| genetic predisposition and parameters of malignant progression in k14-hpv16 transgenic mice. | reproducible multi-stage progression to invasive squamous carcinoma of the epidermis has been achieved in transgenic mice expressing the hpv16 early-region genes, including the e6/e7 oncogenes, under the control of the human keratin-14 promoter/enhancer. although 100% of k14-hpv16 transgenic animals develop hyperplastic and/or dysplastic lesions in several inbred backgrounds, including c57bl/6, balb/c, and ssin/sencar, only mice backcrossed into the fvb/n background progress to malignant squamou ... | 1996 | 8952526 |
| [detection of human papillomavirus by polymerase chain reaction in primary lung carcinoma]. | human papillomaviruses (hpv) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human squamous cell carcinoma, specially of cervical carcinomas. in previous studies concerning primary lung cancer, dna of hpv subtypes was detected by in situ hybridization or polymerase chain reaction (pcr), up to 30% of the cases, namely in squamous cell carcinomas. a series of 31 frozen biopsies of lung carcinomas (surgical biopsies or through fiber optic bronchoscopy) were examined for the presence of hpv dna by neste ... | 1996 | 8952634 |
| synthesis, properties and applications of papillomavirus-like particles. | papillomavirus-like particles can be obtained by expression of the major capsid protein l1 alone or by coexpression with the minor capsid protein l2 in various systems. virus-like particles (vpls) and virions have very similar capsid structures. immunization with vlps yields antibodies neutralizing virions in vitro. vaccination of animals with vlps has been shown to protect against viral challenge. vlps of human papillomavirus (hpv) are therefore the most promising vaccine candidate to prevent i ... | 1996 | 8957669 |
| surrogate end points in cancer research: a critique. | studies using surrogate end points of malignant disease may be smaller, shorter, and less expensive than studies with incident cancer end points. researchers have proposed a broad range of histological, cellular, and molecular markers as surrogate end points for cancer (secs). we define a valid sec as follows: the effect of an intervention on (or the association of a risk factor with) the sec is concordant with its effect on (or association with) incident cancer. adenomatous polyps and persisten ... | 1996 | 8959315 |
| in situ pcr to cells and to wax sections. an alternative to in situ hybridization for the detection of low copies of human papillomavirus and cytomegalovirus dna. | | 1997 | 8959693 |
| infection of human papillomavirus (hpv) and p53 over-expression in human female genital tract carcinoma. | inactivation of p53 gene products either by mutation or by complex formation with e6 oncoprotein encoded by high risk hpv appears to be a common event in cervical carcinogenesis. this study was designed to clarify this association in 41 primary cervical, 15 endometrial, 3 ovarian and one rectal carcinomas. polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed presence of high risk hpv in 36 (88%) cervical, 5 (33%) endometrial and none of ovarian and rectal carcinomas. hpv 16 was found in 14 cervical carci ... | 1996 | 8961706 |
| [human papilloma virus. epidemiologic, carcinogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects]. | human papillomavirus (hpv) is the most common infection among women. natural history of hpv infection has changed as well as diagnosis and treatment. clinical picture is variable even with spontaneous remission. molecular biology for diagnosis and typification of hpv has changed its treatment. the disease can be treated according to clinical experience. sometimes can not eradicated since just it is impossible make to disappear it from genital tract. | 1996 | 8964543 |
| p53-null cells are more sensitive to ultraviolet light only in the presence of caffeine. | we have shown previously that p53(-/-) fibroblasts show greater sensitization by caffeine to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation compared with p53(+/+) cells. recently published data have suggested a possible role of p53 in nucleotide excision repair: an association of p53 and xeroderma pigmentosum group b protein and a greater sensitivity to cisplatin of rko cells transfected with the e6 protein of human papilloma virus (inactivating p53). we show that p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) cells have equa ... | 1996 | 8968086 |
| a neglected lesbian health concern: cervical neoplasia. | many health care providers believe that lesbian women do not need routine papanicolaou smears. this erroneous assumption fails to recognize that the majority of lesbian women have had prior heterosexual relationships and thus may be at risk for developing cervical neoplasia. the following case report describes a lesbian woman who denied prior heterosexual intercourse but who developed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (cin 2) associated with a high oncogenic risk human papillomavirus (h ... | 1996 | 8969707 |
| e5 proteins of human papillomavirus types 11 and 16 transactivate the c-fos promoter through the nf1 binding element. | human papillomavirus type 11 (hpv-11) and hpv-16 contain an e5 gene that can induce c-fos gene expression in mouse fibroblasts. this study investigated the human c-fos promoter characteristics by mapping the c-fos promoter sequence with several deletion and point mutants that confer responsiveness to e5 of hpv-11 or hpv-16. the mutant studies show that nf1 binding sequences within the c-fos promoter were crucial for the induction of the c-fos gene by e5, and the gel shift assay study suggested t ... | 1996 | 8970980 |
| human papillomavirus vaccines. | | 1996 | 8971215 |
| proteolytic cleavage of human p53 by calpain: a potential regulator of protein stability. | the p53 tumor suppressor protein is activated in cells in response to dna damage and prevents the replication of cells sustaining genetic damage by inducing a cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. activation of p53 is accompanied by stabilization of the protein, resulting in accumulation to high levels within the cell. p53 is normally degraded through the proteasome following ubiquitination, although the mechanisms which regulate this proteolysis in normal cells and how the p53 protein becomes stabili ... | 1997 | 8972227 |
| expression of the major capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 11 in saccharomyces cerevisae. | the major capsid protein l1 of papillomaviruses expressed recombinantly or in infected cells has the intrinsic ability to form virus-like particles (vlps) which display conformational epitopes necessary to elicit high-titered, virus-neutralizing antibodies. we have shown previously that the l1 gene of human papillomavirus type 6a (hpv6) can be expressed efficiently in saccharomyces cerevisae (sc) as vlps. however, when we attempted to express the l1 gene cloned from the closely related hpv11 in ... | 1996 | 8973339 |
| the cervico-vaginal epithelium during 20 cycles' use of a combined contraceptive vaginal ring. | the aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of a combined contraceptive vaginal ring (ccvr) made of silastic on the cervico-vaginal epithelium during 20 cycles of use. a total of 76 volunteers used the ccvr releasing 0.120 mg etonogestrel and 0.015 mg ethinyloestradiol daily. cytological samples were taken of the vaginal epithelium, the ectocervix and the endocervix before the start, at 4 and 12 months, and at the end of the study. cytology, hormonal profiles, human papilloma virus (hpv) ... | 1996 | 8981130 |
| cellular aging is a critical determinant of primary cell resistance to v-src transformation. | primary cell cultures are in general resistant to the transforming effect of a single oncogene, a finding considered consistent with the multistage theory of carcinogenesis. in the present studies, we examined whether cellular age, differentiation stage, and/or tissue origin of primary cells plays a role in determining their response to v-src transformation. to study the role of cellular age, rat mammary fibroblasts were isolated from a 50-day-old female rat and infected with a recombinant retro ... | 1997 | 8985343 |
| human papillomavirus type influences the extent of chromosomal lag during mitosis in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade iii. | the level of risk for carcinoma in the uterine cervix depends on the type of human papillomavirus (hpv) present. we examined whether the hpv type influences the proliferation rate and occurrence of mitotic figures with lagging chromosomes in the precursor of cervical carcinoma. the study group comprised 180 women who were referred because of cytologic changes indicating dysplasia and who were subsequently diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade iii. the hpv-16-associated lesions ... | 1997 | 8986526 |
| comparison between vaginal tampon and cervicovaginal lavage specimen collection for detection of human papillomavirus dna by the polymerase chain reaction. the canadian women's hiv study group. | the aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of self-administered vaginal tampon (vt) specimens for the detection of human papillomaviruses (hpvs) with that of cervicovaginal lavage specimens (cvl). two hundred seventy-four paired vt and cvl specimens were collected prospectively from women at risk of sexually transmitted diseases. specimens were treated and amplified with the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). each woman served as her own control. one hundred and forty-four of 272 (52.9%) cvl ... | 1997 | 8986948 |
| cervical cancer in young women in taiwan: prognosis is independent of papillomavirus or tumor cell type. | the objective of this study was to address the hypotheses that younger patients with cervical cancer have a uniquely worse clinical outcome and/or are more likely to have adverse tumor cell types or specific human papillomaviruses (hpv). cases of stage ib-iia cervical cancer among women 35 years of age or younger (82) and over 35 (54) were analyzed and compared with respect to the following: (1) histologic type (squamous vs nonsquamous), (2) human papillomavirus (hpv) type via polymerase chain r ... | 1997 | 8995548 |
| epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen (ebna)3c is an immortalizing oncoprotein with similar properties to adenovirus e1a and papillomavirus e7. | epstein-barr virus (ebv) requires six genes to efficiently immortalize human b cells. we have shown that one of these, ebna3c, can cooperate with activated (ha-)ras in co-transfection assays to immortalize and transform rat embryo fibroblasts (refs). ebna3c also augmented transformation by (ha-)ras and a mutant p53 to a similar extent as human papilloma virus e7. as with e7 this effect was not inhibited by cotransfection with the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (cdki), a p16ink4a, which can no ... | 1996 | 9000128 |
| presence of human papillomavirus type 6f in tonsillar condyloma acuminatum and clinically normal tonsillar mucosa. | an attempt was made to detect human papillomavirus (hpv) in 8 cases of oral papilloma by southern blot hybridization. hpv type 6 was identified in a case of tonsillar condyloma acuminatum, but neither hpv type 6 nor 11 was found in the 7 other cases of squamous papilloma. the hybridization pattern of the hpv type 6 dna after digestion with restriction enzymes revealed that the hpv was of the 6f subtype. dna samples isolated from the condyloma acuminatum, 3 peripheral specimens of clinically norm ... | 1996 | 9001342 |
| comparison of pcr and hybrid capture methods for detection of human papillomavirus in injection drug-using women at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | we compared hybrid capture, a new technique for detection of human papillomaviruses (hpv), with a pcr assay based on l1 consensus primers. by both methods, the hpv prevalence was higher in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive women than in hiv-negative women. pcr had a higher sensitivity (0.89 versus 0.48) but lower specificity (0.43 versus 0.93) for detection of pap smear abnormalities, compared to hybrid capture. the higher intensity of hybridization signal by pcr was related to higher ... | 1997 | 9003632 |
| prevalence of single and multiple infection with human papillomaviruses in various grades of cervical neoplasia. | evaluation of human papillomavirus (hpv) diversity in various grades of cervical lesions is helpful for understanding the characteristics of hpv infection in the pathogenesis of cervical neoplasia. a total of 227 women with normal cervices (n = 72), low- and high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (sils) (n = 55 and 53, respectively) and cervical carcinomas (n = 47) were screened for human papillomavirus (hpv) types 6, 11, 16 and 18 infection by the polymerase chain reaction. the pr ... | 1997 | 9003746 |
| in situ hybridization study on human papillomavirus dna expression in benign and malignant squamous lesions of the esophagus. | histologic changes suggesting hpv infection are occasionally found adjacent to squamous cell carcinoma or in squamous papilloma of the esophagus, but the relationship between hpv infection and benign and malignant squamous lesions of the esophagus is not yet dear. the aim of this study was to examine the role of hpv in squamous lesions of the esophagus. microscopic examination with emphasis on hpv infection was done on 15 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 26 cases of squamous papilloma. in si ... | 1996 | 9008094 |
| properties of hpv-positive and hpv-negative anal carcinomas. | evidence of human papillomavirus (hpv) can be found in up to 85 per cent of anal carcinomas. in the vulva, a discrete subset of hpv-positive carcinomas which show koilocytic morphology and distinct clinical features has recently been identified (warty carcinoma). the morphological and prognostic features of hpv-positive and hpv-negative anal carcinomas were compared in this study of the tumour distribution of hpv dna. vulval and anal neoplasia are similar in many ways and we have also looked to ... | 1996 | 9014857 |
| cytokine production patterns in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: association with human papillomavirus infection. | genital infection with certain strains of human papillomavirus (hpv) is associated with a high risk of malignant transformation, and hpv-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) can become invasive cancer. host factors are critical in regulating tumor growth, and cytokines that modulate immunologic control may be of particular importance. the type 1 cytokines interleukin 2 (il-2) and interferon gamma (ifn gamma) are immunostimulatory and are thus capable of limiting tumor growth. the ... | 1997 | 9017005 |
| the current status of therapeutic hpv vaccine. | cervical carcinoma is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. recurrences occur in 15% of the patients after optimal treatment of low-risk early-stage disease. treatment results of recurrent disease are relatively poor and for this reason new therapeutic strategies are warranted. viral infection with human papillomavirus seems to have an essential part in the aetiology of cervical carcinoma. evidence for the assumption that cervical carcinoma, among other malign ... | 1996 | 9017105 |
| failure to demonstrate human papillomavirus (hpv) involvement in bowen's disease of the skin. | to assess the role of human papillomavirus (hpv) in the aetiology of extragenital bowen's disease (ebd), a series of 91 cases were analysed using in situ hybridization (ish) with whole genomic dna probes of hpv types 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 26, 36, 37, 39, 42, 55 and 59. no hpv dna was found in any of the samples tested. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was also used to analyse 37 of the 91 samples, using both the consensus primers my09/my11 which amplify a large number of hpv types ... | 1996 | 9017134 |
| detection of hpv dna in trichilemmomas by polymerase chain reaction. | paraffin sections of 11 formalin-fixed trichilemmomas were investigated for the presence of human papillomavirus (hpv) dna by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with the degenerated consensus primer pairs. pcrs were conducted with different annealing temperatures. when the annealing temperature was reduced from 55 degrees c to 50 degrees c, amplification products of the expected size were obtained for all 11 cases investigated. determination of the hpv type was performed by cloning and sequenci ... | 1997 | 9021542 |
| national institutes of health consensus development conference statement: cervical cancer, april 1-3, 1996. national institutes of health consensus development panel. | the objective was to provide physicians and the general public with a responsible assessment of current screening, prevention, and treatment approaches to cervical cancer. | 1996 | 9023821 |
| cervical human papillomavirus infection and intraepithelial neoplasia: a review. | cervical human papillomavirus (hpv) infections and intraepithelial neoplasias are precursors to cervical cancer, the second most common cancer in women worldwide. hpv satisfies the epidemiologic criteria for causality; the role of other cofactors is under study. natural history studies show that most low-grade lesions (productive hpv infections) regress or persist, whereas high-grade lesions (those with integrated hpv dna) progress. immunobiologic studies demonstrate that infection peaks in the ... | 1996 | 9023824 |
| human papillomavirus biology. | | 1996 | 9023844 |
| detection of human viruses in periodontal pockets using polymerase chain reaction. | even though viruses have been implicated in the etiology of several medical and dental disorders, little or no data are available on the possible involvement of human viruses in the pathogenesis of human periodontal disease. this study investigated the presence of human cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in crevicular fluid samples from 30 patients with advanced periodontitis and 26 subjects with gingivitis. vira ... | 1996 | 9028252 |
| physical and functional interaction between the human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 tax1 protein and the ccaat binding protein nf-y. | tax1, a potent activator of human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) transcription, has been shown to modulate expression of many cellular genes. tax1 does not bind dna directly but regulates transcription through protein-protein interactions with sequence-specific transcription factors. using the yeast two-hybrid system to screen for proteins which interact with tax1, we isolated the b subunit of the ccaat binding protein nf-y from a hela cdna library. the interaction of tax1 with nf-yb ... | 1997 | 9032250 |
| ccaat displacement protein, a regulator of differentiation-specific gene expression, binds a negative regulatory element within the 5' end of the human papillomavirus type 6 long control region. | we have reported previously that a 636-bp fragment spanning the 5' two-thirds of the human papillomavirus type 6 (hpv6)-w50 long control region (lcr) functions as a transcriptional silencer (a. farr, s. pattison, b.-s. youn, and a. roman, j. gen. virol. 76:827-835, 1995). we have utilized nested deletion analyses to implicate a 66-bp sequence which appears to be critical for this activity. a comparison of the transcriptional regulatory activities of the lcrs of hpv6-w50 and hpv6b (which has a 94 ... | 1997 | 9032333 |
| human papillomavirus types 52 and 58 are prevalent in cervical cancers from chinese women. | a substantial body of evidence has confirmed human papillomavirus (hpv) infection as an etiologic agent in human cervical cancer. to evaluate the association between hpv and cervical cancer in chinese women, we examined tumor specimens from women who lived in shanghai, people's republic of china. biopsies from 40 women, diagnosed with either squamous-cell carcinoma (n = 35) or adenocarcinoma (n = 5) were tested for hpv dna by pcr. the hpv types present in tumors were determined either by hybridi ... | 1997 | 9033647 |
| hybrid capture method for detection of human papillomavirus dna in clinical specimens: a tool for clinical management of equivocal pap smears and for population screening. | high- and intermediate-risk types of human papillomavirus (hpv) in concert with cofactors are responsible for over 90% of cervical cancers world-wide. while the pap smear is a valuable cancer prevention tool, its subjective nature leaves it error prone. as a result, hpv dna testing appears to be a needed adjunct to the pap smear. hybrid capture is a simple dna test with high specificity and sensitivity which appears useful for clinical management of equivocal pap tests and shows promise for mass ... | 1996 | 9037955 |
| intra-epithelial and invasive cervical neoplasia during hiv infection. | patients affected by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection present an elevated risk of developing cancer. in the last 10 years, the relationship between human papilloma virus (hpv) infection and female cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (cin) has been established. several studies have described an increased prevalence of both cervical hpv infection and cin among hiv-positive women compared to hiv-negative ones. a high recurrence rate of cin after standard treatment has been noted in hiv- ... | 1996 | 9038602 |
| absence of human papillomavirus infection in cutaneous lichen planus. | | 1997 | 9039186 |
| a general primer gp5+/gp6(+)-mediated pcr-enzyme immunoassay method for rapid detection of 14 high-risk and 6 low-risk human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical scrapings. | two cocktails of digoxigenin-labeled human papillomavirus (hpv) type-specific oligonucleotide probes and an enzyme immunoassay (eia) were used as a basis to developed a group-specific detection method for 14 high-risk (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68) and 6 low-risk (types 6, 11, 40, 42, 43, and 44) hpvs, following a general primer gp5+/biogp6(+)-mediated pcr. the sensitivity of this high-risk/low-risk (hr/lr) hpv pcr-eia ranged from 10 to 200 hpv copies, dependi ... | 1997 | 9041439 |
| comparison of the cervical cytology test using the papnet method and conventional microscopy. | from august 1994 to june 1995, laboratories in 28 mexican states and the federal district submitted a total of 10098 diagnosed pap test slides to mexico's national institute of epidemiologic diagnosis and reference (indre) for reexamination by conventional methods and also by the automated papnet system in suffern, new york, u.s.a. the aim was to determine the degree of agreement obtained by these various methods. most of the slides examined (at least 78%) yielded negative results or merely indi ... | 1996 | 9041745 |
| the causal link between hpv and cervical cancer and its implications for prevention of cervical cancer. | this article reviews epidemiologic evidence linking human papillomavirus (hpv) to cervical cancer. the authors conclude that over 90% of all cervical cancers can be attributed to certain hpv types-hpv 16 accounting for the largest proportion (roughly 50%) followed by hpv 18 (12%), hpv 45 (8%), and hpv 31 (5%). recognition of this circumstance has far-reaching implications for primary and secondary prevention of this malignancy. at present, prophylactic and therapeutic hpv vaccines are under deve ... | 1996 | 9041748 |
| workshop on screening for cancer of the uterine cervix in central america. | this article describes the objectives and content of a workshop held in managua, nicaragua, during november 1995, on screening for cervical cancer. the aims were to discuss cost-effective models of screening in countries with a high incidence of cervical cancer and to reach a consensus on principles for screening that is balanced with a country's resources. the workshop aimed to develop a planning framework and to identify program strengths and weaknesses by country. in 1990 there were 25,000 ... | 1996 | 9041753 |
| renal allograft recipients with high susceptibility to cutaneous malignancy have an increased prevalence of human papillomavirus dna in skin tumours and a greater risk of anogenital malignancy. | renal allograft recipients (rars) have a well-documented increased incidence of viral warts and cutaneous neoplasia, particularly those with long graft life and high sun exposure. a clinicopathological survey of 69 rars in south-east scotland, with follow-up periods of up to 28 years after transplantation, revealed marked variation in patient susceptibility to cutaneous malignancy with concomitant variation in hpv prevalence. skin cancers were found in 34 patients. eight patients showed high sus ... | 1997 | 9043031 |
| transfection of the inner cell mass and lack of a unique dna sequence affecting the uptake of exogenous dna by sperm as shown by dideoxy sequencing analogues. | the purpose of this study was to determine whether exogenous dna internalized into blastocysts after transference from dna-carrier sperm are localized at the inner cell mass or trophoblast cells and to identify differences in uptake of exogenous dna fragments by sperm due to unique dna sequences. | 1997 | 9048243 |
| detection of silencer activity in the long control regions of human papillomavirus type 6 isolated from both benign and malignant lesions. | human papillomavirus type 6 (hpv-6) dna is the predominant hpv type found in condyloma acuminata: it is rarely found in carcinomas. we have previously reported cloning and characterizing an hpv-6 from a vulvar condyloma (hpv6-w50) and an hpv-6 from a vulvar carcinoma (hpv6-t70). the e5, e6 and e7 proteins encoded by the two genomes were identical, however, the two genomes differed in the long control region (lcr). cloning of the entire lcr into the enhancerless plasmid psvecat showed that the tw ... | 1995 | 9049328 |
| juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis in a pediatric population: a clinicopathologic study. | a series of 22 children with juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis treated over a 31-year period is presented. the majority of patients were diagnosed when less than 5 years of age. two patients died from the disease and four patients still had active disease at the completion of the study period. the duration of disease and number of recurrences were extremely variable. the number of recurrences was inversely related to the age of onset. the histologic findings were very similar in all patients, an ... | 1997 | 9050060 |
| synchronous and metachronous multicentric squamous cell carcinomas in the upper aerodigestive tract. | a rare case is presented of a 57-year-old japanese male with synchronous and metachronous multicentric squamous cell carcinomas (scc) in the upper aerodigestive tract. during a 9-year-period from the appearance of first primary scc to autopsy, 14 foci of primary scc and one severe dysplasia developed in succession in the thoracic esophagus, oral floor, soft palate, uvula, lingual radix, piriform recess, hypopharynx, cervical esophagus, trachea and lingual body. the patient died of severe broncho ... | 1997 | 9051695 |
| human papillomavirus dna and antibodies to human papillomaviruses 16 e2, l2, and e7 peptides as predictors of survival in patients with squamous cell cervical cancer. | to assess whether human papillomavirus (hpv) dna detection in cervical cancer specimens, or antibodies to selected hpv 16 peptides are predictors of tumor recurrence and long-term survival in patients with squamous cell invasive cervical cancer. | 1997 | 9053484 |
| 20q gain associates with immortalization: 20q13.2 amplification correlates with genome instability in human papillomavirus 16 e7 transformed human uroepithelial cells. | breast, bladder, colon, and ovarian carcinomas show frequent low level 20q gain and less frequently high level 20q13.2 amplification, but the significance of these 20q amplifications in transformation has not been defined. using karyotypic and comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) analyses, chromosome losses and gains were analysed in six newly immortalized human uroepithelial cell (huc) lines transformed by human papillomavirus 16 (hpv16) e7. results showed clonal chromosomes with 20q11->qter ... | 1997 | 9053853 |
| human papillomavirus e6 and e7 oncoproteins alter cell cycle progression but not radiosensitivity of carcinoma cells treated with low-dose-rate radiation. | low-dose-rate radiation therapy has been widely used in the treatment of urogenital malignancies. when continuously exposed to low-dose-rate ionizing radiation, target cancer cells typically exhibit abnormalities in replicative cell-cycle progression. cancer cells that arrest in the g2 phase of the cell cycle when irradiated may become exquisitely sensitive to killing by further low-dose-rate radiation treatment. oncogenic human papillomaviruses (hpvs), which play a major role in the pathogenesi ... | 1997 | 9054890 |
| detection of human papillomavirus dna in keratoacanthomas by polymerase chain reaction. | the etiology of keratoacanthomas is unknown, but human papillomavirus (hpv) has been suspected to be involved in the pathogenesis of this lesion because koilocytic changes may be observed and because hpv has been found in cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas and premalignant keratoses in immunosuppressed patients. we analyzed dna extracted from 39 keratoacanthomas from 22 "at-risk" patients (nine patients undergoing uv light and/or anthralin therapy for psoriasis, 10 solid organ transplant recipie ... | 1997 | 9056648 |
| molecular diagnosis of persistent human papilloma virus infections. | persistent infections with human papilloma viruses (hpv) can lead to a wide range of benign and malignant epithelial tumors as cutaneous warts or anogenital cancers. methods principally available for the laboratory diagnosis of hpv infections are cytology and histology, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, serology and methods for the detection of hpv-specific dna. among the latter are polymerase chain reaction (pcr), southern blot, dot blot, filter in situ hybridization, in situ hybridizat ... | 1996 | 9058167 |
| prevalence of human papillomavirus dna in cervical tissue. retrospective analysis of 855 cervical biopsies. | the histopathologic features of 855 cervical biopsies were correlated with the presence of human papillomavirus dna using in situ hybridization (ish) with biotin labeled type specific probes for human papilloma virus (hpv) types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33 and 51. hpv-dna was found in 18% (13/72) of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia i (cin i), 30% (35/115) of cin ii, 28% (57(206) of cin iii, in 84% (21/25) of flat condyloma and in 13% (15/112) of normal cervical tissue. hpv dna was detectable in 11% ... | 1997 | 9059747 |
| analysis of the p53-mediated g1 growth arrest pathway in cells expressing the human papillomavirus type 16 e7 oncoprotein. | cells expressing human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) e7, similar to those which express hpv-16 e6, are resistant to a p53-mediated g1 growth arrest. we examined the p53-mediated dna damage response pathway in e7-expressing cells to determine the mechanism by which e7-containing cells continue to cycle. in response to dna damage, no dramatic difference was detected in g1- or s-phase cyclin or cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) levels when e7-expressing cells were compared to the parental cell line, ... | 1997 | 9060648 |
| cancer-associated human papillomavirus types are selectively increased in the cervix of women in the first trimester of pregnancy. | because of incomplete data in the current literature, we sought to determine whether pregnancy is an independent risk for the detection of human papillomavirus infection. | 1996 | 9065116 |
| genital human papillomavirus infections: knowledge, perception of risk, and actual risk in a nonclinic population of young women. | the purpose of this study was to assess knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about genital human papillomavirus (hpv) infections in a group of young women in a nonclinic setting and to examine the association between perception of risk and actual risk. one hundred ten women attending a state university participated in the study and were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire about knowledge and perceptions of risk. they were then offered testing for the virus using a self-administered ... | 1997 | 9065380 |
| investigation of oesophageal adenocarcinoma for viral genomic sequences. | overexpression of the tumour suppressor gene product p53 is common in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. this may be due to gene mutation, but overexpression can also result from complexing between viral proteins and p53; a number of viruses are causally linked with malignancy. this study therefore investigated the prevalence in oesophageal adenocarcinoma of viruses whose gene products are capable of interacting with p53. seventeen tumours and 17 normal oesophagi were screened for specific dna sequence ... | 1997 | 9066743 |
| verrucous carcinoma or epithelioma cuniculatum plantare. | verrucous carcinoma is a rare form of squamous cell carcinoma. it behaves as a slow-growing, locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing tumour. three clinical cases are presented, with emphasis on clinical presentation, pathological diagnosis and therapeutic approach. the pathogenesis of verrucous carcinoma, including chronic inflammation and human papillomavirus, is also discussed. | 1997 | 9066754 |
| detection and typing of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer in the thai. | one hundred formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues with histopathologic diagnosed invasive cervical cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) were examined for the presence of hpv-dna by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using l1-consensus primers. the results indicated that 82 out of 100 (82%) samples were positive for hpv-dna. among the positive samples, 50 samples (61%) were typed by dot hybridization technique (dh). hpv-16 was the dominant type (42.68%), followed by hpv-18 (20.73%) and hpv-33 (3.66%) ... | 1996 | 9071068 |
| low concordance of genital human papillomavirus (hpv) lesions and viral types in hpv-infected women and their male sexual partners. | to evaluate the concordance of genital human papillomavirus (hpv) lesions and viral types in hpv-infected women and their male sexual partners. | 1994 | 9071416 |
| [sexuality and std infections among teenage girls. "unprotected sex" is common in spite of sufficient knowledge about the risks]. | a 2-year prospective study of sexual behaviour transmitted diseases (stds) in 98 healthy 16-year-old schoolgirls showed human papillomavirus (hpv) infections to have spread rapidly among sexually active girls, whereas none of the virgins manifested hpv dna in the cervix or anti-hpv 16 or anti-hpv33 antibodies in serum. a high level of knowledge of stds and their prevention failed to induce appropriate behaviour among the sexually active. | 1997 | 9072650 |
| hla types in women with cervical human papillomavirus (hpv) lesions prospectively followed up for 10 years. | certain genotypes of hpv have been recently implicated in the etiology of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. in order to determine whether hla antigen-controlled immunoregulatory functions have a role in the pathogenesis of hpv infections, class i and ii hla antigen typing was carried out on a series of 96 randomly selected women who were part of a cohort of 530 women prospectively followed up for cervical hpv infections in our clinic since 1981. the frequency of the dq3 antigen, which has previou ... | 1996 | 9074659 |
| demographic data on prostitutes from bulgaria--a recruitment country for international (migratory) prostitutes. | the study was aimed at investigating the conditions and circumstances for the recruitment of prostitutes, as well as their reproductive history, working conditions, knowledge of and attitudes to sexually transmitted diseases (stds), and use of prophylactic antibiotic therapy of these diseases. two hundred prostitutes were investigated by in-depth interviews at std clinics, private practices and hotels. of the 200 prostitutes, 8 (4%) were less than 15 years old and 32 (16%) more than 25 years old ... | 1997 | 9089030 |
| cervical pathology. | this review concentrates on recent developments in several distinct areas of cervical pathology. the potential clinical use of human papillomavirus typing and determination of proliferation using immunohistochemical techniques is discussed together with the current status of prognostic markers in cervical disease. recent literature on glandular neoplasia and changes that mimic it is reviewed, and descriptions of new and rare entities, including lesions showing mesonephric differentiation, are di ... | 1997 | 9090484 |
| glandular lesions of the uterine cervix: prognostic implications of human papillomavirus status. | endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ (ais) is believed to be a precursor of invasive disease; however, the biologic behavior of endocervical glandular "atypias" (gas) is unclear. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential role of ga as a precursor of adenocarcinoma by assessment of the human papillomavirus (hpv) status of glandular lesions. we analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) 69 cases within a spectrum of endocervical glandular lesions encompassing invasive adenocarcinoma ... | 1997 | 9100062 |
| cytologic atypia. clinical significance and follow-up recommendations. | to assess the evolution of cytologic atypia on cervical cytologic smears as an attempt to better understand the natural history of these lesions and to establish a follow-up protocol. | 1997 | 9100788 |
| colposcopy as a tool for detection of human papillomavirus infection of uterine cervix in the setting of high prevalence of gynaecologic infections. | a cross sectional study involving 257 women from the maternal and child health centre (mch) in delhi was initiated for screening clinically, cytologically, colposcopically, and microbiologically for several gynaecologic infections. eighty percent of the women had one or more gynaecologic infections and 31.1% had three or more infections. cytology revealed changes suggestive of condyloma in 3 (1.2%) women only, while colposcopic examination suggested hpv changes in 117 (45.5%) women. a very high ... | 1996 | 9104055 |
| antibodies to human papillomavirus 16 and subsequent in situ or invasive cancer of the cervix. | our objective was to examine whether past infection with human papillomavirus (hpv)-16, as determined by an antibody assay, is a risk factor for subsequent cervical cancer. incident cases of in situ or invasive cervical cancer occurring between 1975 and 1990 in a cohort of over 11,000 healthy women in washington county, md, were identified. the baseline sera of cases and of matched controls, collected in 1974, were examined for igg antibodies reactive with virus-like particles of hpv-16, a cance ... | 1997 | 9107427 |
| specific chromosomal imbalances in human papillomavirus-transfected cells during progression toward immortality. | high risk human papillomaviruses (hpvs) known to be closely associated with cervical cancer, such as hpv16 and hpv18, have the potential to immortalize human epithelial cells in culture. four lines of hpv-transfected keratinocytes were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization at different time points after transfection. a number of chromosomal imbalances was found to be highly characteristic for the cultures progressing toward immortality. whereas several of these were new and previously no ... | 1997 | 9108068 |
| epidemiologic analysis of breast and gynecologic cancers. | this review focuses on etiologic factors and hormonal correlates of the three major gynecologic cancers-uterine cervix, uterine corpus and ovary- and breast cancer. the incidence rate of the three gynecologic cancers combined is only 40 percent of the breast cancer rate (43.6 vs 109.5 per 100,000), whereas the combined mortality rate is half that for breast cancer (14.3 vs 27.3 per 100,000). cervical cancer is distinctive in that it's hormonal correlates are few; it exhibits the epidemiologic ch ... | 1997 | 9108587 |
| genital viral infections. studies on human papillomavirus and epstein-barr virus. | the concept 'sexually transmitted diseases' (std) was introduced in the nineteen sixties and comprises many diseases of varying importance from scabies to hiv infection. the std family has grown wider and new members will probably join. the starting point of these studies was that patients with hpv infection, attending the std clinic, appeared to increase in number in the late eighties. hpv was analysed with the southern blot technique from portio cervix in a female population attending the std ... | 1996 | 9111847 |
| the bovine papillomavirus e6 oncoprotein interacts with paxillin and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton. | the e6 oncoprotein of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) has been shown to transform cells through a p53-independent pathway, but its transforming mechanism is unknown. here we demonstrate in vitro and in vivo interactions between bpv-1 e6 and the focal adhesion protein paxillin. the ability of bpv-1 e6 to complex with paxillin correlated with its ability to transform; e6 mutant proteins impaired in their transformation function also were impaired in their abilities to bind paxillin. e6 bindin ... | 1997 | 9114003 |
| [verrucous carcinoma of the anal margin. the buschke-loewenstein tumor]. | the buschke-loewenstein tumour is a rare variety of squamous cell carcinoma of low-grade malignancy; it is located in the external genital organs and the perianal region. we present a new case of this uncommon tumour of short evolution in a 73 years old male patient. resection was the only treatment, without relapse at 12 months. a review of the literature shows only 13 cases previously published; we comment the human papillomavirus role in their pathogenesis and the various therapies proposed, ... | 1997 | 9115819 |
| the human papillomavirus type 16 e7 protein is associated with the nucleolus in mammalian and yeast cells. | in this study we show, by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy immuno-gold labelling, that the major transforming protein of human papillomavirus type 16 e7 is associated with the nucleolus of cells derived from the hpv16-positive cervical carcinoma line caski. the e7 nucleolar staining appeared to be cell cycle dependent, being considerably reduced in the g2 phase. the total level of the protein in the cell, however, remained constant during all phases. we also show that the cellular prot ... | 1997 | 9121762 |
| variable transduction efficiency of murine leukemia retroviral vector on mammalian cells: role of cellular glycosylation. | to elucidate the cellular tropism of moloney murine leukemia virus (mulv), we have studied the transduction efficiency of a recombinant mulv vector carrying the beta-galactosidase reporter gene on a variety of rodent cells. under optimal conditions for in vitro cell transduction, primary cultures of adult rat fibroblasts derived from various organs were very poorly transduced by the ecotropic mulv vector (0.02-0.12%) when compared to immortalized cells such as the f2408 (42%) and 3y1 (defined as ... | 1997 | 9123877 |
| correlation between the presence of anti hpv33 vlp antibodies and hpv dna in cervical neoplasia patients. | the l1 capsid proteins derived from human papillomavirus (hpv) type 33 were expressed in a recombinant baculovirus system using sf9 insect cells. selected sera originating in women from case-control study carried out in spain and colombia found negative and positive for hpv16, 18, 31, 33 and 35 dna were tested in elisa for the presence of igg antibodies to purified virus-like particles (vlp). the reactivity was type-restricted with the possible exception of hpv31. | 1997 | 9125054 |
| identification of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 deoxyribonucleic acid sequences in bulky cervical cancer after chemotherapy. | the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of chemotherapy on the continual presence of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid sequences in bulky cervical cancer tissues and the relationship between the presence of human papillomavirus and the response of these patients to chemotherapy. | 1997 | 9125612 |
| successful treatment of a generalized human papillomavirus infection with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon gamma immunotherapy in a patient with a primary immunodeficiency and cyclic neutropenia. | we describe a patient with generalized verrucosis secondary to human papillomavirus (hpv) type 2 infection and a primary immunodeficiency and cyclic neutropenia. treatment, which was well tolerated, included granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon gamma (ifn-gamma). in vitro assays to assess responses of t lymphocytes to mitogens (ie, proliferation assay and ifn-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were performed. in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction we ... | 1997 | 9126013 |
| aggressive giant condyloma acuminatum associated with oncogenic human papilloma virus: a case report. | malignant transformation has been described in 30% of cases of giant anorectal condyloma acuminatum. the authors report on a 33-year-old man who was heterosexual and hiv negative and who had a giant anal condyloma. despite aggressive therapy with multiple fulgurations, interferon alpha and isotretinoin, an invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum developed. an abdominoperineal resection was done followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but this treatment regimen was unsuccessful in contr ... | 1997 | 9126130 |
| analysis of the interaction between human papillomavirus type 16 e7 and the tata-binding protein, tbp. | the e7 protein encoded by human papillomavirus type 16 shows transforming and immortalizing activities which are mediated, in part, through the interaction of the viral oncoprotein with the prb protein family. this interaction is not solely responsible for e7 function, however, and other properties of e7, such as the interaction with basal transcription factors such as tbp, are likely to be of importance. we show here that three regions of the viral protein contribute to the interaction between ... | 1997 | 9129664 |
| human papillomavirus dna in urine specimens of men with condyloma acuminatum. | because warts are often found in the male urethra, human papillomavirus (hpv) may well be present in urine of patients with urethral condylomata. | 1997 | 9132984 |
| demonstration of antibodies against human papillomavirus type-11 e6 and l2 proteins in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. | recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (rrp) is highly prevalent in thailand, with the human papillomavirus (hpv) type-11 being the most widespread. in this study, we isolated the hpv type-11 (hpv-11) genome from subjects with rrp and subcloned the e6 and l2 open reading frames (orfs) with the expression vectors pex1 and pex3. the recombinant e6/beta-gal and l2/beta-gal fusion proteins were expressed in e. coli. using the recombinant proteins, we demonstrated the presence of antibodies against hpv ... | 1997 | 9134142 |
| abrogation of p53 function by hpv16 e6 gene delays apoptosis and enhances mutagenesis but does not alter radiosensitivity in tk6 human lymphoblast cells. | in order to gain a better understanding of the role of p53 in radiation-induced mitotic failure, apoptosis and mutagenesis, we introduced the hpv16 e6 gene via a retroviral vector into the tk6 human lymphoblast cell line which expresses wild type p53. abrogation of p53 function by e6 resulted in a delayed and reduced apoptotic response and a moderate increase in the frequency of mutations at the thymidine kinase (tk) locus following gamma-irradiation, but failed to alter radiosensitivity. the ap ... | 1997 | 9135067 |
| failure of hpv e6 to rapidly degrade p53 in human hela x pnet cell hybrids. | the ability of the e6 protein from high risk human papillomaviruses (hpvs) to degrade p53 via the ubiquitin pathway plays a major role in the development of cervical carcinomas. we have previously generated cell hybrids between a p53 null peripheral neuroepithelioma (pnet) cell line and a cervical carcinoma hela cell line which exhibits efficient e6-mediated degradation of p53. all of the resulting hybrids expressed hpv 18 e6 from the hela parent and some of the hybrids additionally expressed hp ... | 1997 | 9135068 |
| sensitive in situ hybridization with catalyzed reporter deposition, streptavidin-nanogold, and silver acetate autometallography: detection of single-copy human papillomavirus. | the usefulness of standard in situ hybridization for viral nucleic acid detection is occasionally limited by its sensitivity limit of 10 to 50 copies per cell. a modified version of the recently described signal amplification method, catalyzed reporter deposition (card), and its application to formalin-fixed cells and tissue sections is presented. deposition of the reporter is facilitated by using horseradish peroxidase catalyzing the deposition of biotinylated tyramide on the location of the pr ... | 1997 | 9137082 |
| p53, waf1/cip1 and mdm2 expression in skin lesions associated with human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus. | human papillomaviruses (hpvs) express various gene products, such as e6 protein which complexes with the p53 tumor suppressor protein and therefore diminishes p53-related regulatory mechanisms. this interaction is assumed to be hpv type-specific as "high risk" or oncogenic hpv types have more affinity for p53 binding than their "low risk" or non-oncogenic counterparts. furthermore, hiv infection is believed to activate latent hpv infection and transcription via direct and indirect interaction wi ... | 1997 | 9137486 |
| p53 alterations but no human papillomavirus infection in preinvasive and advanced squamous esophageal cancer in italy. | geographic differences in exposure to suspected carcinogens have been identified in esophageal carcinogenesis, and both p53 alterations and human papillomavirus (hpv) infection have been reported in esophageal squamous carcinoma (esc) from high-risk areas, including china and south africa. the status of p53 alterations and hpv infection in esc has not been determined in northern italy, where the incidence of esc is low. formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded esophageal samples containing normal, dyspl ... | 1997 | 9138659 |
| cytogenetics of carcinoma of the cervix uteri: a review. | cytogenetic studies on carcinoma of the cervix have shown the nonrandom involvement in structural changes of a number of chromosomes, particularly chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 11, and 17. apart from chromosome 5, where a short-arm isochromosome is the commonest derivative, these chromosomes most often undergo short-arm deletions. notably, chromosome 17 may have undergone structural changes that result in loss of the tumor suppressor gene tp53 on 17p; chromosomal translocations may in some tumors perform ... | 1997 | 9140451 |
| cell mediated immunity induced in mice by hpv 16 l1 virus-like particles. | recombinant human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16 l1 virus-like particles (vlps) expressed in the baculovirus system were used to investigate the cellular immune response to human papillomavirus type 16. the cell-mediated immune response was evaluated through immunization of mice with hpv 16 l1 virus-like particles using a lymphoproliferation assay and cytokine production and cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subsets. a significant proliferative response was observed which was associated with secre ... | 1997 | 9140917 |
| mechanism of p53 degradation. | | 1997 | 9141469 |
| human papillomavirus-associated tumors of the skin and mucosa. | this review discusses diseases of the lower genital tract in which the presence of human papillomavirus (hpv) dna is well documented. we discuss epidemiologic, clinical, and experimental data supporting a causative role for hpv in mucosal malignancies, with emphasis on the role of viral and host factors in their pathogenesis. of special interest is the recently discovered association of cutaneous tumors with hpvs, previously known only for tumors in epidermodysplasia verruciformis (ev). the freq ... | 1997 | 9146528 |
| sensitive chemiluminescence in situ hybridization for the detection of human papillomavirus genomes in biopsy specimens. | we developed a sensitive chemiluminescence in situ hybridization assay for detection of human papillomavirus (hpv) dna for objective and semiquantitative evaluation of the results. the hybridization reaction was performed using either digoxigenin-, biotin-, or fluorescein-labeled probes, visualized with alkaline phosphatase as the revealing enzyme and a highly sensitive 1,2 dioxetane phosphate as chemiluminescent substrate. the light emitted from the hybridized probes was detected, analyzed, and ... | 1997 | 9154160 |
| squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium with human papillomavirus type 31. | | 1997 | 9154764 |
| recurrent respiratory papillomatosis with pulmonary cystic disease in a child, following maternal genital warts. | human papillomavirus (hpv) infection of the genital tract is associated with the development of genital warts. a causal link between maternal hpv infection and development of laryngeal papillomatosis in the offspring has been proposed. we report a case of pulmonary cystic disease, a rare but serious complication of laryngeal papillomatosis in a child, following maternal genital warts. | 1997 | 9155559 |
| human papillomavirus infection and invasive cervical neoplasia: a study of prevalence and morphology. | the prevalence of human papillomavirus (hpv) dna sequences in 45 cervical cancer biopsies was examined with the hot-start polymerase chain reaction (pcr), employing hpv consensus primers from the l1 region. the cases comprised 38 squamous cell carcinomas, three adenosquamous carcinomas, and four adenocarcinomas. pcr products were typed with single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) and the hpv types detected were correlated with tumour type. forty-three biopsies were hpv-positive, hpv16 bei ... | 1997 | 9155711 |
| the incidence and detection of hpv in the upper aerodigestive tract using brush and biopsy techniques. | the association between human papillomavirus (hpv) and squamous carcinoma is well established. in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) we have an effective technique for detecting small quantities of viral dna, but the assay requires tissue taken at endoscopy to reveal the presence or absence of hpv. brushings have been used effectively elsewhere in the body to obtain cytological material. this study set out to ascertain if sufficient viral dna could be obtained, using a laryngeal brushing and th ... | 1997 | 9156055 |
| cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. a study of epidemiologic risk factors, human papillomavirus, and p53 expression. | to examine risk factors for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (scc) in a group of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients, including evaluation and detection of epidemiologic risk factors of human papillomavirus (hpv) and p53 expression. | 1997 | 9158410 |
| [cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) and human papillomavirus (hpv) infection]. | many studies have shown a strong correlation between cin and hpv infection. molecular biology has allowed identification of types of hpv which seem to be connected, more frequently than others, to dysplastic lesions. physical state of hpv-genome seems to play an important role in the development of cervical cancer. in this study the hpv-genome has been searched in tissue specimens obtained from 34 women affected by cin ii and iii. all patients underwent laser conization. immediately before treat ... | 1997 | 9162879 |
| increased prevalence of vulvovaginal condyloma and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. | to compare the prevalence of human papillomavirus (hpv)-associated vulvovaginal lesions in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive and hiv-negative women. | 1997 | 9166302 |
| [primary carcinoma of bartholin's glands with hpv 18 detection]. | a primary carcinoma of the bartholin's gland is a rarely type of vulva-carcinoma. the patients median age are 55 years and the etiology of the carcinoma are still unknown. viral influences are discussed. most frequent types of carcinomas of bartholin's gland are those of squamous cells and adenocarcinomas. this article reports on a 55 year old patient with a primary carcinoma of bartholin's gland. the human papillomavirus 18 was detected by a polymerase chain reaction. the correct diagnosis was ... | 1997 | 9173772 |