| seminal fluid analysis and sperm function testing. | the diagnosis of male infertility is a rapidly developing field of investigation. the traditional descriptive approach to semen analysis is still at the heart of the diagnostic workup of male patients and important advances have been made in the standardization of the procedures used to construct the conventional semen profile, as embodied in the who handbook. significant improvements have also been made in the techniques used to assess the quality of sperm motility. while this was once an entir ... | 1994 | 7705317 |
| [sleep-wake rhythm disorders in the framework of a diogenes syndrome. improvement in sleep architecture using supportive treatment with zolpidem]. | in a 72-year-old man suffering from the diogenes syndrome, but with no other pathologies (no dementia, no underlying depression), marked disorders in the sleep-wake rhythm developed. treatment with zolpidem brought about an improvement in the sleep architecture. psychotherapy, largely behavioral treatment, resulted in partial reintegration of the patient. | 1995 | 7737624 |
| fatal familial insomnia: sleep, neuroendocrine and vegetative alterations. | fatal familial insomnia (ffi) is an autosomal dominant prion disease, characterized by prominent degeneration of the thalamus and involving impaired control of the sleep-wake cycle and of autonomic and endocrine functions. profound alterations in the sleep-wake cycle consist of progressive decrease or complete absence of sleep activity and loss of any intrinsic cyclic organization of residual sleep. unbalanced sympathergic activation with preserved parasympathetic drive, associated with chronic ... | 1995 | 7795890 |
| sleep patterns are disturbed in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related sleep disturbances have been reported early in aids. likewise, the feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), a natural lentivirus pathogen of cats, produces a similar immunodeficiency syndrome with neurological sequelae. to identify the neurophysiological substrate of fiv infection in brain, pathogen-free cats were infected with the maryland strain of fiv. eight weeks after inoculation, all fiv-infected cats seroconverted and virus was detected in the cerebr ... | 1994 | 7809152 |
| [transfusion medicine in unified europe]. | the european institutions have been dealing with blood and blood products since 1956. a need for action currently exists with regard to the european community's directive 89/381/eec. the aims of the directive are: the elaboration of strict quality and safety criteria for medicinal products made from human blood and blood products, with special reference to preventing the transmission of viral diseases, and the demand for self-sufficiency within the european community in human blood and blood pro ... | 1994 | 7841774 |
| ethics in scientific communication: study of a problem case. | the hypothermia experiments performed on humans during the second world war at the german concentration camp in dachau have been regarded as crimes against humanity, disguised as medical research. for almost 50 years, scientists maintained that the study produced valuable, even if not totally reliable, information. in recent years, the results from the dachau hypothermia project were glamorized with life-saving potential and a heated ethical dialogue was activated about the use of life-saving bu ... | 1994 | 7861424 |
| toxicology and seafood toxins: domoic acid. | marine and terrestrial food sources are susceptible to contamination by various industrial chemicals and microbial pathogens. both types of hazard are amenable to regulatory assessment using a single toxicology data base, along with some knowledge of contaminant levels and consumption figures for food. on the other hand, regulatory problems persist with acutely toxic naturally occurring phycotoxins, which may accumulate unpredictably to toxic levels in seafood. however, a scarce supply of pure t ... | 1994 | 7866671 |
| naps as integral parts of the wake time within the human sleep-wake cycle. | thirteen subjects lived singly in an isolation unit without temporal cues for an average time span of 32 days. they signaled the times when they woke up, took a meal, and retired, noting in their diaries what kind of sleep (nap or main sleep) they were going to have. in five subjects the free-running circadian rhythms remained internally synchronized. the other eight subjects became internally desynchronized, with different periods in the sleep-wake cycle and in the rhythm of body temperature, o ... | 1994 | 7873774 |
| time-related changes in the sleep-wake cycle of rats infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei. | patients with human african trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness, show a major disturbance in the circadian distribution of sleeping and waking, with sleep and wake episodes equally distributed throughout the nycthemeron. in order to develop an animal model, polysomnography was taken continuously in 8 male ofa rats in a 12:12 h light-dark cycle, during 1 baseline week and for 2 weeks after infection with trypanosoma brucei brucei. considerable sleep fragmentation was observed in the infected rats, ... | 1994 | 7913215 |
| human core temperature minimum can be modified by ambient thermal transients. | by using slow linear thermal transients (+/- 0.025 degree c/min) of reduced amplitude (+/- 3 degrees c around thermoneutrality), we were able to advance the minimum of human internal temperature (ti) during nocturnal sleep. during experimental night the minimum of esophageal (tes) and rectal (tre) temperature were respectively advanced by 1.6 h (p < 0.01) and 2.6 h (p < 0.001) in comparison to reference night spent at thermoneutrality. it must be emphasized that the provoked advance of nocturnal ... | 1994 | 7936403 |
| the timing of defecation within the sleep-wake cycle of humans during temporal isolation. | data were collected from 14 human subjects who lived singly in an isolation unit without temporal cues. the subjects used buttons to signal the times when they woke up, took a meal, defecated, and retired. under these conditions, the "free-running" circadian rhythms (e.g., the sleep-wake cycles and the rhythm of body temperature) remained internally synchronized in 7 subjects (mean circadian period = 24.47 hr); in the remaining 7 subjects the sleep-wake cycle lengthened beyond 28 hr, desynchroni ... | 1994 | 7949305 |
| satanism, ritual abuse, and multiple personality disorder: a sociohistorical perspective. | during the past decade in north america, a growing number of mental health professionals have reported that between 25% and 50% of their patients in treatment for multiple personality disorder (mpd) have recovered early childhood traumatic memories of ritual torture, incestuous rape, sexual debauchery, sacrificial murder, infanticide, and cannibalism perpetrated by members of clandestine satanic cults. although hundreds of local and federal police investigations have failed to corroborate patien ... | 1994 | 7960286 |
| light, social zeitgebers, and the sleep-wake cycle in the entrainment of human circadian rhythms. | the availability of sufficient zeitgebers is essential for entrainment of circadian rhythms. bright light is an important human zeitgeber. however, social cues acting through the sleep-wake cycle may also be important in the entrainment of human rhythms. current research suggests that humans receive inadequate and sporadic exposure to bright light. social cues, although less powerful, may be an important form of entrainment for contemporary humans, and also serve to augment the effects of availa ... | 1994 | 7972925 |
| administration of human chorionic gonadotropin affects sleep-wake phases and other associated behaviors in cycling female rats. | we investigated the possible effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) on sleep-wake phases and other associated behaviors controlled by the medial preoptic area, cerebral cortex and hippocampus. chronic epidural electroencephalographic (eeg) and temporal muscle electromyographic (emg) electrodes were placed in cycling female rats. after a week of recovery, rats were injected intraperitoneally at 3.00 pm on the day of proestrus with either saline or highly purified hcg or indomethacin or hcg ... | 1994 | 7987667 |
| how noisy are anaesthesia and intensive care medicine? quantification of the patients' stress. | the minimum and maximum sound pressure levels (lmin, lmax) were measured, and the energy equivalent sound pressure level (leq) and the impulse rated leq (lalm) were ascertained in the surgical intensive care unit and the anaesthetic and recovery room. frequency analyses were also made of the noise from various pieces of equipment. the lalm was never below 60 db(a)--the wake-up threshold in man--comprising strong narrow-band impulses with lmax more than 100 db(a) primarily from instrument alarms. ... | 1994 | 7988586 |
| [fatigue, drowsiness and sleep]. | vigilance is a critical output of adaptative processes related to sleep/wake continuity and circadian rhythms. since vigilance is highly stressed in the modern technic society, its sudden failures, expressed as fatigue, drowsiness and/or sleepiness, may be dramatically involved in accident's incidence, as observed in work accidents, manufacturing and transport sectors and private life. there is a detectable human factor involved in 70% of cases. even if there are multifactorial circumstances, hu ... | 1994 | 7994583 |
| placebo effect on the circadian rhythm period tau of temperature and hand-grip strength rhythms: interindividual and gender-related difference. | two different medications, one assumed to be a tranquilizer and the other an antifatigue agent, were tested. both were found to be ineffective and thus were viewed as placebos and named p1 and p2. the effect of p1 and p2 on the circadian rhythms of a set of variables (e.g., sleep/wake, oral temperature and grip strength of both hands) were monitored by five to 10 measurements per day over three consecutive 8- to 10-day spans. the first documented span was a control (no medication), and the secon ... | 1994 | 8013050 |
| demonstration of rapid light-induced advances and delays of the human circadian clock using hormonal phase markers. | to determine the magnitude and direction of phase shifts of human circadian rhythms occurring within 1 day after a single exposure to bright light, plasma thyrotropin, melatonin, and cortisol levels and body temperature were monitored for 38 h in 17 men who were each studied two times, once during continuous dim light conditions and once with light exposure. after a period of entrainment to a fixed sleep-wake cycle, a 3-h light pulse (5,000 lux) was presented under constant routine conditions, a ... | 1994 | 8023927 |
| canine model of obstructive sleep apnea: model description and preliminary application. | this report describes a canine model of obstructive sleep apnea (osa) developed in our laboratory and the results of its preliminary short-term application. healthy adult dogs were prepared with a tracheostomy and with implanted electroencephalographic and nuchal electromyographic recording electrodes. a silent occlusion valve was attached to the outer end of the endotracheal tube. the electroencephalogram and electromyogram were monitored continuously by a computer that determined sleep-wake st ... | 1994 | 8045863 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection and tuberculosis: an analysis and a course of action. | tuberculosis, once on the steady decline in the western world, has resurfaced with renewed vigor in the wake of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) epidemic. people with hiv infection are both more likely to contract primary tuberculosis and at greater risk for reactivation of latent tuberculosis. tuberculous disease may present with atypical signs and symptoms in hiv-infected hosts because of alterations in the immune system. superimposed on the vir ... | 1994 | 8069273 |
| [the effect of acupuncture in the treatment of insomnia. clinical study of subjective and objective evaluation]. | the sleep-wake cycle is the most important circadian rhythm in man and thus constitutes an excellent indicator of internal equilibrium and of health. sleep disorders, and particularly insomnia, affect a great percentage of the population. in daily practice, an inappropriate treatment may transform a bad sleeper into an insomniac dependent on pharmaceuticals for life. it is therefore necessary to give priority to non-chemical treatments in the management of insomnia. acupuncture, which offers a p ... | 1994 | 8073240 |
| sleep and circadian rhythms in space. | this paper presents a detailed critical review of the knowledge accumulated in the last three decades concerning research on sleep, work-rest schedules, and circadian rhythms in space. the focus of the paper is preceded by a brief review of the basic principles of the human circadian system and the physiology of the sleep-wake cycle, relevant to understanding the problem of astronaut work-rest scheduling. much of what is known is based on anecdotal reports, mission log books, and debriefing of a ... | 1994 | 8089264 |
| strategies for the preflight circadian shifting of space shuttle crews. | in june, 1990, a workshop was put together at nasa/johnson space center to address difficulties the astronauts were having in adjusting their wake and sleep schedule, both immediately before and during space shuttle missions. the workshop members, prominent investigators in human circadian research, developed a number of strategies by which astronauts could tackle the problem of circadian adaptation within the demanding timetable of a space shuttle mission. the strategies included both abrupt an ... | 1994 | 8089265 |
| [endocarditis caused by non-diphtheriae corynebacterium. presentation of 12 cases and review]. | corynebacterium is known as a pathogen for man, particularly c. diphtheriae, while other species may cause disease and particularly cardiac valve infection, mainly in immunosuppressed patients, intravenous drug addicts, valve prosthesis carriers, patients with previous valvular disease, with congenital heart diseases or those submitted to cardiothoracic surgery. | 1993 | 8142503 |
| [eeg changes in type i and type ii lissencephaly]. | lissencephaly syndromes are rare disturbances of the neuronal migration with agyria and/or pachygyria. typical patterns in the eeg of 5 children with lissencephaly are presented. rhythmic alpha- or beta-waves with high amplitudes of diffuse or fronto-precentral localisation are characteristic in type i lissencephaly. in type ii lissencephaly initially theta- or delta-waves of somewhat lower amplitude are observed. sharp and slow wave-complexes of very high amplitude are found more often in type ... | 1994 | 8152199 |
| dna-binding specificity and trans-activating potential of the leukemia-associated e2a-hepatic leukemia factor fusion protein. | hybrid transcription factors, resulting from gene fusions in the wake of chromosomal translocations, have been implicated in leukemogenesis, but their precise contributions to oncogenic conversion remain unclear. the e2a-hlf fusion gene, formed by a t(17;19)(q22;p13) in childhood pro-b-cell acute lymphoid leukemia, encodes a hybrid protein that contains the trans-activation domain of e2a (e12/e47) linked to the bzip dna-binding and dimerization domain of hepatic leukemia factor (hlf). here we re ... | 1994 | 8164688 |
| [space medicine and life sciences in space]. | the examination of pathophysiological disturbances and the process of adaptation in man during space flight is not for optimizing of the biological systems during the training of cosmonauts and astronauts for their stay in space only. these results are also important for medical application on patients. in real microgravity disturbances of motor performances, coordination of movements, accuracy of movements, muscle function as well as structural changes in muscles is found in real microgravity. ... | 1993 | 8178518 |
| [circadian rhythm disturbance after radiotherapy for brain tumor in infantile period--clinical effect of l-thyroxine and vitamin b12]. | we reported here 19-year-old man suffering from circadian sleep-wake (s-w) rhythm disturbance after total tumor resection and whole brain irradiation. this 19-year-old man was diagnosed as having astrocytoma in the right temporal lobe by ct scan and angiography at the age of 6 months. after total tumor resection and whole brain irradiation (60co 60 gy), he showed profound psychomotor retardation, endocrinologic dysfunction including hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency, and sleep-wake rh ... | 1993 | 8217401 |
| the biology and molecular biology of scrapie-like diseases. | the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse's) are degenerative diseases of the central nervous system which naturally affect man (creutzfeldt-jakob disease [cjd], gerstmann-sträussler syndrome [gss], kuru), sheep and goats (scrapie), cattle (bovine spongiform encephalopathy [bse]), mink (transmissible mink encephalopathy), mule deer, elk and antelope (chronic wasting disease). spongiform encephalopathies have also been diagnosed in captive species of zoo antelope and in domestic cats. mu ... | 1993 | 8219804 |
| successful use of s20098 and melatonin in an animal model of delayed sleep-phase syndrome (dsps). | in human delayed sleep-phase syndrome (dsps), sleep onset and wake times occur far later than normal. in the population, dsps may be an important contributor to complaints of sleep onset insomnia. we previously reported an animal model of dsps in laboratory rats in which the onset of nocturnal activity is delayed by several hours [negative phase angle difference (pad)]. the effect of melatonin 1 mg/kg sc and s20098 (servier) 1 and 3 mg/kg on the negative pad was investigated over 22 days of inje ... | 1993 | 8255922 |
| maintenance of a circadian phase adjustment of the human melatonin rhythm following artificial long days. | in winter, a 5-day exposure of 4 human subjects to a skeleton photoperiod, with 3 h of bright light in the evening and again in the morning, phase advanced the morning serum melatonin offset by 1-3 h as compared with the original winter melatonin rhythm pattern. the phase advance persisted for 3 days even after the bright light withdrawal. the data indicate that the long skeleton photoperiod had a prevailing phase-advancing effect on the melatonin rhythm and its underlying pacemaker. the mainten ... | 1993 | 8281444 |
| entrainment of nocturnal pituitary-adrenocortical activity to sleep processes in man--a hypothesis. | the 24 hr patterns of plasma acth and cortisol concentrations are characterized by prominent circadian and ultradian oscillations. usually both, nadir and acrophase of the circadian rhythm occur during sleep. this led us to re-evaluated the temporal relationship between sleep processes and nocturnal plasma acth and cortisol levels and the impact of several types of sleep manipulation (sleep delay, sleep disruption, sleep prolongation, sleep deprivation, and reversal of the sleep-wake cycle). pit ... | 1993 | 8299702 |
| quantitative studies of invasion of rabbit ileal mucosa by salmonella typhimurium strains which differ in virulence in a model of gastroenteritis. | an asymmetric organ culture system in which ileal tissues, freshly removed from rabbits, can be maintained structurally and functionally for up to 4 h has been developed. the composition of the solutions used to maintain ileal tissue in vitro were as follows. the serosal surface was bathed in the world health organization (who) rehydration formulation: nacl, 60 mm; nahco3, 30 mm; kcl, 20 mm; and glucose, 111 mm. the mucosal surface was bathed in the same solution with two important changes: all ... | 1994 | 8300215 |
| the polkinghorne report on fetal research: nice recommendations, shame about the reasoning. | in 1989, in the wake of the first operations to transplant fetal tissue into the brains of sufferers from parkinson's disease, the uk code of practice governing the use of the fetus for research was overhauled by an eminent committee under the chairmanship of the reverend dr john polkinghorne. the polkinghorne report has, however, attracted remarkably little comment or analysis. this paper is believed to be the first to subject it to sustained ethical and legal scrutiny. the author concludes tha ... | 1993 | 8331636 |
| circadian sleep regulation in the absence of light perception: chronic non-24-hour circadian rhythm sleep disorder in a blind man with a regular 24-hour sleep-wake schedule. | sleep disturbances and the failure to entrain circadian rhythms to the 24-hour day have been reported in the majority of totally blind subjects. the present case study of a totally blind man with a well-documented recurring sleep disturbance was designed to investigate the mutual relationship between sleep and the circadian timing system. the 63-year-old subject, a high school teacher with a regular work schedule, had suffered from cyclically recurring insomnia for the past 28 years. analysis of ... | 1993 | 8341894 |
| the stuff that dreams aren't made of: why wake-state and dream-state sensory experiences differ. | it is adaptive for individuals to be continuously alert and responsive to external stimuli (such as the sound and odor of an approaching predator or the cry of an infant), even during sleep. natural selection thus has disfavored the occurrence during sleep of hallucinations that compromise external vigilance. in the great majority of mammalian species, including homo sapiens, closed eyes and immobility are basic aspects of sleep. therefore, (a) visual and movement sensory modalities (except kine ... | 1993 | 8370242 |
| reliability and validity of computer scoring of behavioral sleep-wake states in rats and rabbits. | previous studies in human infants, rabbits, and rats have shown that states of sleep and wakefulness can be reliably identified from motility signals produced by respiration and body movement. thoman has described a computer-scoring algorithm for automated scoring of behavioral states from motility signals in human infants. in the present studies, we report the use of the computer scoring program with motility signals obtained from electronic activity monitors. in the newborn rabbit, computer cl ... | 1993 | 8372120 |
| the ethical use of fetal tissue for transplantation and research. | the exercise of organ and tissue transplantation is a common occurrence in our society. expectations of future advances in this arena are raising many ethical, moral and public-policy questions. the scientific data base supporting the usefulness of fetal tissue to repair or reverse disease is modest, and uses are speculative. should fetal tissue transplantation research proceed and, if so, under what conditions? this paper examines the issues related to the use and procurement of fetal tissue fo ... | 1993 | 8376653 |
| varicella-zoster virus dna in granulomatous skin lesions following herpes zoster. a study by the polymerase chain reaction. | granulomatous reactions at sites of previous cutaneous herpes zoster lesions occur, but their etiology is not known. three tissue specimens from 5 cases identified clinically and histologically as post-zosteric granulomatous reactions were studied for the presence of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) by the polymerase chain reaction using specific primers for vzv. vzv dna was detected in 1 of 3 cases where the granulomatous reaction occurred immediately in the wake of reso ... | 1993 | 8385680 |
| sleep-wake cycle in human african trypanosomiasis. | sleeping sickness patients are classically described as sleepy by day and restless by night. prior to this study, we had objectively confirmed this description by recording 24-h sleep patterns in a patient with human african trypanosomiasis. we report 24-h polysomnographic recordings (eeg, electrooculogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, and nasal, buccal, and thoracic respiratory traces) performed on two eight-channel electroencephalographs in eight patients with untreated sleeping sickness ... | 1993 | 8389383 |
| historical perspectives on law, medical malpractice, and the concept of negligence. | since the dawn of human history, the inherent morbidity and mortality of human beings has made the diagnosis and treatment of human disease a high-risk profession. the ancient risk of physical retribution against the physician has been replaced by the modern risk of economic indemnity or compensation. monetary settlements and awards are at times so huge that they may result in personal bankruptcy and professional disgrace. this article should not discourage health care providers from continuing ... | 1993 | 8404569 |
| circadian rhythms during gradually delaying and advancing sleep and light schedules. | the circadian rhythms of the night shift worker show very little phase shift in response to the daytime sleep and night work schedule. one strategy for producing circadian adaptation may be to use appropriately timed exposure to high-intensity light. we attempted to shift the circadian temperature rhythms of seven normal subjects while they followed a sleep schedule that gradually delayed (2 h per day) until sleep occurred during the daytime, as is customary for workers during the night shift. a ... | 1993 | 8434051 |
| fetal vibroacoustic stimulation. | to review the literature on fetal vibroacoustic stimulation as a method of changing the fetal sleep state during nonstress testing. | 1993 | 8437804 |
| effect of scn lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation. | sleep and wakefulness are governed by both the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (scn), and a sleep homeostatic process; however, the interaction of these control systems is not well understood. from rodent studies it has been assumed that the scn promote neither wake nor sleep but gate the homeostatic sleep-promoting process. yet in humans sleep tendency is lowest during the later waking hours of the day, and sleep duration can be predicted because of the precise circadian timing of wa ... | 1993 | 8441003 |
| review: extraaural health effects of aircraft noise. | the number of aircraft movements in our society is increasing at a rapid rate. as a consequence the airspace is becoming more crowded, in particular in the vicinity of airports. as a consequence pollution (both air pollution and noise) near the airports increases. one solution to 'rush hours' in the airspace around airports is to spread the number of flights more evenly over time. this leads to more flights in the sensitive parts of the day: evening and night. this leads to community reaction an ... | 1993 | 8460368 |
| on the relationship between motor activity and the sleep-wake cycle in humans during temporal isolation. | in the free-running circadian rhythms of 14 human subjects (4 females, 10 males) who lived singly in an isolation unit without temporal clues, locomotor activity was recorded by means of contact plates installed below the carpet in the main room. during sleep, movements in bed were picked up by spring contacts attached to the mattress. in all subjects, the hourly means of locomotion during wakefulness (alpha) were negatively correlated with the duration of alpha to such an extent that the total ... | 1993 | 8490209 |
| ultradian components of the sleep-wake cycle in babies. | behavioral states may be analyzed as expressions of underlying cyclic activity involving several physiological systems. the human sleep-wake cycle in the first year of life shows, in addition to the establishment of circadian rhythmicity around the second month, the dynamics of its ultradian components, as can be seen in the more or less gradual decline of the polyphasic pattern. to detect these changes, we have analyzed the sleep-wake cycle of five babies of different ages (3, 4, 9, 11, and 13 ... | 1993 | 8500186 |
| phase resetting of the human circadian pacemaker with use of a single pulse of bright light. | since the initial studies reporting that light can alter the phase position of the human circadian system, there has been increasing interest in the use of bright light as a tool for manipulating the phase position of the circadian pacemaker. exposure protocols typically require subjects to receive 2-5 h of exposure over several circadian cycles. as a consequence, bright light treatment can involve a considerable time investment. however, recent studies indicate that a single pulse of bright lig ... | 1993 | 8500194 |
| the genetic background of individual variations of circadian-rhythm periods in healthy human adults. | as a group phenomenon, human variables exhibit a rhythm with a period (tau) equal to 24 h. however, healthy human adults may differ from one another with regard to the persistence of the 24-h periods of a set of variables' rhythms within a given individual. such an internal desynchronization (or individual circadian dyschronism) was documented during isolation experiments without time cues, both in the present study involving 78 male shift workers and in 20 males and 19 females living in a natur ... | 1993 | 8503453 |
| [changing gears in the human circadian mechanism]. | subjects who live in isolation and without information on time of day, develop, in all their functions, free-running circadian rhythms whose common periods usually scatter around 25 h. that means that the circadian system, though desynchronized from the 24-h day, remains internally synchronized. however, if the sleep-wake cycle gets longer than 28 h, or shorter than 22 h, the rhythms of autonomic functions uncouple from the sleep-wake cycle, resulting in a state of internal desynchronization. in ... | 1995 | 8588351 |
| conflicts of interest: the genesis of synthetic antimalarial agents in peace and war. | malaria has had an enormous impact on human history, not least in times of war. the disease has been treatable by a natural remedy, quinine, since the 17th century, but the production of synthetic antimalarial agents was first achieved in germany in the wake of the great war of 1914-1918, in which malaria had caused immense problems. in the 1920s research workers in the bayer laboratories of the ig farbenindustrie consortium developed the 8-aminoquinoline plasmoquine (the forerunner of primaquin ... | 1995 | 8626269 |
| overnight human plasma melatonin, cortisol, prolactin, tsh, under conditions of normal sleep, sleep deprivation, and sleep recovery. | early investigations of the effect of sleep deprivation on plasma melatonin reported no major changes. recently, 36 hrs of sleep deprivation was reported to elevate melatonin levels on the post-sleep deprivation night. given these contradictions melatonin, cortisol, prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormone before, during, and, after sleep deprivation were examined in nine healthy young males following one night of sleep deprivation. hormone levels at hourly intervals, for each night, were stat ... | 1996 | 8648563 |
| somatic evoked high-frequency magnetic oscillations reflect activity of inhibitory interneurons in the human somatosensory cortex. | high-frequency potential oscillations in the range of 300-900 hz have recently been shown to concur with the primary response (n20) of the somatosensory cortex in awake humans. however, the physiological mechanisms of the high-frequency oscillations remained undetermined. we addressed the issue by analyzing magnetic fields during wakefulness and sleep over the left hemisphere to right median nerve stimulation with a wide bandpass (0.1-2000 hz) recording with subsequent high-pass (> 300 hz) and l ... | 1996 | 8681860 |
| sleep in korea: a developmental perspective. | sleep is an ubiquitous phenomenon. it is a developmental product, being subjected to the vicissitudes of human behavior and culture. the author will attempt to elaborate on sleep, sleep disorders, and sleep medicine in korea from various developmental perspectives (i.e. personal, national and scientific). korea is a rapidly developing industrialized nation and is now experiencing immense cultural changes which force individuals to change their behavior and value systems. for example, shift worki ... | 1995 | 8726126 |
| role of essential fatty acids in the function of the developing nervous system. | the basis for n-3 fatty acid essentially in humans includes not only biochemical evidence but functional measures associated with n-3 deficiency in human and nonhuman primates. functional development of the retina and the occipital cortex are affected by alpha-linolenic acid deficiency and by a lack of docosahexaenoic acid (dha) in preterm infant formulas and, as reported more recently, in term diets. functional effects of n-3 supply on sleep-wake cycles and heart rate rhythms support the need f ... | 1996 | 8729114 |
| male contraception. | with the powerful tools of molecular investigation, the last decade has witnessed the most remarkable scientific advance in our history, yet no new leads for male contraception have been forthcoming. all the likely methods of male contraception discussed above were derived from relatively 'old' physiological principles or serendipitous observations. the increasing gap between fundamental research (in the control of mammalian spermatogenesis) and the lack of clinical application are a testament t ... | 1996 | 8736719 |
| [rest-activity cycle in man]. | an actigraph (zak company) is a small device that can be worn on the wrist like a watch. we carried out a study to compare sleep efficiency and total sleep time as determined by actigraphy and polysomnography. the number of body movements per minute is a density function. the integrated function shows a virtually constant gradient in the wake state and a different constant gradient during sleep. the body movement density function per hour provides a useful threshold for correctly differentiating ... | 1996 | 8737528 |
| relationship of plasma growth hormone to slow-wave sleep in african sleeping sickness. | human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is a unique disease model of disrupted circadian rhythms in the sleep-wake cycle and cortisol and prolactin secretion. this study examined the temporal relationship between growth hormone (gh) secretion and the sleep-wake cycle in 8 infected african patients and 6 healthy indigenous african subjects. twenty-four-hour sleep patterns were recorded by polysomnography and hourly blood samples analyzed for plasma gh. no relationships between the mean ... | 1996 | 8739895 |
| comparison of a frequency-based analysis of electroencephalograms (z-ratio) and visual scoring on the multiple sleep latency test. | in a sample of multiple sleep latency test naps following nocturnal polysomnograms from a group of 13 patients of varying ages and diagnoses, we compared a computer-derived electroencephalographic (eeg) measure (z-ratio) with standard visual sleep stage scoring. in this clinical population, z-ratio scoring agreed with human scorers approximately 80% of the time when determining sleep versus wake in 30-second epochs. these results show that a single, objectively quantifiable value derived from a ... | 1995 | 8746389 |
| [non-photic entrainment of human circadian clock--effects of forced sleep-wake schedule on the circadian rhythm in plasma melatonin]. | the present study was performed in order to have better understanding of the human circadian system. two hypotheses concerning with the human circadian system have been advanced. one is a two self-sustained oscillator hypothesis, and the other is a two process hypothesis. both hypotheses are based on a phenomenon called internal desynchronization. a major difference between the two hypothesis is that sleep or wakefulness does not affect the circadian oscillation in the two process hypothesis, wh ... | 1996 | 8752534 |
| [action duality of nitrogen oxide (no) in experimental african trypanosomiasis]. | patients with human african trypanosomiasis present a major dysruption of the circadian rhythmicity of the sleep-wake cycle, which was also found in rats infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei (t.b.b.). the alterations in the immune function and nervous system in african trypsanosomiasis led us to investigate the involvement of nitric oxide (no), a key molecule in immune and neurophysiological mechanisms, in experimental trypanosomiasis. no was measured in 35 sprague dawley rats using different ... | 1996 | 8761666 |
| the zoonotic importance of mycobacterium bovis. | the zoonotic importance of mycobacterium bovis has been the subject of renewed interest in the wake of the increasing incidence of tuberculosis in the human population. this paper considers some of the conditions under which transmission of m. bovis from animals to humans occurs and reviews current information on the global distribution of the disease. the paper highlights the particular threat posed by this zoonotic disease in developing countries and lists the veterinary and human public healt ... | 1996 | 8762842 |
| simulations of light effects on the human circadian pacemaker: implications for assessment of intrinsic period. | the sensitivity of the human circadian system to light has been the subject of considerable debate. using computer simulations of a recent quantitative model for the effects of light on the human circadian system, we investigated these effects of light during different experimental protocols. the results of the simulations indicate that the nonuniform distribution over the circadian cycle of exposure to ordinary room light seen in classical free-run studies, in which subjects select their exposu ... | 1996 | 8769811 |
| characteristics of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis patients with and without hiv infection in a hospital in zimbabwe. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has a large impact on tuberculosis in africa. in this study, the prevalence of hiv infection in a population of hospitalized tuberculosis patients in zimbabwe was determined and demographic characteristics, clinical signs and symptoms, as well as radiographic appearance were compared in tuberculosis patients with and without hiv infection. during a 5 month observation period, information on tuberculosis patients referred to driefontein tuberculosis sa ... | 1996 | 8777965 |
| effects of systemic ghrh on sleep in intact and hypophysectomized rats. | the role of pituitary growth hormone (gh) in the mediation of enhanced sleep elicited by gh-releasing hormone (ghrh) was studied in the rat. intact and hypophysectomized (hypox) rats received systemic injections of ghrh or physiological saline. ghrh (0.5, 5.0, or 50 micrograms/kg in the intact rats and 0.5 or 50 micrograms/kg in hypox rats) was injected 6 h after light onset (p.m. injection) or just before light onset (a.m. injection, 0.5 microgram/kg in both a.m. groups). sleep-wake activity an ... | 1996 | 8779943 |
| the effects of sleep on circulating catecholamines and aqueous flow in human subjects. | we measured the rate of aqueous flow and analysed its relation to the time of day, the state of wakefulness and the urinary excretion of catecholamines. two groups of subjects were studied. one group comprised 20 normal subjects who were studied over two 22-hr periods. during one period, the subjects were permitted to sleep during their customary hours of sleep; during the other, they were not permitted to sleep, but remained active for all 22 hr. the other group comprised ten subjects with obst ... | 1996 | 8795453 |
| human circadian rhythms in constant dim light (8 lux) with knowledge of clock time. | the light/dark (l/d) cycle is a major synchronizer of human circadian rhythms. in the absence of a strong l/d cycle, synchrony with 24 hours can nevertheless be maintained in a socially structured environment, as shown in polar regions (broadway et al. 1987) and by some blind subjects (czeisler et al. 1995a). the relative contribution of other time cues to entrainment in dim light has not been fully explored. the present study investigated the behaviour of melatonin (assessed as 6-sulphatoxymela ... | 1996 | 8795806 |
| melatonin efficacy in aviation missions requiring rapid deployment and night operations. | the rapid deployment of army aviation personnel across time zones, combined with missions beginning immediately upon arrival, results in desynchronization of physiological and cognitive performance rhythms. implementation of effective countermeasures enhances safety, health, well-being, and mission completion. the naturally occurring hormone melatonin has been suggested as an effective counter measure for jet lag and shift lag because of its influence on the human circadian timing system and its ... | 1996 | 8827132 |
| vitamin b12 affects non-photic entrainment of circadian locomotor activity rhythms in mice. | administration of vitamin b12 (vb12) has been reported to normalize human sleep-wake rhythm disorders such as non-24-h sleep-wake syndrome (hns), delayed sleep phase syndrome (dsps) or insomnia. however, the mechanisms of the action of vb12 on the rhythm disorders are unknown. in the present study, therefore, effects of vb12 on circadian rhythms of locomotor activity were examined in mice. in the first experiment, cba/j mice were maintained under continuous light condition (ll) or blinded, and a ... | 1996 | 8842380 |
| sleep and the immune system. | recent animal and human studies show that the immune-neuroendocrine-thermal operations of the body are intimately linked to the sleeping-waking brain. in humans, the diurnal pattern of aspects of both peripheral cellular immune functions, e.g. natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and of cytokines, e.g. interleukin-1, are related to sleep. the harmonious interrelationships of the circadian patterns of the immune, neuroendocrine, thermal and brain functional activities are important for the cause and ... | 1995 | 8847159 |
| relationships between intact parathyroid hormone 24-hour profiles, sleep-wake cycle, and sleep electroencephalographic activity in man. | to determine whether the 24-h intact pth (ipth) profile is influenced by the sleep-wake cycle, and whether ipth pulses show a temporal relationship with internal sleep structure, eight normal young men were studied during 24 h under basal conditions, once with normal nighttime sleep from 2300-0700 h and once after a night of sleep deprivation followed by an 8-h period of daytime sleep from 0700-1500 h. during the 8-h nighttime sleep period, mean ipth levels were significantly increased by +13% a ... | 1996 | 8855835 |
| chronobiotics--drugs that shift rhythms. | a chronobiotic is defined and levels of action within the mammalian circadian pacemaker system, such as the retina, retinohypothalamic tract, geniculohypothalamic tract, suprachiasmatic nuclei, output and feedback systems are identified. classes of drug that include the indoleamines, cholinergic agents, peptides, and benzodiazepines, which might act as chronobiotics within these levels, are evaluated. particular emphasis is placed on the indole, melatonin (mlt). the clinical circumstances for us ... | 1996 | 8857301 |
| phase-shifting human circadian rhythms: influence of sleep timing, social contact and light exposure. | 1. both the timing of behavioural events (activity, sleep and social interactions) and the environmental light-dark cycle have been reported to contribute to entrainment of human circadian rhythms to the 24 h day. yet, the relative contribution of those putative behavioural synchronizers to that of light exposure remains unclear. 2. to investigate this, we inverted the schedule of rest, sedentary activity and social contact of thirty-two young men either with or without exposure to bright light. ... | 1996 | 8866371 |
| disruption of endocrine rhythms in sleeping sickness with preserved relationship between hormonal pulsatility and the rem-nrem sleep cycles. | in human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), sleep and wake episodes are sporadically distributed throughout the day and the night. to determine whether these sleep disturbances affect the 24-h hormone profiles and the normal relationships between hormone pulsatility and sleep stages, polygraphic sleep recordings and concomitant hormone profiles were obtained in 6 african patients with sleeping sickness and in 5 healthy african subjects selected from abidjan on the ivory coast. polysomn ... | 1996 | 8872597 |
| delaying and extending sleep during weekends: sleep recovery or circadian effect? | there is a well-known tendency to delay and prolong our sleep during weekends (saturday and sunday), with an advance and reduction of sleep during workdays (monday to friday). the objective of this work was to determine if the changes of sleep during weekends are produced by a partial sleep deprivation or a lack of entraining of circadian rhythms to an advanced phase, during workdays. the subjects were 52 undergraduate female students, mean age = 17.5 years, sd = 1.32. all students attended scho ... | 1996 | 8874982 |
| effects of light and chronotherapy on human circadian rhythms in delayed sleep phase syndrome: cytokines, cortisol, growth hormone, and the sleep-wake cycle. | | 1996 | 8894073 |
| non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome in a sighted man: circadian rhythm studies and efficacy of melatonin treatment. | the case of a 41-year-old sighted man with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome is presented. a 7-week baseline assessment confirmed that the patient expressed endogenous melatonin and sleep-wake rhythms with a period of 25.1 hours. we sought to investigate the underlying pathology and to entrain the patient to a normal sleep-wake schedule. no deficiency in melatonin synthesis was found. furthermore, normal coupling between the melatonin and sleep propensity rhythms was documented using an "ultrashor ... | 1996 | 8899933 |
| midlatency auditory evoked potentials and the startle response in the rat. | the p13 midlatency auditory evoked potential in the rat is (i) sleep state dependent, (ii) undergoes rapid habituation and (iii) is blocked by the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine. as such, the p13 potential in the rat shows the same characteristics as the p1 (or p50) potential in the human. these potentials are thought to be mediated, at least in part, by the cholinergic arm of the reticular activating system. previous studies have linked the reticular activating system with the startle respo ... | 1996 | 8923542 |
| choice of research setting in understanding adolescent health problems. | this paper describes key features of settings in which most adolescent health research is done, advantages and disadvantages of each setting, crosscutting issues to consider in every setting, and strategies for overcoming common problems in adolescent research. | 1995 | 8924435 |
| human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein 120 alters sleep and induces cytokine mrna expression in rats [published errata appear in am j physiol 1996 aug;271(2 pt 2):section r following table of contents and 1996 dec;271(6 pt 3):section r following table of contents]. | sleep is altered during the course of viral infection, including that in which the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the etiologic agent. alterations in the sleep of hiv-infected individuals occur early in the course of infection, prior to the onset of aids. the mechanisms for such alterations in sleep are not known. the hiv envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) induces the synthesis and secretion of cytokines that enhance [e.g., interleukin (il)-1 and tumor necrosis factor] and suppress (e.g., ... | 1996 | 8928927 |
| modulation of the human vestibuloocular reflex during saccades: probing by high-frequency oscillation and torque pulses of the head. | 1. we probed the gain and phase of the vestibuloocular reflex (vor) during the execution of voluntary gaze saccades, with continuous oscillation or acceleration pulses, applied through a torque helmet. 2. small-amplitude (< 1 degree), high-frequency (10-14 hz) head oscillations in the horizontal or vertical plane were superimposed on ongoing horizontal gaze saccades (40-100 degrees). torque pulses to the head ("with" or "against" gaze) were superimposed on 40 degrees horizontal saccades. eye and ... | 1996 | 8930270 |
| delayed phase jumps of sleep onset in a patient with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome. | we studied a 30-year-old man with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome. to investigate the relationship between environmental light-dark cycles and his sleep-wake rhythm, we documented his sleep log and rectal temperature data without any therapeutic interventions. we found that 1) the patient's sleep-wake pattern consisted of two different components, appearing alternatively, with a period of 27.2 days: regular free-run (r free-run), consisting of a daily 30- to 60-minute regular delay of sleep onse ... | 1996 | 8958634 |
| non-rapid eye movement sleep is suppressed in transgenic mice with a deficiency in the somatotropic system. | sleep-wake activity was studied in a transgenic mouse model (th-hgh) with a deficiency in the somatotropic axis (growth hormone (gh)-releasing hormone (ghrh)-gh-insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i)). this dwarf transgenic mouse strain expresses a human gh (hgh) reporter gene linked to 4.8 kb of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase flanking sequence, targeting the production of hgh to sites of tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis in the brain. endogenous gh and igf-i are suppressed in these mice, as well as gh ... | 1996 | 8981482 |
| a double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effects of orally administered venlafaxine on sleep in inpatients with major depression. | venlafaxine, a member of a novel chemical class, phenethylamines, is a new antidepressant that inhibits neuronal uptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (in decreasing order of potency) at doses of 75 to 375 mg per day. depression and antidepressant drugs are known to modify human sleep patterns. our objective in this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to assess the effects of venlafaxine on polysomnographic variables by comparing the effects of venlafaxine and placebo on sleep ... | 1996 | 8993085 |
| actin polymerization is induced by arp2/3 protein complex at the surface of listeria monocytogenes. | the pathogenic bacterium listeria monocytogenes is capable of directed movement within the cytoplasm of infected host cells. propulsion is thought to be driven by actin polymerization at the bacterial cell surface, and moving bacteria leave in their wake a tail of actin filaments. determining the mechanism by which l. monocytogenes polymerizes actin may aid the understanding of how actin polymerization is controlled in the cell. actin assembly by l. monocytogenes requires the bacterial surface p ... | 1997 | 9000076 |
| t lymphocytes and their cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection: implications for associated neoplasias. | infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) results in gradual immunosuppression due to the loss of cd4+ t cells. in the wake of immune system breakdown, infected individuals may acquire multiple opportunistic infections and develop certain malignancies which ultimately account for the vast majority of deaths in these persons. a limited number of malignancies are directly associated with hiv infection and suggest a common tie between these tumors. inappropriate immune surveillance resu ... | 1995 | 9012587 |
| growth hormone secretion in night workers. | we previously reported that, in night workers, cortisol and tsh rhythms, known to have a high endogenous component, adapted only partially to the nocturnal schedule. the aim of the present study was to investigate the degree of adaptation of the growth hormone (gh) rhythm, considered to be mainly sleep-dependent, but for which a weak circadian drive has also been suggested. eleven night workers were studied during their usual sleep-wake cycle, and two groups of 11 normally day-active subjects, s ... | 1997 | 9042551 |
| zolpidem for dementia-related insomnia and nighttime wandering. | to describe two elderly patients with dementia and severe nighttime wandering in whom zolpidem restored normal sleep patterns. | 1997 | 9066939 |
| correlations between sleep and wake in internally synchronized and desynchronized circadian rhythms in humans under prolonged isolation. | the authors report the results of their experiments performed on the sleep-wake and rectal temperature rhythms of human subjects, who were held in prolonged social isolation for periods of 15-43 days in a specially constructed facility. of 13 experiments performed with 11 subjects, the sleep-wake and rectal temperature rhythms free ran with circadian periods, remaining internally synchronized for the entire duration of the experiments in 9 subjects. the relationship between sleep and wake that i ... | 1997 | 9104688 |
| circadian rhythms in human performance and mood under constant conditions. | this study explored the relationship between circadian performance rhythms and rhythms in rectal temperature, plasma cortisol, plasma melatonin, subjective alertness and well-being. seventeen healthy young adults were studied under 36 h of 'unmasking' conditions (constant wakeful bedrest, temporal isolation, homogenized 'meals') during which rectal temperatures were measured every minute, and plasma cortisol and plasma melatonin measured every 20 min. hourly subjective ratings of global vigour ( ... | 1997 | 9125694 |
| effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells. | the role of nocturnal sleep for normal immune regulation and its relation to circadian rhythm was examined in 10 men participating in two 51-h sessions. one session included two regular wake-sleep cycles; the other included a night of sustained wakefulness followed by a night of recovery sleep. blood was collected every 3 h to determine pbmc counts, including the enumeration of monocytes, nk cells, and lymphocyte subsets (cd19+, cd3+, cd4+, cd8+, hla-dr+). production of il-1beta, tnf-alpha, il-2 ... | 1997 | 9127011 |
| restoration of detectable melatonin after entrainment to a 24-hour schedule in a 'free-running' man. | we evaluated a 37-year-old male with a non-24-h sleep-wake disorder. his environment gave him little exposure to bright light. circadian profiles of temperature, melatonin, thyrotropin, cortisol and testosterone were obtained along with endocrine challenges of the thyroid, adrenal, growth hormone and gonadal axes. multiple endocrine abnormalities were detected. testosterone was low and nocturnal thyrotropin levels were erratic. serum melatonin was undetectable throughout the day and night on mul ... | 1997 | 9141150 |
| aids and the new medical gaze: bio-politics, aids, and homosexuality. | the essay argues that the contemporary resurgence of homophobia and the remedicalization of homosexuals in the wake of aids is, in part, an unintended but predictable effect of a quarter century of fractious identity-politics. prominent gay and lesbian political strategies of the 1970s and 1980s borrowed heavily from increasingly discredited, if once politically correct, discourses that valorized individuals on the basis of membership in governmentally constructed bio-bureaucratic categories. dr ... | 1997 | 9147266 |
| [surgical treatment of infective endocarditis associated with cerebral mycotic aneurysm]. | we experienced two cases of infective endocarditis associated with cerebral mycotic aneurysm. case 1: 58 year-old man underwent emergency aortic and mitral valve replacement due to active infective endocarditis and congestive heart failure diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography. after the operation, he did not wake up and his bilateral pupils were dilated. computed tomography demonstrated massive intracranial hemorrhage and severe brain edema. he died from multiple organ failure 22th post ... | 1997 | 9223858 |
| free-running circadian rhythm of melatonin in a sighted man despite a 24-hour sleep pattern: a non-24-hour circadian syndrome. | sleep and plasma melatonin rhythms were measured longitudinally in a sighted young man (21 years old) under a day-right environment. at each measurement, the responsiveness of the melatonin rhythm to a single light pulse was examined in addition to the 24-hour profile. in experiment 1, the timing of sleep was decided by the subject himself. although most sleep episodes were observed between 21:02 h and 10:55 h, the plasma melatonin rhythm free-ran for a period of 24.18 h. in experiment 2, the sl ... | 1997 | 9225373 |
| a sighted man with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome shows damped plasma melatonin rhythm. | twenty-four-hour profiles of plasma melatonin, cortisol and rectal temperature were measured longitudinally in a sighted man who has been suffering from sleep disorders for more than 10 years. the sleep-wake rhythm of this subject free-ran, despite his routine life, and occasionally showed a sign of internal desynchronization, where sleep was lengthened up to 30 h. these states were classified into the non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome. plasma melatonin concentrations in the subjective night remai ... | 1997 | 9225374 |
| daily melatonin intake resets circadian rhythms of a sighted man with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome who lacks the nocturnal melatonin rise. | effects of daily melatonin intake on the circadian rhythms of sleep and wakefulness, rectal temperature and plasma cortisol were examined in a sighted man who had suffered from the non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome. the subject lacked the nocturnal melatonin rise in plasma, but showed robust circadian rhythms in rectal temperature and plasma cortisol. the sleep-wake rhythm free-ran with a period longer than 24 hours. daily melatonin intake at 21:00 h concentrated sleep episodes in the nocturnal pe ... | 1997 | 9225375 |
| crack growth resistance in cortical bone: concept of microcrack toughening. | the role of microcracking in cortical bone as a toughening mechanism has been investigated in conjunction with the variation in fracture toughness with crack length. fracture toughness tests were conducted on miniaturised compact tension specimens made from human and bovine cortical bone and the resultant microstructural damage, present in the form of microcracking on the surface, was analysed around the main propagating crack. it was found that the fracture toughness (kc) and the cumulative num ... | 1997 | 9239560 |
| [control and development of breathing, pathophysiological aspects]. | the respiratory control system guarantees acid-base-homeostasis as well as the rhythmic activities of the respiratory motor system in accordance with exercise and behavioural programmes of the human being. cortical patterns and synchronized respiratory patterns with tracheal flow and pressure variations in the fetus indicate the common network of respiration and sleep-wake mechanisms in an early stage already. during fetal life acid-base-homeostasis is dependent on progesterone controlled mechan ... | 1997 | 9244885 |
| comparison between conventional and neural network classifiers for rat sleep-wake stage discrimination. | this article describes an approach to selecting the most efficient classifier for rat sleep staging (waking, rem sleep and nrem sleep) discrimination. three conventional (bayesian, linear, and euclidean) and two neural network (multilayer perceptrons integrating or not integrating contextual information) classifiers were compared. for each classifier, performances were presented in the form of a statistical concordance matrix comparing classifier results versus human expert results on 6 24-hour ... | 1997 | 9246225 |