within runs and between runs. the detection limit of the mgc2 assay was examined using two standards. the test had a detection limit of less than 14 copies per reaction when tested wit ... | 2008 | 18622854 |
| the 64 kda lipoprotein of mycoplasma gallisepticum has two distinct epitopes responsible for haemagglutination and growth inhibition. | a major mycoplasma gallisepticum polypeptide of 64 kda (p64) was characterized using two distinct monoclonal antibodies (mabs), mab ki produced in our laboratory and mab myg 001 produced by avakian & ley (1993). the p64 antigen was shown to be a lipoprotein in a radioimmunoprecipitation assay using [(3)h] palmitic acid-labelled m. gallisepticum cultures. the two mabs inhibited the growth of m. gallisepticum in liquid medium and reacted to two distinct epitopes on the same p64 antigen in competit ... | 1995 | 18645766 |
| a recombinant antigen-based elisa for the simultaneous differential serodiagnosis of mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, and mycoplasma meleagridis infections. | we have previously identified species-specific dna fragments, referred to as ms2/28 and mm14, of mycoplasma synoviae and mycoplasma meleagridis, respectively. in the present study, we extended our analysis of the ms2/28 fragment that was found to encode a species-specific antigenic site, and we demonstrated the specificity of the mycoplasma gallisepticum hemagglutinin protein encoded by pmga1.2 (a member of the vlha gene family). then, we combined the escherichia coli-expressed products of ms2/2 ... | 2008 | 18646449 |
| field evaluation of maternal antibody transfer to a group of pathogens in meat-type chickens. | this study was conducted to evaluate the rate of antibody transfer on a flock basis from hens to their day-old chicks in meat-type chickens raised in a commercial setting. fifteen randomly selected hens from a commercial broiler-breeder flock were bled at 37, 40, and 45 wk of age. at day of bleeding, the collected eggs were identified and tracked through hatching where 30 hatchlings were randomly sampled and bled from the jugular vein. antibodies against 10 different pathogens were quantified fr ... | 2008 | 18648048 |