Publications

development and evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein antibody using a chemically synthesized 2b peptide as antigen.	forty peptides were synthesized corresponding to hydrophilic clusters of amino acids within the sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural proteins (nsp). six peptides were studied in more detail and the most promising, a 2b peptide, was evaluated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using sera from naive, vaccinated, and vaccinated-and-challenged cattle as well as bovine sera from field outbreaks. the performance of the new nsp peptide elisa was compared to that of 4 ...	2006	17121081
modeled detection time for surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease virus in bulk tank milk.	to estimate when foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) would first be detected in bulk tank milk of dairies after exposure to fmdv.	2006	17144803
the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes a and o from 1998 to 2004 in turkey.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) causes significant economic losses in turkish livestock. we have analysed the genetic diversity of the 1d sequences, encoding the hypervariable surface protein vp1, of turkish isolates of serotype a and o collected from 1998 to 2004 in order to obtain epidemiological and immunological information.	2006	17144917
geographical and age-stratified distributions of foot-and-mouth disease virus-seropositive and probang-positive cattle herds in the adamawa province of cameroon.	six of the seven known serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus occur in africa. this paper describes the results of a population-based cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence of fmd and the persistence of the virus in cattle herds and associated sheep flocks in the adamawa province of cameroon. antibody titres measured by the virus neutralising test indicated that serotypes o, a and sat2 viruses had been circulating in the province. the estimates of apparent seroprevalence in cattle ...	2006	16950886
comparisons of original laboratory results and retrospective analysis by real-time reverse transcriptase-pcr of virological samples collected from confirmed cases of foot-and-mouth disease in the uk in 2001.	there were 2030 designated cases of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) during the course of the epidemic in the uk in 2001 (including four from northern ireland). samples from 1720 of the infected premises (ips) were received in the laboratory and examined for either the presence of fmd virus (virological samples from 1421 ips) or both fmd virus and antibody (virological and serological samples from 255 ips) or antibody alone (from 44 ips). the time taken to issue final diagnostic results ranged from ...	2006	16980522
development of an inhibition elisa test for the detection of non-capsid polyprotein 3abc in viral suspensions destined for inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.	the use during the last decade of immuno-enzymatic tests based on the detection of antibodies to the non-capsid proteins (ncps) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to assess viral circulation, irrespective of vaccination, supported the incorporation into the oie code of the 'free from fmdv with vaccination' category and opened the way to a 'vaccination to live' policy. eradication programmes in south america include systematic vaccination accompanied by large serosurveys through ncp antibody ...	2006	17058500
buffalo (bubalus bubalis) interleukin-12: analysis of expression profiles and functional cross-reactivity with bovine system.	interleukin-12, a heterodimeric pro-inflammatory cytokine, from water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) was analyzed for its for its tissue specific expression and functionality. concanavalin a stimulated splenocytes displayed an up-regulation of the il-12 p40 subunit 8-24h post-stimulation, whereas the p35 subunit did not show any quantitative variation at different time intervals. basal level expressions of both the subunits were observed by rt-pcr in spleen. in addition p40 transcripts could be det ...	2006	16112195
expressions of bovine ifn-gamma and foot-and-mouth disease vp1 antigen in p. pastoris and their effects on mouse immune response to fmd antigens.	as a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) may cause a considerable social-economic loss in those countries affected. ifn-gamma has a wide range of antiviral and immune modulating functions. thus, to study the immune enhancing effects of recombinant bovine ifn-gamma (rboifn-gamma) on a recombinant fmdv vaccine, boifn-gamma, fmdv vp1 and boifn-gamma/vp fusion genes were cloned, expressed, co-expressed in pichia pastoris (p. pastoris) respectively, ...	2006	16135391
retrospective genetic analysis of sat-1 type foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in southern africa.	in areas where foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in wildlife hosts, such as the kruger national park (knp) in south africa, control measures are in place that ensure that potentially infected antelope and buffalo do not come into close contact with domestic animals. in south africa several sat-1 outbreaks occurred nearly simultaneously in cattle and impala between 1971-1981. phylogenetic analysis based on partial 1d gene nucleotide sequencing indicated that several of these outbreaks were ...	2006	16155727
analysis of the immune response to fmdv structural and non-structural proteins in cattle in argentina by the combined use of liquid phase and 3abc-elisa tests.	the successful sanitary campaign implemented to control the 2000-2002 outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in argentina was greatly assisted by the combination of an elisa test (3abc-elisa) that detects antibodies directed against fmdv viral non-structural proteins (nsps) and a liquid phase blocking competitive elisa (lpelisa) for the detection of antibodies against the viral structural proteins (sps). the combined use of these two assays in large-scale analysis of field samples allo ...	2006	16171905
secretory iga as an indicator of oro-pharyngeal foot-and-mouth disease virus replication and as a tool for post vaccination surveillance.	a serotype-specific elisa was developed to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) specific iga antibody in the saliva of cattle, and the method was evaluated for its feasibility in detecting serotype o fmdv carrier animals, particularly amongst vaccinated cattle that had subsequently become sub-clinically infected. for this purpose, saliva samples were collected from naïve cattle (n = 173), fmdv challenged cattle (n = 10), fmdv vaccinated cattle (n = 40) and fmdv vaccinated-and-challenged ca ...	2006	16203061
interferon-gamma production in vitro from whole blood of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccinated and infected cattle after incubation with inactivated fmdv.	studies were performed to determine whether a rapid method to detect cell mediated immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) could be used either as a diagnostic test or provide a correlate of protection in animals post-vaccination. using protocols based on the bovigam assay for tuberculosis, whole blood samples from fmdv vaccinated or control animals, before and after challenge infection, were stimulated overnight with inactivated fmdv antigen. the quantity of interferon gamma (if ...	2006	16242818
cytokine and toll-like receptor mrnas in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues of cattle during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.	the pharyngeal region is known to play an important role in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in relation to acute disease and viral persistence. in this study, the local mucosal immune response in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (nalt) of cattle infected with fmdv (strain o ukg 34/2001) was examined. quantitative "real-time" rt-pcr assays were used to measure mrna expression of cytokines (ifn-alpha, beta and gamma, il-2, il-1alpha and tnf-alpha) and toll-like receptors (tlr)-3 and ...	2006	16423571
presence of antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus in repeatedly vaccinated cattle.	for the purpose of removing infected animals by detecting humoral immune responses to non-structural proteins of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus, antibodies induced by contaminated residual non-structural proteins contained in less pure fmd vaccine can be problematic for serological screening. the aim of the present study was to measure the possible presence of antibodies against these non-structural proteins in repeatedly vaccinated calves and beef cattle. five imported fmd vaccines were ...	2006	16446061
effect of emergency fmd vaccine antigen payload on protection, sub-clinical infection and persistence following direct contact challenge of cattle.	previous work, in sheep vaccinated with emergency foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine, indicated the benefit of increasing the antigen payload in inhibiting local virus replication and consequently persistence following an indirect aerosol challenge with a virus homologous to the vaccine strain. the work presented here investigates this possibility further using cattle and a more severe semi-heterologous direct contact challenge. the quantitative dynamics of virus replication and excretion in b ...	2006	16488060
integrin-alphavbeta6, a putative receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus, is constitutively expressed in ruminant airways.	evolved functions of integrin-alpha(v)beta(6) include roles in epithelial cell-extracellular matrix protein interactions and in the binding and activation of latent tgf-beta(1). integrin-alpha(v)beta(6) is also exploited as a receptor by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and may play a significant role in its transmission and pathogenesis. the ovine beta(6) integrin subunit was cloned and sequenced (embl accession no. aj439062). screening of normal ovine tissues by rt-pcr and immunocytochemist ...	2006	16517977
[recombinant non-structural 3a, 3b and 3ab proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus: use for differentiation of vaccinated and infected cattle].	recombinant proteins 3a, 3b and 3ab were obtained by expression in escherichia coli and purified by metal-chelate chromatography. the proteins were used as antigens in indirect elisa to differentiate vaccinated and infected cattle. while testing 200 sera from cattle 3a-elisa was more sensitive and specific than 3b- and 3ab-elisa. compared with "chekit fmd-3abc", 3a-elisa showed the same level of specificity and higher level of sensitivity.	2006	16523703
detection and serotype-specific differentiation of vesicular stomatitis virus using a multiplex, real-time, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay.	a multiplex, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was developed that allowed simultaneous detection and rapid differentiation of vesicular stomatitis virus strains--new jersey (vsv-nj) and indiana 1, 2, and 3 (vsv-in1-3). this assay involves use of a set of vsv universal primers located in the l gene that amplify vsv-in1-3 and vsv-nj using probes that allow differentiation of the major serotypes indiana and new jersey. the assay was evaluated using reference v ...	2006	16617693
simultaneous detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3abc, 3d, 3a and 3b by a multiplexed luminex assay to differentiate infected from vaccinated cattle.	for the first time, a multiplex bead immunoassay was used to test simultaneously, with a single sample, the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3abc, 3a, 3b and 3d from experimentally infected and vaccinated cattle. we cloned and expressed these non-structural proteins (nsps) as recombinant antigens. the purified proteins were coupled to microspheres labeled with anti-his monoclonal antibody with different proportions of red and orange fluorescent dyes and reacted a ...	2006	16260073
comparative evaluation of six elisas for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	to validate the use of serology in substantiating freedom from infection after foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks have been controlled by measures that include vaccination, 3551 sera were tested with six assays that detect antibodies to the non-structural proteins of fmd virus. the sera came from naïve, vaccinated, infected and vaccinated-and-infected animals; two-thirds from cattle, the remainder from sheep and pigs. the assays were covariant for sensitivity, but not necessarily for specifi ...	2006	16753241
disease constraints for utilization of the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) on game ranches in zambia.	eco-tourism depending on wildlife is becoming increasingly profitable and landowners are beginning to favor game farming and ecotourism. in these areas, large-scale translocation of wildlife involves a diversity of species and large populations. the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) is one of the major tourist attractions in zambia. it accounts for 8.7% and 12.4% of the total animal species hunted in the game management areas and the total hunting revenue earned in zambia, respectively. it is ec ...	2006	16786973
tickborne arbovirus surveillance in market livestock, nairobi, kenya.	to identify tickborne viruses circulating in kenya and the surrounding region, we conducted surveillance at abattoirs in nairobi, kenya. species of ticks collected included rhipicephalus pulchellus (56%), amblyomma gemma (14%), r. appendiculatus (8%), a. variegatum (6%), and others. a total of 56 virus isolates were obtained, 26 from a. gemma, 17 from r. pulchellus, 6 from a. variegatum, and 7 from other species. virus isolates included dugbe virus (dugv), an unknown virus related to dugv, thogo ...	2006	16836823
application of non-structural protein antibody tests in substantiating freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus infection after emergency vaccination of cattle.	there has been much debate about the use of the so-called "vaccinate-to-live" policy for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in europe, according to which, spread of the fmd virus (fmdv) from future outbreaks could be controlled by a short period of "emergency" vaccination of surrounding herds, reducing the need for large-scale preemptive culling of at-risk animals. since vaccinated animals may become subclinically infected with fmdv following challenge exposure, it is necessary to eithe ...	2006	16872727
multiplexed detection of antibodies to nonstructural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	liquid array technology was used to develop a multiplexed assay for the detection of antibodies to viral nonstructural proteins (nsps), raised in cattle in response to infection with foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. two assays, one based on recombinant nsps and the other on synthetically produced peptides, were developed and compared side-by-side. serum samples from serial bleeds of cattle, each experimentally infected with one of the seven serotypes (c, a, o, asia, sat1, sat2, sat3) of fmd v ...	2006	16878883
utility of automated real-time rt-pcr for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus excreted in milk.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be excreted in milk and thereby spread infection to susceptible animals in other holdings. the feasibility of using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) as a diagnostic tool for detection of fmdv in milk was assessed by studying the excretion of virus from experimentally-infected cattle. fore- and machine milk samples were collected over a 4-week period from two dairy cows infected with fmdv and from two in-contact cows held ...	2006	16336929
a decision-support system for real-time risk assessment of airborne spread of the foot-and-mouth disease virus.	[corrected] the application of epidemic models during the first days following the confirmation of a virus outbreak should significantly contribute to minimize its costs. here we describe the first version of a decision-support system for the calculation of the airborne spread of a virus and its application to foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). the goal is to provide geographical maps depicting infection risk for various animal species to support the national health authorities.	2005	16342927
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vaccinated cattle.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the value of commercially available kits for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus infection in vaccinated cattle. the cattle were vaccinated with a commercial aqueous fmd vaccine type a24 and subsequently challenged 28 days post vaccination with homologous fmd virus. seven of eight animals were protected from clinical disease and all became carriers. they were bled sequentially for up to 130 days post infection and samples of sera were tested ...	2005	16385852
development of novel strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease: marker vaccines and antivirals.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is economically the most important viral-induced livestock disease worldwide. the disease is highly contagious and fmd virus (fmdv) replicates and spreads extremely rapidly. outbreaks in previously fmd-free countries, including taiwan, the united kingdom, and uruguay, and the potential use of fmdv by terrorist groups have demonstrated the vulnerability of countries and the need to develop control strategies that can rapidly inhibit or limit disease spread. the curren ...	2005	16289996
development of synthetic peptide elisa based on nonstructural protein 2c of foot and mouth disease virus.	it was reported that the sera of convalescent animals contain antibodies to foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) 2c, highly conserved nonstructural protein (nsp), whereas the sera of vaccinated animals do not. but elisa methods using this protein were not reported and developed until recently. in this study, nsp 2c peptides were synthesized within the amino acid sequence of the conserved 2c nonstructural region of fmdv according to the sequences from genbank database and used for identifyin ...	2005	16293996
studies of the outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in west bengal, india, between 1985 and 2002.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) is the major disease constraint on international trade in livestock and their products. in the state of west bengal, india, 1,082 fmd outbreaks were reported in the 18 years from 1985 to 2002. of the prevalent four serotypes, o type fmd virus accounted for the most outbreaks (67%), followed by asia-1 virus type (15%) and a virus type (14%). outbreaks of the type c fmd virus were least prevalent (4%), and no cases have been recorded since 1996. the study shows clearly ...	2005	16642764
selection of foot and mouth disease vaccine strains--a review.	the choice of the most appropriate strains of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus vaccines to use in fmd control programmes and to store in vaccine antigen reserves is based on the matching of representative field isolates from outbreaks around the world to available vaccine strains. however, those involved in fmd control at a national level do not always give this work a high priority, while in countries without effective control of fmd there is little incentive to collect samples or to overcome ...	2005	16642769
quality assurance/quality control of foot and mouth disease solid phase competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay--part i. quality assurance: development of secondary and working standards.	international movement in animals and animal products has urged organisations like the world organisation for animal health (oie) to draw up guidelines to regulate and facilitate trade between member countries. however, as the global market continues to grow, further standardisation and harmonisation of antibody detection assays for infectious diseases are needed, especially regarding the development and use of reference materials. for oie notifiable diseases for which primary or international r ...	2005	16642770
quality assurance/quality control of foot and mouth disease solid phase competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay--part ii. quality control: comparison of two charting methods to monitor assay performance.	diagnostic laboratories are increasingly required to meet stringent quality standards, and validated assays are needed to achieve formal accreditation. validation of test methods is often considered to be finalised when the assay parameters and characteristics have been established. however, like any process, diagnostic assays are subject to random variation resulting in shifts in the mean test values. continuous monitoring of assays using control charts will alert the interpreter of changes in ...	2005	16642771
non-capsid proteins to identify foot-and-mouth disease viral circulation in cattle irrespective of vaccination.	the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to establish subclinical and even persistent infection, the so called carrier state, imposes the need to reliably demonstrate absence of viral circulation, to monitor the progress of control measures, either during eradication programs or after reintroduction of virus in free areas. this demonstration becomes critical in immunized populations, because of the concern that silent viral circulation could be hidden by immunization. this concern orig ...	2005	16257539
dna prime followed by protein boost enhances neutralization and th1 type immunity against fmdv.	prime-boost strategy has been exhibited its potency to enhance immune responses, which would be important to the success to develop a vaccine against the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). an eukaryotic expression construct encoding the fmdv capsid vp1 protein with a recombinant vp1 protein or a commercial fmdv vaccine were tested in the prime-boost strategy in mice and cattle trials. the levels of induced specific antibodies, t cell proliferations, and dth activities were significantly higher ...	2005	16212533
the alpha(v)beta6 integrin receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus is expressed constitutively on the epithelial cells targeted in cattle.	field strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) use a number of alpha(v)-integrins as receptors to initiate infection on cultured cells, and integrins are believed to be the receptors used to target epithelial cells in animals. in this study, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and real-time rt-pcr were used to investigate expression of two of the integrin receptors of fmdv, alpha(v)beta6 and alpha(v)beta3, within various epithelia targeted by this virus in cattle. these studies show tha ...	2005	16186231
analysis of a foot-and-mouth disease virus type a24 isolate containing an sgd receptor recognition site in vitro and its pathogenesis in cattle.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiates infection by binding to integrin receptors via an arg-gly-asp (rgd) sequence found in the g-h loop of the structural protein vp1. following serial passages of a type a(24) cruzeiro virus (a(24)cru) in bovine, via tongue inoculation, a virus was generated which contained an sgd sequence in the cell receptor-binding site and expressed a turbid plaque phenotype in bhk-21 cells. propagation of this virus in these cells resulted in the rapid selection of ...	2005	16189001
a preliminary investigation of tuberculosis and other diseases in african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in queen elizabeth national park, uganda.	a survey to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis and certain other infectious diseases was conducted on 42 free-ranging african buffaloes, (syncerus caffer) from may to june 1997 in the queen elizabeth national park, uganda. using the gamma interferon test, exposure to m. bovis was detected in 21.6% of the buffaloes. one dead buffalo and an emaciated warthog (phacochoerus aethiopicus) that was euthanased, were necropsied; both had miliary granulomas from ...	2005	16137132
vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus confers complete clinical protection in 7 days and partial protection in 4 days: use in emergency outbreak response.	recent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) demonstrate that this highly contagious viral infection of cloven hoofed animals continues to be a significant economic problem worldwide. debate about the most effective way to respond to outbreaks of fmdv in disease free countries continues to center on the use of vaccines. in this report, we present data showing that a commercially available, standard dose vaccine formulation can fully protect cattle against direct challenge with the vir ...	2005	16153756
[foot-and-mouth disease:: an old disease--new solutions].	the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in united kingdom provoked a crisis in the european union with deleterious consequences not only for livestock industry. public opinion is more and more concerned about stamping out measures used to control the disease even with previously vaccinated animals. presently the trend is to "vaccinate for life". this policy change requires to improve vaccines and diagnostic tools. it is not foreseen nevertheless to come back to a generalized vaccination of ...	2005	16116814
development of a lightcycler-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	one step taqman real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (r/t rt-pcr) using a set of primers/probes was developed for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. the gene-specific probes labeled fluorogen for the internal ribosomal entry site, leader sequence and 2b regions were used to detect fmd virus (fmdv). this assay specifically detected fmdv both in cell culture preparations and clinical samples, and was capable of distinguishing fmd from other viral diseases sim ...	2005	16131823
vaccination against foot and mouth disease reduces virus transmission in groups of calves.	the aim of vaccination during an epidemic of foot and mouth disease (fmd) is not to induce clinical protection, but to reduce virus transmission. since no quantitative data were available on the effectiveness of vaccination in cattle, we investigated whether a single vaccination against fmd could reduce virus transmission in groups of calves by estimating the reproduction ratio r, i.e. the average number of secondary cases caused by one infectious animal in a susceptible population. we performed ...	2005	16002192
antigenic and genetic analyses of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a isolates for selection of candidate vaccine strain reveals emergence of a variant virus that is responsible for most recent outbreaks in india.	recent reports indicated presence of two antigenic and genetic groups (genotypes vi and vii) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a in india and are divergent from the vaccine strains. in order to choose suitable field isolate as candidate vaccine strain, anti-sera against representative isolates from both the genotypes and two in-use vaccine strains are tested in neutralization assay. two candidate vaccine strains from both the genotypes are selected with close antigenic match to the fie ...	2005	16022900
the application of new techniques to the improved detection of persistently infected cattle after vaccination and contact exposure to foot-and-mouth disease.	detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins (nsp) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was compared with conventional serological and virological methods and with rt-pcr for the identification of fmdv carrier animals obtained after experimental contact challenge of vaccinated cattle. transmission from carriers to sentinels was also monitored. twenty fmdv vaccinated and five unvaccinated cattle were challenged by direct contact with five donor cattle excreting fmdv and monitored unti ...	2005	16039761
a survey to investigate movements off sheep and cattle farms in new zealand, with reference to the potential transmission of foot-and-mouth disease.	to quantify the numbers and extent of movements off sheep and cattle farms in new zealand, in order to construct more realistic simulation models to investigate how infectious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) might spread.	2005	16044181
development of monoclonal antibody-linked elisa for sero-diagnosis of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv-in) using baculovirus expressed glycoprotein.	the gene encoding the envelope glycoprotein (gp) of vesicular stomatitis virus serotype, indiana (vsv-in), was expressed under the polyhedron promoter of baculovirus. the recombinant gp was applied as a diagnostic antigen for the detection of cattle and horse antibodies to vsv. in addition, the neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) to gp of vsv-in was used as trapping antibody in a mab-linked indirect elisa (mli-elisa) or detecting antibody in a mab-linked competitive elisa (mlc-elisa). the dia ...	2005	16076499
analysis of the epidemiological dynamics during the 1982-1983 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in denmark based on molecular high-resolution strain identification.	an epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) causing a total of 23 cases in 1982-1983, primarily on the island of funen, denmark, was subjected to molecular epidemiological investigations. in an attempt to exploit the quasi-species nature of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains for molecular high-resolution strain identification in order to analyse the dynamics of this epidemic, full-length vp1 coding regions were sequenced for 17 isolates collected at different farms during the epidemic. the seq ...	2005	16099917
differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected animals from vaccinated animals using a blocking elisa based on baculovirus expressed fmdv 3abc antigen and a 3abc monoclonal antibody.	a blocking elisa that differentiated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infected animals from vaccinated animals was developed which uses baculovirus expressed fmdv 3abc non-structural protein as antigen and monoclonal antibody against fmdv 3abc non-structural protein as capture and detector antibody. sera from naive, vaccinated and infected cattle, sheep and pigs were examined. the specificity of the test was high. non-specific reactions observed in particular in sera of cattle and sheep could ...	2005	15645377
introduction and history of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has been recognized as a significant epidemic disease threatening the cattle industry since the sixteenth century, and in the late nineteenth century it was shown by loeffler and frosch to be caused by a submicroscopic, filterable transmissible agent, smaller than any known bacteria. the agent causing fmd was thus the first virus of vertebrates to be discovered, soon after the discovery of tobacco mosaic virus of plants. it was not until 1920 that a convenient animal ...	2005	15648172
foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an acute disease that can be lethal for adult laboratory mice.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a picornavirus that causes an acute vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. this virus continues to be threat to livestock worldwide with outbreaks causing severe economic losses. however, very little is known about fmdv pathogenesis, partially due to the inconveniences of working with cattle and swine, the main natural hosts of the virus. here we demonstrate that c57bl/6 and balb/c adult mice are highly susceptible to fmdv infection when the virus is a ...	2005	15661169
phylogeny, genome evolution, and antigenic variability among endemic foot-and-mouth disease virus type a isolates from india.	the capsid-coding (p1) and 3a regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a field isolates including two vaccine strains collected during 1977-2000 were analyzed. in the phylogenies, the isolates were distributed into two previously identified genotypes vi and vii, with multiple sub-genotypes that are temporally clustered. comparison of the antigenic relationships of field isolates with the two vaccine strains (ind 17/77 and ind 490/97) and the reference strains of the genotypes vi (ind ...	2005	15662482
the nucleotide sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/fra/1/2001 and comparison with its british parental strain o/ukg/35/2001.	the complete nucleotide sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o/fra/1/2001 (bovine isolate) was determined from five cdna clones covering most of the genome and compared with the british porcine isolate (o/ukg/35/2001) it originated from. seven substitutions, out of which three resulted in amino acid changes (in the leader protease, 3a protein and 3d rna-dependent rna polymerase sequences) were identified and confirmed by direct sequencing of rt-pcr products obtained from in vitro infe ...	2005	15681075
molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus type c of indian origin.	comparison of nucleotide sequences of the partial 1d region of foot-and-mouth disease type c viruses of indian origin with those of european, south american, and southeast asian viruses revealed that the indian viruses form a distinct genotype. the vaccine strain c ind/51/79 belongs to this genotype and may be a prototype strain of this genotype.	2005	15695720
a peptide vaccine administered transcutaneously together with cholera toxin elicits potent neutralising anti-fmdv antibody responses.	in this study a synthetic peptide representing residues 141-159 from the gh loop of vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus was tested for its capacity to elicit virus neutralising antibodies in mice after transcutaneous immunisation. topical application of the peptide conjugated to bovine serum albumin together with cholera toxin as an adjuvant elicited anti-peptide antibody responses with strong virus neutralising activity. the combination of cholera toxin with an immunostimulatory cpg mot ...	2005	15734548
quantitative risk assessment of fmd virus transmission via water.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a viral disease of domesticated and wild cloven-hoofed animals. fmd virus is known to spread by direct contact between infected and susceptible animals, by animal products such as meat and milk, by the airborne route, and mechanical transfer on people, wild animals, birds, and by vehicles. during the outbreak of 2001 in the netherlands, milk from dairy cattle was illegally discharged into the sewerage as a consequence of transport prohibition. this may lead to con ...	2005	15787753
detection of antibody to the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) non-structural polyprotein 3abc in sheep by elisa.	the specificity and sensitivity of an elisa for detecting igg to the 3abc non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus was evaluated in fmd naive, aerosol-infected, aerosol plus direct contact infected and field-exposed sheep. all 12 sheep that were experimentally infected without prior vaccination seroconverted in the test, although fewer field sera from fmd-exposed sheep were scored seropositive compared to test results for structural protein antibodies. the 3abc test specifici ...	2005	15794985
serologic surveillance for selected viral agents in captive and free-ranging populations of arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) from saudi arabia and the united arab emirates.	a total of 294 sera collected between 1999 and 2001 from eight captive and one free-ranging herds of arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) distributed in saudi arabia (sa) and the united arab emirates (uae) were assayed for antibodies against 13 selected viral agents. arabian oryx have been exposed to bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), rinderpest virus (rpv), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine adenovirus 3 (bav-3), cervid herpesvirus-1, foot-and-mouth disea ...	2005	15827212
transgenic plants for the production of veterinary vaccines.	the expression of antigens in transgenic plants has been increasingly used in the development of experimental vaccines, particularly oriented to the development of edible vaccines. hence, this technology becomes highly suitable to express immunogenic proteins from pathogens. foot and mouth disease virus, bovine rotavirus and bovine viral diarrhoea virus are considered to be the most important causative agents of economic loss of cattle production in argentina, and they are thus optimal candidate ...	2005	15877600
rapid protection of cattle from direct challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by a single inoculation with an adenovirus-vectored fmdv subunit vaccine.	we have previously demonstrated that swine vaccinated with one dose of a replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) vector containing the capsid and 3c proteinase coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were protected when challenged 7 days later with homologous virus. in the current study, we have extended this approach to cattle, the most economically important animals susceptible to fmd. five cattle were vaccinated with the ad5-fmdv subunit vaccine and these animals and ...	2005	15893355
identification and antigenic site analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus from pigs and cattle in korea.	from may to june 2002, a total of 16 foot-and mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks due to the serotype o virus, pan asia strain, were recorded in korea. the viruses were identified by antigen elisa, rt-pcr and sequence analysis. the overall nucleotide sequence divergence of the vp1 region among the 4 isolates in 2002 was 0 to 1.4%, but between o/skr/2002 and o/skr/2000 isolates was 1.9-4.9%. phylogenetic analysis with the some known strains from east asian countries showed that the 4 korean isolates in ...	2005	15933431
novel purification method for recombinant 3ab1 nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus for use in differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals.	an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from vaccinated animals. the test was based on a highly pure and concentrated preparation of recombinant 3ab1 protein obtained by expression in a prokaryotic system, protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electro elution. experimental- and field-serum samples from naive, vaccinated, and infected cattle w ...	2005	15945381
patterns of spread and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease types a, o and asia-1 in turkey: a meta-population approach.	despite significant control efforts, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) persists in turkey, and new strains of serotypes a, o and asia-1 are periodically reported to enter the country from the east. the status of fmd in turkey is important regionally because the country forms a natural bridge between asia where the disease is endemic, and europe which has disease-free status. this study analysed spatial and temporal patterns of fmd occurrence in turkey to explore factors associated with the disease's ...	2005	15962561
genetic variation and responses to vaccines.	disease is a major source of economic loss to the livestock industry. understanding the role of genetic factors in immune responsiveness and disease resistance should provide new approaches to the control of disease through development of safe synthetic subunit vaccines and breeding for disease resistance. the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) has been an important candidate locus for immune responsiveness studies. however, it is clear that other loci play an important role. identifying the ...	2004	15984325
an investigation into the source and spread of foot and mouth disease virus from a wildlife conservancy in zimbabwe.	african buffalo were introduced into a wildlife conservancy in the southeast of zimbabwe in an effortto increase the conservancy's economic viability, which is primarily based on eco-tourism. the buffalo were infected with sat serotypes (sat-1, sat-2 and sat-3) of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus, and in order to isolate the conservancy and prevent the transmission of fmd to adjacent populations of domestic livestock, the conservancy was surrounded by a double-fence system, 1.8 m in height. th ...	2004	15861873
enhanced laboratory diagnosis of foot and mouth disease by real-time polymerase chain reaction.	the performance of an automated real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was compared to virus isolation (vi) in cell culture and antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the laboratory diagnosis of foot and mouth disease (fmd). the world reference laboratory for fmd in woking, the united kingdom, examined a collection of 334 epithelia received from eighteen countries between august 2002 and january 2004. the results showed that all vi positive (n ...	2004	15861896
the use of vaccines in south american foot-and-mouth disease eradication programmes.	since the beginning of organized campaigns in the 1960s, vaccination has been a major component of national fmd control and eradication programmes in south america. aqueous vaccines were used in the 1960s and 1970s, and the introduction of oil vaccines in the mid 1980s helped to decrease endemism. bi- and trivalent fmd vaccine production increased from 266 thousand doses in 1967 to 580 million doses in 2002. currently, over 200 million cattle are vaccinated twice yearly throughout the continent. ...	2004	15742616
very fast (and safe) inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus and enteroviruses by a combination of binary ethyleneimine and formaldehyde.	for fmd vaccine production, inactivation of the fmd virus is the most critical step. formerly, from 1940 onwards, the virus was inactivated with formaldehyde. this inactivation was relatively slow, about 0.2 - 0.3 log 10 per hour. because formaldehyde not only reacts with the virus produced but with many other components in the medium, such as proteins and amino acids, its concentration can become rate-limiting and inactivation plots may show tailing-off, resulting in residual infectivity. many ...	2004	15742659
past and present vaccine development strategies for the control of foot-and-mouth disease.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) was the first animal virus to be identified. since then, it has become a model system in animal virology and more information has been obtained about fmdv. the disease causes heavy economic crises in enzootic countries both due to loss of animal health and productivity. the only way of its control in an enzootic area is strict vaccination and restricted animal movement. the first experimental vaccine against fmd was made in 1925 using formaldehyde inacti ...	2004	15745043
high-level expression of recombinant 3ab1 non-structural protein from fmdv in insect larvae.	for its potential usefulness in diagnosis, the non-structural protein 3ab1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus was expressed as a soluble protein by using autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus as a vector. the 3ab1 coding sequence was introduced into acnpv genome via pbacpak3ab1 transfer vector to originate ac3ab1 recombinant baculovirus of phenotype occ-. rachiplusia nu larvae were injected with supernatants of sf9 cells infected with ac3ab1 and 5 days post-infection total protein ext ...	2004	15664073
validation of a foot-and-mouth disease antibody screening solid-phase competition elisa (spce).	this paper describes the validation of a solid-phase competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (spce) for the serological detection of antibody to serotype o foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in sheep, cattle and pigs. the specificity of the spce was calculated from the results of testing known negative sera from sheep, cattle and pigs (n=3030, 1418 and 1495, respectively). the mean percentage inhibition (pi) for known negative sheep, cattle and pig sera were 19.3, 24.1 and 20.8%, respectively. t ...	2004	14667530
emergence of a novel subgroup within the widely circulating lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1 in india.	the complete vp1 encoding (1d) gene of 54 foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus serotype asia1 field isolates, most of which were isolated during 2000 and 2001, was sequenced. the phylogenetic analysis identified a novel subgroup (>10% nucleotide divergence) within the widely circulating lineage of this serotype. the newly emerged viruses were responsible for disease outbreaks in both cattle and buffaloes and were present in six different states in the country. amino acid sequence comparison of the ...	2004	14672859
no foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission between individually housed calves.	the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in the netherlands in 2001 most likely started on a mixed veal-calf/dairy-goat farm. the outbreak among the 74 calves on this farm appeared to be limited to four animals, and no clinical signs of fmd were reported. also on a second veal-calf farm minor clinical signs and limited virus transmission were observed. since fmd is known to be a very contagious disease, and can cause severe lesions, these observations were disputed. therefore, we carried out two expe ...	2004	14738779
extent of reduction of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna load in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid after peak levels may be a critical determinant of virus persistence in infected cattle.	to investigate whether foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna loads in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid (op-fluid) in the early course of infection is related to the outcome of virus persistence, viral rna in op-fluid samples from cattle experimentally infected with fmdv type o was quantitatively analysed by using a quantitative real-time rt-pcr. viral rna was detected within 24 h post-infection (p.i.) in all infected animals. rapid virus replication led to peak levels of viral rna load by 30-53 h ...	2004	14769899
a simulation model of intraherd transmission of foot and mouth disease with reference to disease spread before and after clinical diagnosis.	intraherd transmission of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) was examined using a simulation model for a hypothetical 1,000-cow dairy, assuming clinical diagnosis was made when at least 1% (10 cows) or 5% (50 cows) had clinical signs of fmd, i index case cow, and transition state distributions for the latent, subclinically infectious, and clinically infectious periods of fmd calculated from published data. estimates assumed for the number of animal-to-animal contacts (k) adequate for transmissi ...	2004	14974841
quantitative estimates of the risk of new outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease as a result of burning pyres.	the risk of dispersing foot-and-mouth disease virus into the atmosphere, and spreading it to susceptible holdings as a result of burning large numbers of carcases together on open pyres, has been estimated for six selected pyres burned during the 2001 outbreak in the uk. the probability of an animal or holding becoming infected was dependent on the estimated level of exposure to the virus predicted from the concentrations of virus calculated by the met office, bracknell. in general, the probabil ...	2004	14979669
molecular phylogeny of leader proteinase gene of type a of foot-and-mouth disease virus from india.	we previously demonstrated the presence of three genotypes (iv, vi and vii) of type a (subtype a22) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in india based on 1d gene sequence analysis. in the present study, the leader proteinase (l(pro)) gene sequences of 35 type a fmdv field isolates sampled over a period of 24 years (1977-2000) have been analyzed. maximum-likelihood (ml) phylogenetic analysis revealed four distinct genetic lineages (a-d), indicating high divergence in l gene of type a fmdv. lin ...	2004	14991441
comparable sensitivity and specificity in three commercially available elisas to differentiate between cattle infected with or vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	three commercially available elisas for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were evaluated, using sera from uninfected, vaccinated, infected, inoculated, first vaccinated and subsequently infected, and first vaccinated and subsequently inoculated cattle. we compared antibody kinetics to non-structural proteins, sensitivity, and specificity. one of the elisas had a higher sensitivity and much lower specificity than the other two, there ...	2004	15019100
the ultrastructure of the developing replication site in foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected bhk-38 cells.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the type species of the aphthovirus genus of the picornaviridae: infection by picornaviruses results in a major rearrangement of the host cell membranes to create vesicular structures where virus genome replication takes place. in this report, using fluorescence and electron microscopy, membrane rearrangements in the cytoplasm of fmdv-infected bhk-38 cells are documented. at 1.5-2.0 h post-infection, free ribosomes, fragmented rough endoplasmic reticulum, g ...	2004	15039536
isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus specific bovine antibody fragments from phage display libraries.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an important veterinary pathogen which can cause widespread epidemics. due to the high antigenic variability of fmdv, it is important to undertake mutation analysis under immunological pressure. to study the bovine antibody response at a molecular level, phage display technology was used to produce bovine anti-fmdv fabs. ch1-vh chains with fmdv specific binding could be isolated after selection from a library made from vaccinated cattle. though their involv ...	2004	15087230
a practitioner's primer on foot-and-mouth disease.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is caused by an rna virus of the genus aphthovirus; 7 immunologically distinct serotypes of the virus have been identified. susceptible species are mainly domestic and wild even-toed ungulates, such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, and deer. all body fluids of infected animals can contain the virus and are considered infective. the primary mode of transmission is animal-to-animal transmission through inhalation or ingestion of aerosols containing the virus. the ...	2004	15112774
detection of foot-and-mouth virus antibodies using a purified protein from the high-level expression of codon-optimized, foot-and-mouth disease virus complex epitopes in escherichia coli.	a codon optimized dna sequence coding for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein complex epitopes of vp1 amino acid residues 21-40, 135-160, and 200-213 was genetically fused to the c-terminal end of a glutathione-s-transferase (gst) gene in pgex-6p-1 vector with the synonymous codons preferred by escherichia coli . the gene was synthesized using pcr and subsequently expressed in e. coli producing an intracellular, soluble fusion protein that retained antigenicity associated with fmd ...	2004	15483387
the effect of bovine ifn-alpha on the immune response in guinea pigs vaccinated with dna vaccine of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	in this study, we constructed recombinant plasmid pcdna3.1/p12x3c3d including p1, 2a, 3c, 3d and part of 2b gene of fmdv and pcdna3.1/ifn containing the gene encoding bovine ifn-alpha. we inoculated the dna vaccine pcdna3.1/p12x3c3d with or without pcdna3.1/ifn to evaluate the efficiency of this dna vaccine and the immunogenicity of dna vaccine enhanced by the co-delivery with pcdna3.1/ifn. after two times of vaccination with dna vaccine, all of guinea pigs were challenged with 103 id50 fmdv typ ...	2004	15483751
detection of carriers of foot-and-mouth disease virus among vaccinated cattle.	to investigate and optimise detection of carriers, we vaccinated 15 calves with an inactivated vaccine based on foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) a turkey strain and challenged them and two further non-vaccinated calves with the homologous virus four weeks later. to determine transmission to a sensitive animal, we put a sentinel calf among the infected cattle from 60 days post-infection until the end of the experiment at 609 days post-infection. samples were tested for the presence of fmdv, vi ...	2004	15504586
foot-and-mouth disease in the americas: epidemiology and ecologic changes affecting distribution.	foot-and-mouth disease(fmd) was first recorded in south america (sa) circa 1870, in buenos aires, argentina, in uruguay, and in southern brazil as a result of the introduction of cattle from europe during the early days of colonization. livestock production to trade with neighboring countries was established in the la plata region, and the trade of livestock and products with chile, northeastern and central western states of brazil, to peru, bolivia, and paraguay spread fmd, which reached venezu ...	2004	15604472
developments in diagnostic techniques for differentiating infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouth disease.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and economically significant disease of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and wild ruminant species. the fmd virus genome encodes a unique polyprotein from which the different viral polypeptides are cleaved by viral proteases, including eight different non-structural proteins (nsps). both structural and non-structural antigens induce the production of antibodies in infected animals. in contrast, vaccinated animals which have not been exposed to replic ...	2004	14623146
comparison of two 3abc enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of multiple-serotype foot-and-mouth disease in a cattle population in an area of endemicity.	the development of a serological test for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) which is quick and easy to use, which can identify all seven serotypes, and which can differentiate vaccinated from convalescing or potential virus carriers would be a major advance in the epidemiological toolkit for fmdv. the nonstructural polyprotein 3abc has recently been proposed as such an antigen, and a number of diagnostic tests are being developed. this paper evaluates the performance of two fmdv tests for anti ...	2004	15131177
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in the adamawa province of cameroon.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious viral disease of even-toed ungulates and is one of the most important economic diseases of livestock. most studies of fmdv are done in countries where control measures are being implemented. in contrast, in areas such as sub-saharan africa, where fmdv is endemic and new strains are likely to emerge, there are only sporadic submissions to the world reference laboratory, pirbright, united kingdom. this paper describes the molecular epi ...	2004	15131187
disease survey of free-ranging grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia.	samples from 17 free-ranging hunter-killed grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia, were collected during june-august 1999. all 17 deer appeared to be in good condition at the time of death. gross necropsies were performed, serum was collected for serologic evaluation of selected infectious disease agents, and feces and ectoparasites were collected for evaluation of internal and external parasites. serologic tests were positive for antibodies against bovine respiratory ...	2004	15137493
re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease in botswana.	the re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in botswana is reported. the disease outbreak occurred in the matsiloje extension area of francistown veterinary district situated in the northeastern part of the country in an office international des épízooties (oie) recognized fmd free zone without vaccination. the disease affected cattle only and did not spillover into sheep and goats resident in the same extension area, as demonstrated by lack of seroconversion to fmd when tested. the virus i ...	2004	15158214
sequence variability in the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 field isolates.	a total of 30 field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 belonging to two different lineages and five isolates belonging to a divergent group as delineated earlier in 1d (encodingvp1 protein) gene-based phylogeny were sequenced in the structural protein (p1) coding region. phylogenetic comparison of these isolates along with some of the published exotic sequences revealed the presence of five different lineages around the world. similar grouping pattern was observed for ...	2004	15196905
comparison and analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from animals in korea and other panasia strains.	during the last 3 years, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o, named panasia, caused two outbreaks in the republic of korea. to determine if there was an obvious genetic relationship between the virus isolated in 2002 (o/skr/2002) and the o/skr/2000, and to further analyze the epidemiological relationships between the panasia viruses and the viruses identified in korea, the complete nucleotide sequence of the o/skr/2002 and the o/skr/2000 were determined by automatic cycling sequencing and pr ...	2004	15215684
differentiating infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouth-disease: evaluation of an elisa based on recombinant 3abc.	recent devastating outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in europe have reopened the discussion about the adequacy of the non-vaccination strategy implemented by the eu in 1991. here we describe the evaluation of a new commercially available test kit for the discrimination between vaccination and infection. the test is based on the detection of antibodies against the recombinant non-structural (ns) protein 3abc. in contrast to immunization with vaccines free of 3abc, these antibodies are eli ...	2004	15223123
the survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus in raw and pasteurized milk and milk products.	the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is not a public health threat, but it is highly contagious to cloven-footed animals. the virus is shed into milk up to 33 h before there are apparent signs of the disease in dairy cows, and, in extreme cases, signs of disease may not appear for up to 14 d. during this time, raw milk can serve as a vector for spread of the disease both at the farm and during transport to the processing plant by milk tanker. raw milk and milk products fed to animals have the ...	2004	15259248
development and use of a biotinylated 3abc recombinant protein in a solid-phase competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a biotinylated 3abc recombinant protein was developed and used in a competitive elisa (celisa) to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antibodies in cattle, sheep and pigs. in this report, we describe the cloning and expression of 3abc protein in escherichia coli cells as fusion protein with 6xhis and biotin. this celisa uses streptavidin to capture bacterially expressed and in vivo biotinylated 3abc antigen. the antigen capture strategy provides a simple and reliable method, which does no ...	2004	15288965
foot-and-mouth disease in camelids: a review.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in south american camelids, in dromedaries and bactrians is reviewed. recent well-executed experimental studies in new world camels indicate that, although the llama and alpaca can be infected with fmd virus (fmdv) by direct contact, they are not very susceptible and do not pose a risk in transmitting fmd to susceptible animal species. they do not become fmdv carriers. reports on fmd in dromedaries are, however, conflicting. serological investigations in africa and t ...	2004	15301761
quantitative analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna loads in bovine tissues: implications for the site of viral persistence.	to understand better the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), the levels of viral rna in various bovine tissues during the acute and persistent stages of fmd virus (fmdv) infection were investigated by using quantitative rt-pcr. the viral rna levels in the tissues examined had peaked by day 1 post-infection (p.i.) and were markedly different among the tissues examined. the epithelium collected from sites of lesion development, i.e. the interdigital area and coronary band on the feet, an ...	2004	15302950
risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat.	uncooked meat may contain animal pathogens, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease virus, african swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus, and to prevent outbreaks of these diseases in farm animals, the disposal of meat from catering waste is controlled under the animal by-products regulations. this paper estimates the risks to farm animals of grazing land on to which compost, produced by the composting of catering waste containing meat, has been applied. th ...	2004	15311800
interactions of foot-and-mouth disease virus with soluble bovine alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta6 integrins.	at least four members of the integrin family of receptors, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, and alphavbeta8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro. our investigators have recently shown that the efficiency of receptor usage appears to be related to the viral serotype and may be influenced by structural differences on the viral surface (h. duque and b. baxt, j. virol. 77:2500-2511, 2003). to further examine these differences, we generated soluble ...	2004	15331710
recombinant bivalent vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o/a infection in guinea pig.	in this study, two dna fragments encoding amino acid (141-160)-(21-140)-(141-160) of the vp1 of fmdv (foot-and-mouth disease virus) serotype o and (138-160)-(21-40)-(138-160) of the serotype a fmdv were chemically synthesized. these two tandem-repeat fragments were ligated and transfected into prokaryotic expression vector ptrchis a to construct pth-o-a. the other vector called pth-o-scigg-a was constructed similarly only that the two tandem-repeat dna fragments were linked by the bovine-igg hea ...	2004	15346195
foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase: specificity at the p2 and p3 positions and comparison with other papain-like enzymes.	the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase (l(pro)) frees itself from the growing viral polyprotein by self-processing between its own c-terminus and the n-terminus of the subsequent protein vp4. the arglysleulysglyalaglygln sequence is recognized. the proteinase subsequently cleaves the two isoforms of host cell protein eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4g at the alaasnleuglyargthrthrleu (eif4gi) and leuasnvalgly*serargargser (eif4gii) sequences. the enzyme does not, however, recogni ...	2004	15350134