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effects of a herbal complex against eimeria tenella infection in chickens.a liquid and a powder made from a herbal complex consisting of uncariae ramulus cum uncis, agrimoniae herba, sanguisorbae radix, eclipta prostrate herba, pulsatillae radix, sophorae flavescentis radix, rehmanniae radix and glycyrrhizae radix were studied for their anticoccidial activities in chickens. chickens were administered with herbal liquid, powder, diclazuril or without medication during the study and challenged with oocysts of eimeria tenella. results indicated that the birds medicated s ...200415228556
[development of hybrid strains from geographic isolates of eimeria tenella and their immunoprotection].to cultivate hybrid strains from three geographic isolates of eimeria tenella and to explore the possibility of developing vaccine candidates.200415283264
nitric oxide production by macrophages stimulated with coccidia sporozoites, lipopolysaccharide, or interferon-gamma, and its dynamic changes in sc and tk strains of chickens infected with eimeria tenella.nitric oxide (no) is an important mediator of innate and acquired immunities. in the studies reported here, we quantified no produced in vitro by chicken leukocytes and macrophages and in vivo during the course of experimental infection with eimeria, the causative agent of avian coccidiosis, and identified macrophages as the primary source of inducible no. eimeria tenella-infected chickens produced higher levels of no compared with noninfected controls. in eimeria-infected animals, sc chickens p ...200415283411
on the chemotherapy of caecal coccidiosis (eimeria tenella) of chickens. viii. field trials of broiler feeds medicated at a low level. 195114839554
cloning and characterization of chicken il-10 and its role in the immune response to eimeria maxima.we isolated the full-length chicken il-10 (chil-10) cdna from an expressed sequence tag library derived from rna from cecal tonsils of eimeria tenella-infected chickens. it encodes a 178-aa polypeptide, with a predicted 162-aa mature peptide. chicken il-10 has 45 and 42% aa identity with human and murine il-10, respectively. the structures of the chil-10 gene and its promoter were determined by direct sequencing of a bacterial artificial chromosome containing chil-10. the chil-10 gene structure ...200415294985
eimeria maxima trap family protein emtfp250: subcellular localisation and induction of immune responses by immunisation with a recombinant c-terminal derivative.emtfp250 is a high molecular mass, asexual stage antigen from eimeria maxima strongly associated with maternally derived immunity to this protozoan parasite in hatchling chickens. cloning and sequence analysis has predicted the antigen to be a novel member of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (trap) family of apicomplexan parasites. members of the trap family are microneme proteins and are associated with host cell invasion and apicomplexan gliding motility. in order to assess the imm ...200415157769
construction of dna vaccines and their induced protective immunity against experimental eimeria tenella infection.in an attempt to construct a dna vaccine against chicken coccidiosis, the ta4 gene of eimeria tenella strain bj was ligated to the mammalian expression vector pcdna3.1/zeo(+) to give pcdna3.1-ta4 (pcdt). then, et1a (e. tenella refractile body gene) was ligated to it, upstream, aiming to be expressed in fusion with ta4, giving pcdna3.1-et1a-ta4 (pcdet). the constructed dna vaccines were given to broilers intramuscularly 10-15 min after the breasts had been pre-treated with 25% sucrose solution. a ...200415449177
expression of anti-apoptotic factors in cells parasitized by second-generation schizonts of eimeria tenella and eimeria necatrix.intracellular infections by parasites require a functional anti-apoptotic mechanism for parasite survival within the host cell. the intracellular cycle of eimeria tenella and eimeria necatrix in chicken intestinal cells involves the maturation of schizonts within the epithelial cells lining the crypt lumen of the ceca (e. tenella) and jejunum (e. necatrix). after invasion, these cells detach from the epithelial layer and migrate into the underlying connective tissue, where maturation of second-g ...200415482885
an eimeria vaccine candidate appears to be lactate dehydrogenase; characterization and comparative analysis.an eimeria acervulina protein fraction was identified which conferred partial protection against an e. acervulina challenge infection. from this fraction a 37 kda protein was purified and its corresponding cdna was cloned and shown to encode a lactate dehydrogenase (ldh). full length cdnas encoding ldh from two related species, e. tenella and e. maxima, were also cloned. the homology between the primary amino acid sequences of these three eimeria ldh enzymes was rather low (66-80%), demonstratin ...200415206462
chicken primary enterocytes: inhibition of eimeria tenella replication after activation with crude interferon-gamma supernatants.a reproducible and original method for the preparation of chicken intestine epithelial cells from 18-day-old embryos for long-term culture was obtained by using a mechanical isolation procedure, as opposed to previous isolation methods using relatively high concentrations of trypsin, collagenase, or edta. chicken intestine epithelial cells typically expressed keratin and chicken e-cadherin, in contrast to chicken embryo fibroblasts, and they increased cell surface mhc ii after activation with cr ...200415529984
effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides on cellular and humoral immune responses of eimeria tenella-infected chickens.we investigated the effects of polysaccharide extracts from 2 mushrooms, lentinus edodes (lene) and tremella fuciformis (tree), and an herb, astragalus membranaceus (aste), on cellular and humoral immune responses of eimeria tenella-infected chickens. a total of 150 broiler chicks were assigned to 5 treatment groups: 3 groups were infected with e. tenella and fed with extracts (lene, tree, and aste), and 2 control groups were infected with or without e. tenella. the 3 extracts were given at the ...200415285503
on the chemotherapy of caecal coccidiosis (eimeria tenella) of chickens; the use of a standardized test to determine coccidiostatic properties of drugs. 195015434723
coccidiosis immunization: effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides on immune responses of chickens infected with eimeria tenella.an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracts (e) of two mushrooms, lentinus edodes (lene) and tremella fuciformis (tree), and an herb, astragalus membranaceus (aste), on the immune responses of chickens infected with eimeria tenella. a total of 180 broiler chickens were assigned to nine groups: three groups were fed with each of the extracts (lene, tree, and aste), three groups were fed with the extracts and immunized with live oocyst vaccine (lene+v, tree+v, ...200515839415
real-time pcr detection of lactic acid bacteria in cecal contents of eimeria tenella-lnfected broilers fed soybean oligosaccharides and soluble soybean polysaccharides.this experiment was conducted to test whether dietary soybean meal oligosaccharides (smo) and water-soluble polysaccharides (smp) can assist broiler chickens in resisting eimeria tenella, and to determine the survival of lactic acid bacteria in cecal contents postinfection. all birds received a soybean meal-free diet. the 6 experimental treatments were as follows: positive (cor) and negative (cow) control groups, 2 groups fed diets containing either 1% smo or 0.5% smp from 1 to 11 d of age; a va ...200415510555
in ovo vaccination with the eimeria tenella etmic2 gene induces protective immunity against coccidiosis.an eimeria tenella microneme recombinant gene (etmic2) and encoded protein were evaluated as potential vaccines against avian coccidiosis. in ovo inoculation with the etmic2 gene increased anti-etmic2 antibody titers at days 10 and 17 following e. tenella infection. in addition, vaccinated birds developed protective immunity against infection by e. tenella as assessed by significantly increased body weight gain and decreased fecal oocyst shedding compared with non-vaccinated controls. vaccinatio ...200515882535
efficacy of a dna vaccine delivered in attenuated salmonella typhimurium against eimeria tenella infection in chickens.the efficacy of an oral dna vaccine carrying the eimeria tenella 5401 antigen gene delivered by attenuated salmonella typhimurium was examined in an experimental challenge study. the dna vaccine preparation was made by transforming the recombinant plasmid pcdna3-5401 into the attenuated s. typhimurium strain (dam(-) and phop(-)) (designated hereafter as zj111/pcdna3-5401). the chickens were randomly divided into six groups, 50 per group. group a were given pbs as control. chickens in group b wer ...200515890351
towards a reference map of eimeria tenella sporozoite proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.eimeria tenella is a parasite of great importance as a disease causing agent in the poultry industry. until recently, biological studies have focused on specific proteins, some of which play an important role in the parasite life cycle. post-genomic studies will make it possible to understand the complexity of the parasites and their interactions with host cells. here we present a systematic reference map of the proteins from e. tenella sporozoites. the proteins expressed at the sporozoite stage ...200415542092
[immunoprotection induced by recombinant plasmids pvax1-mzp5-7 of eimeria tenella].to observe the immunoprotection of recombinant plasmids of lambda mzp5-7 to chicken challenged with eimeria tenella (e. t) oocysts.200415830856
heat shock protein 90 genes of two species of poultry eimeria: expression and evolutionary analysis.heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) is 1 of the most abundant and evolutionarily conserved proteins. in most species, hsp90 is essential for proper cell function. in this study, we present the molecular analysis of hsp90 from eimeria species, the causative agents of avian coccidiosis. the full-length eimeria acervulina hsp90 complementary dna was isolated from intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes of eimeria-infected chickens. from evolutionary analysis and sequence identity, it is likely that eimeri ...200515986604
[comparison of the proteome of the sporutated oocysts of eimeria tenella diclazuril sensitive strain with diclazuril resistant strain].two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) was employed to compare the proteome of diclazuril-resistance eimeria tenella with that of sensitive strains for identifying unique proteins of these stains. 5 protein spots were found to express differentially. four spots which remarkably were measured by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms). the data obtained from peptide mass fingerprinting were used in ncbinr database search, two protein spots in ge ...200516108370
embryo vaccination against eimeria tenella and e. acervulina infections using recombinant proteins and cytokine adjuvants.avian coccidiosis is an intestinal disease caused by protozoa of the genus eimeria. to investigate the potential of recombinant protein vaccines to control coccidiosis, we cloned 2 eimeria sp. genes (etmic2 and 3-1e), expressed and purified their encoded proteins, and determined the efficacy of in ovo immunization to protect against eimeria infections. immunogen-specific serum antibody titers, parasite fecal shedding, and body weight gains were measured as parameters of disease. when administere ...200516108563
eimeria tenella: ginsenosides-enhanced immune response to the immunization with recombinant 5401 antigen in chickens.three-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were subcutaneously immunized with eimeria tenella recombinant 5401 antigen (100 microg per chicken) with (0.25, 0.5 or 1.0mg per dose) or without ginsenosides, and boosted with the same dosage 14 days later. the chickens were challenged with 6 x 10(4) homologous sporulated oocysts 14 day after the booster. the specific antibody response and lymphocyte proliferation in response to con a were measured before and 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days after the im ...200516154130
antioxidant status during the course of eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens.the antioxidant status of broiler chickens (cobb 500 hybrids) infected with eimeria tenella was monitored by determining blood plasma malondialdehyde (mda), superoxide dismutase (sod) and catalase (cat). the results of the experiment showed an increase in mda - a marker of radical-induced damage of e. tenella-infected birds, compared to healthy chickens (3.01 micro mol/l vs. 2.55 micro mol/l, p<0.05). correspondingly, a decreased sod activity was observed in infected birds compared to controls ( ...200616157493
effects of natustat supplementation on performance, feed efficiency and intestinal lesion scores in broiler chickens challenged with eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima and eimeria tenella.the effects of dietary supplementation of natustat, a proprietary plant derived product (alltech inc., ky, usa) and salinomycin, on performance, feed efficiency and intestinal lesion scores were observed during two eimeria challenge trials in broiler chickens. in the first trial chickens were challenged with eimeria sp. via infecting the litter with a known amount of eimeria oocysts. in the second trial the source of the eimeria challenge was the litter from the first trial and the same treatmen ...200515905033
synthesis and sar of 2,3-diarylpyrrole inhibitors of parasite cgmp-dependent protein kinase as novel anticoccidial agents.several analogs of 2,3-diaryl pyrroles were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of eimeria tenella cgmp-dependent protein kinase and in in vivo anticoccidial assays. a 4-fluorophenyl group enhances both in vitro and in vivo activities. the most potent analogs are the 5-(n-methyl, n-ethyl, and n-methylazetidine methyl) piperidyl derivatives 12, 23, and 34. these compounds have a broad spectrum of activity. based on the in vivo efficacy and cost of synthesis, the n-ethyl analog 23 was chosen a ...200515922595
partial protection against eimeria acervulina and eimeria tenella induced by synthetic peptide vaccine.coccidiosis is a major parasitic disease of poultry industry and an ideal vaccine should induce long-lasting cross-species protective immunity. broiler chickens (cobb 500) were inoculated with single, double or triple injections of a synthetic peptide (derived from sequences of eimeria acervulina and eimeria tenella antigens) homogenized in freund's complete and incomplete adjuvants. the immune responses to the vaccine were assessed by evaluation of antibody and lymphocyte proliferation response ...200515878770
differences in hsp70 expression in the sporozoites of the original strain and precocious lines of eimeria tenella.the levels of expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp 70) in sporozoites of a wild-type parent strain and 2 precocious lines of eimeria tenella, were compared to investigate the relationship between the heat shock proteins expressed by the parasite and virulence of the strain. hsp70 expression was analyzed in sporozoites by immunohistochemical techniques, immunoblot, and flow cytometric analyses. one band of 70 kda was identified and the variation of the hsp70 expression levels was quantified b ...200516419759
synaptonemal complex karyotype of eimeria tenella.in most organisms, biological variability rests on the behaviour of the chromosomes in the meiotic context. despite the importance of meiosis, very little is known about the meiotic behaviour of the eimeria chromosomes. the aim of the present study is to describe the standard synaptonemal complex karyotype from eimeria tenella oocyst spreads by electron microscopy. for that purpose, complete sets of pachytene synaptonemal complexes were obtained and the morphological pachytene karyotype was dete ...200516185696
synthesis and sar studies of very potent imidazopyridine antiprotozoal agents.compounds 10a (ic50 110 pm) and 21 (ic50 40 pm) are the most potent inhibitors of eimeria tenella cgmp-dependent protein kinase activity reported to date and are efficacious in the in vivo antiparasitic assay when administered to chickens at 12.5 and 6.25 ppm levels in the feed. however, both compounds are positive in the ames microbial mutagenesis assay which precludes them from further development as antiprotozoal agents in the absence of negative lifetime rodent carcinogenicity studies.200616464591
experimentally induced monensin-resistant eimeria tenella and membrane fluidity of sporozoites.two resistant lines of eimeria tenella (h) to monensin were developed after 35 passages in chickens medicated with 100-125 ppm or 125-200 ppm monensin in the diet. drug sensitivity of the induced lines to different level drugs were estimated with mean lesion scores (ls), mean oocyst productions (op), percentage optimum anticoccidial activity (poaa), reduction of lesion scores (rls), relative oocyst production (rop), anticoccidial index (aci) and global index (gi), respectively. membrane fluidity ...200616524664
the biology of avian eimeria with an emphasis on their control by vaccination.studies on the biology of the avian species of eimeria are currently benefiting from the availability of a comprehensive sequence for the nuclear genome of eimeria tenella. allied to some recent advances in transgenic technologies and genetic approaches to identify protective antigens, some elements are now being assembled that should be helpful for the development of a new generation of vaccines. in the meantime, control of avian coccidiosis by vaccination represents a major success in the figh ...200516230106
some observations on the adaptation of eimeria tenella (local isolates) sporozoites on chicken embryos through chorioallantoic membrane.eimeria (e.) tenella (local isolate) sporozoites were adapted on the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of 10-12 days chicken embryos and completed its life cycle in 6-7 days at 39 degrees c and 70 per cent humidity. only 23 embryos (4.6%) were found dead from 1-4 day post inoculation of sporozoites with mild lesions on cam with no gametocytes but few sporozoites in chorioallantoic fluid (caf). on 5-7 day post inoculation, 432 embryos (86.4%) were found dead with severe haemorrhages on cam and caf c ...200616434851
bacterial population changes in the ceca of young chickens infected with eimeria tenella. 194816561613
application of polymerase chain reaction based on its1 rdna to speciate eimeria.a method was developed to recover eimeria spp. oocysts directly from poultry litter and determine which species of eimeria were present using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on the its1 rdna sequence. the species composition of eimeria oocysts was also compared before and after propagation in susceptible chickens to determine if the relative proportion of each species changed after expansion. in samples from two broiler operations, its1-pcr was able to detect eimeria spp. oocysts recovered ...200616617992
selection and characterisation of two attenuated vaccine lines of eimeria tenella in australia.to attenuate two strains of eimeria tenella by selecting for precocious development and evaluate the strains in characterisation trials and by field evaluation, to choose one precocious line for incorporation into an australian live coccidiosis vaccine for poultry.200616555555
the efficacy and economic benefits of supercox, a live anticoccidial vaccine in a commercial trial in broiler chickens in china.the efficacy and economic benefits of supercox, a live anticoccidial vaccine were examined and compared with an anticoccidial drug in a trial in broiler chickens under modern commercial conditions in china. in total, 40,660 chickens were used in the present study, half of which were vaccinated with the supercox vaccine comprising a precocious line of eimeria tenella and non-attenuated lines of eimeria maxima and eimeria acervulina, and the other half were medicated with diclazuril delivered as f ...200616876953
protective effect of egg-propagated eimeria tenella (local isolates) gametocytes as vaccine(s) against mixed species of coccidia in chickens.egg propagated gametocytes of eimeria tenella (local isolates) were used to prepare the adjuvanted (amphigen) and nonadjuvanted vaccine(s) and evaluated on the basis of cellular, humoral, and challenge responses. modified splenic cell migration inhibition test and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay were used to assess the cellular and humoral responses, respectively. chicken in groups a, b, c, and d were given adjuvanted vaccine (orally), adjuvanted vaccine (subcutaneously, s/c), nonadjuvanted va ...200616416294
pcr for the identification and differentiation of histomonas meleagridis, tetratrichomonas gallinarum and blastocystis spp.in the present investigation pcr assays were developed for the rapid detection and differentiation of two poultry flagellates: histomonas meleagridis and tetratrichomonas gallinarum as well as the protozoan microorganism: blastocystis spp. the nucleotide sequences of the small subunit ribosomal rnas were used for primer construction obtaining fragments which vary in size for each microorganism. the established pcrs were able to detect dna obtained from one microorganism of t. gallinarum and blas ...200616920265
transcriptional profiling reveals a possible role for the timing of the inflammatory response in determining susceptibility to a viral infection.using a novel cdna microarray prepared from sources of actively responding immune system cells, we have investigated the changes in gene expression in the target tissue during the early stages of infection of neonatal chickens with infectious bursal disease virus. infections of two lines of chickens previously documented as genetically resistant and sensitive to infection were compared in order to ascertain early differences in the response to infection that might provide clues to the mechanism ...200616940532
fatty acids and coccidiosis: effects of dietary supplementation with different oils on coccidiosis in chickens.this study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary oils on coccidiosis of chickens infected with eimeria tenella. five hundred and four 1-day-old male arbor acres chicks were randomly assigned to seven groups. seven diets were supplemented with poultry oil at 25 and 45 g/kg, corn oil at 25 and 45 g/kg, fish oil at 25 and 45 g/kg, and without oils, respectively, from 1 to 42 days of age. chickens were inoculated by gavage with 3 x 10(5) sporulated oocysts at 21 days of age. diets sup ...200616990147
eimeria tenella: further studies on the development of the oocyst.the present study investigated the processes of macrogametogenesis and oocyst formation of eimeria tenella (xiamen strain), including the formation of wall-forming body1 (wfb1) and wall-forming body 2 (wfb2), the club-shape body and the origin of the residual body during the transformation from a macrogamete to an oocyst.200616554050
inhibitors of casein kinase 1 block the growth of leishmania major promastigotes in vitro.casein kinase 1 (ck1) is a family of multifunctional ser/thr protein kinases that are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. recent studies have demonstrated the existence of, and role for, ck1 in protozoan parasites such as leishmania, plasmodium and trypanosoma. the value of protein kinases as potential drug targets in protozoa is evidenced by the successful exploitation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (pkg) with selective tri-substituted pyrrole and imidazopyridine inhibit ...200616890941
effect of dietary zinc level on serum carotenoid levels, body and shank pigmentation of chickens after experimental infection with coccidia.two experiments were conducted to test the effects of a dietary zinc amino acid complex (zn-aa) and an anticoccidial drug on eimeria acervulina or eimeria tenella infections. in each experiment, 288 day-old three-yellow-chickens were used in a 2 x 3 factorial experimental design. six groups were arranged randomly to receive three levels of zn-aa (0, 40, or 80 mg/kg) alone or with salinomycin (60 mg/kg). additionally an uninfected group was set as negative control. at the age of 21 days birds in ...200616736856
analysis of chicken cytokine and chemokine gene expression following eimeria acervulina and eimeria tenella infections.the expression levels of mrna encoding a panel of 28 chicken cytokines and chemokines were quantified in intestinal lymphocytes following eimeria acervulina and eimeria tenella primary and secondary infections. compared with uninfected controls, transcripts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines ifn-alpha, il-1beta, il-6, and il-17 were increased up to 2020-fold following primary infection. by contrast, following secondary infection by either microorganism, pro-inflammatory mrnas levels were relative ...200616996141
effects of feed additives and mixed eimeria species infection on intestinal microbial ecology of broilers.evaluation of digestive microbial ecology is necessary to understand effects of growth-promoting feed. in the current study, the dynamics of intestinal microbial communities (mc) were examined in broilers fed diets supplemented with a combination of antibiotic (bacitracin methylene disalicylate) and ionophore (coban 60), and diets containing 1 of 2 essential oil (eo) blends, crina poultry (cp) and crina alternate (ca). five treatments were analyzed: 1) unmedicated uninfected control; 2) unmedica ...200617135664
higher incidence of eimeria spp. field isolates sensitive for diclazuril and monensin associated with the use of live coccidiosis vaccination with paracox-5 in broiler farms.twenty european eimeria spp. field isolates were subjected to an anticoccidial sensitivity test (ast). the anticoccidial drugs tested were diclazuril (clinacox) and monensin (elancoban). the assay was performed in a battery cage trial. infected medicated birds were compared with an unmedicated control group. coccidial lesion scores and oocyst shedding were used as parameters. the results of the ast show that resistance is common amongst coccidiosis field isolates, especially eimeria acervulina ( ...200617039846
synthesis and sar of 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-pyrimidin-4-ylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as anticoccidial agents.compounds 10a-10d and 10i are very potent inhibitors of eimeria tenella cgmp-dependent protein kinase (0.081-0.32 nm) and are very efficacious antiparasitic agents in vivo when administered to chickens at 12.5-25 ppm levels in the feed.200617000105
qsar study of anticoccidial activity for diverse chemical compounds: prediction and experimental assay of trans-2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan.in this work we report a qsar model that discriminates between chemically heterogeneous classes of anticoccidial and non-anticoccidial compounds. for this purpose we used the markovian chemicals in silico design (march-inside) approach j. mol. mod.2002, 8, 237-245; j. mol. mod.2003, 9, 395-407]. linear discriminant analysis allowed us to fit the discriminant function. this function correctly classifies 86.67% of anticoccidial compounds and 96.23% of inactive compounds in the training series. ove ...200717081758
characterisation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor from eimeria species infectious to chickens.macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) was the first cytokine to be identified almost 40 years ago. homologues of mif have been isolated recently from invertebrates, making it an interesting molecule from an evolutionary as well as functional perspective. the present study represents the first report of mif homologues in apicomplexan parasites, belonging to the genus eimeria. a single full-length clone was isolated from eimeria acervulina that shared between 35 and 38% amino acid identity ...200717194492
determination of artemisinin in artemisia sieberi and anticoccidial effects of the plant extract in broiler chickens.artemisinin has received much attention in the treatment of malaria in recent years, and it is now considered as a potential candidate to reduce coccidial infection in chickens. it is a sesquiterpene compound which has been isolated from aretemisia annua for the first time. the present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of artemisinin in a. sieberi (as) and to test the anticoccidial effects of plant extract in broiler chickens. the aerial parts of the plant were collected during different ...200617243478
protective immunity enhanced by chimeric dna prime-protein booster strategy against eimeria tenella challenge.in an attempt to investigate the immune efficacy ofa dna prime-protein booster strategy against avian coccidiosis with a chimeric construct, the eimeria tenella antigen gene (3-1e) and chicken interferon gamma gene (chifn-gamma) were subcloned into the mammalian expression vector provax forming the plasmids proe and prol, and then linked by splicing overlap extension by polymerase chain reaction to construct the chimeric plasmid prole; the chimeric protein (rle) was expressed in escherichia coli ...200617274297
functional characterization of tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15 (tnfsf15) induced by lipopolysaccharides and eimeria infection.a full-length cdna encoding chicken tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15 (tnfsf15) was isolated and its functional role was investigated. tnfsf15 transcripts were primarily expressed in spleen, liver, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iel), peripheral blood lymphocytes and bursa. in vitro infection of htc macrophages with three species of eimeria sporozoites induced tnfsf15 gene expression. in vivo experiments revealed that tnfsf15 gene was highly increased following primary infections wit ...200717349692
maternal immunization by egg propagated gametocyte vaccine to control eimeria tenella infections in newly hatched chicks.the present paper reports the ability of egg-propagated gametocyte vaccine to induce protective immunity against eimeria tenella infections in offspring chicks. for this purpose, breeding hens were immunized with adjuvanted gametocyte vaccine orally, being the best vaccine in our previous studies. eggs collected 2 weeks after the boosting dose were allowed to hatch. upon challenge with sporulated oocysts of e. tenella (local isolates) to 7-day-old chicks from immunized hens showed more than 70% ...200717177060
influence of monensin on cation influx and na+ -k+ -atpase activity of eimeria tenella sporozoites in vitro.the experiments were conducted to determine intrasporozoite na+/k+ concentrations (by aas) and membrane-bound na+ -k+ -atpase activity (measured by uv-vis with a na+ -k+ -atpase detection kit) of eimeria tenella sporozoites of the sensitive line (i.e., the parent line, coded as os) and 2 resistant lines, derived from the parent line (coded as or125 and or200), with and without in vitro exposure to monensin. these parameters for or125 and or200 were significantly lower than those for os. in vitro ...200617152956
a simplified protocol for molecular identification of eimeria species in field samples.this study aimed to find a fast, sensitive and efficient protocol for molecular identification of chicken eimeria spp. in field samples. various methods for each of the three steps of the protocol were evaluated: oocyst wall rupturing methods, dna extraction methods, and identification of species-specific dna sequences by pcr. we then compared and evaluated five complete protocols. three series of oocyst suspensions of known number of oocysts from eimeria mitis, eimeria praecox, eimeria maxima a ...200717386979
the methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in coccidia: presence and sensitivity to fosmidomycin.the apicoplast is a recently discovered, plastid-like organelle present in most apicomplexa. the methylerythritol phosphate (mep) pathway involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis is one of the metabolic pathways associated with the apicoplast, and is a new promising therapeutic target in plasmodium falciparum. here, we check the presence of isoprenoid genes in four coccidian parasites according to genome database searches. cryptosporidium parvum and c. hominis, which have no plastid genome, lack the ...200717399705
influence of pediococcus-based probiotic on coccidiosis in broiler chickens.coccidiosis is the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan parasites eimeria. drugs and live vaccines are the 2 main control measures of the disease; however, due to increasing concerns with prophylactic drug use and the high cost of vaccines, alternative control methods are needed. recent evidence that various dietary and live microbial supplements can influence host immunity against enteric diseases prompted us to investigate the role of a pediococcus-based probiot ...200717179417
anticoccidial effects of xanthohumol.xanthohumol (xn), a prenylated chalcone from the hops flower, was examined for its ability to reduce invasion of madin-darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cells by eimeria tenella sporozoites (sz), as well as to reduce invasion by e. tenella and e. acervulina sz in the chick host. additionally, xn was tested as an anticoccidial feed additive at 20 ppm against challenge infections with e. acervulina, e. maxima, and e. tenella. cell invasion by e. tenella sz was inhibited 66% by treatment of sz with 22 ppm ...200717461262
efficacy of decoquinate against drug sensitive laboratory strains of eimeria tenella and field isolates of eimeria spp. in broiler chickens in china.the efficacy of decoquinate against eimeria infections in broiler chickens was evaluated using two drug sensitive laboratory strains of eimeria tenella and 20 field isolates of eimeria spp. collected from farms in china where various anticoccidials (including maduramicin) had been used. decoquinate (20-40 ppm in feed) and maduramicin (5 ppm) were efficacious against e. tenella laboratory strains, but decoquinate more so than maduramicin. body weight gains of e. tenella infected chickens were sig ...200717485176
enzymes as feed additive to aid in responses against eimeria species in coccidia-vaccinated broilers fed corn-soybean meal diets with different protein levels.this research aimed to evaluate the effects of adding a combination of exogenous enzymes to starter diets varying in protein content and fed to broilers vaccinated at day of hatch with live oocysts and then challenged with mixed eimeria spp. five hundred four 1-d-old male cobb-500 chickens were distributed in 72 cages. the design consisted of 12 treatments. three anticoccidial control programs [ionophore (io), coccidian vaccine (cov), and coccidia-vaccine + enzymes (cov + ec)] were evaluated und ...200717369534
nitrofuran production efficiency in chickens.two nitrofuran feed additives, 0.011% nihydrazone and a combination of 0.0055% nitrofurazone and 0.0008% furazolidone, improved weight gains and feed conversions in chickens with "air sac infection." both nitrofurans caused a significant reduction in the total chickens condemned at the dressing plant from this disease, but nihydrazone gave the best results. nihydrazone(*), a new nitrofuran feed additive for chickens, was found by wolfgang et al. (1) to be effective against coccidiosis due to eim ...196217649352
identification of eimeria tenella genes encoding for secretory proteins and evaluation of candidates by dna immunisation studies in chickens.in order to identify secretory proteins as possible new vaccine candidates, a cdna-library from e. tenella sporozoites was generated in yeast and was used to select secreted and surface proteins. herein 191 clones were isolated and analysis of the nucleic acid sequences revealed 162 deduced open reading frames with a prediction for signal peptides. these sequences are characterized by high redundancy, comprising 25 unique protein fragments with a high degree of stage specificity. only three sequ ...200717675183
sulfaquinoxaline in the control of eimeria tenella and eimeria necatrix in chickens on a commercial broiler farm. 194817791764
antagonistic effect of electromagnetic field exposure on coccidiosis infection in broiler chickens.the hypothesis tested was that exposure of broiler chickens to an electromagnetic field (emf) may reduce the signs of coccidiosis infection, based on recent insights into immunology. the experiment had a 2 x 2 factorial design. an uninfected and an infected group did not receive further treatment, whereas the other uninfected and infected groups were subjected to emf treatment. in the cages of emf-treated birds, a field strength of 5 mut root mean square was created for a period of 30 min/d. inf ...200717878443
[construction and screening of recombinant fowlpox virus expressing eimeria tenella f2 hybrid strain so7 gene].to construct the recombinant fowlpox virus expressing eimeria tenella f2 hybrid strain so7 gene.200617361816
phage display selection and characterization of single-chain recombinant antibodies against eimeria tenella sporozoites.a single-chain antibody library against eimeria tenella sporozoites was constructed by phage display. antibody-displaying phage was selected in five panning rounds against cryopreserved e. tenella sporozoites. a 1000-fold increase in phage output and a 3000-fold enrichment were obtained after three rounds of panning, as the binding clones became the dominant population in the library. ten clones were randomly selected from the last selection round, and their nucleotide sequences were aligned and ...200817897723
development and validation of an elisa for detecting antibodies to eimeria tenella in chickens.the aim of this study was to develop and validate an elisa for detecting chicken antibodies to eimeria tenella. an initial comparison of merozoite and sporozoite antigen preparations revealed few differences in their ability to monitor the onset, kinetics and magnitude of the antibody response suggesting that both antigens would be equally useful for development of an elisa. furthermore the cross-reactivity of these antigens with sera from birds infected with chicken eimeria species was similar. ...200717976915
effects of pediococcus- and saccharomyces-based probiotic (mitomax) on coccidiosis in broiler chickens.coccidiosis is the major parasitic disease of poultry. in this study, the role of the commercial probiotic mitomax which contains pediococcus acidilactici and saccharomyces boulardii was evaluated by measuring body weight gain, fecal oocyst shedding, and serum antibody responses as an alternative control method of prophylactic drug against coccidiosis. day-old broiler chicks were fed regular or probiotic diets supplemented with mitomax at 0.01%, 0.1%, or 1.0% of diet, and challenged 2 weeks late ...200717434586
characterization of the antigen so7 during development of eimeria tenella.the developmental expression of the antigen so7, which has been previously shown to protect chickens against infection by several eimeria species, was investigated. using rt-pcr, mrna for so7 was found to be restricted primarily to unsporulated oocysts (0 hr). western blot (wb) analysis with an antibody to recombinant so7 (rbso7) revealed expression of the protein from 6 to 72 hr (fully sporulated) of sporulation and in sporozoites (sz). so7 was absent in host-derived second-stage merozoites (mz ...200718163345
interaction of eimeria tenella with intestinal mucin in vitro.the mucus gel layer overlying the gastrointestinal epithelium plays an important role in host-pathogen interactions. the initial interaction between the coccidian parasite eimeria tenella and host cells of the intestinal epithelium must occur across this mucus interface. in this study, we examined the relationship between e. tenella and avian mucin, in particular the effect of purified intestinal regional mucin on parasite adherence and invasion in vitro. secreted mucin from the chicken duodenum ...200717626356
[construction of subtractive cdna libraries of the sporogony stage of eimeria tenella by suppression subtractive hybridization].in order to clone and identify differentially expressed genes in the sporogony stage of eimeria tenella, the cdnas from unsporulated oocysts and sporulated oocysts of e. tenella were used as driver, respectively, the cdnas from sporozoites of e. tenella was used tester, two subtractive cdna libraries of sporozoites were constructed by using the technique of suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh). the cdnas from unsporulated oocysts was used driver, the cdnas from sporulated ooceysts was use ...200718257227
eimeria tenella: genomic organization and expression of an 89kda cyclophilin.though parasite cyclophilins are promising new drug targets, eimeria tenella cyclophilins have not been characterized yet. here, we describe an 89kda cyclophilin, designated etcyp89. it is expressed throughout the developmental cycle of e. tenella, both in the intracellular stages in chicken and in extracellular sporulated oocysts and sporozoites. the etcyp89 protein contains two ser-rich domains in its nh2-terminus separated by a his-rich stretch. wd40 repeats are localized in the central part ...200817892870
excystation of eimeria tenella sporozoites impaired by antibody recognizing gametocyte/oocyst antigens gam22 and gam56.eimeria tenella is the causative agent of coccidiosis in poultry. infection of the chicken intestine begins with ingestion of sporulated oocysts releasing sporocysts, which in turn release invasive sporozoites. the monoclonal antibody e2e5 recognizes wall-forming body type ii (wfbii) in gametocytes and the wfbii-derived inner wall of oocysts. here we describe that this antibody also binds to the stieda body of sporocysts and significantly impairs in vitro excystation of sporozoites. using affini ...200818083827
eimeria tenella: analysis of differentially expressed genes in the monensin- and maduramicin-resistant lines using cdna array.drug resistance in coccidial populations has been a major problem to the prophylactic chemotherapy. nevertheless, the mechanisms of the resistance are still poorly understood. in this report, cdna array was designed based on the cdna library for analysis of gene expression profile of the drug-resistant lines and their sensitive parental lines of eimeria tenella. two thousand eight hundred and six ests (expressed sequence tags) were obtained from 9600 clones which were randomly derived from the c ...200818395203
development and validation of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays specific to four species of eimeria.the development of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays specific to eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, eimeria necatrix and eimeria tenella is described and validated. the pcr templates adopted include a fragment of a gene encoding a microneme protein and previously characterized species-specific random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) sequences. the sensitivity of each assay allowed the consistent detection of between one and 10 parasite genomes, equivalent to between ...200818202955
eimeria tenella: construction of a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing rhomboid gene and its protective efficacy against homologous infection.a recombinant fowlpox virus (rfpv) expressing the eimeria tenella rhomboid gene was constructed and its protective efficacy against homologous infection in chickens determined. three-day-old-specific pathogen free (spf) chickens were immunized s.c. with 10(2) plaque forming units (pfu), 10(4) pfu, or 10(6) pfu of rfpv-rhomboid, and challenged with 5x10(4) homologous sporulated oocysts 14 days post-immunization (p.i.). the specific antibody response and lymphocyte proliferation were measured 1, 2 ...200818261729
antibody response against endogenous stages of an attenuated strain of eimeria tenella.the application of attenuated vaccines for the prevention of chicken coccidiosis has increased exponentially in recent years. in eimeria infections, protective immunity is thought to rely on a strong cell mediated response with antibodies supposedly playing a minor role. however, under certain conditions antibodies seem to be significant in protection. furthermore, antibodies could be useful for monitoring natural exposure of flocks to eimeria spp. and for monitoring the infectivity of live vacc ...200818495349
immunostimulating complexes incorporating eimeria tenella antigens and plant saponins as effective delivery system for coccidia vaccine immunization.immunostimulating complexes (iscoms) are unique, multimolecular structures formed by encapsulating antigens, lipids, and triterpene saponins of plant origin, and are an effective delivery system for various kinds of antigens. the uses of iscoms formulated with saponins from plants collected in kazakhstan, with antigens from the poultry coccidian parasite eimeria tenella, were evaluated for their potential use in developing a vaccine for control of avian coccidiosis. saponins isolated from the pl ...200818564738
analysis of transcripts from intracellular stages of eimeria acervulina using expressed sequence tags.coccidiosis in chickens is caused by 7 species of eimeria. even though coccidiosis is a complex disease that can be caused by any combination of these species, most of the molecular research concerning chicken coccidiosis has been limited to eimeria tenella. the present study describes the first large-scale analysis of expressed sequence tags (ests) generated primarily from second-stage merozoites (and schizonts) of e. acervulina. in total, 1,847 ests were sequenced; these represent 1,026 unique ...200818564746
isolation of chicken follicular dendritic cells.the aim of the present study was to isolate chicken follicular dendritic cells (fdc). a combination of methods involving panning, iodixanol density gradient centrifugation, and magnetic cell separation technology made it possible to obtain functional fdc from the cecal tonsils from chickens, which had been infected with eimeria tenella. cd45- dendritic cells were selected using the specific monoclonal antibody against chicken cd45, which is a marker for chicken leukocytes, but is not expressed o ...200818374351
cloning, expression and evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant eimeria tenella sporozoite antigen in birds.eimeria infection in poultry is of significant economic interest worldwide. development of a cost-effective sub-unit vaccine that provides cross-protection may help reduce loss in poultry industry. one approach explored by many investigators is to block the parasite invasion into gut epithelium. use of microneme proteins to prevent parasite invasion is one of the most straightforward approaches in developing a preventive vaccine. here we describe cloning and expression of microneme-1 protein of ...200818485544
the effects of nitric oxide donors on the sporulation of eimeria tenella oocysts.nitric oxide (no) is involved in many physiological processes including regulation of blood pressure, immune response, and neural communication. the effects of no donors on the sporogony of eimeria tenella oocysts and the blocking effects of no scavenger, hemoglobin (hb), against no donors were investigated in this study. the results showed that the sporulation of oocysts could be completely inhibited by acidic sodium nitrite (nano2), s-nitroso-glutathione (gsno) or s-nitroso-n-acetyl-dl-penicil ...200818472220
field vaccination of broilers against coccidiosis.control of coccidiosis by vaccination or by medication with anti-coccidial drugs were compared on a commercial broiler farm. an attenuated, embryo-adapted line of eimeria tenella, a virulent laboratory strain of e. acervulina and a precocious (attenuated) line of e. maxima, used for vaccination, were given in three combinations: e. tenella alone, e. tenella plus e. acervulina or e. tenella together with e. acervulina and e. maxima. oocysts were given via feed when chickens were 2 to 8 days old. ...198918679858
interferon release as a measure of the t-cell response to coccidial antigens in chickens.spleen cells from chickens which had been immunised with eimeria tenella secreted interferon within 24 h of stimulation with as little as 10 microg antigen per millilitre from e. tenella oocysts. secretion of interferon by spleen cells first occurred at the time immunity was developing but after antibody against coccidia was first detected. interferon-secreting cells in the spleen diminished by 80 days after the primary infection. the secretion of interferon by lymphocytes from chickens which ar ...198918679895
eimeria tenella: utilization of a nasal vaccine with sporozoite antigens incorporated into iscom as protection for broiler breeders against a homologous challenge.the aim of this study was to evaluate a nasal vaccine using antigens derived from sporozoites of eimeria tenella incorporated into iscom to protect broiler chicks. forty-five one-day-old chickens (cobb), unvaccinated against coccidiosis, were used in this experiment. the birds were maintained in separated battery cages and divided into three groups: g1 (n=15), g2 (n=15), and g3 (n=15). g1 received 50 microg of sporozoites+iscom vaccine, g2 received iscom without antigens, and g3 received only pb ...200818691573
stable transfection of eimeria tenella: constitutive expression of the yfp-yfp molecule throughout the life cycle.the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite eimeria tenella, one of seven species of eimeria that infect chickens, elicits protective cell-mediated immunity against challenge infection. for this reason, recombinant e. tenella parasites could be utilised as an effective vaccine vehicle for expressing foreign antigens and inducing immunity against heterologous intracellular microbes. a stable line of e. tenella expressing foreign genes is a prerequisite, and in this work an in vivo stable tra ...200918718473
characterization of monoclonal antibodies that recognize the eimeria tenella microneme protein mic2.the apicomplexan pathogens of eimeria cause coccidiosis, an intestinal disease of chickens, which has a major economic impact on the poultry industry. members of the apicomplexa share an assortment of unique secretory organelles (rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules) that mediate invasion of host cells and formation and modification of the parasitophorous vacuole. among these, microneme protein 2 from eimeria tenella(etmic2) has a putative function in parasite adhesion to the host cell to in ...200818576850
vaccination of chickens with a chimeric dna vaccine encoding eimeria tenella ta4 and chicken il-2 induces protective immunity against coccidiosis.a fusion dna vaccine co-expressed eimeria tenella ta4 and chicken il-2 (chil-2) was constructed and its efficacy against e. tenella challenge was observed. ta4 gene of e. tenella and chil-2 gene were cloned into expression vector pcdna3.1 and pcdna4.0c in different forms, producing vaccines pcdna3.1-ta4-il-2, pcdna3.1-ta4 and pcdna4.0c-il-2. the expression of aim genes in vivo was detected by rt-pcr and western blot. animal experiment was carried out to evaluate the immune efficacy of the vaccin ...200818602758
transfected eimeria tenella could complete its endogenous development in vitro.live attenuated coccidiosis vaccines could be used as powerful carriers, expressing exogenous viral and bacterial antigens, to induce protective immunity against pathogenic organisms. we investigated the ability of eimeria tenella to express an exogenous gene in vitro. eimeria tenella sporozoites were transfected with the plasmid ph4-2eyfp-actin3 containing the yellow fluorescent protein gene (yfp) and inoculated into primary chicken kidney cells (pckcs), followed by incubation at 41 c in a 5% c ...200818576768
immunisation of young broiler chickens with low level infections of eimeria tenella, e. acervulina or e. maxima.chickens given 200 oocysts of eimeria tenella at day-old followed by a dose of between 300 to 500 oocysts at 8 days of age were afforded substantial protection against challenge at 15 and 22 days of age. chickens given 2,000 oocysts of e. acervulina at day-old were partially protected against challenge infection given at 15 or 22 days of age. when chickens were given doses of 2,000 and 10,000 oocysts at 1 and 8 days, respectively, significant protection against challenge at 15 and 22 days was ob ...198618766526
a comparative study of two lines of eimeria tenella attenuated either by selection for precocious development in the chicken or by growth in chicken embryos.a precocious line (hp) selected from the virulent houghton (h) strain of eimeria tenella was found to be attenuated and to have a shorter prepatent time than the parent strain. the second generation schizonts of the hp line were smaller than those of the h strain and contained fewer merozoites. a sub-line of hp, derived from a single oocyst, showed no sign of reversion to virulence after 19 passages without selection for precocity. similarly, clones (the progeny of single sporozoites) of an atte ...198618766535
field evaluation of eimeria tenella (local isolates) gametocytes vaccine and its comparative efficacy with imported live vaccine, livacox.the present paper describes the field evaluation of local gametocyte vaccine and its comparative efficacy with commercial anticoccidial vaccine, livacox, used in breeder and broiler flocks in pakistan. humoral immune response in vaccinated and control chickens was monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. results demonstrated significantly elevated antibody titres in vaccinated groups as compared to control groups conducted both in laboratory and field experiments. significantly (p < 0.01) ...200818769942
eimeria: immunisation of young chickens kept in litter pens.infection of chickens with an attenuated strain of eimeria tenella gave good protection against challenge with the parent strain of this species. chickens given an attenuated strain of e. acervulina var. mivati were protected against challenge with other pathogenic cultures of e. acervulina when kept in litter pens under conditions allowing reinfection. two-week-old chickens, kept in litter pens, were given attenuated strains of e. tenella and e. acervulina and small numbers of oocysts (50-100) ...197718770314
paratyphoid infection induced by eimeria tenella in the broiler-type chickens.two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the eimeria tenella infection on mortality, weight gain and lesions of paratyphoid infection in broilers. when 4-day-old birds were exposed to approximately 106 colony forming units (cfu) of s. typhimurium for 5 consecutive days after the coccidial inoculation, the effect on mortality of concurrent infection, 17.7%, was about the sum of the e. tenella-inoculated group and the s. typhimurium-inoculated group (15.5%). when 11-day-old birds w ...198718766589
a toolbox facilitating stable transfection of eimeria species.stable transfection of eimeria species has been difficult to achieve because of the obligate requirement for in vivo amplification and selection of the parasites. strategies to generate and stabilise populations of transfected eimeria tenella are described here, together with the identification of optimal parameters for the transfection process. a series of plasmids expressing selectable markers, including a panel of fluorescent reporter genes and a mutant toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reducta ...200818723051
immunogenicity of recombinant attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strains carrying a gene that encodes eimeria tenella antigen so7.recombinant attenuated salmonella vaccines against avian coccidiosis were developed to deliver eimeria species antigens to the lymphoid tissues of chickens via the type 3 secretion system (t3ss) and the type 2 secretion system (t2ss) of salmonella. for antigen delivery via the t3ss, the eimeria tenella gene encoding sporozoite antigen so7 was cloned downstream of the translocation domain of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sope gene in the parental pya3868 and pya3870 vectors to gener ...200818809658
the infectivity of eimeria sporozoites recovered from monensin medicated chickens.sporozoites of embryo-adapted lines of eimeria tenella, e. brunetti and e. necatrix were recovered from monensin medicated chickens. the viability of these sporozoites was compared with that of sporozoites recovered from unmedicated birds by assessing their infectivity in chicken embryos. sporozoites of the three species of eimeria recovered from 100 parts/10(6) monensin-medicated birds produced infections in embryos which were 94 to 98% less severe than infections resulting from the inoculation ...198318766800
further studies on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of an embryo-adapted strain of eimeria tenella.the pathogenicity, immunogenicity and reproduction of a strain of e. tenella, serially passed in embryos was studied. a strain which had completed 62 embryo passages no longer regained pathogenicity after nine passages in chickens. the reproduction of the strain in chickens, judged by oocyst production was poor, but increased after nine serial passages in chickens. the embryo passaged strain was immunogenic and a single dose of oocysts gave substantial protection against challenge with the patho ...197418777281
eimeria infection of chicken embryos: the effect of known anticoccidial drugs against e. tenella and e. mivati.the activity of nine anticoccidial drugs was investigated against eimeria infections of chicken embryos. with eimeria tenella, three parameters were used to assess the antiparasitic effects (a) mortality (b) focal lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) and (c) oocyst production. anticoccidial drugs against e. mivati were evaluated by estimating oocyst production only. only three of the anticoccidials tested were found to have high activity when measured by all of the above criteria. all o ...197318777390
eimeria tenella microneme protein etmic4: capture of the full-length transcribed sequence and comparison with other microneme proteins.etmic4 is a microneme protein of eimeria tenella, an intracellular apicomplexan protozoan that can cause severe enteritis in chickens. the etmic4 gene has been partially characterised, and in this study, we used a combined strategy of rapid amplification of cdna ends (5'race) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to identify the authentic 5' end of the transcribed sequence (accession number aj306453.2). comparison of the predicted etmic4 transcription start site with predicted star ...200919089451
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