| brain orexins and wake regulation in rats exposed to maternal deprivation. | maternal deprivation (md) is a neonatal stressor that leads to behavioral and molecular manifestations of chronic stress in adulthood. recent evidence has suggested that stress may impact wake regulation through corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) and the orexinergic system. we studied the wake/sleep features and brain levels of orexin and orexin receptors in adult rats neonatally subjected to either ten days of md or a control procedure from postnatal day 4. at 3 months of age, one set of rat ... | 2007 | 17466285 |
| improved sleep-wake and behavior discrimination using mems accelerometers. | state of vigilance is determined by behavioral observations and electrophysiological activity. here, we improve automatic state of vigilance discrimination by combining head acceleration with eeg measures. we incorporated biaxial dc-sensitive microelectromechanical system (mems) accelerometers into head-mounted preamplifiers in rodents. epochs (15s) of behavioral video and eeg data formed training sets for the following states: slow wave sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, quiet wakefulness, feedin ... | 2007 | 17481736 |
| interleukin-1beta mediates sleep alteration in rats with rotenone-induced parkinsonism. | recently, the pathogenesis of parkinson disease (pd) has been focused on microglial activation, especially the subsequent increase of cytokines. a body of clinical evidence suggests that sleep is altered in patients with pd; however, there is a lack of understanding of the basic cellular mechanism. this study was designed to elucidate the influence of brain interleukin (il)-1beta on sleep changes, in addition to the dopaminergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba)-ergic systems, in an animal pd m ... | 2007 | 17520785 |
| repeated sleep restriction in rats leads to homeostatic and allostatic responses during recovery sleep. | recent studies indicate that chronic sleep restriction can have negative consequences for brain function and peripheral physiology and can contribute to the allostatic load throughout the body. interestingly, few studies have examined how the sleep-wake system itself responds to repeated sleep restriction. in this study, rats were subjected to a sleep-restriction protocol consisting of 20 h of sleep deprivation (sd) followed by a 4-h sleep opportunity each day for 5 consecutive days. in response ... | 2007 | 17548824 |
| the role of the substantia nigra pars compacta in regulating sleep patterns in rats. | as of late, dopaminergic neurotransmission has been recognized to be involved in the generation of sleep disturbances. increasing evidence shows that sleep disturbances in parkinson's disease (pd) patients are mostly related to the disease itself, rather than being a secondary phenomenon. evidence contained in the literature lends support to the hypothesis that the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway is closely involved in the regulation of sleep patterns. | 2007 | 17551593 |
| a comparative analysis of the distribution of immunoreactive orexin a and b in the brains of nocturnal and diurnal rodents. | the orexins (hypocretins) are a family of peptides found primarily in neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. although the orexinergic system is generally thought to be the same across species, the orexins are involved in behaviors which show considerable interspecific variability. there are few direct cross-species comparisons of the distributions of cells and fibers containing these peptides. here, we addressed the possibility that there might be important species differences by systematically ex ... | 2007 | 17567902 |
| neonatal rem sleep is regulated by corticotropin releasing factor. | sleep/wake regulation is quite different during the neonatal and adult periods. although cholinergic neurons have been recognized to be the major source of rapid eye movement (rem) sleep regulation in adulthood, their effect on neonatal rem sleep remains to be discovered. current evidence suggests that corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) may play a role in rem promotion during the neonatal period. we conducted the following study to test our hypothesis that blocking crf r1 receptor would reduce ... | 2007 | 17588683 |
| the relationship between anxiety and sleep-wake behavior after stressor exposure in the rat. | disturbed sleep is a common subjective complaint among individuals diagnosed with anxiety disorders. in rodents, sleep is often recorded after exposure to various foot-shock paradigms designed to induce an anxiety state. although differences in sleep-wake architecture are noted, the relationship to specific level of anxiety is often assumed or absent. utilizing the elevated plus-maze (epm) after exposure to escapable shock (es), inescapable shock (is) or fear conditioning (fc), resulting differe ... | 2007 | 17644077 |
| schizophrenia, hypocretin (orexin), and the thalamocortical activating system. | diminished connectivity between midline-intralaminar thalamic nuclei and prefrontal cortex has been suggested to contribute to cognitive deficits that are detectable even in early stages of schizophrenia. the midline-intralaminar relay cells comprise the final link in the ascending arousal pathway and are selectively excited by the wake-promoting peptides hypocretin 1 and 2 (orexin a and b). this excitation occurs both at the level of the relay cell bodies and their axon terminals within prefron ... | 2007 | 17656637 |
| sleep homeostasis in the rat in the light and dark period. | sleep is regulated by the interaction of a homeostatic (process s) and a circadian component. the duration of prior wakefulness is the main factor influencing subsequent sleep duration and its intensity. we investigated in the rat whether the sleep-wake history before sleep deprivation (sd) contributes to the effects of sleep loss incurred during the sd. a 24-h baseline recording was followed by 6 h sd at light onset (sd-light, n=7), or at dark onset (sd-dark, n=8) and 18 h recovery. both sds le ... | 2007 | 17683787 |
| scientific evidence for a fixed extract combination (ze 91019) from valerian and hops traditionally used as a sleep-inducing aid. | valerian and hops are traditionally used as sleep-inducing aids. alertness reduces gradually with the prolongation of wakefulness through the release of endogenous adenosine in the frontal basal cortex. valerian has an adenosine-like action and supports the readiness to fall asleep. the control of the sleep-wake rhythm induces sleep when the time-related interaction is operating properly. the control is closely related to endogenous melatonin secretion. hops act in a similar way to melatonin. th ... | 2007 | 17704989 |
| the brain 5-ht1a receptor gene expression in hibernation. | hibernation is a unique physiological state characterized by profound reversible sleep-like state, depression in body temperature and metabolism. the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine(1a) (5-ht(1a)) receptor gene sequence in typical seasonal hibernator, ground squirrel (spermophilus undulatus), was specified. it was found that the fragment encoding the fifth transmembrane domain showed 93.6% of homology with the analogous fragment of the mouse and rat genes and displayed 88.5% homology with the huma ... | 2008 | 17711450 |
| serotonergic raphe magnus cell discharge reflects ongoing autonomic and respiratory activities. | serotonergic cells are located in a restricted number of brain stem nuclei, send projections to virtually all parts of the cns, and are critical to normal brain function. they discharge tonically at a rate modulated by the sleep-wake cycle and, in the case of medullary serotonergic cells in raphe magnus and the adjacent reticular formation (rm), are excited by cold challenge. yet, beyond behavioral state and cold, endogenous factors that influence serotonergic cell discharge remain largely myste ... | 2007 | 17715191 |
| pharmacological characterization of jnj-28583867, a histamine h(3) receptor antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. | wake-promoting agents such as modafinil are used in the clinic as adjuncts to antidepressant therapy in order to alleviate lethargy. the wake-promoting action of histamine h(3) receptor antagonists has been evidenced in numerous animal studies. they may therefore be a viable strategy for use as an antidepressant therapy in conjunction with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. jnj-28583867 (2-methyl-4-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-7-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline) is a ... | 2007 | 17765221 |
| interleukin-1 inhibits firing of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and enhances gabaergic inhibitory post-synaptic potentials. | in vitro electrophysiological data suggest that interleukin-1 may promote non-rapid eye movement sleep by inhibiting spontaneous firing of wake-active serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (drn). interleukin-1 enhances gaba inhibitory effects. drn neurons are under an inhibitory gabaergic control. this study aimed to test the hypothesis that interleukin-1 inhibits drn serotonergic neurons by potentiating gabaergic inhibitory effects. in vitro intracellular recordings were performed to ... | 2007 | 17868373 |
| [effect of santalol on the sleep-wake cycle in sleep-disturbed rats]. | sandalwood oil is widely used in aromatherapy for alleviating various symptoms. santalol, a major component of sandalwood oil, has been reported to have central nervous system depressant effects such as sedation. in the present study, we investigated the effect of santalol on the sleep-wake cycle in sleep-disturbed rats. when inhaled at a concentration of 5 x 10(-2) ppm, santalol caused a significant decrease in total waking time and an increase in total non-rapid eye movement (nrem) sleep time. ... | 2007 | 17879595 |
| bv8/prokineticin proteins and their receptors. | the bv8/prokineticins (pks) are a new family of peptides identified in frog, fish, reptiles and mammals that signal through two highly homologous g-protein coupled receptors, pkr1 and pkr2. bv8/pk proteins possess a unique structural motif comprising five disulfide bonds and a completely conserved n-terminal hexapeptide sequence that is essential for the peptide's biological activities. over the past few years, several biological functions of bv8/pk proteins have been elucidated. this review con ... | 2007 | 17881008 |
| effects of urocortin, corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) receptor agonist, and astressin, crf receptor antagonist, on the sleep-wake pattern: analysis by radiotelemetry in conscious rats. | stress has been known to release corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) and have an affect on sleep-wake patterns. however, there is no direct evidence of crf receptor agonist and antagonist on sleep-wake patterns. therefore, this study aimed to clarify this point by using radiotelemetry system in conscious rats. wake, non-rapid eye-moving (nrem) sleep and rapid eye-moving (rem) sleep were analyzed by computer software, simultaneously measuring electroencephalogram and electromyogram. in the light ... | 2007 | 17917258 |
| involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not methylphenidate-induced increases in locomotor activity in rats. | modafinil is a novel wake-promoting drug used for the treatment of narcolepsy, the mechanism of action of which remains unclear. previous studies have shown that modafinil produces a different pattern of c-fos activation in the brain to the classical stimulants amphetamine and methylphenidate. modafinil, given i.p. to urethane-anesthetized rats, is associated with an increase in histamine release from the anterior hypothalamus, indicating that its behavioral actions may involve histaminergic sys ... | 2008 | 17920581 |
| up-regulated neuronal cox-2 expression after cortical spreading depression is involved in non-rem sleep induction in rats. | cortical spreading depression is an excitatory wave of depolarization spreading throughout cerebral cortex at a rate of 2-5 mm/min and has been implicated in various neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, migraine aura, and trauma. although sleepiness or sleep is often induced by these neurological disorders, the cellular and molecular mechanism has remained unclear. to investigate whether and how the sleep-wake behavior is altered by such aberrant brain activity, we induced cortical spreadin ... | 2008 | 17929312 |
| a new animal model of infantile spasms with unprovoked persistent seizures. | infantile spasms is one of the most severe epileptic syndromes of infancy and early childhood. progress toward understanding the pathophysiology of this disorder and the development of effective therapies has been hindered by the lack of a relevant animal model. we report here the creation of such a model. | 2008 | 17941850 |
| lithium affects rem sleep occurrence, autonomic activity and brain second messengers in the rat. | the effects of a single intraperitoneal administration of lithium, a drug used to prevent the recurrence of mania in bipolar disorders, were determined in the rat by studying changes in: (i) the wake-sleep cycle; (ii) autonomic parameters (hypothalamic and tail temperature, heart rate); (iii) the capacity to accumulate camp and ip(3) in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic region (po-ah) and in the cerebral cortex (cc) under an hypoxic stimulation at normal laboratory and at low ambient temperatur ... | 2008 | 17964671 |
| processing of tactile information by the hippocampus. | the ability to detect unusual events occurring in the environment is essential for survival. several studies have pointed to the hippocampus as a key brain structure in novelty detection, a claim substantiated by its wide access to sensory information through the entorhinal cortex and also distinct aspects of its intrinsic circuitry. novelty detection is implemented by an associative match-mismatch algorithm involving the ca1 and ca3 hippocampal subfields that compares the stream of sensory inpu ... | 2007 | 17989221 |
| n-methyl d-aspartate receptor antagonists ketamine and mk-801 induce wake-related aberrant gamma oscillations in the rat neocortex. | single subanesthetic doses of ketamine, a non-competitive nmda receptor (nmdar) antagonist, induce cognitive impairment, schizophreniform psychosis, hallucinations, and exacerbate schizophrenia symptoms. the neuronal mechanisms underlying transient disruption in nmdar function are unknown. disorders of cognition-related coherences of gamma frequency (30-80 hz) oscillations between cortical areas are a major functional abnormality in schizophrenic patients. does a single subanesthetic dose of ket ... | 2008 | 18022604 |
| genome-wide expression profiling and bioinformatics analysis of diurnally regulated genes in the mouse prefrontal cortex. | the prefrontal cortex is important in regulating sleep and mood. diurnally regulated genes in the prefrontal cortex may be controlled by the circadian system, by sleep:wake states, or by cellular metabolism or environmental responses. bioinformatics analysis of these genes will provide insights into a wide-range of pathways that are involved in the pathophysiology of sleep disorders and psychiatric disorders with sleep disturbances. | 2007 | 18028544 |
| electrical coupling: novel mechanism for sleep-wake control. | recent evidence suggests that certain anesthetic agents decrease electrical coupling, whereas the stimulant modafinil appears to increase electrical coupling. we investigated the potential role of electrical coupling in 2 reticular activating system sites, the subcoeruleus nucleus and in the pedunculopontine nucleus, which has been implicated in the modulation of arousal via ascending cholinergic activation of intralaminar thalamus and descending activation of the subcoeruleus nucleus to generat ... | 2007 | 18041475 |
| administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, has distinct sleep-promoting effects in lateral preoptic and perifornical hypothalamic sites in rats. | although a robust relationship between sleep and increased brain protein synthesis is well-documented, there have been few reports of the effects of local application of a protein synthesis inhibitor (psi) on sleep. in this study, we compared the effects of local microdialytic administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin (ani) into the lateral preoptic area (lpoa), a sleep promoting area vs. the perifornical/lateral hypothalamus (pf/lh), a wake and rapid eye movement (rem) sleep ... | 2008 | 18055127 |
| blocking melanin-concentrating hormone mch1 receptor affects rat sleep-wake architecture. | melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) is a hypothalamic peptide that centrally regulates food intake, energy balance and emotion. interestingly, mch and melanin-concentrating hormone mch(1) receptors are distributed in brain areas known to regulate vigilance states. effects of subcutaneous administration of two selective melanin-concentrating hormone mch(1) receptor antagonists, labeled a and b were examined over a broad dose range (1, 3, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg) on rat sleep-wake architecture. both comp ... | 2008 | 18062961 |
| csf histamine levels in rats reflect the central histamine neurotransmission. | reduced cerebrospinal fluid (csf) histamine levels were found in human hypersomnia. to evaluate the functional significance of changes in csf histamine levels, we measured the levels in rats across 24h, after the administration of wake-promoting compounds modafinil, amphetamine, and thioperamide, and after sleep deprivation and food deprivation. thioperamide significantly increased csf histamine levels with little effects on locomotor activation. both modafinil and amphetamine markedly increased ... | 2008 | 18077091 |
| effects of saporin-induced lesions of three arousal populations on daily levels of sleep and wake. | the hypocretin (hcrt) neurons are located only in the perifornical area of the lateral hypothalamus and heavily innervate the cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain (bf), histamine neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (tmn), and the noradrenergic locus ceruleus (lc) neurons, three neuronal populations that have traditionally been implicated in regulating arousal. based on the innervation, hcrt neurons may regulate arousal by driving these downstream arousal neurons. here, we directly test ... | 2007 | 18094243 |
| effects of ibotenate and 192igg-saporin lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis/substantia innominata on spontaneous sleep and wake states and on recovery sleep after sleep deprivation in rats. | the basal forebrain (bf) is known for its role in cortical and behavioral activation, and has been postulated to have a role in compensatory mechanisms after sleep loss. however, specific neuronal phenotypes responsible for these roles are unclear. we investigated the effects of ibotenate (ibo) and 192igg-saporin (sap) lesions of the caudal bf on spontaneous sleep-waking and electroencephalogram (eeg), and recovery sleep and eeg after 6 h of sleep deprivation (sd). relative to artificial csf (ac ... | 2008 | 18184792 |
| blockage of dopaminergic d(2) receptors produces decrease of rem but not of slow wave sleep in rats after rem sleep deprivation. | dopamine (da) has, as of late, become singled out from the profusion of other neurotransmitters as what could be called a key substance, in the regulation of the sleep-wake states. we have hypothesized that dopaminergic d(2) receptor blockage induced by haloperidol could generate a reduction or even an ablation of rapid eye movement (rem) sleep. otherwise, the use of the selective d(2) agonist, piribedil, could potentiate rem sleep. electrophysiological findings demonstrate that d(2) blockage pr ... | 2008 | 18201777 |
| molecular and electrophysiological evidence for net synaptic potentiation in wake and depression in sleep. | plastic changes occurring during wakefulness aid in the acquisition and consolidation of memories. for some memories, further consolidation requires sleep, but whether plastic processes during wakefulness and sleep differ is unclear. we show that, in rat cortex and hippocampus, glur1-containing ampa receptor (ampar) levels are high during wakefulness and low during sleep, and changes in the phosphorylation states of ampars, camkii and gsk3beta are consistent with synaptic potentiation during wak ... | 2008 | 18204445 |
| orexins and orexin receptors: from molecules to integrative physiology. | recent studies have implicated the orexin system as a critical regulator of sleep/wake states, feeding behavior, and reward processes. orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy-cataplexy in humans, dogs, and rodents, suggesting that the orexin system is particularly important for maintenance of wakefulness. orexin agonists and antagonists are thought to be promising avenues toward the treatment of sleep disorders, eating disorders, and drug addiction. in this chapter, we discuss the current unders ... | 2008 | 18204827 |
| effects of serotonergic activation by 5-hydroxytryptophan on sleep and body temperature of c57bl/6j and interleukin-6-deficient mice are dose and time related. | extensive data implicate serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-ht]) in the regulation of sleep. jouvet has hypothesized that 5-ht promotes wakefulness, yet is necessary for subsequent non-rapid eye movement (nrem) sleep, actions he proposes to be mediated by sleep factors. studies in rat support this dual role for 5-ht. the objectives of this study were to (1) determine effects of serotonergic activation on sleep of mice and (2) elucidate a potential role for the cytokine interleukin-6 as a sleep fa ... | 2008 | 18220075 |
| selective 5ht2a and 5ht6 receptor antagonists promote sleep in rats. | serotonin (5-ht) has long been implicated in the control of sleep and wakefulness. this study evaluated the hypnotic efficacy of the 5-ht6 antagonist ro4368554 (ro) and the 5-ht2a receptor antagonist mdl100907 (mdl) relative to zolpidem. | 2008 | 18220076 |
| rapid eye movement sleep deprivation contributes to reduction of neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of the adult rat. | the dentate gyrus (dg) of the adult hippocampus contains progenitor cells, which have potential to differentiate into neurons. previously we reported that 96 hours of total sleep deprivation reduces neurogenesis in the dg of adult rats. loss of either non-rapid eye movement (nrem) or rapid eye movement (rem) sleep could have contributed to the effect of total sleep deprivation. the present study assessed the effect of 4 days of rem sleep deprivation (remd) on neurogenesis. | 2008 | 18274263 |
| estrus cycle stage modifies the presentation of stress-induced startle suppression in female sprague-dawley rats. | tailshock stress causes transient reductions in startle reactivity, associative learning and open field activity in female rats in an ovarian hormone dependent manner. others have shown estrogen modulation of associative learning by testing across the estrus cycle and pharmacological manipulations. here we tested whether stress-induced suppression of startle reactivity can be attributed to circulating ovarian hormones. female rats were tracked across the estrus cycle and subjected to the stresso ... | 2008 | 18281068 |
| wake and sleep hypothalamic regulation in diurnal and nocturnal chronotypes. | | 2008 | 18298461 |
| acute sleep-promoting action of the melatonin agonist, ramelteon, in the rat. | insomnia, which is severe enough to warrant treatment, occurs in approximately 10% of the general population. it is associated with a range of adverse consequences for human health, economic productivity and quality of life. in animal and human studies, administration of melatonin has been reported to promote sleep, although there has been controversy regarding its effectiveness. the present study used a chronically implanted radiotelemetry transmitter to record electroencephalogram (eeg) and el ... | 2008 | 18298466 |
| continuous stimulation of dopaminergic receptors by rotigotine does not interfere with the sleep-wake cycle in the rat. | rotigotine is a new, non-ergoline dopamine receptor agonist developed for the treatment of parkinson's disease in a transdermal formulation (neupro ) to provide sustained drug delivery for 24 h with a once daily dosing. the aim of the present study was to determine whether or not continuous dopaminergic stimulation can interfere with the sleep-wake cycle. to achieve this, rotigotine was administered as a slow release formulation to provide stable plasma and brain levels over a period of 6 days a ... | 2008 | 18304531 |
| correlation between ex vivo receptor occupancy and wake-promoting activity of selective h3 receptor antagonists. | the histamine h3 receptor (h3r) modulates the release of neurotransmitters that are involved in vigilance, cognition, and sleep-wake regulation. h3r antagonism has been proposed as a novel approach to the treatment of cognitive and attention deficit as well as sleep disorders. it is apparent that h3r antagonists produce pharmacological effects in preclinical animal models across a wide dose range. several h3r antagonists were reported to be effective at producing cognitive enhancing effects at l ... | 2008 | 18305012 |
| baroreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure variability. | 1. the simultaneous recording of blood pressure (bp) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (rsna) in conscious sinoaortic baroreceptor denervated rats has revealed that the sympathetic component of the baroreceptor reflex both limits the amplitude of slow bp fluctuations and generates a faster bp oscillation (approximately 0.4 hz in rats), the so-called mayer wave. 2. using bp and rsna time series collected in conscious baroreceptor denervated rats and parameters of the transfer function relating ... | 2008 | 18307752 |
| role of the dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus in paradoxical (rapid eye movement) sleep generation: a combined electrophysiological and anatomical study in the rat. | it is well known that noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons decrease their activity during slow wave sleep and are quiescent during paradoxical sleep. it was recently proposed that their inactivation during paradoxical sleep is due to a tonic gabaergic inhibition arising from neurons located into the dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus (dpgi). however, the discharge profile of dpgi neurons across the sleep-waking cycle as well as their connections with brain areas involved in paradoxica ... | 2008 | 18308473 |
| asymmetry in sympathetic and vagal activities during sleep-wake transitions. | to explore the role of autonomic nervous system in initiation of sleep-wake transitions. | 2008 | 18363306 |
| systemic vs. central administration of common hypnotics reveals opposing effects on genioglossus muscle activity in rats. | to determine if systemic administration of selected sedative-hypnotics that modulate the function of the y-amino-butyric acid-a (gabaa) receptor can: (i) delay arousal thereby allowing genioglossus (gg) activity to increase more in response to respiratory stimulation during sleep, (ii) also cause the robust increase in gg activity during undisturbed sleep recently observed with barbiturates. we also determined effects on gg activity with local application to the hypoglossal motor nucleus (hmn). ... | 2008 | 18363312 |
| sleep architecture of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1-knockout mice. | growing amounts of data indicate involvement of the posterior hypothalamus in the regulation of sleep, especially paradoxical sleep (ps). accordingly, we previously showed that the melanin-concentrating hormone (mch)-producing neurons of the rat hypothalamus are selectively activated during a ps rebound. in addition, intracerebroventricular infusion of mch increases total sleep duration, suggesting a new role for mch in sleep regulation. to determine whether activation of the mch system promotes ... | 2008 | 18380672 |
| role of endogenous sleep-wake and analgesic systems in anesthesia. | classical anesthetics of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type a receptor (gaba(a))-enhancing class (e.g., pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, muscimol, and ethanol) produce analgesia and unconsciousness (sedation). dissociative anesthetics that antagonize the n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor (e.g., ketamine, mk-801, dextromethorphan, and phencyclidine) produce analgesia but do not induce complete loss of consciousness. to understand the mechanisms underlying loss of consciousness and analgesia induc ... | 2008 | 18383504 |
| chronic disruption of circadian rhythms impairs hippocampal memory in the rat. | circadian related disorders and alterations in sleep-wake patterns are common complaints in the elderly, especially those diagnosed with alzheimer's disease. the negative physical and psychological effects resulting from chronic circadian disruption are numerous and appear to be positively correlated with the length of time an individual has suffered from a circadian disorder. in the current paper, we explore the effects of acute and chronic disruption of circadian rhythms on memory using a phas ... | 2008 | 18395623 |
| promoting of wakefulness by administrations of modafinil into anterior hypothalamus and into the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in rats. | we investigated whether administration of mod in rats during the lights-on period into wake-promoting areas, such as anterior hypothalamus (ah) or into the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (pptg) would enhance waking. results showed that microinjections of 1 microl of mod (10, 20, or 30 microg) into both brain areas increased the total time of alertness and decreased sleep. additionally, mod-treated rats showed an enhancement in alpha power spectra but delta power spectra was diminished. final ... | 2008 | 18403119 |
| wake up and smell the coffee: yet another no go for cardiac patients? : editorial to "caffeinated coffee blunts the myocardial protective effects of statins against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat" by ye et al. | | 2008 | 18415673 |
| inducible clocks: living in an unpredictable world. | all mammals have daily cycles of behavior (e.g., wake-sleep and feeding), and physiology (e.g., hormone secretion and body temperature). these cycles are typically entrained to the external light/dark cycle, but they can be altered dramatically under conditions of restricted food availability, changes in ambient temperature, or the presence of external stimuli such as predators. during the past 30 years, one of the best studied of these responses has been the entrainment of circadian rhythms to ... | 2007 | 18419313 |
| molecular analysis of sleep. | rest or sleep in all animal species constitutes a period of quiescence necessary for recovery from activity. whether rest and activity observed in all organisms share a similar fundamental molecular basis with sleep and wakefulness in mammals has not yet been established. in addition and in contrast to the circadian system, strong evidence that sleep is regulated at the transcriptional level is lacking. nevertheless, several studies indicate that single genesmay regulate some specific aspects of ... | 2007 | 18419317 |
| an endogenous glutamatergic drive onto somatic motoneurons contributes to the stereotypical pattern of muscle tone across the sleep-wake cycle. | skeletal muscle tone is modulated in a stereotypical pattern across the sleep-wake cycle. abnormalities in this modulation contribute to most of the major sleep disorders; therefore, characterizing the neurochemical substrate responsible for transmitting a sleep-wake drive to somatic motoneurons needs to be determined. glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that modulates motoneuron excitability; however, its role in regulating motoneuron excitability and muscle tone during natural sleep-wa ... | 2008 | 18448642 |
| neuroglobin in the rat brain: localization. | neuroglobin (ngb) is a neuronal hemeprotein similar to myoglobin and hemoglobin and shares their capability for oxygen binding. it has thus been proposed that ngb acts as an oxygen reservoir or combats reactive oxygen species. in the present study, we investigated the ngb expression pattern in the rat brain using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr). this revealed the interesting finding that ngb expression is restricted to a few neurone populatio ... | 2008 | 18451642 |
| rapid eye movement (rem) sleep homeostatic regulatory processes in the rat: changes in the sleep-wake stages and electroencephalographic power spectra. | the aim of this study was to elucidate physiological processes that are involved in the homeostatic regulation of rem sleep. adult rats were chronically instrumented with sleep-wake recording electrodes. following post-surgical recovery, rats were habituated extensively for freely moving polygraphic recording conditions. on the first experimental recording day (baseline day, bld), polygraphic signs of undisturbed sleep-wake activities were recorded for 4 h (between 11:00 am and 3:00 pm). during ... | 2008 | 18455709 |
| alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone: an alternative approach when thinking about restless legs syndrome? | alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-msh) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) possess properties suggesting that they may be involved in the pathogenesis of restless legs syndrome (rls). we sought to determine if alpha-msh and acth when administered centrally in rat recapitulate features reminiscent of rls: increased activity, sleep fragmentation, and periodic movements during sleep. rats were instrumented with electroencephalography, electromyography, and intracerebral cannulae and re ... | 2008 | 18464280 |
| the development of day-night differences in sleep and wakefulness in norway rats and the effect of bilateral enucleation. | the suprachiasmatic nucleus exhibits circadian rhythmicity in fetal and infant rats, but little is known about the consequences of this rhythmicity for infant behavior. here, in experiment 1, the authors measured sleep and wakefulness in rats during the day and night in postnatal day (p)2, p8, p15, and p21 subjects. as early as p2, day-night differences in sleep-wake activity were detected. nocturnal wakefulness began to emerge around p15 and was reliably expressed by p21. the authors hypothesiz ... | 2008 | 18487415 |
| nmda receptor-mediated processes in the parabrachial/kölliker fuse complex influence respiratory responses directly and indirectly via changes in cortical activation state. | we tested the hypothesis that glutamate, acting via nmda-type receptors (nmdar) in the parabrachial/kölliker fuse (pbrkf) nucleus of the pons, is involved both directly and indirectly (via changes in cortical activation state) in modulating breathing and ventilatory responses to hypoxia. to this end we examined the effects of mk-801, injected either systemically or directly into the pbrkf, on the breathing patterns of urethane-anaesthetized rats breathing air or an hypoxic gas mixture as electro ... | 2008 | 18499538 |
| effect of acute gouty arthritis on sleep patterns: a preclinical study. | it has been demonstrated that the interrelation between pain and sleep produces changes in sleep patterns and pain perception. although some evidences suggest that sleep and pain may interact in a complex way, polysomnographic studies in animals with acute nociception are limited in number. | 2009 | 18501649 |
| effects of chloramphenicol on brain energy metabolism using 31p spectroscopy: influences on sleep-wake states in rat. | effects of chloramphenicol (antibiotic inhibiting complex-1 of respiratory chain) and thioamphenicol (tap, a structural analog of cap inactive on complex-1) were examined on cerebral energy metabolites and sleep-wake cycle architecture in rat. in the first group, animals were chronically equipped with a cranial surface resonator and (31)p spectroscopic measurements were performed using a 2 t magnetic resonance spectrometer (operating frequency 34.46 mhz). cap administration (400 mg/kg, tail vein ... | 2008 | 18507739 |
| neuroglobin in the rat brain (ii): co-localisation with neurotransmitters. | in an accompanying article, we found that neuroglobin (ngb) was expressed in a few well-defined nuclei in the rat brain. here, we show by use of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation (ish) that ngb co-localise with several specific neurotransmitters. ngb co-localise consistently with tyrosine hydroxylase (th) in the noradrenergic/adrenergic a1/c1 and a2/c2; the noradrenergic a5, a6 and a7. ngb were not observed to co-localise th in the dopaminergic a8-a16 cell populations. ngb were only ... | 2008 | 18509243 |
| serotoninergic dorsal raphe neurons possess functional postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. | very few neurons in the telencephalon have been shown to express functional postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs), among them, the noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons. however, there is no evidence for postsynaptic nachrs on serotonergic neurons. in this study, we asked if functional nachrs are present in serotonergic (5-ht) and nonserotonergic (non-5-ht) neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (drn). in rat midbrain slices, field stimulation at the tegmental pedunculopontine (p ... | 2008 | 18512214 |
| perinatal alcohol exposure leads to prolonged upregulation of hypothalamic gaba a receptors and increases behavioral sensitivity to gaboxadol. | prenatal alcohol exposure (ae) is associated with lasting abnormalities of sleep and motor development, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. we hypothesized that ae alters development of gabaergic signaling in the hypothalamic regions important for the control of sleep and motor activity. alcohol (5.25 g/(kg day)) was administered intragastrically to male rats on postnatal days (pd) 4-9, a period of brain development equivalent to the human third trimester (ae group). control pups were sha ... | 2008 | 18514412 |
| cold exposure and sleep in the rat: rem sleep homeostasis and body size. | exposure to low ambient temperature (ta) depresses rem sleep (rems) occurrence. in this study, both short and long-term homeostatic aspects of rems regulation were analyzed during cold exposure and during subsequent recovery at ta 24 degrees c. | 2008 | 18517040 |
| eeg power spectrum and neural network based sleep-hypnogram analysis for a model of heat stress. | an effective application of back- propagation artificial neural network (ann) in preparation of sleep-hypnogram based on electroencephalogram (eeg) power spectra under acute as well as chronic heat stress has been presented. | 2008 | 18521711 |
| glutamic acid stimulation of the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area promotes arousal and inhibits non-rem/rem sleep. | the orexinergic neurons, localized in the perifornical hypothalamic area (pef), are active during waking and quiet during non-rapid eye movement (non-rem) and rem sleep. orexins promote arousal and suppress non-rem and rem sleep. although in vitro studies suggest that pef-orexinergic neurons are under glutamatergic influence, the sleep-wake behavioral consequences of glutamatergic activation of those neurons are not known. we examined the effects of bilateral glutamatergic activation of neurons ... | 2008 | 18534750 |
| the effect of clomipramine on wake/sleep and orexinergic expression in rats. | we have previously found that neonatal treatment with clomipramine (cli) induced a decrease in brain orexins during the juvenile period and that these changes were reversed at adulthood. this study investigated the effect of cli on the orexinergic component and sleep/wake states. two groups of adult male rats were conducted for 48-h polysomnographic recording. one group of rats was treated with cli (20 mg/kg every 12 h), and a second group was treated with equivolume of saline (sal) simultaneous ... | 2009 | 18562438 |
| urotensin ii evokes neurotransmitter release from rat cerebrocortical slices. | urotensin ii (uii) has been reported to modulate rapid eye movement (rem) sleep via activation of brainstem cholinergic neurons and rem sleep is regulated by locus coerleus (lc)-cerebrocortical noradrenergic neurons. we hypothesized that uii may activate lc-cerebrocortical noradrenergic neurons. to test this hypothesis, we have examined the effects of uii on norepinephrine release from rat cerebrocortical slices. in addition, the effect of the putative ut receptor antagonist [pen(5), dtrp(7), da ... | 2008 | 18572318 |
| studies on somnolence in the daytime caused by drugs used for neuropathic pain. | in the present study, the characteristics of the sleep features of amitriptyline, mexiletine, and n-(4-tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-cholorphyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyradine-1(2h)-carbox-amide (bctc) were studied. electrodes were chronically implanted into the frontal cortex and the dorsal neck muscles of rats for electroencephalogram (eeg) and electromyogram (emg) measurements, respectively. eeg and emg were recorded with an electroencephalograph, and sleepsign ver. 2.0. was used for sleep-wake state ... | 2008 | 18587220 |
| endogenous glutamatergic control of rhythmically active mammalian respiratory motoneurons in vivo. | the transmission of rhythmic drive to respiratory motoneurons in vitro is critically dependent on glutamate acting primarily on non-nmda receptors. we determined whether both non-nmda and nmda receptors contribute to respiratory drive transmission at respiratory motoneurons in the intact organism, both in the state of anesthesia and in the same animals during natural behaviors. twenty-seven rats were implanted with electroencephalogram and neck electrodes to record sleep-wake states and genioglo ... | 2008 | 18596158 |
| mdma treatment 6 months earlier attenuates the effects of cp-94,253, a 5-ht1b receptor agonist, on motor control but not sleep inhibition. | the possible long-term effects of the recreational drug "ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, mdma) on the function of 5-hydroxytryptamine-1b (5-ht(1b)) receptor in sleep and motor control were investigated using a selective 5-ht(1b) receptor agonist, 5-propoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyrinzidyl)-1h-pyrrolo([3,2-b])pyridine hydrochloride (cp-94,253; 5 mg/kg). cp-94,253 or vehicle was administered to freely moving rats pre-treated with mdma (15 mg/kg) or vehicle 6 months earlier, and poly ... | 2008 | 18638459 |
| identification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons. | the presence of large-amplitude, slow waves in the eeg is a primary characteristic that distinguishes cerebral activity during sleep from that which occurs during wakefulness. although sleep-active neurons have been identified in other brain areas, neurons that are specifically activated during slow-wave sleep have not previously been described in the cerebral cortex. we have identified a population of cells in the cortex that is activated during sleep in three mammalian species. these cortical ... | 2008 | 18645184 |
| muscarinic-2 and orexin-2 receptors on gabaergic and other neurons in the rat mesopontine tegmentum and their potential role in sleep-wake state control. | acetylcholine (ach) plays an important role in the promotion of paradoxical sleep (ps) with muscle atonia through the muscarinic-2 receptor (m2r) in the mesopontine tegmentum. conversely, orexin (orx or hypocretin) appears to be critical for the maintenance of waking with muscle tone through the orexin-2 (or hypocretin-b) receptor (orx2r), which is lacking in dogs having narcolepsy with cataplexy. in dual-immunostained material viewed under fluorescence microscopy, we examined the presence and d ... | 2008 | 18709662 |
| inactivation of median preoptic nucleus causes c-fos expression in hypocretin- and serotonin-containing neurons in anesthetized rat. | the median preoptic nucleus (mnpn) of the hypothalamus contains sleep-active neurons including sleep-active gabaergic neurons and is involved in the regulation of nonrem/rem sleep. the hypocretinergic (hcrt) neurons of the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area (pf-lha) and serotonergic (5-ht) neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (drn) are mostly active during waking and have been implicated in the regulation of arousal. mnpn gabaergic neurons project to the pf-lha and drn. it is hypothesized tha ... | 2008 | 18722360 |
| estradiol replacement enhances sleep deprivation-induced c-fos immunoreactivity in forebrain arousal regions of ovariectomized rats. | to understand how female sex hormones influence homeostatic mechanisms of sleep, we studied the effects of estradiol (e(2)) replacement on c-fos immunoreactivity in sleep/wake-regulatory brain areas after sleep deprivation (sd) in ovariectomized rats. adult rats were ovariectomized and implanted subcutaneously with capsules containing 17beta-e(2) (10.5 microg; to mimic diestrous e(2) levels) or oil. after 2 wk, animals with e(2) capsules received a single subcutaneous injection of 17beta-e(2) (1 ... | 2008 | 18753261 |
| expression of kir3.3 potassium channel subunits in supraependymal axons. | the serotonergic system of the brainstem raphe is involved in mood control, the sleep-wake cycle, autonomic function, and stress response. the axons of certain dorsal raphe neurons form a dense serotonergic supraependymal plexus lining the brain ventricles, likely regulating ependymal metabolism and activity including ciliary movements and glucose homeostasis. in raphe neurons, serotonin exerts its function partly via 5-ht autoreceptors and g protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels ... | 2008 | 18755244 |
| drug delivery through a chronically implanted stomach catheter improves efficiency of evaluating wake-promoting components. | to avoid the stress encountered during oral drug administration, we implanted chronically a catheter into the stomach, and recorded electroencephalogram (eeg) and electromyogram, in freely moving rats to evaluate their sleep-wake pattern. rats with catheters in their stomach did not exhibit any changes in sleep-wake profiles in terms of sleep amount, number of episodes and eeg power spectra. when administered through the catheter, caffeine (6mg/kg) statistically increased wakefulness, as compare ... | 2008 | 18761374 |
| rebound insomnia induced by abrupt withdrawal of hypnotics in sleep-disturbed rats. | the present study was performed to examine whether or not rebound insomnia is caused by an abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepine hypnotics and tandospirone in rats. etizolam and triazolam caused a significant shortening of sleep latency, increase in non-rem sleep time, and decrease in wake time in a dose-dependent manner. etizolam and triazolam caused a significant shortening of sleep latency during drug administration (for 7 days), whereas a significant prolongation of sleep latency was observed ... | 2008 | 18789918 |
| oscillatory bands, neuronal synchrony and hippocampal function: implications of the effects of prenatal choline supplementation for sleep-dependent memory consolidation. | choline supplementation of the maternal diet has long-term facilitative effects on spatial and temporal memory processes in the offspring. to further delineate the impact of early nutritional status on brain and behavior, we examined effects of prenatal-choline availability on hippocampal oscillatory frequency bands in 12 month-old male and female rats. adult offspring of time-pregnant dams that were given a deficient level of choline (def=0.0 g/kg), sufficient choline (con=1.1 g/kg) or suppleme ... | 2008 | 18793620 |
| the role of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in adenosine-mediated homeostatic control of sleep: lessons from 192 igg-saporin lesions. | a topic of high current interest and controversy is the basis of the homeostatic sleep response, the increase in non-rapid-eye-movement (nrem) sleep and nrem-delta activity following sleep deprivation (sd). adenosine, which accumulates in the cholinergic basal forebrain (bf) during sd, has been proposed as one of the important homeostatic sleep factors. it is suggested that sleep-inducing effects of adenosine are mediated by inhibiting the wake-active neurons of the bf, including cholinergic neu ... | 2008 | 18805464 |
| rapid changes in glutamate levels in the posterior hypothalamus across sleep-wake states in freely behaving rats. | the histamine-containing posterior hypothalamic region (ph-tmn) plays a key role in sleep-wake regulation. we investigated rapid changes in glutamate release in the ph-tmn across the sleep-wake cycle with a glutamate biosensor that allows the measurement of glutamate levels at 1- to 4-s resolution. in the ph-tmn, glutamate levels increased in active waking (aw) and rapid eye movement (rem) sleep compared with quiet waking and nonrapid eye movement (nrem) sleep. there was a rapid (0.6 +/- 1.8 s) ... | 2008 | 18815208 |
| participation of the cholinergic system in the ethanol-induced suppression of paradoxical sleep in rats. | sleep disturbance is among the many consequences of ethanol abuse in both humans and rodents. ethanol consumption can reduce rem or paradoxical sleep (ps) in humans and rats, respectively. the first aim of this study was to develop an animal model of ethanol-induced ps suppression. this model administered intragastrically (by gavage) to male wistar rats (3 months old, 200-250 g) 0.5 to 3.5 g/kg ethanol. the 3.5 g/kg dose of ethanol suppressed the ps stage compared with the vehicle group (distill ... | 2008 | 18820768 |
| the anandamide membrane transporter inhibitor, vdm-11, modulates sleep and c-fos expression in the rat brain. | endogenous cannabinoids or endocannabinoids are lipid molecules that have a variety of biological actions, most notably via activation of the cannabinoid receptors. the family of endocannabinoids includes arachidonoylethanolamide (ana) which modulates different behaviors, such as sleep. however, it is unknown whether pharmacological elevation of ana endogenous levels might induce sleep. vdm 11 [(5 z,8 z,11 z,14 z)-n-(4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenamide] is commonly used as an ... | 2008 | 18822353 |
| novel analysis of sleep patterns in rats separates periods of vigilance cycling from long-duration wake events. | rats are polyphasic sleepers. however, a formal definition of when one sleep episode ends and another begins has not been put forth. in the present study we examine the distribution of wake episode durations and based on this distribution conclude there are multiple components of wake. if the wake episode exceeds 300 s the wake episode is assigned to long-duration wake (ldw), if the episode is less than 300 s it is assigned to brief wake (bw). further support for this separation was found in clo ... | 2009 | 18835301 |
| opioidergic projections to sleep-active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. | although opioids are known to influence sleep-wake regulation, the neuroanatomic substrate(s) mediating these effects remain unresolved. we hypothesized that the influence of opiates on sleep may be mediated, at least in part, by the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (vlpo), a key cell group for producing behavioral sleep. by combining in situ hybridization for kappa and mu receptor mrna with immunostaining of fos expressed by vlpo cells during sleep we show that >85% of sleep-active vlpo neurons c ... | 2008 | 18840417 |
| salubrinal, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, promotes deep slow wave sleep. | previous work showed that sleep is associated with increased brain protein synthesis and that arrest of protein synthesis facilitates sleep. arrest of protein synthesis is induced during the endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress response, through phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (p-eif2alpha). we tested a hypothesis that elevation of p-eif2alpha would facilitate sleep. we studied the effects of intracerebroventricular infusion of salubrinal (salub), which increases p-eif2alpha ... | 2009 | 18971348 |
| orexin (hypocretin) gene transfer diminishes narcoleptic sleep behavior in mice. | gene transfer has proven to be an effective neurobiological tool in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, but it is not known if it can correct a sleep disorder. narcolepsy is a neurodegenerative sleep disorder linked to the loss of neurons containing the neuropeptide orexin, also known as hypocretin. here, a replication-defective herpes simplex virus-1 amplicon-based vector was constructed to transfer the gene for mouse prepro-orexin into mice with a genetic deletion of the orexin gene. after ... | 2008 | 18973565 |
| possible mechanism involved in sleep deprivation-induced memory dysfunction. | sleep deprivation disrupts various vital biological and metabolic processes that are necessary for health. the present study was designed to investigate the possible mechanisms of sleep deprivation-induced memory dysfunction by using different behavioral, biochemical and neurochemical parameters. male wistar rats were sleep deprived for 72 h using a grid suspended over water. elevated plus maze, passive avoidance and morris water maze tests were used to assess memory retention in 72-h sleep-depr ... | 2008 | 18985181 |
| electrophysiological correlates of sleep disturbance induced by acute and chronic administration of d-amphetamine. | sleep disturbance is the strongest predictor of manic relapse and is considered one of the most important objective measures of treatment response in bipolar disorder (bd). however, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sleep disturbance in bd are poorly understood. the administration of psychostimulants to rodents can trigger a number of manic-like behaviors. therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effects of single and repeated d-amphetamine (amph) administration on sleep patt ... | 2009 | 18992721 |
| activation of serotonin 5-ht1-receptors decreased gripping-induced immobility episodes in taiep rats. | the taiep rat is a myelin mutant that shows a disorganized sleep-wake cycle and immobility episodes (ies) when the animals are gripped at the base of the tail. during ies electroencephalographic recordings show a rapid eye movement (rem) sleep-like pattern. these alterations are quite similar to those reported in narcolepsy-cataplexy. pharmacologically, systemic administration of alpha(2) adrenoceptor agonists increases gripping-induced ies, whereas alpha(2) antagonists decrease them. however pr ... | 2009 | 18996171 |
| rapid alterations in cortical protein profiles underlie spontaneous sleep and wake bouts. | existing data indicate that sleep-wakefulness is an essential behavior. the biological function(s) of sleep, however, remains unknown, due, in part, to the lack of information available at the intracellular level. preliminary microarray analyses show that changes in behavioral state influence regional mrna profiles; however, the impact of sleep on protein signatures is virtually unexplored. in these studies, cortical protein profiles were examined after timed bouts of spontaneous sleep-wakefulne ... | 2008 | 19003977 |
| chronic alcohol treatment in rats alters sleep by fragmenting periods of vigilance cycling in the light period with extended wakenings. | studies have shown that disturbed sleep produced by chronic alcohol abuse in humans can predict relapse drinking after periods of abstinence. how alcohol produces disturbed sleep remains unknown. in this study we used a novel analysis of sleep to examine the effects of alcohol on sleep patterns in rats. this analysis separates waking into multiple components and defines a period labeled vigilance cycling (vc) in which the rat rapidly cycles through various vigilance states. these vc episodes are ... | 2009 | 19014977 |
| inducible nitric oxide synthase and amp-activated protein kinase in basal forebrain during prolonged waking. | activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and the subsequent production of adenosine in basal forebrain in the early phase of prolonged waking suggest that the wake-promoting basal forebrain is selectively sensitive to the metabolic demands of waking. in this study, inos protein, and activation of amp-activated protein kinase - a marker of decreased cellular energy charge - were measured in the rat basal forebrain and cortex during prolonged waking (1.5-, 3- and 6 h). the site-specifi ... | 2009 | 19033879 |
| the nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is a wake-inducing agent. | cannabidiol (cbd) is a constituent of cannabis sativa that induces nonpsychotropic effects, and some of its biological actions in sleep have been described by the authors' group. here, the authors report that when administered 10 or 20 microg/1 microl during the lights-on period directly into either lateral hypothalamus (lh) or dorsal raphe nuclei (drn), which are wake-inducing brain areas, cbd enhanced wakefulness and decreased slow wave sleep and rem sleep. furthermore, cbd increased alpha and ... | 2008 | 19045957 |
| modulation of group ii metabotropic glutamate receptor (mglu2) elicits common changes in rat and mice sleep-wake architecture. | compiling pharmacological evidence implicates metabotropic glutamate mglu(2) receptors in the regulation of emotional states and suggests positive modulators as a novel therapeutic approach of anxiety/depression and schizophrenia. here, we investigated subcutaneous effects of the metabotropic glutamate mglu(2/3) agonist (ly354740) on sleep-wake architecture in rat. to confirm the specific effects on rapid eye movement (rem) sleep were mediated via metabotropic glutamate mglu(2) receptors, we cha ... | 2009 | 19046965 |
| acute vasoconstriction: decrease and recovery of cerebral blood flow after various intensities of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. | immediate vasoconstriction after subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) has been observed in a number of experimental studies. however, it has not yet been examined which pattern this acute-type vascular reaction follows and whether it correlates with the intensity of sah. it was the purpose of the present study to vary the extent of sah using the endovascular filament model of sah with increasing filament sizes and to compare the course of intracranial pressure (icp), cerebral perfusion pressure (cpp), ... | 2009 | 19061352 |
| adenosine in the tuberomammillary nucleus inhibits the histaminergic system via a1 receptors and promotes non-rapid eye movement sleep. | adenosine has been proposed to promote sleep through a(1) receptors (a(1)r's) and/or a(2a) receptors in the brain. we previously reported that a(2a) receptors mediate the sleep-promoting effect of prostaglandin d(2), an endogenous sleep-inducing substance, and that activation of these receptors induces sleep and blockade of them by caffeine results in wakefulness. on the other hand, a(1)r has been suggested to increase sleep by inhibition of the cholinergic region of the basal forebrain. however ... | 2008 | 19066225 |
| gaps that wake you up. | | 2008 | 19090316 |
| long-term cognitive deficits accompanied by reduced neurogenesis after soman poisoning. | to date, treatment of organophosphate (op) poisoning shows several shortcomings, and op-victims might suffer from lasting cognitive deficits and sleep-wake disturbances. in the present study, long-term effects of soman poisoning on learning ability, memory and neurogenesis were investigated in rats, treated with the anticholinergic atropine and the oxime hi-6 for reactivation of soman-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. we also investigated whether sub-chronic treatment with the reported neurogenesi ... | 2009 | 19100287 |