| respiratory flexibility in response to inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase in mycobacterium tuberculosis. | we report here a series of five chemically diverse scaffolds that have in vitro activities on replicating and hypoxic nonreplicating bacilli by targeting the respiratory bc1 complex in mycobacterium tuberculosis in a strain-dependent manner. deletion of the cytochrome bd oxidase generated a hypersusceptible mutant in which resistance was acquired by a mutation in qcrb. these results highlight the promiscuity of the bc1 complex and the risk of targeting energy metabolism with new drugs. | 2014 | 25155596 |
| cationic amphipathic d-enantiomeric antimicrobial peptides with in vitro and ex vivo activity against drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis. | tuberculosis (tb) is the leading cause of bacterial death worldwide. due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant tb (mdr-tb) and extensively drug-resistant tb (xdr-tb), and the persistence of latent infections, a safe and effective tb therapy is highly sought after. antimicrobial peptides (amps) have therapeutic potential against infectious diseases and have the ability to target microbial pathogens within eukaryotic cells. in the present study, we investigated the activity of a family of six a ... | 2014 | 25154927 |
| dose of incorporated immunodominant antigen in recombinant bcg impacts modestly on th1 immune response and protective efficiency against mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. | one approach for improving bcg efficacy is to utilize bcg as vehicle to develop recombinant bcg (rbcg) strains overexpressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. tb) antigens. also expression level of a candidate antigen should impact the final t cell responses conferred by rbcg. in this study, based on our previously constructed differential expression system, we developed two rbcg strains overexpressing m. tb chimeric antigen ag856a2 (coding a recombinant ag85a with 2 copies of esat-6 inserted at a ... | 2014 | 25152895 |
| effectiveness and tuberculosis-related safety profile of interleukin-1 blocking agents in the management of behçet's disease. | behçet's disease (bd) is a multi-systemic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by relapsing oral-genital ulcers, uveitis, and involvement of the articular, gastrointestinal, neurologic, and vascular systems. although the primum movens of this condition remains unknown, a tangled plot combining autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways has been hypothesized to explain its start and recurrence. in-depth analysis of bd pathogenetic mechanisms, involving dysfunction of multiple proinflammatory ... | 2015 | 25151975 |
| incorporation of triphenylphosphonium functionality improves the inhibitory properties of phenothiazine derivatives in mycobacterium tuberculosis. | tuberculosis (tb) is a difficult to treat disease caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis. the need for improved therapies is required to kill different m. tuberculosis populations present during infection and to kill drug resistant strains. protein complexes associated with energy generation, required for the survival of all m. tuberculosis populations, have shown promise as targets for novel therapies (e.g., phenothiazines that target type ii nadh dehydrogenase (ndh-2) in the electr ... | 2014 | 25150092 |
| immunopathology of sarcoidosis. | the immunopathology of sarcoidosis remains elusive despite years of research into this multiorgan disease.however, recent studies have provided new insights into the genetics and immune components involved in the clinical manifestation of the disease. granulomatous inflammation is due to the host immune response to a persistent poorly degradable unknown antigen.mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) is the major disease driver in many patients. the immune mechanisms that cause this disease start with ... | 2014 | 25150070 |
| temporal dynamics of mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes in new south wales, australia. | molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium tuberculosis, its transmission dynamics and population structure have become important determinants of targeted tuberculosis control programs. here we describe recent changes in the distribution of m. tuberculosis genotypes in new south wales (nsw), australia and compared strain types with drug resistance, site of disease and demographic data. | 2014 | 25149181 |
| catalytic mechanism of l,d-transpeptidase 2 from mycobacterium tuberculosis described by a computational approach: insights for the design of new antibiotics drugs. | tuberculosis is perhaps the most persistent human disease caused by an infections bacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis. the l,d-transpeptidase enzyme catalyzes the formation of 3 → 3 peptidoglycan cross-links of the mtb cell wall and facilitates resistance against classical β-lactams. herein, the experimentally proposed mechanism for ldtmt2 was studied by performing qm/mm md simulations. the whole mechanistic process includes two stages: acylation and deacylation. during the acylation step, two ... | 2014 | 25149147 |
| outbreak of primary inoculation tuberculosis in an acupuncture clinic in southeastern china. | outbreak of mycobacterium tuberculosis infections associated with acupuncture has not been reported. thirteen patients with a painful swollen lump were referred to our hospital. the index patient received acupuncture and paraspinal muscular injection at a local acupuncture clinic in april 2011 and was diagnosed with m. tuberculosis 1 month later. from may 2011 to august 2011, 12 more patients with a swollen lump on the nuchal region or in the lower back or the buttocks region were referred to ou ... | 2015 | 25148461 |
| application of pulsed field gel electrophoresis for study of genetic diversity in mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from tuberculosis patients. | mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping can effectively improve tuberculosis (tb) control programs by controlling disease transmission. pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is a particularly powerful tool for determination of clonal identity of bacteria providing information for understanding and controlling the spread of disease. | 2014 | 25147723 |
| urine pcr evaluation to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis. | culture and specific staining (including zeil-nelson and fluorescent methods) are standard measures for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (tb). these methods are time-consuming and sometimes have a low level of accuracy. in addition, in some cases obtaining samples for smear and culture involves invasive procedures; while in other cases there is no suitable sample for evaluation. therefore, there is a need for faster and more accurate diagnostic methods. | 2014 | 25147688 |
| comparison of culture and pcr methods for diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis in different clinical specimens. | tuberculosis remains a global epidemic, especially in developing countries, including iran. rapid diagnosis of active mycobacterium tuberculosis infection plays a critical role in controlling the spread of tuberculosis. conventional methods may take up to several weeks or longer to produce results. in addition to multiplicity of steps involved in conventional detection, including isolation, identification and drug susceptibility testing, the slow growth rate of m. tuberculosis is also responsibl ... | 2014 | 25147673 |
| manipulation of the mononuclear phagocyte system by mycobacterium tuberculosis. | over the past 20 years, there has been an emerging appreciation about the role of the mononuclear phagocyte system (mps) to control and eradicate pathogens. likewise, there have been significant advances in dissecting the mechanisms involved in the microbial subversion of mps cells, mainly affecting their differentiation and effector functions. mycobacterium tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial pathogen that represents an enigma to the field because of its remarkable ability to thrive in humans. ... | 2014 | 25147188 |
| microjaponin, a new dihydroagarofuranoid sesquiterpene from the stem of microtropis japonica with antituberculosis activity. | a new dihydroagarofuran-based sesquiterpene, microjaponin (1), was isolated from the stem of microtropis japonica. its structure was determined by in-depth spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric analyses. microjaponin (1) exhibited potent in vitro antituberculosis activity, with an mic value of 12.5 μg/ml against mycobacterium tuberculosis h37 rv. | 2014 | 25146767 |
| genome sequence of mycobacterium tuberculosis c2, a cerebrospinal fluid clinical isolate from central india. | we report the annotated genome sequence of a mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate from the cerebrospinal fluid of a tuberculous meningitis patient admitted to the central india institute of medical sciences, nagpur, india. | 2014 | 25146143 |
| optimization of standard 24-locus variable-number tandem-repeat typing of mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates: a multicenter perspective. | | 2014 | 25143426 |
| il-32 is a molecular marker of a host defense network in human tuberculosis. | tuberculosis is a leading cause of infectious disease-related death worldwide; however, only 10% of people infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis develop disease. factors that contribute to protection could prove to be promising targets for m. tuberculosis therapies. analysis of peripheral blood gene expression profiles of active tuberculosis patients has identified correlates of risk for disease or pathogenesis. we sought to identify potential human candidate markers of host defense by studyi ... | 2014 | 25143364 |
| synthesis of hydroxyphthioceranic acid using a traceless lithiation-borylation-protodeboronation strategy. | in planning organic syntheses, disconnections are most often made adjacent to functional groups, which assist in c-c bond formation. for molecules devoid of obvious functional groups this approach presents a problem, and so functionalities must be installed temporarily and then removed. here we present a traceless strategy for organic synthesis that uses a boronic ester as such a group in a one-pot lithiation-borylation-protodeboronation sequence. to realize this strategy, we developed a methodo ... | 2014 | 25143217 |
| th17-related cytokines contribute to recall-like expansion/effector function of hmbpp-specific vγ2vδ2 t cells after mycobacterium tuberculosis infection or vaccination. | whether cytokines can influence the adaptive immune response by antigen-specific γδ t cells during infections or vaccinations remains unknown. we previously demonstrated that, during bcg/mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) infections, th17-related cytokines markedly upregulated when phosphoantigen-specific vγ2vδ2 t cells expanded. in this study, we examined the involvement of th17-related cytokines in the recall-like responses of vγ2vδ2 t cells following mtb infection or vaccination against tb. tre ... | 2015 | 25141829 |
| suppression of eis and expression of wag31 and groes in mycobacterium tuberculosis cytosol under anaerobic culture conditions. | a major impediment in chemotherapy of tuberculosis (tb) is the persistence of m. tuberculosis in a latent or dormant state, possibly perpetuated by paucity of oxygen within the lung granuloma. proteome analysis of the anaerobically persisting microbe could therefore provide novel targets for drugs against latent tb infection (ltbi). an indian clinical isolate of m. tuberculosis was cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions following wayne's hypoxia model and its cytosolic proteins were res ... | 2014 | 25141539 |
| pre-columbian mycobacterial genomes reveal seals as a source of new world human tuberculosis. | modern strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis from the americas are closely related to those from europe, supporting the assumption that human tuberculosis was introduced post-contact. this notion, however, is incompatible with archaeological evidence of pre-contact tuberculosis in the new world. comparative genomics of modern isolates suggests that m. tuberculosis attained its worldwide distribution following human dispersals out of africa during the pleistocene epoch, although this has yet to b ... | 2014 | 25141181 |
| comparison of the genetic convergence between mycobacterium strains by three rflp-based methods in central province of iran. | the utilization of molecular techniques in the epidemiology of tuberculosis have provided an opportunity for using effective markers to trace the transmission of the disease. the purpose of this study was to compare the genetic patterns of mycobacterium tuberculosis by three methods of rflp technique. | 2014 | 25140200 |
| chemoenzymatic synthesis of trehalose analogues: rapid access to chemical probes for investigating mycobacteria. | trehalose analogues are emerging as valuable tools for investigating mycobacterium tuberculosis, but progress in this area is slow due to the difficulty in synthesizing these compounds. here, we report a chemoenzymatic synthesis of trehalose analogues that employs the heat-stable enzyme trehalose synthase (tret) from the hyperthermophile thermoproteus tenax. by using tret, various trehalose analogues were prepared quickly (1 h) in high yield (up to >99 % by hplc) in a single step from readily av ... | 2014 | 25139066 |
| synthesis of a poly-hydroxypyrolidine-based inhibitor of mycobacterium tuberculosis glge. | long treatment times, poor drug compliance, and natural selection during treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) have given rise to extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (xdr-tb). as a result, there is a need to identify new antituberculosis drug targets. mtb glge is a maltosyl transferase involved in α-glucan biosynthesis. mutation of glge in mtb increases the concentration of maltose-1-phosphate (m1p), one substrate for glge, causing rapid cell death. we have designed 2,5-dideoxy-3-o-α ... | 2014 | 25137149 |
| comparison of interferon-γ release assay to two cut-off points of tuberculin skin test to detect latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in primary health care workers. | an interferon-γ release assay, quantiferon-tb (qft) test, has been introduced an alternative test for the diagnosis of latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (ltbi). here, we compared the performance of qft with tuberculin skin test (tst) measured at two different cut-off points among primary health care work (hcw) in brazil. | 2014 | 25137040 |
| novel insights into the mechanism of inhibition of mmpl3, a target of multiple pharmacophores in mycobacterium tuberculosis. | mmpl3, a resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) superfamily transporter, has been implicated in the formation of the outer membrane of mycobacterium tuberculosis; specifically, mmpl3 is required for the export of mycolic acids in the form of trehalose monomycolates (tmm) to the periplasmic space or outer membrane of m. tuberculosis. recently, seven series of inhibitors identified by whole-cell screening against m. tuberculosis, including the antituberculosis drug candidate sq109, were shown to abo ... | 2014 | 25136022 |
| in vivo efficacy of apramycin in murine infection models. | apramycin is a unique aminoglycoside with a dissociation of antibacterial activity and ototoxicity. we assessed the antibacterial efficacy of apramycin in two murine models of infection, mycobacterium tuberculosis aerosol infection and staphylococcus aureus septicemia. in both infection models, the efficacy of apramycin was comparable to that of amikacin. these results suggest that apramycin has the potential to become a clinically useful agent against drug-resistant pathogens and support furthe ... | 2014 | 25136009 |
| nf-κb repressing factor downregulates basal expression and mycobacterium tuberculosis induced ip-10 and il-8 synthesis via interference with nf-κb in monocytes. | our previous study showed nf-κb repressing factor (nkrf) downregulates ip-10 and il-8 synthesis in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and alveolar macrophages of tb patients with high bacterial loads. however, the mechanism underlying the repressive effect of nkrf is not fully understood. | 2014 | 25135111 |
| impact of hepcidin antimicrobial peptide on iron overload in tuberculosis patients. | iron acquisition is essential for the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis. hepcidin is known as an antimicrobial peptide and a component of the innate immune response. hepcidin inhibits m. tuberculosis growth in vitro. in this study, we decided to identify -582a> g variants of the hamp promoter in patients with tuberculosis (tb) and investigate its effect on serum iron, ferritin, and hepcidin levels. | 2014 | 25134646 |
| detecting mycobacterium tuberculosis complex dna, based on post-mortem examination of hilar lymph nodes with real-time pcr: initial study. | according to the who, almost a third of the world population are thought to be infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. some studies of the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (ltbi) have already been performed in poland, showing that almost a quarter of the mazovia population could be infected. it also indicated a higher prevalence of ltbi among seniors. those studies were based on indirect diagnostic methods. | 2014 | 25133811 |
| epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in poland: part ii. what are the causes of the different epidemiological situation in various regions of poland? | the different epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in various regions of poland (higher and lower notification rates) was described previously by our group. the patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in the higher notification rate areas were younger and there were more cases of primary tuberculosis (tuberculous pleurisy and tuberculosis of chest lymph nodes) than in the patients diagnosed in the lower notification areas. the aim of the present study was to assess the possible causes of the d ... | 2014 | 25133807 |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted proteins as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection. | the detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) specific human antibodies has been an important diagnostic aid in the diagnosis of tuberculosis (tb) cases with smear-negative sputum samples, especially for the screening of high-risk population. this study focused on the analysis and comparison of the four potential mtb-secreted proteins (esat6, cfp10, ag85b, hsp16.3) and the fusion protein ag85b-hsp16.3 as new markers in the serodiagnosis between active tb and latent tb infection (ltbi). | 2015 | 25131423 |
| [epidemiology of tuberculosis]. | tuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. it represents, according to world health organization (who), one of the most leading causes of death worldwide. with nearly 8 million new cases each year and more than 1 million deaths per year, tuberculosis is still a public health problem. despite of the decrease in incidence, morbidity and mortality remain important partially due to co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus and emergence of resistant bacilli. all ... | 2015 | 25131367 |
| improving acid-fast fluorescent staining for the detection of mycobacteria using a new nucleic acid staining approach. | acid fast staining of sputum smears by microscopy remains the prevalent method for detecting mycobacterium tuberculosis. the sensitivity of microscopy using acid fast stains requires 10(4) bacilli per ml of sputum. although fluorescent acid fast stains, such as auramine-o, show improved sensitivity, almost half of culture-positive tb cases are currently estimated to remain smear-negative. these current diagnosis problems provide impetus for improving staining procedures. we evaluated a novel flu ... | 2014 | 25130623 |
| efficacy of real-time polymerase chain reaction for rapid diagnosis of endobronchial tuberculosis. | the definitive diagnosis of endobronchial tuberculosis (ebtb) is challenging because the disease manifests in various non-specific ways, and acid-fast bacilli (afb) are often undetectable by sputum smear. the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of real-time pcr of bronchoscopic biopsy specimens for the diagnosis of ebtb. | 2014 | 25130617 |
| sequential synthesis of amino-1,4-naphthoquinone-appended triazoles and triazole-chromene hybrids and their antimycobacterial evaluation. | a general method for the synthesis of a library of hitherto unreported amino-1,4-naphthoquinone-appended triazoles was accomplished via a sequential three-component reaction of substituted n-propargylaminonaphthoquinones with variously substituted alkyl bromides/2-bromonaphthalene-1,4-dione and sodium azide in the presence of et3n/cui in water. aminonaphthoquinone-appended iminochromene-triazole hybrid heterocycles were also synthesized from the amino-1,4-naphthoquinone-appended-1,2,3-triazolyla ... | 2014 | 25129868 |
| present status of quinoxaline motifs: excellent pathfinders in therapeutic medicine. | quinoxalines belong to a class of excellent heterocyclic scaffolds owing to their wide biological properties and diverse therapeutic applications in medicinal research. they are complementary in shapes and charges to numerous biomolecules they interact with, thereby resulting in increased binding affinity. the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs bearing quinoxaline cores have shown them to be relatively easy to administer either as intramuscular solutions, oral capsules or rectal suppositories. ... | 2014 | 25128670 |
| roles of the two type ii nadh dehydrogenases in the survival of mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. | most bacteria are able to generate sufficient amounts of atp from substrate level phosphorylation, thus rendering the respiratory oxidative phosphorylation non-critical. in mycobacteria, including mycobacterium tuberculosis, atp generation by oxidative phosphorylation is an essential process. of the two types of nadh dehydrogenases (type i and type ii), the type ii nadh dehydrogenase (ndh) which is inhibited by phenothiazines has been thought to be essential. in m. tuberculosis there are two ndh ... | 2014 | 25128581 |
| self-assembled monolayers of mercaptobenzoic acid and magnetite nanoparticles as an efficient support for development of tuberculosis genosensor. | in this work, a genosensor for the electrochemical detection of genomic dna from mycobacterium tuberculosis was developed. the biosensor is based on self-assembled monolayers of mercaptobenzoic acid (mba) and magnetite nanoparticles (fe3o4nps) on bare gold electrode for immobilization of dna probe. the aim of this work was the development of a platform based on cysteine-coated magnetic fe3o4nps linked via the carboxylate group from mba to the work electrode surface and subsequently to the dna pr ... | 2014 | 25127294 |
| new class of methyl tetrazole based hybrid of (z)-5-benzylidene-2-(piperazin-1-yl)thiazol-4(%h)-one as potent antitubercular agents. | in search of potential therapeutics for tuberculosis, we describe here the synthesis and in vitro antitubercular activity of a novel series of thiazolone piperazine tetrazole derivatives. among all the synthesized derivatives, four compounds (10, 14, 20 and 33) exhibited more potent activity (mic=3.08, 3.01, 2.62 and 2.51 μm) than ethambutol (mic=9.78 μm) and pyrazinamide (mic=101.53 μm) against mycobacterium tuberculosis. furthermore, they displayed no toxicity against vero cells (c1008) and mo ... | 2014 | 25127167 |
| extending the n-linked aminopiperidine class to the mycobacterial gyrase domain: pharmacophore mapping from known antibacterial leads. | bacterial dna gyrase is a well-established and clinically validated target to develop novel antibacterial. our effort was designated to search for synthetically better compounds with possibility of hit to lead development. with this as objective, a series of 1-(2-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-1,5-naphthyridin-2(1h)-one derivatives were designed by molecular hybridization strategy and synthesized following nine step reaction to yield activity in low nanomolar range and commendable antibacterial a ... | 2014 | 25127151 |
| whole-genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis beijing sequence type 10 isolate from an outbreak in thailand. | infections with the beijing family of mycobacterium tuberculosis occur worldwide and are endemic in asian countries. we present the draft genome sequence of ds6701, a multidrug-resistant m. tuberculosis beijing strain of sequence type 10. the isolate is a representative of strains isolated from a multidrug-resistant tuberculosis outbreak in thailand. | 2014 | 25125647 |
| performance characteristics of nested polymerase chain reaction vs real-time polymerase chain reaction methods for detecting mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in paraffin-embedded human tissues. | nucleic acid amplification tests on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissue specimens enable mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtb) detection and rapid tuberculosis diagnosis in the absence of microbiologic culture tests. we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods for detecting mycobacterium species in ffpe tissues. | 2014 | 25125630 |
| biosynthesis and translocation of unsulfated acyltrehaloses in mycobacterium tuberculosis. | a number of species-specific polymethyl-branched fatty acid-containing trehalose esters populate the outer membrane of mycobacterium tuberculosis. among them, 2,3-diacyltrehaloses (dat) and penta-acyltrehaloses (pat) not only play a structural role in the cell envelope but also contribute to the ability of m. tuberculosis to multiply and persist in the infected host, promoting the intracellular survival of the bacterium and modulating host immune responses. the nature of the machinery, topology, ... | 2014 | 25124040 |
| mycobacterium rbpa cooperates with the stress-response σb subunit of rna polymerase in promoter dna unwinding. | rbpa, a transcriptional activator that is essential for mycobacterium tuberculosis replication and survival during antibiotic treatment, binds to rna polymerase (rnap) in the absence of promoter dna. it has been hypothesized that rbpa stimulates housekeeping gene expression by promoting assembly of the σ(a) subunit with core rnap. here, using a purified in vitro transcription system of m. tuberculosis, we show that rbpa functions in a promoter-dependent manner as a companion of rnap essential fo ... | 2014 | 25122744 |
| face mask sampling for the detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in expelled aerosols. | although tuberculosis is transmitted by the airborne route, direct information on the natural output of bacilli into air by source cases is very limited. we sought to address this through sampling of expelled aerosols in face masks that were subsequently analyzed for mycobacterial contamination. | 2014 | 25122163 |
| bedaquiline: a novel antitubercular drug for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. | multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (tb) are emerging global health threats. bedaquiline is a new antituberculous drug belonging to the diarylquinoline class that efficiently inhibits the adenosine triphosphate synthase enzyme of mycobacterium tuberculosis. it is a bactericidal and long-acting drug. it inhibits both dormant as well as replicating bacterial sub-populations and thus shortens the duration of tb treatment. this drug has been approved by the food and drug ... | 2014 | 25121373 |
| ahr sensing of bacterial pigments regulates antibacterial defence. | the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) is a highly conserved ligand-dependent transcription factor that senses environmental toxins and endogenous ligands, thereby inducing detoxifying enzymes and modulating immune cell differentiation and responses. we hypothesized that ahr evolved to sense not only environmental pollutants but also microbial insults. we characterized bacterial pigmented virulence factors, namely the phenazines from pseudomonas aeruginosa and the naphthoquinone phthiocol from myco ... | 2014 | 25119038 |
| hodgkin's lymphoma mimicking tuberculosis in cervical lymph nodes. | the authors present a case description of an 81-year-old male with general symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss) and cervical/supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. the revised lymph node histopathological examination revealed nodular sclerosis classical hodgkin's lymphoma associated with abundant tuberculosis-mimicking granulomatous reaction. the diagnosis may be difficult due to similarities in clinical course, laboratory tests and imaging. the morphology of hodgkin-reed-sternberg cells and th ... | 2014 | 25119016 |
| genotype mtbdr plus assay for molecular detection of rifampicin and isoniazid resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis. | this study was performed for the rapid identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and its resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid, directly from the sputum samples of pulmonary tuberculosis patients. | 2014 | 25118735 |
| transportation of sputum samples in cetylpyridinium chloride for drug resistance studies from remote areas of odisha, india. | antimicrobial susceptibility testing of mycobacterium tuberculosis is required for successful treatment of patients, mainly in retreatment cases which necessitate isolation of mycobacteria from sputum samples within 24-48 hours. in situations where transportation of sputum is required, the use of cetylpyridinium chloride (cpc) effectively sustains the viability of mycobacteria up to two weeks. | 2014 | 25116675 |
| alternative genotyping of drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. | the aim of the present research was to study the capability of a genotyping method for m. tuberculosis through detection of six vntr-loci (miru10, miru26, miru31, miru39, miru40, etr-a). loci miru10, miru26, miru40 and etr-a have exhibited high polymorphism in group non-beijing, while loci miru26 and miru31 - in the beijing family. a combined detection of all six loci for fingerprinting of the isolates both from beijing and non-beijing was highly effective (hunter-gaston index was 0.88 and 0.93 ... | 2014 | 25115121 |
| new drugs to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: the case for bedaquiline. | mycobacterium tuberculosis develops spontaneous resistance mutants to virtually every drug in use. courses of therapy select for these mutants and drug-resistant organisms emerge. the development of drug-resistant organisms has reached the point that drug resistance now threatens to undermine global success against tuberculosis (tb). new drugs are needed. the last new class of drugs specifically developed for treatment of tb was the rifamycins over 40 years ago. new funding sources and the devel ... | 2014 | 25114537 |
| pharmacokinetics of para-aminosalicylic acid in hiv-uninfected and hiv-coinfected tuberculosis patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, managed for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. | the emergence of multidrug-resistant (mdr) and extensively drug-resistant (xdr) mycobacterium tuberculosis prompted the reintroduction of para-aminosalicylic acid (pas) to protect companion anti-tuberculosis drugs from additional acquired resistance. in sub-saharan africa, mdr/xdr tuberculosis with hiv coinfection is common, and concurrent treatment of hiv infection and mdr/xdr tuberculosis is required. out of necessity, patients receive multiple drugs, and pas therapy is frequent; however, neit ... | 2014 | 25114132 |
| standardization of a taqman-based real-time pcr for the detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex in human sputum. | real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) was optimized for detecting mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum. sputum was collected from patients (n = 112) with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis, tested by smear microscopy, decontaminated, and split into equal aliquots that were cultured in löwenstein-jensen medium and tested by qpcr for the small mobile genetic element is6110. the human erv3 sequence was used as an internal control. 3 of 112 (3%) qpcr failed. for the remaining 109 samples, qpcr di ... | 2014 | 25114009 |
| [the new tools of microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis]. | this review focuses on the role of new tools in the "modern" microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis. traditional techniques of microscopy and culture remain essential to diagnostic certainty, but some innovations replace daily the older techniques such as the identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by immunochromatography or mass spectrometry maldi-tof type from positive cultures, or susceptibility testing in liquid medium. new tools that use molecular techniques have become impo ... | 2014 | 25112804 |
| long-term ifn-γ and il-2 response for detection of latent tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers with discordant immunologic results. | discordant results between the interferon-gamma release assays (igras) and tuberculin skin test (tst) are common in latent tuberculosis infection (ltbi). we evaluated whether the measurement of ifn-γ and interleukin (il)-2t-cell responses, after prolonged mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigen stimulation, can be used as adjunctive biomarker for ltbi detection in subjects with discordant results between tst and quantiferon-gold in-tube (qft). 196 healthcare workers were screened for ltbi an ... | 2014 | 25111618 |
| dominant modern sublineages and a new modern sublineage of mycobacterium tuberculosis beijing family clinical isolates in heilongjiang province, china. | mycobacterium tuberculosis beijing family includes a variety of sublineages. knowledge of the distribution of a certain sublineage of the beijing family may help to understand the mechanisms of its rapid spread and to establish an association between a certain genotype and the disease outcome. we have previously found that m. tuberculosis beijing family clinical isolates represent approximately 90% of the clinical isolates from heilongjiang province, china. to clarify the distribution of m. tube ... | 2014 | 25111610 |
| treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: time to get a move on? | | 2014 | 25111391 |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis p-type atpases: possible targets for drug or vaccine development. | tuberculosis (tb) has been the biggest killer in the human history; currently, mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) kills nearly 2 million people each year worldwide. the high prevalence of tb obligates the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development of anti-tb vaccines that can control multidrug resistance and latent tb infections. membrane proteins have recently been suggested as key targets for bacterial viability. current studies have shown that mycobacteria p-type atpases may ... | 2014 | 25110669 |
| a study of mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypic diversity & drug resistance mutations in varanasi, north india. | one-fifth of the world's new tuberculosis (tb) cases and two-thirds of cases in the south east asian region occur in india. molecular typing of mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates has greatly facilitated to understand the transmission of tb. this study was aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of m. tuberculosis genotypes in varanasi, north india, and their association with clinical presentation among patients with pulmonary tb. | 2014 | 25109724 |
| genome-wide screening of pathogenicity islands in mycobacterium tuberculosis based on the genomic barcode visualization. | mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. tuberculosis) is one of the most widely spread human pathogenic bacteria, and it frequently exchanges pathogenesis genes among its strains or with other pathogenic microbes. the purpose of this study was to screen the pathogenicity islands (pais) in m. tuberculosis using the genomic barcode visualization technique and to characterize the functions of the detected pais. by visually screening the barcode image of the m. tuberculosis chromosomes, three candidate pais ... | 2014 | 25108673 |
| a 24-well plate assay for simultaneous testing of first and second line drugs against mycobacterium tuberculosis in a high endemic setting. | early detection of drug resistance is one of the priorities of tuberculosis (tb) control programs as drug resistance is increasing. new molecular assays are only accessible for a minority of the second line drugs and their availability in high endemic settings is also hampered by high cost and logistic challenges. therefore, we evaluated a previously developed method for drug susceptibility testing (dst) including both first- and second line anti-tb drugs for use in high endemic areas. | 2014 | 25108648 |
| [preparation of polyclonal antibody for heat shock protein 16.3]. | to induce the prokaryotic expression of his-heat shock protein 16.3 (hsp16.3) and prepare its polyclonal antibody. | 2014 | 25108439 |
| treatment outcomes of childhood tuberculous meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | tuberculous meningitis disproportionately affects young children. we aimed to characterise treatment outcomes for this deadliest and most debilitating form of tuberculosis. | 2014 | 25108337 |
| potential non homologous protein targets of mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv identified from protein-protein interaction network. | bacillus mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis and h37rv is the most studied strain. identification of new drug targets for mtb is among one of the priorities since it is still a major global health problem by being a cause of morbidity and mortality for millions of people each year. we used centrality measures to identify the most central proteins from protein-protein interaction network of mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv which was retrieved from string databa ... | 2014 | 25106794 |
| increased risk of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in household child contacts exposed to passive tobacco smoke. | risk factors associated with mycobacterium tuberculosis infection were investigated in a prospective cohort of household child tuberculosis contacts. a significantly increased risk of acquiring infection was associated with exposure to passive cigarette smoke, higher number of index cases, younger age and reduced household monthly income. | 2014 | 25105895 |
| culture conversion rate at 2 months of treatment according to diagnostic methods among patients with culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. | the culture-negative conversion rate of sputum after 2 months of treatment in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) is used as a reliable surrogate marker for relapse after completion of treatment. we hypothesized that culture conversion of sputum at 2 months of anti-tb treatment and the time to culture conversion are different among pulmonary tb patients who are diagnosed using different methods. | 2014 | 25105410 |
| differential expression of immunogenic proteins on virulent mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates. | molecular epidemiology has revealed that mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), formerly regarded as highly conserved species, displays a considerable degree of genetic variability that can influence the outcome of the disease as well as the innate and adaptive immune response. recent studies have demonstrated that mtb families found worldwide today differ in pathology, transmissibility, virulence, and development of immune response. by proteomic approaches seven proteins that were differentially exp ... | 2014 | 25105140 |
| identification of biomarkers for tuberculosis susceptibility via integrated analysis of gene expression and longitudinal clinical data. | tuberculosis (tb) is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) that affects millions of people worldwide. the majority of individuals who are exposed to mtb develop latent infections, in which an immunological response to mtb antigens is present but there is no clinical evidence of disease. because currently available tests cannot differentiate latent individuals who are at low risk from those who are highly susceptible to developing active disease, there is c ... | 2014 | 25104956 |
| clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with septic arthritis: a hospital-based study. | to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics, etiology, underlying conditions, and outcomes of patients with primary septic arthritis and no prosthetic joints at a university hospital. | 2014 | 25104892 |
| the mycobacterial cell envelope-lipids. | mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) lipids are indelibly imprinted in just about every key aspect of tuberculosis (tb) basic and translational research. although the interest in these compounds originally stemmed from their abundance, structural diversity, and antigenicity, continued research in this field has been driven by their important contribution to tb pathogenesis and their interest from the perspective of drug, vaccine, diagnostic, and biomarker development. this article summarizes what is ... | 2014 | 25104772 |
| latent tuberculosis infection: what we know about its genetic control? | about 90% of all cases of tuberculosis (tb) infection are comprised of latent mycobacterial persistence in the absence of clinical manifestations. in a proportion of latently infected individuals infection eventually reactivates and becomes contagious, seriously influencing epidemiological situation. mechanisms of mycobacterium tuberculosis transition to dormancy and tb reactivation are poorly understood, and biological markers of latency remain largely unknown. data are accumulating that the dy ... | 2014 | 25104213 |
| recent advances in biochemistry and biotechnological synthesis of avermectins and their derivatives. | avermectins (avms), produced by streptomyces avermitilis ma-4680 (or atcc 31267, nrrl 8165, ncbim 12804), are 16-member macrocylic lactones that play very important functions as bactericidal and antiparasitic agents against nematodes and anthropods, as well as mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv. since its discovery in 1975, use of avm has been widely spreading around the globe. to date, the whole genome sequence of s. avermitilis k139 has been acquired, in which the avm biosynthetic gene cluster w ... | 2014 | 25104027 |
| burden of childhood tuberculosis in 22 high-burden countries: a mathematical modelling study. | confirmation of a diagnosis of tuberculosis in children (aged <15 years) is challenging; under-reporting can result even when children do present to health services. direct incidence estimates are unavailable, and who estimates build on paediatric notifications, with adjustment for incomplete surveillance by the same factor as adult notifications. we aimed to estimate the incidence of infection and disease in children, the prevalence of infection, and household exposure in the 22 countries with ... | 2014 | 25103518 |
| a potential protein adjuvant derived from mycobacterium tuberculosis rv0652 enhances dendritic cells-based tumor immunotherapy. | a key factor in dendritic cell (dc)-based tumor immunotherapy is the identification of an immunoadjuvant capable of inducing dc maturation to enhance cellular immunity. the efficacy of a 50s ribosomal protein l7/l12 (rpll) from mycobacterium tuberculosis rv0652, as an immunoadjuvant for dc-based tumor immunotherapy, and its capacity for inducing dc maturation was investigated. in this study, we showed that rv0652 is recognized by toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) to induce dc maturation, and pro-infla ... | 2014 | 25102137 |
| utility of gastric aspirates for diagnosing tuberculosis in children in a low prevalence area: predictors of positive cultures and significance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. | in countries with low rates of tuberculosis (tb), yields of gastric aspirates (gas) for mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) culture are low. the significance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) isolated from ga is uncertain. | 2015 | 25101762 |
| anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions of vitamin d in combating tb/hiv. | tuberculosis (tb) disease activation is now believed to arise due to a lack of inflammatory homeostatic control at either end of the spectrum of inflammation: either due to immunosuppression (decreased antimicrobial activity) or due to immune activation (excess/aberrant inflammation). vitamin d metabolites can increase antimicrobial activity in innate immune cells, which, in the context of hiv-1 coinfection, have insufficient t cell-mediated help to combat mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) infect ... | 2014 | 25101194 |
| agents of change - concepts in mycobacterium tuberculosis ser/thr/tyr phosphosignalling. | the flow of information from the outside to the inside of bacterial cells is largely directed by protein kinases. in addition to histidine/aspartate phosphorelays of two-component response regulators, recent work in mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) reinforces the idea that phosphorylation on serine (ser), threonine (thr) and tyrosine (tyr) is central to bacterial physiology and pathogenesis, and that the corresponding phosphosystems are highly similar to those in eukaryotes. in this way, eukaryo ... | 2014 | 25099260 |
| screening essential genes of mycobacterium tuberculosis with the pathway enrichment method. | the number of effective drugs for the prevention and control of tuberculosis is very limited. therefore, high-throughput screening for mycobacterium tuberculosis drug targets is critical. in addition, determining the essential gene cluster is important for both understanding a survival mechanism and finding novel molecular targets for anti-tuberculosis drugs. in this study, we applied the pathway enrichment method to perform high throughput screening of genes encoding key molecules for potential ... | 2014 | 25098602 |
| effect of bcg vaccination against mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis. | to determine whether bcg vaccination protects against mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as assessed by interferon γ release assays (igra) in children. | 2014 | 25097193 |
| relaxed selection drives a noisy noncoding transcriptome in members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. | related species are often used to understand the molecular underpinning of virulence through examination of a shared set of biological features attributable to a core genome of orthologous genes. an important but insufficiently studied issue, however, is the extent to which the regulatory architectures are similarly conserved. a small number of studies have compared the primary transcriptomes of different bacterial species, but few have compared closely related species with clearly divergent evo ... | 2014 | 25096875 |
| tracking global changes induced in the cd4 t-cell receptor repertoire by immunization with a complex antigen using short stretches of cdr3 protein sequence. | the clonal theory of adaptive immunity proposes that immunological responses are encoded by increases in the frequency of lymphocytes carrying antigen-specific receptors. in this study, we measure the frequency of different t-cell receptors (tcr) in cd4 + t cell populations of mice immunized with a complex antigen, killed mycobacterium tuberculosis, using high throughput parallel sequencing of the tcrβ chain. our initial hypothesis that immunization would induce repertoire convergence proved to ... | 2014 | 25095879 |
| trends in discovery of new drugs for tuberculosis therapy. | after the introduction of isoniazid and rifampicin, the second one discovered in the lepetit research laboratories (milan, italy), under the supervision of professor piero sensi, tuberculosis (tb) was considered an illness of the past. unfortunately, this infectious disease is still a global health fear, due to the multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis and extensively circulating drug-resistant strains, as well as the unrecognized tb transmission, especially in regions with high hiv inc ... | 2014 | 25095807 |
| circulating mycobacterial-reactive cd4+ t cells with an immunosuppressive phenotype are higher in active tuberculosis than latent tuberculosis infection. | previous studies suggest that control of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is compromised by the activity of regulatory t cells, including those that express cd39, an ectonucleotidase with immunosuppressive properties. here, we examine the role of cd39 on cd4+ t cells reacting to m. tuberculosis antigens. | 2014 | 25095750 |
| a novel antigen-carrier system: the mycobacterium tuberculosis acr protein carried by raw starch microparticles. | microparticles have been used as promising carriers for in vivo vaccine delivery. however, the processes for immobilizing peptides or proteins on microparticles usually require the use of undesirable compounds and complex protocols. in this work, we propose a new immobilization and delivery system with raw starch microparticles and a starch binding domain (sbd) tag fusion protein. the heat shock protein alpha crystallin from mycobacterium tuberculosis was used as model. the immunogenicity of the ... | 2014 | 25093695 |
| multidrug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis: a retrospective katg and rpob mutation profile analysis in isolates from a reference center in brazil. | multidrug resistance is a critical factor in tuberculosis control. to gain better understanding of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in brazil, a retrospective study was performed to compare genotypic diversity and drug resistance associated mutations in mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from a national reference center. | 2014 | 25093512 |
| high-throughput method of one-step dna isolation for pcr diagnostics of mycobacterium tuberculosis. | the efficiency of one-step and multi-step protocols of dna isolation from lysed sputum samples containing the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex has been compared. dna was isolated using spin-cartridges containing a special silica-based sorbent modified with fluoroplast and polyaniline, or using an automated isolation system. one-step isolation using the obtained sorbent has been shown to ensure a significantly lower dna loss and higher sensitivity in the pcr detection of mycobacterium tuberculo ... | 2014 | 25093111 |
| regional differences of nontuberculous mycobacteria species in ulsan, korea. | in korea recently, nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) have been more frequently isolated in respiratory specimens, while mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) isolations have decreased. the major ntm lung disease species in korea are m. intracellulare, m. avium, and m. abscessus, whereas m. kansasii is a rare species. this retrospective study was performed to determine if there are region-specific characteristics of lung disease-causing ntm species in ulsan, a highly industrialized city in korea. | 2014 | 25093094 |
| structure, activity, and inhibition of the carboxyltransferase β-subunit of acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase (accd6) from mycobacterium tuberculosis. | in mycobacterium tuberculosis, the carboxylation of acetyl coenzyme a (acetyl-coa) to produce malonyl-coa, a building block in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis, is catalyzed by two enzymes working sequentially: a biotin carboxylase (acca) and a carboxyltransferase (accd). while the exact roles of the three different biotin carboxylases (acca1 to -3) and the six carboxyltransferases (accd1 to -6) in m. tuberculosis are still not clear, accd6 in complex with acca3 can synthesize malonyl-coa from ... | 2014 | 25092705 |
| an upstream truncation of the fura-katg operon confers high-level isoniazid resistance in a mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate with no known resistance-associated mutations. | although the major causes of isoniazid (inh) resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis are confined to structural mutations in katg and promoter mutations in the maba-inha operon, a significant proportion of inh-resistant strains have unknown resistance mechanisms. recently, we identified a high-level inh-resistant m. tuberculosis clinical isolate, gb005, with no known resistance-associated mutations. a comprehensive study was performed to investigate the molecular basis of drug resistance in thi ... | 2014 | 25092698 |
| interaction of alveolar epithelial cells with cfp21, a mycobacterial cutinase-like enzyme. | mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. tb), an intracellular pathogen, has the ability to infect alveolar epithelial cells (aec) also in addition to alveolar macrophages. the virulence of m. tb is attributed to proteins encoded by genomic regions of deletion (rd) and till date 16 such regions (rd1-rd16) have been identified. culture filtrate protein 21 (cfp21), a rd2 secretory protein, is a cutinase-like enzyme that possesses esterase and lipolytic activity. it is hypothesized that cfp21 could be playin ... | 2014 | 25091806 |
| electrochemical impedance immunosensor for sub-picogram level detection of bovine interferon gamma based on cylinder-shaped tio₂ nanorods. | bovine interferon gamma (boifn-γ) released by t cells plays very important roles in early diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) infections and control of bovine tuberculosis. in this work, a label-free electrochemical impedance immunosensor is for the first time developed for highly sensitive determination of boifn-γ. cylinder-shaped tio2 nanorods are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method, and show high surface area and good hydrophicility. the immunosensor is fabricated by the imm ... | 2015 | 25089816 |
| synthesis, biological evaluation and 3d-qsar study of hydrazide, semicarbazide and thiosemicarbazide derivatives of 4-(adamantan-1-yl)quinoline as anti-tuberculosis agents. | we report synthesis, anti-tuberculosis activity and 3d-qsar study of forty nine hydrazide, semicarbazide and thiosemicarbazide derivatives of 4-(adamantan-1-yl)quinoline. the most potent compounds upon evaluation for anti-tuberculosis activity exhibited mic99 of 3.125 μg/ml against mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv strain. we applied the in silico technique of 3d-qsar to study structure activity relationship of the synthesized compounds. the developed comfa model exhibited excellent r(2)ncv of 0. ... | 2014 | 25089809 |
| dynamics differentiate between active and inactive inteins. | the balance between stability and dynamics for active enzymes can be somewhat quantified by studies of intein splicing and cleaving reactions. inteins catalyze the ligation of flanking host exteins while excising themselves. the potential for applications led to engineering of a mini-intein splicing domain, where the homing endonuclease domain of the mycobacterium tuberculosis reca (mtu reca) intein was removed. the remaining domains were linked by several short peptides, but splicing activity i ... | 2015 | 25087201 |
| fluoroquinolone resistance in non-multidrug-resistant tuberculosis-a surveillance study in new south wales, australia, and a review of global resistance rates. | fluoroquinolones (fqs) are used for drug-susceptible tuberculosis (tb) in patients unable to tolerate first-line agents. current trials are also investigating these drugs in empiric first-line tb therapy, to improve outcomes and allow for shortened treatment regimens. widespread fq use in the community has resulted in fq resistance in many microorganisms, including mycobacterium tuberculosis. despite this, fq drug susceptibility testing (dst) is rarely performed in non-multidrug-resistant tb (no ... | 2014 | 25086437 |
| immune subdominant antigens as vaccine candidates against mycobacterium tuberculosis. | unlike most pathogens, many of the immunodominant epitopes from mycobacterium tuberculosis are under purifying selection. this startling finding suggests that m. tuberculosis may gain an evolutionary advantage by focusing the human immune response against selected proteins. although the implications of this to vaccine development are incompletely understood, it has been suggested that inducing strong th1 responses against ags that are only weakly recognized during natural infection may circumven ... | 2014 | 25086172 |
| purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of rv3705c from mycobacterium tuberculosis. | the conserved protein rv3705c from mycobacterium tuberculosis has been cloned, expressed, purified and crystallized by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method using peg 3350 as a precipitant. the rv3705c crystals exhibited space group p6122 or p6522, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 198.0, c = 364.1 å, α = β = 90, γ = 120°, and diffracted to a resolution of 3.3 å. | 2014 | 25084389 |
| the rpfc (rv1884) atomic structure shows high structural conservation within the resuscitation-promoting factor catalytic domain. | the first structure of the catalytic domain of rpfc (rv1884), one of the resuscitation-promoting factors (rpfs) from mycobacterium tuberculosis, is reported. the structure was solved using molecular replacement once the space group had been correctly identified as twinned p21 rather than the apparent c2221 by searching for anomalous scattering sites in p1. the structure displays a very high degree of structural conservation with the previously published structures of the catalytic domains of rpf ... | 2014 | 25084374 |
| diagnosis and therapy for prostate tuberculosis. | in its 2012 global report on tuberculosis, the world health organization estimated that 3-7% (range 2.1-5.2%) of new cases and 20% (range 13-26%) of previously treated cases had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (defined as tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates that are resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid). in many countries in eastern europe and central asia, 9-32% of new patients and more than 50% of previously treated patients have multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. ninet ... | 2014 | 25083162 |