| changes in occurrence of capsular serotypes of streptococcus pneumoniae at boston city hospital during selected years between 1935 and 1974. | the number of patients with pneumococcal bacteremia, empyema, and meningitis at boston city hospital during selected years between 1935 and 1974 is reported. the distribution of specific types in the bacteremic patients during each of the selected years and in the various focal infections in all the years is also detailed. the numbers and rates per 1,000 admissions of bacteremic pneumococcal infections and the numbers of cases of pneumococcal meningitis and empyema varied independently over thes ... | 1977 | 14971 |
| serological grouping of streptococci by a slide coagglutination method. | a new method for the serological grouping of streptococci by coagglutination with specific antibodies absorbed to protein a-containing staphylococci has been assessed. a total of 242 strains of streptococci, including beta-haemolytic streptococci of groups a, b, c, f, and g, streptococcus pneumoniae and strep. faecalis were studied. all streptococci of groups a, b, c, and g, groupable by standard methods, were correctly grouped by coagglutination, although 7-3% showed varying degrees of cross-a ... | 1977 | 14975 |
| lipopolysaccharide-induced suppression of the primary immune response to a thymus-dependent antigen. | the immune response to a thymus-dependent antigen was depressed in vivo and in vitro in spleen cells from mice injected with lps i.p. a few days before challenge with the antigen. spleen cells from lps-injected mice could, however, respond with increase dna synthesis after activation with polyclonal b and t cell activators in vitro. the lps-activated spleen cells could actively suppress normal cells in their response to the antigen sheep red blood cells. the suppressor cells contained in the lps ... | 1977 | 15030 |
| heterologous antigenic stimulation in induction of delayed hypersensitivity. | an influence of a delayed hypersensitive reaction to a primary antigen on the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to a second unrelated antigen was observed in guinea pigs immunized with azobenzenearsonate-n-acetyl-l-tyrosine (abat), and injected intradermally 3 weeks later with a mixture of abat and secondary antigen. animals so treated developed delayed hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells (srbc) or type ii pneumococcal polysaccharide as secondary antigens, as measured by skin test reac ... | 1977 | 15031 |
| effect of concanavalin a on lymphocyte interactions involved in the antibody response to type iii pneumococcal polysaccharide i. comparison of the suppression induced by con a and low dose paralysis. | concanavalin a (con a) administered at the time of immunization induces suppression of the in vivo splenic plaque-forming cell (pfc) response to type iii pneumococcal polysaccharide (sss-iii). as with low dose paralysis of the pfc response to sss-iii, con a-induced suppression could not be demonstrated in congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice and could be eliminated partially by treatment with anti-lymphocyte serum (als). the kinetics for con a-induced suppression paralleled those for low dose paral ... | 1977 | 15032 |
| cross reactions of higher type-specific capsular polysaccharides of klebsiella in antipneumococcal sera. | qualitative and quantitative precipitin reactions are given of the polysaccharides k60, k61, k65, k67-69, k70, k71, k73, and k83, also of depyruvylated k1. as expected, the last reacts more strongly in antipneumococcal (anti-pn) viii and x than does intact k1. k65 and k67 precipitate much of the same large fraction of anti-pnxxiii as does k47, showing that k65 and k67 also possess lateral non-reducing end-groups of l-rhamnose. the massive reaction of k83 in anti-pnii confirms the chemically demo ... | 1977 | 15494 |
| heterogeneity of the antibody response to pneumoccal capsular polysaccharides types iii and viii (siii and sviii). | | 1977 | 15498 |
| the use of gadolinium as a probe in the fc region of a homogeneous anti-(type-iii pneumococcal polysaccharide) antibody. | the binding of gadolinium gd(iii) to a homogeneous rabbit anti-(type-iii pneumococcal polysaccharide) igg (immunoglobulin g) and its fab (n-terminal half of heavy and light chain) and fc (c-terminal half of heavy-chain dimer) fragments was demonstrated by measurements of solvent-water proton relaxation rates in the appropriate gd(iii) solutions. at ph 5.5 the binding of gd(iii) to the fc fragment is much tighter (kd approx. 5 micronm) than binding to the fab fragment (kd approx. 250 micronm). th ... | 1977 | 15542 |
| choline metabolism in pneumococci. | phosphorylcholine and cytidine diphosphocholine as well as two enzyme activities, a choline kinase and a cytidine diphosphocholine pyrophosphorylase, were identified in pneumococcal extracts. it is suggested that cytidine diphosphocholine may be a biosynthetic precursor of the choline moiety in the teichoic acids of pneumococcus. | 1977 | 15988 |
| epidemiological studies of streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: methods of isolating pneumococci. | a prospective study of the natural history of pneumococcal infection, which involves serial culture studies in healthy infants from 6 weeks of age onward, is in progress in our laboratory. this report describes results of a comparison of several methods for the isolation and identification of streptococcus pneumoniae from the nasopharynges and throats of these infants. sheep blood agar, sheep blood agar with gentamicin sulfate (gentamicin agar), and mouse inoculation with 4-h broth cultures were ... | 1977 | 16032 |
| detection of pneumococci in respiratory secretions: clinical evaluation of gentamicin blood agar. | the use of sheep blood agar containing 5 microng of gentamicin per ml has been suggested as a means of selectively isolating streptococcus pneumoniae from respiratory secretions. we have tested this method, in parallel with standard methods, on 844 respiratory specimens in a clinical laboratory and have confirmed that the yield of pneumococci can be increased approximately 40% by using agar containing gentamicin. however, since the antibiotic suppresses the growth of staphylococci, group a strep ... | 1977 | 16034 |
| temperature-sensitive mutants of streptococcus pneumoniae. i. preparation and characterization in vitro of temperature-sensitive mutants of type i s. pneumoniae. | after exposure of type i streptococcus pneumoniae to nitrosoguanidine, 13 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were selected that were restricted in capacity to form colonies on blood agar at 38 c. whereas colony formation by the type i parent (ts+) was unaffected by a temperature of as high as 39 c, the ts mutants exhibited a spectrum of temperature sensitivity in which colony formation was inhibited significantly at 36 c, 37 c, 38 c, or 39 c. growth of ts mutants at 38 c in broth was reduced or ... | 1977 | 16064 |
| synthesis and biological activity of some vinyl-substituted 2-nitroimidazoles. | in previous studies 1-methyl-2-nitro-1h-imidazole-5-carboxaldehyde and 1-methyl-2-nitro-5-vinyl-1h-imidazole were found to posses interesting antimicrobial activities. we have now prepared some 2-nitro-1h-imidazoles in which the 5-vinyl chain bears selected functional groups (cho, coch3, no2) as well as nitrogen-condensation derivatives of the carbonyl functions. furthermore, 5-methyl-2-nitro-1-vinyl-1h-imidazole has been synthesized. all the compounds, and some intermediates, have been assayed ... | 1977 | 16132 |
| acute bacteremia in asplenic renal transplant patients. | four cases of overwhelming bacteremia were observed in asplenic renal transplant patients 12 to 20 months after transplantation. the bacteriologic findings and presentation of these infections are characteristic of post-splenectomy sepsis reported in nontransplant patients. it is suggested that the absence of the spleen, more than immunosuppression with azathioprine and prednisone, predisposes to these late, uncommon infections after transplantation. | 1977 | 16144 |
| antibiotic susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from clinical materials (author's transl). | we tested the drug-susceptibility of 112 strains of streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from various clinical materials since january 1975 to may 1976, and observed the changes of susceptibility of this pathogen. all strains tested remained very sensitive to benzylpenicillin and cephaloridine, but 59.8% of strains were resistant to tetracycline and 44.7% to chloramphenicol, and about 90% of chloramphenicol-resistant strains were also resistant to tetracycline. the percentage of resistant strains t ... | 1977 | 16149 |
| resistance mechanism of chloramphenicol in streptococcus haemolyticus, streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococcus faecalis. | the chloramphenicol resistance of streptococcus haemolyticus, streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococcus faecalis isolated from clinical materials was proved to be due to an inactivating enzyme produced by these bacteria. the inactivated products of chloramphenicol were identified as 1-acetoxy, 3-acetoxy and 1,3-diacetoxy derivatives by thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. the responsible enzyme was thus confirmed to be chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. the enzyme was inducible. ... | 1977 | 16197 |
| determination of the effective concentration of jodonal a for the disinfection of the skin and teats after milking. | the bactericidal effectivity of jodonal a in 1:10, 1:5, and 1:3 solutions was tested on human skin and on the teats of cow mammary glands. the 1:3 dilution ratio proved best for three-minute exposure. jodonal a used in this concentration in 522 cows for the post-milking disinfection of teats for 10 months exerted no harmful effect on the skin of the mammary glands. | 1976 | 16377 |
| devitalizing effect of jodonal a in vitro on bacteria subject to a short-term exposure. | in a three-minute exposure in vitro jodonal a devitalized a culture of serological group b streptococci in a 2% concentration, staphylococcus aureus in a 16% concentration, pneumococcus in a 4.5% concentration, corynebacterium pyogenes in a 2.5% concentration, pseudomonas aeruginosa in a 3% concentration, and klebsiella pneumoniae in a 2% concentration. hence jodonal a concentrations higher than 16% should be tested for udder teat disinfection after the removal of teat cups. | 1976 | 16378 |
| physiology of competence in bacteria. | | 1977 | 16417 |
| the immune reponse to type iii pneumococcal polysaccharide in mice with malaria. | the immune response of balb/c mice to type iii pneumococcal polysaccharide (siii), as measured by splenic pfc, was abolished at the height of an acute self-limiting attack of malaria caused by the murine plasmodium p. yoelii, over a wide range of antigen doses. the response to antigen, given at various times after clinical recovery, gradually reappeared, but did not reach normal levels until 12 weeks after the injection of the parasite. a second injection of p. yoelii given 1 hr before siii caus ... | 1977 | 16712 |
| isolation and partial characterization of plasma membranes from the livers of control and streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats. | plasma membranes were isolated from the livers of control and streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats. this work, therefore, represents the first isolation of plasma membranes from infected actron microscopy and by the use of enzyme markers for microsomes (glucose-6-phosphatase), mitochondria (glutamate and malate dehydrogenases), and lysosomes (acid phosphatase). plasma membranes from infected cells banded at the same sucrose density as plasma membranes from uninfected cells. moreover, equivale ... | 1977 | 16827 |
| studies on the pathogenesis of an immune defect in multiple myeloma. | the reduced capacity of patients with multiple myeloma to respond to antigen challenge is well recognized. response to antigen involves antigen recognition, cell proliferation, and synthesis and secretion of antibody. this study examines this sequence of events in peripheral blood lymphocytes from untreated and treated patients with myeloma, from individuals with benign monoclonal gammopathy, and from normal healthy donors. antigen-binding capacity was assessed by testing the ability of lymphocy ... | 1977 | 16939 |
| nosocomial bacteremia. potential for prevention of procedure-related cases. | during a six-month period, 187 inpatients had bacteremia associated with community-acquired infection and 91 patients had bacteremia from a nosocomial infection. the most frequently identified sites of infection in both types of bacteremia were the respiratory and urinary tracts. escherichia coli and diplococcus pneumoniae were the organisms most frequently isolated from cultures of patients with community-acquired bacteremia, and e coli, staphylococcus aureus, and klebsiella were most frequentl ... | 1977 | 17018 |
| in vitro examination on antibacterial activity of ciclacillin (acpc) against clinically isolated strains (author's transl). | (1) the antibacterial acivity of ciclacillin (acpc) with inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml was four times less potent than that of ampicillin (abpc) and 4 approximately 8 times less potent than that of ampc, but was 4 approximately 8 times more potent than that of cex against streptococcus pyogenes. for streptococcus pneumoniae, acpc was 2 approximately 4 times less active than abpc and ampc, but 16 approximately 32 times more active than cex. staphylococcus aureus was 4 approximately 8 times less ... | 1977 | 17021 |
| otitis media in children less than 12 weeks of age. | cases of otitis media in infants under 12 weeks of age were reviewed to delineate the frequency, clinical features, and etiologic agents involved. tympanocentesis was performed in 42 infants, 0 to 5 weeks of age, and in 17, from 6 to 11 weeks of age. the most common symptoms were irritability/lethargy (69%), fever (52%), cough (36%), vomiting (21%), diarrhea (20%), tachypnea (20%), and anorexia (18%). associated illnesses were present in 33 (54%) of the patients, the most common being pneumonia ... | 1977 | 17093 |
| bacterial endocarditis: clinical and bacteriological aspects and prognostic factors. | the microbiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of all (71) cases of bacterial endocarditis admitted to the hôpital cantonal, geneva, between august 1970 and october 1974 were reviewed: there was a definite trend towards higher prevalence of acute cases compared to subacute cases. the pathogenic role of s. epidermidis, mostly in cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis, could be demonstrated in several cases. when defined initially by microbiological criteria only, acute endocarditis were ch ... | 1977 | 17156 |
| immune function in aged mice. ii. b-cell function. | | 1977 | 17469 |
| fiberoptic bronchoscopy and culture bacteria from the lower respiratory. | forty-five specimens were obtained by sequential translaryngeal aspiration and fiberoptic bronchoscopy from 31 clinically unifected patients with lung cancer in order to evaluate the reliability of routine fiberoptic bronchoscopy for culture of the lower respiratory tract. bacteria were recovered brom 98 percent (44) of the specimens obtained via fiberoptic bronchoscopy and from 58 percent (26) of the specimens obtained by the preceding translaryngeal aspiration. the microorganisms grown from cu ... | 1977 | 17516 |
| interactions of c-reactive protein with the first component of human complement. | | 1977 | 17637 |
| the biosynthesis of a choline nucleotide by a cell-free extract from streptococcus pneumoniae. | choline, a component of the wall teichoic acid of streptococcus pneumoniae, was converted to cytidine diphosphocholine via choline phosphate by enzymes which were identified in cell-free extracts of the pneumococcus. the first enzyme, choline kinase, was investigated in some detail. it appeared to have a ph optimum of 7.3 to 7.4 and was stimulated by mg2+. kinetic studies gave an apparent michaelis constant (km) for atp of i mm, and for choline of 0.19 mm, with vmax values of 3 nmol min-1 (mg pr ... | 1977 | 17650 |
| human infection caused by penicillin-insensitive pneumococci. | three cases of infection, including two fatal ones, caused by pneumococci relatively resistant to penicillin are reported. the patients were a 19-year-old new guinean with fatal multisegmental pneumonia, a 10-week-old caucasian infant who died suddenly from purulent meningitis, and an australian aboriginal child aged two years with bronchiectasis complicated by pneumococcal bacteraemia. the pneumococci isolated (serotypes 6, 16 and 19) showed minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin g ran ... | 1977 | 17817 |
| the detection of soluble bacterial antigens studied in various pathological substances using counterimmunoelectrophoresis. contribution to diagnosis(151 cases). | examinations for soluble bacterial antigens using counter-immunoelectrophoresis (c.i.e.) was carried out in 151 patients suspected of suffering from various infectious syndrome were successful for s. pneumoniae, h. influenzae b, n. meningitis, sero-group b and d streptococcus. thus meningitis and pneumonia represent those areas in which the technique is particularly useful. apart from its rapidity--result in a hour--c.i.e., in association with bacteriology, makes possible an increase in aetiolog ... | 1977 | 17848 |
| structural basis for the specificity of antibody-antigen reactions and structural mechanisms for the diversification of antigen-binding specificities. | | 1977 | 17883 |
| the use of counter-immuno-electrophoresis to identify causative organisms in bacterial meningitis: experience in cape town. | crebrospinal fluid (csf) from 142 patients was tested for the presence of haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcal and meningococcal antigens by counter-immuno-electrophoresis with commercial antisera. group- or type-specific antigen was detected in the csf of 67% of 64 patients with meningitis proved by culture to be due to these organisms, and in 10 of 25 patients with purulent meningitis but negative cultures. no false positive results were obtained in 24 normal csf specimens, or in the csf of 29 ... | 1977 | 17927 |
| bacteremia in hospitalized children. | the results of 6,951 blood cultures taken from hospitalized children are reviewed. one or more organisms grew from 6% (399) of the cultures, of which 189 (two thirds) were considered to represent confirmed bacteremia. the most common organisms associated with bacteremia were haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, enterobacteriaceae, and staphylococcus aureus. patients with deficient host defenses (newborns, oncology patients) with bacteremia had a higher mortality than normal children ... | 1977 | 18005 |
| bacterial flora of the respiratory tract in chronic bronchitis: comparison of transtracheal, fiberbronchoscopic, and oropharyngeal sampling methods. | | 1977 | 18077 |
| quantitative study and typization of aerobic bacteria in the conjunctival sacs of healthy eyes. | we carried out a qualitative and quantitative bacteriological research into the conjunctives of 220 subjects in good health mostly women (180) exempt from recent or previous eyes diseases. in order to gather conjunctival bacteria we employed with a few variations hadley's et al. (1973 12) method. among the calculated bacterial flora we found as the most numerous ones staphylococcus epidermidis (mean valor 1960/ml), then streptococci (480/ml), micrococci (465/ml), diphteroides (360/ml), enterococ ... | 1976 | 18118 |
| sound spectrographic cry analysis of infants with bacterial meningitis. | | 1977 | 18378 |
| lung bacterial clearance in murine pneumococcal pneumonia. | we studied the bactericidal capacity of the rat lung during the development of pneumococcal pneumonia. pneumonia was produced in a lower lobe by the intrabronchial instillation of 10(4)streptococcus pneumoniae cells in buffer. lung bacterial counts progressively increased, reaching 10(7) per lung within 48 h, and the increase was associated with localized atelectasis and consolidation. bacterial multiplication was inhibited with tetracycline at various intervals after infection, and the subseque ... | 1977 | 18404 |
| the activity of the pneumococcal autolytic system and the fate of the bacterium during ingestion by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | the extent to which autolytic microbial enzymes are involved in the fate of microorganisms ingested by phagocytes has not been determined. it is known, however, that activation of degradative enzymes occurs during certain microbicidal events. we examined the possible role of the pneumococcal autolytic enzyme (an n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase) in the loss of viability and degradation of pneumococci during phagocytosis by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. three bacterial systems were compar ... | 1977 | 18480 |
| value of sputum culture in diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. | in our laboratory, culture of sputum was extremely useful in diagnosing the etiology of pneumococcal pneumonia. of 31 consecutive patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, 29 (94%) had streptococcus pneumoniae cultured from sputum. recovery of pneumococci in culture was enhanced by anaerobic incubation as well as by a plate bile test and an optochin disk on a primary blood agar plate. | 1977 | 18489 |
| glycosidase susceptibility: a probe for the distribution of glycoprotein oligosaccharides in sindbis virus. | intact sindbis virus and triton-solubilized viral glycoprotein were treated with alpha-mannosidase and with a preparation of mixed glycosidases from diplococcus pneumoniae to probe the accesibility of carbohydrate units on the viral surface. the products of glycosidase attack on triton-solubilized virus showed that mose carbohydrate units of the glycoproteins are good substrates for these enzymes. the relative resistance of most of the viral oligosaccharides in intact virus particles showed that ... | 1977 | 18614 |
| acute purulent otitis media in children older than 5 years. incidence of haemophilus as a causative organism. | it is generally believed that haemophilus influenzae is not commonly a causative agent of otitis media in children older than 5 years of age. we recently studied cases of 58 children, aged from 5 to 9 years, who had acute otitis media. haemophilus species were the causative agents in 36% of cases. this high incidence of haemophilus isolation from the middle ear exudate of these children has important therapeutic implications; antibiotics effective against h influenzae should be employed when dea ... | 1977 | 18616 |
| a comparison of the genetic and physical size of the streptomycin resistance locus in pneumococcus. | polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the 30s ribosomal proteins derived from six streptomycin resistant strains indicates that each mutation alters the same ribosomal protein (str-r protein). preliminary data utilizing sds gels indicates that the str-r protein has a molecular weight between 10,000 and 20,000 daltons. no significant differences could be detected between the molecular weight of the str-r protein when it is derived either from a sensitive or from a resistant strain, including thos ... | 1977 | 18658 |
| prognosis of pneumonia: sputum culture and gram stain. | | 1977 | 18694 |
| etiology of acute pneumonia in young children. | | 1977 | 18702 |
| spontaneous transformation in microorganisms. | | 1977 | 18851 |
| accentuation of staphylococcal hemolysis (camp-like test) by pneumococci. | a camp-like phenomenon can be observed in streptococcus pneumoniae. it is supposed to be caused likewise as in group b streptococci by a haemolysis accentuating factor. however, the form of the accentuated haemolysis is different from that in group b streptococci and similar to that in listeria. | 1977 | 18864 |
| effects of pneumococcal infection on rat liver microsomal enzymes and lipogenesis by isolated hepatocytes. | modification in the enzymatic complement and lipogenic functions of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum (er) were shown to occur during pneumococcal sepsis. glucose-6-phosphatase, 5'nucleotidase, esterase, and nadph cytochrome c reductase decreased in activity by as much as 50% with respect to controls. hydroxymethylglutaryl-coa and nadh cytochrome c reductases were increased 6-and 2-fold, respectively. alkaline phosphatase and inosine-5'-diphosphatase did not differ with respect to fasted controls. ... | 1977 | 18931 |
| nuclease detection in sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | | 1977 | 18945 |
| pathogenesis of otitis media. | | 1977 | 18976 |
| normal and abnormal middle ear ventilation. | studies in infants and children have suggested a functional rather than mechanical obstruction of the eustachian tube as a predisposing factor in middle ear effusions (mee). to simulate this condition in the laboratory, an animal model was prepared using juvenile rhesus monkeys. the tensor veli palatini muscle was transected or expunged posterior to the hamulus of the medial pterygoid lamina. transection of the muscle resulted in negative middle ear pressure without effusion, whereas when the mu ... | 1977 | 18977 |
| antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial microflora from the sputum of children with acute pneumonia. | bacteriological analysis of sputum of 598 children with acute pneumonia was performed. sensivity of 1348 cultures belonging to 8 bacterial species with respect to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, neomycin and monomycin was determined. it was shown that the sputum microflora was often resistant to the antibiotics widely used in the medical practice for prolonged periods of time, such as benzylpenicillin, ... | 1977 | 18984 |
| origins of antibody diversity: insight gained from amino acid sequence studies of elicited antibodies. | | 1977 | 19193 |
| mechanisms of b cell tolerance: i. dynamic nature of the induction of hapten-specific unresponsiveness by hapten-conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide. | exposure of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (dnp)-hemocyanin-primed spleen cells to dnp-conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide (dnp-s3) in vivo or in vitro renders such cells unresponsive to dnp-hemocyanin challenge following adoptive transfer. the unresponsiveness is hapten-specific, independent of the presence of t cells and adherent cells, and not due to either toxic effect of s3 or carry-over of tolerogenic amounts of cell-bound dnp-s3, and thus presumably represents a model of b cell tolerance. the degre ... | 1977 | 19263 |
| mechanisms of b cell tolerance. ii. evidence for inhibition of antigen receptor expression as a mechanism of unresponsiveness. | | 1977 | 19264 |
| antimicrobial activity of human ascitic fluid. | | 1977 | 19339 |
| bacterial recombination. | the most perspective trends in studying the mechanisms of genetic exchanges in bacteria are discussed. they are the following. 1. comparison of the recombination stages in various biological phenomena such as transformation, transduction (generalized), conjugation (common and single-stranded) and transfection. 2. characterization of genetic determinants and basic enzymes of the recombination process in rec-systems of different bacteria. 3. determination of some peculiar features of the intrageni ... | 1977 | 19345 |
| effect of temperature on bacterial killing by serum and by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | bacterial killing by serum alone and by polymorphonuclear )pmn) leukocytes was studied at 37 degrees c and compared with killing at 39 and 41 degrees c. the test organisms for serum killing were staphylococcus aureus 502a (serum resistant) and escherichia coli o14 (serum sensitive). the organisms used in pmn killing tests were streptococcus pneumoniae type 29 and e. coli o86.s aureus was not killed by serum alone at any temperature. changes in temperature did not affect the rate of serum killing ... | 1977 | 19356 |
| classical and alternative complement pathway activation by pneumococci. | sixty-two strains of streptococcus pneumoniae were studied for their abilities to consume selected components of classical and alternative complement pathways in human sera. the classical pathway was blocked by chelating calcium with ethyleneglycol-bios (beta-aminoethyl ether)-n,n-tetraacetic acid and by removing c4. the alternative pathway was blocked by removing factor b. each strain's activation of the two pathways was compared with its nonimmune reactivity with the fc region of immunoglobuli ... | 1977 | 19357 |
| isolation of an obligately anaerobic streptococcus pneumoniae from blood culture. | an obligately anaerobic strain of streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from blood culture in a 14-month-old child with an upper respiratory tract infection. | 1977 | 19496 |
| sensitivity of amplifier t cells involved in the antibody response to type iii pneumococcal polysaccharide to anti-lymphocyte serum. | amplifier t cells responsible for enhancement of the antibody response to type iii pneumococcal polysaccharide have been shown to be resistant to the effects of antilymphocyte serum (als) given at the time of immunization, a treatment that eliminates suppressor t cell activity. the resistance of amplifier t cells to als can be attributed to the fact that their activity develops after that of suppressor t cells. als given 1 or 2 days after immunization does abrogate amplifier t cell activity, ind ... | 1977 | 19532 |
| effect of concanavalin a on lymphocyte interactions involved in the antibody response to type iii pneumococcal polysaccharide. ii. ability of suppressor t cells to act on both b cells and amplified t cells to limit the magnitude of the antibody response. | when administered 2 days after immunization with 0.5 microgram type iii pneumococcal polysaccharide (sss-iii), the t lymphocyte mitogen concanavalin a (con a) stimulates a 2.6-to 7-fold enhancement of the plaque-forming cells (pfc) response to sss-iii in vivo. this enhancement requires the presence of amplified t cells, which act by driving pfc or their precursors to extra rounds of proliferation. the extra proliferation that can be stimulated by con a is not seen in the normal primary response ... | 1977 | 19533 |
| immune responses during measles infection in immunosuppressed rhesus monkeys. | rhesus monkeys immunosuppressed with horse anti-human thymocyte gamma-globulin (atg) were infected with measles and simultaneously inoculated with sheep erythrocytes (srbc), a thymus-dependent antigen, and with pneumococcal polysaccaride type iii (sss-iii), a thymus-independent antigen. atg treatment alone suppressed srbc antibody production, had no effect on sss-iii antibody production, and effectively eliminated circulating t cells compared to nonsuppressed monkeys. atg treatment of measles-in ... | 1977 | 19536 |
| cross-protective immunity to gram-negative bacilli: studies with core glycolipid of salmonella minnesota and antigens of streptococcus pneumoniae. | two immunoprophylactic approaches to the control of infections caused by gramnegative bacilli were evaluated by study of experimental infections in animals. the core glycolipid antigen derived from the re mutant of salmonella minnesota r595 is shared by virtually all enteric bacteria, and immunization with this endotoxin protects against the hemodynamic sequelae of bacterial infection and pyrexia without enhancing intravascular clearance of bacteria. the degree of protection afforded by active a ... | 1977 | 19538 |
| comparison otitis media due to types 3 and 23 streptococcus pneumoniae in the chinchilla model. | only a few pneumococcal serotypes are responsible for the majority of cases of acute otitis media due to streptococcus pneumoniae in children. the immunopathogenesis of otitis media cause by two serotypes, type 3 and 23, was studied in chinchillas. chinchillas with type 23 pneumococcal otitis media were capable of clearing the infection over a six-week period without treatment, whereas the type 3 infection persisted throughout the six-week study. in addition, bacteremia or meningitis occurred mo ... | 1977 | 19539 |
| maturation of regulatory factors influencing magnitude of antibody response to capsular polysaccharide of type iii streptococcus pneumoniae. | mice of different ages were evaluated for their ability to give a plaque-forming cell response to the capsular polysaccharide of streptococcus pneumoniae (sss-iii). the response of amplifier and suppressor thymus-derived (t-) cells was also evaluated. the responses to an optimally immunogenic dose of sss-iii for two-and three-week-old mice were only 7% and 14%, respectively, of that produced by adult mice; values comparable to those of adult mice were attained by four weeks of age. activity of a ... | 1977 | 19540 |
| temperature-sensitive mutants of type i streptococcus pneumoniae: preparation, characterization, and evidence for attenuation and immunogenicity. | thirteen temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of type i streptococcus pneumoniae were selected after exposure of virulent wild-type (ts+) organisms to nitrosoguanidine. each mutant resembled the ts+ parent in properties of alpha-hemolysis, bile solubility, optochin sensitivity, antibiotic sensitivity, and serotype. unlike the ts+ parent, however, each ts mutant was restricted in its capacity to form colonies on blood agar at 38 c. with the exception of two mutants, there was a correlation between ... | 1977 | 19541 |
| prevention of pneumococcal infection by immunization with capsular polysaccharides of streptococcus pneumoniae: current status of polyvalent vaccines. | because of the continuing morbidity and mortality resulting from pneumococcal infection, a program was instituted to redevelop polyvalent vaccines consisting of capsular polysaccharides of streptococcus pneumoniae. vaccines containing 50 microgram each of the capsular polysaccharides of as many as 13 pneumococcal types have been shown to be safe, antigenic, and 78.5% effective in the prevention of type-specific putative pneumococcal pneumonia and of type-specific pneumococcal bacteremia in adult ... | 1977 | 19543 |
| decreased opsonization for streptococcus pneumoniae in sickle cell disease: studies on selected complement components and immunoglobulins. | opsonic activity for streptococcus pneumoniae in the sera of patients with sickle cell disease was reduced in comparison to the opsonic activity of sera from age-matched normal children. no difference in opsonic activity for escherichi coli was observed in the sera from patients or normals. total hemolytic complement, conversion of c3 by inulin and cobra venom factor, and levels of c3, factor b, properdin, c3b inactivator, and immunoglobulins g, a, and m were normal in patients' sera. the opsoni ... | 1977 | 19568 |
| penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis in an immunocompromised infant. | | 1977 | 19570 |
| aspiration of metallic mercury. a 22-year follow-up. | rupture of the mercury-filled bag of an intestinal tube resulted in aspiration of metallic mercury 22 years ago in the patient reported. immediate respiratory distress was treated with vigorous suctioning and postural drainage. follow-up chest roentgenograms persistently showed radiopaque particles in the lungs. signs and symptoms of chronic respiratory disease have since developed in the patient. postmortem findings from the lungs included globules of metallic mercury surrounded by extensive fi ... | 1977 | 19637 |
| the microbiology of chronic middle ear effusions in children. | serous otitis media is the most common cause of hearing loss in childhood. traditionally, this entity has been felt to be a sterile process. this study was undertaken to determine the incidence of infected middle ear fluid in patients with asymptomatic middle ear effusions. the external auditory canal, nasopharynx and middle ear fluids of 57 patients undergoing myringotomy were cultured. of 57 patients, 26 had positive cultures; 67% of patients less than 36 months of age had positive culture, wi ... | 1977 | 19659 |
| early-onset pneumococcal sepsis in newborn infants. | five infants with pneumococcal sepsis presented with respiratory distress and clinical signs of infection in the first day of life. although there was no apparent epidemiological relationship among the patients, four of the five were seen within a 12-month period. pneumonia, prolonged rupture of fetal membranes, and prematurity were features in these patients. three infants died, two within 12 hours of diagnosis. streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from the vagina of three of the mothers; in t ... | 1977 | 19725 |
| demonstration of cryoprecipitable immune complexes in pneumococcal pneumonia. | cold-insoluble protein complexes (cryoprecipitates) can be found in the serum in a variety of infectious diseases. we studied serum cryoprecipitates isolated from three patients with pneumococcal pneumonia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cep) and immunofluorescent technics for the presence of immune complexes. the cryoprecipitates and supernatant serum were tested for pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (pcp) by cep at 37 c and 56 c with the appropriate controls. antibodies against pcp in the ... | 1977 | 19847 |
| complement levels in pneumococcal pneumonia. | levels of complement proteins and functional activity of the alternate complement pathway were assessed in 39 patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. mean levels of c3 and properdin and the functional activity of the alternate pathway in acute sera were significantly (p less than 0.05) below normal, whereas levels of components of the early classical pathway were normal. although levels of factor b were in the normal range, they correlated significantly with c3 levels; there was no significant rel ... | 1977 | 20405 |
| acute bacterial meningitis at boston city hospital during 12 selected years, 1935-1972. | data are presented on the occurrence of and mortality rate from acute bacterial meningitis at boston city hospital during 12 years between 1935 and 1972 selected in relation to the introduction of potent antibacterial agents. the most frequent causative organisms were streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, and haemophilus influenzae, but large proportions were caused by other gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. the greatest reduction in mortality rate after antibiotics beca ... | 1977 | 20479 |
| complementary specificity of restriction endonucleases of diplococcus pneumoniae with respect to dna methylation. | | 1977 | 20509 |
| properties of "diplophage": a lipid-containing bacteriophage. | we describe the purification and properties of dp-1, a bacteriophage isolated from diplococcus pneumoniae. the phage was sensitive to the organic solvents deoxycholate and sarkosyl, and its infectivity was reduced by treatment with phospholipase c. electron microscopy indicated the presence of a double-layered coat around the phage particles. purified phage preparations contained lipid amounting to about 8.5% of the dry weight of the phage, and thin-layer chromatography resolved the lipids into ... | 1977 | 20516 |
| general principles of antimicrobial therapy. | in the initial therapy of life-threatening infections in which a bacterial cause is suspected, the emphasis should be on broad antibiotic coverage in contrast to definitive therapy, which is dependent on microbial isolation and, when indicated, in vitro susceptibility tests. in severe infections, antimicrobial agents should be given parenterally, at least initially. the need for optimal dosage is emphasized. this is particularly important when aminoglycosides are administered, for there is a ten ... | 1977 | 20538 |
| polyvalent pneumococcal-polysaccharide immunization of patients with sickle-cell anemia and patients with splenectomy. | to reduce the risk of infection from streptococcus pneumoniae in hyposplenic patients we administered octavalent pneumococcal vaccine to 77 patients with sickle-cell disease and 19 asplenic persons and compared their response with 82 controls (38 age-matched normal persons and 44 normal black african children). fifty micrograms each of pneumococcal-polysaccharide types 1, 3, 6, 7, 14, 18, 19, and 23 were administered subcutaneously. post-immunization serums (three to four weeks) were available f ... | 1977 | 20575 |
| pneumococcal infection and pneumococcal vaccine. | | 1977 | 20576 |
| microbic flora in the conjunctiva of healthy eyes and its sensitivity to antibiotics. | | 1977 | 20593 |
| studies in human subjects of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines (39894). | | 1977 | 20642 |
| serotypes of pneumococci in pneumonia, meningitis and other pneumococcal infections. | during a five-year period, 1965 to 1969 inclusive, pneumococci from 294 patients with acute pneumococcal infections were serotyped. pneumococci of 33 serotypes were encountered, of which types 3 and 19 were most frequent. the spectrum of infections included pneumonia, meningitis, peritonitis, otitis media and mastoiditis, wound infection and conjuctivitis. at least 17 infections were fatal, all of which, with one exception, occurred either in infants or in adults over 50 years of age. in pneumon ... | 1977 | 20874 |
| kinetics of binding of oligosaccharides to a homogeneous pneumococcal antibody: dependence on antigen chain length suggests a labile intermediate complex. | temperature-jump experiments were performed with di-, tetra-, and hexasaccharides derived from type iii pneumococcal polysaccharide using a homogeneous corresponding antibody igg 45-394. a decrease in stability of the oligosaccharide-antibody complexes with decreasing chain length was observed and entirely reflected in the decrease of the association rate constants which were 1.7 x 10(4) m-1 s-1 for the di-, 3.7 x 10(5) m-1 s-1 for the tetra-, and 1.1 x 10(6) m-1 s-1 for the hexasaccharide at 23 ... | 1977 | 20930 |
| structural studies on the specific type-14 pneumococcal polysaccharide. | the structure of the pneumococcus type-14 capsular polysaccharide has been reinvestigated by using methylation analysis, different specific degradations, and n.m.r. spectroscopy. it is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of tetrasaccharide repeating-units having the structure: (formula: see text). | 1977 | 21030 |
| transformation in pneumococcus: existence and properties of a complex involving donor deoxyribonucleate single strands in eclipse. | donor deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) single strands exist in a complex during the eclipse phase in pneumococcal transformation. this eclipse complex exhibited specific physical properties distinct from those of both pure dna single strands and native dna. these included a lower affinity for diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and hydroxylapatite than that of single-strand dna, faster sedimentation than the dna chains that it contains, and a buoyant density in cs2so4 lower than that of native dna. the compl ... | 1977 | 21166 |
| secretion of lipids induced by inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis in streptococci. | inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis causes an immediate and massive secretion of both newly synthesized and "old" lipids from several species of bacteria, including streptococci, staphylococcus epidermidis, and bacillus subtilis. lipid secretion occurs in the absence of detectable bacterial lysis. this novel phenomenon was examined in more detail in three strains of streptococci: s. sanguis (group h), s. pyogenes (group a), and s. pneumoniae. the secretion of lipids is specifically induced by ... | 1977 | 21168 |
| bacterial stimulation and granulocyte inhibition of granulopoietic factor production. | we attempted to determine the effect of live bacteria (staphylococcus epidermidis) on granulocyte colony-stimulating-factor production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in vitro. addition of bacteria to mononuclear-cell cultures enhanced colony-stimulating-factor production by these cells, as assayed on both human and mouse bone marrow. addition of peripheral blood granulocytes to parallel cultures eliminated this enhancement effect, presumably by bacterial ... | 1977 | 21349 |
| septicemia in the elderly (author's transl). | out of 1,251 patients above 65 years of age staying at the charles foix hospital (prolonged hospitalization) and the st. joseph hospital (acute cases), 168 had one or more positive blood cultures. urinary tract infection is a major source of septicemia due to gram negative bacilli. it is important to stress cases of septicemia due to pneumococcal pneumoniae, eschars, and other skin lesions. mortality varies between 33 and 36%, depending upon the hospital. collapse, although infrequent, still por ... | 1977 | 21383 |
| early interactions of competent bacteria with nucleic acids (author's transl). | | 1977 | 21387 |
| minocycline treatment failure in pneumonia caused by minocycline-sensitive streptococcus pneumoniae. | a previously healthy 23-year-old white woman had fulminant pneumococcal pneumonia complicated by empyema and bilateral pneumothoraces. despite early treatment with the recommended doses of minocycline, the disease progressed. the s pneumoniae isolate was resistant to a 30microgram tetracycline disk and showed an mic of 3.13microgram/ml for minocycline and 12.5 microgram/ml for tetracycline; these levels are considered by the manufacturer to indicate sensitivity to minocycline and intermediate se ... | 1977 | 21457 |
| determinants of lung bacterial clearance in mice after acute hypoxia. | net lung bacterial clearance in normal mice is determined by the balance of in vivo bacterial multiplication on the one hand, and the defense mechanisms of mucociliary clearance and phagocytosis and killing by the oxygen-dependent alveolar macrophage on the other. the bactericidal function of the macrophage is the major component of the defense mechanism. the effect of acute hypoxia on the defense mechanism was studied in mice exposed to aerosols of staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebs ... | 1977 | 21603 |
| detection of penumococcal antigens in the sputum in pneumococcal pneumonia. | forty-seven patients with bacterial pneumonia were grouped by use of clinical criteria according to the relative certainty of a diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. sputums were tested for pneumococcal antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis with polyvalent pneumococcal antiserum. antigens were detected in the sputum of 29 of 39 patients with evidence of pneumococcal pneumonia, and there was good correlation between the detection of antigens and the degree of certainty of the clinical diagnosis ... | 1977 | 21604 |
| isoelectric focus analysis of rat anti-phosphocholine antibodies. | anti-phosphocholine (pc) antibodies in sera from four strains of rats were examined before and afterimmunization with either streptococcus pneumoniae r36a, which contains pc as a cell wall component, or with pc-coupled keyhole limpet hemocyanin (pc-klh). pc-specific protein was purified from pooled immune sera and shown by a combination of isoelectric focus (ief) in acrylamide and crossed immunoelectrophoresis, as well as by molecular weight determination in nadodso4-acrylamide, to be immunoglob ... | 1977 | 21683 |
| a gas chromatographic study of the composition of neutral and amino sugars in two neuraminidases, of bacterial and viral origin. | the neutral and aminosugar composition has been determined by gas-liquid chromatography for two neuraminidases, either bacterial, from streptococcus pneumoniae, or viral, from myxovirus influenzae a/hong kong/1/68. | 1977 | 21754 |
| opsonic requirements for phagocytosis of streptococcus pneumoniae types vi, xviii, xxiii, and xxv. | an assay system employing radiolabeled, heat-killed streptococcus pneumoniae and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was utilized to study serum pneumococcal opsonic requirements. comparing the kinetics of phagocytosis in normal serum, heat-inactivated serum, immunoglobulin g (igg)-deficient serum, c2-deficient serum, and magnesium dichloride ethyleneglycol-tetraacetic acid (mgegta)-chelated serum allowed definition of the opsonic requirements for four pneumococcal serotypes: vi xviii, xxiii, and ... | 1977 | 21849 |
| purification and properties of an endo-alpha-n-acetyl-d-galactosaminidase from diplococcus pneumoniae. | an enzyme that hydrolyzes the o-glycosidic linkage between alpha-n-acetyl-d-galactosamine and serine or threonine in mucins and mucin-type glycoproteins was purified by chromatography on an affi-gel 202 column or isoelectric focusing from filtrates of diplococcus pneumoniae cultures. the final preparations were free of protease and a wide range of other glycosidase activities. the preparation obtained by isoelectric focusing was shown to consist of a single protein by gel filtration and sodium d ... | 1977 | 21877 |
| systematic purification of five glycosidases from streptococcus (diplococcus) pneumoniae. | | 1977 | 21878 |