| neuroglobin expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: colocalization, innervation, and response to light. | neuroglobin (ngb) is a myoglobin-like (mb) heme-globin, belonging the globin family located only in neuronal tissue of the central nervous system. ngb has been shown to be upregulated in and to protect neurons from hypoxic and ischemic injury, but the function of ngb-in particular how ngb may protect neurons-remains largely elusive. we have previously described the localization of ngb in the rat brain and found it to be expressed in areas primarily involved in sleep/wake, circadian, and food reg ... | 2010 | 20187147 |
| gabaergic regulation of the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic neurons during non-rapid eye movement sleep in rats. | the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area (pf-lha) has been implicated in the regulation of behavioral arousal. the pf-lha predominantly contains neurons that are active during behavioral and cortical activation and quiescent during non-rapid eye movement (nonrem) sleep, that is, are nonrem-off neurons. some in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that pf-lha neurons, including hypocretin-expressing neurons, are under gabaergic control. however, a role of gaba in suppressing the discharge of pf-l ... | 2010 | 20188152 |
| the role of the pontine respiratory complex in the response to intermittent hypoxia. | these experiments were designed to determine the effects of eeg state on the response of rats to intermittent hypoxia and to test the hypotheses that short-term potentiation (stp) and ventilatory long term facilitation (vltf) are state dependent; and that neurons with nmda receptors in the dorso-ventral pontine respiratory group (dvprg) modulate the development of stp and vltf in rats. low-doses of urethane anaesthesia (<1.3g/kg) that do not cause significant respiratory depression or reductions ... | 2010 | 20223300 |
| effects of quercetin on the sleep-wake cycle in rats: involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type a in regulation of rapid eye movement sleep. | the bioflavonoid quercetin is widely found in plants and exerts a large number of biological activities such as anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties. however, the effect of quercetin on the sleep-wake cycle has not been investigated. in the present study, we investigated the effect of quercetin on sleep-wake regulation. intraperitoneal administration of quercetin (200mg/kg) significantly increased non-rapid eye movement (non-rem) sleep during dark period in rats, while it significa ... | 2010 | 20303338 |
| psychostimulant-like discriminative stimulus and locomotor sensitization properties of the wake-promoting agent modafinil in rodents. | the present studies assessed the potential abuse liability and likely mechanism(s) of action of the wake-promoting agent modafinil. | 2010 | 20346966 |
| modafinil effects on reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking in a rat model of relapse. | modafinil (provigil) is a wake-promoting drug characterized by cognitive enhancing abilities. recent clinical data have supported the use of modafinil for treatment of chronic psychostimulant addiction and relapse prevention. | 2010 | 20352413 |
| orexins and gastrointestinal functions. | orexin a (oxa) and orexin b (oxb) are recently discovered neuropeptides that appear to play a role in various distinct functions such as arousal and the sleep-wake cycle as well as on appetite and regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis. orexins were first described as neuropeptides expressed by a specific population of neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area, a region classically implicated in feeding behaviour. orexin neurons project to numerous brain regions, where orexin receptors have ... | 2010 | 20353399 |
| role of wake-promoting basal forebrain and adenosinergic mechanisms in sleep-promoting effects of ethanol. | ethanol intake has significant impact on sleep. however, the cellular substrates responsible for sleep promotion following ethanol intake are unknown. the purine nucleoside, adenosine, is responsible for mediating many neuronal and behavioral responses to ethanol. studies performed in cell cultures suggest that ethanol inhibits equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 to block the reuptake of adenosine resulting in increased extracellular adenosine. adenosine also has a pivotal role in sleep regul ... | 2010 | 20374215 |
| hypothalamic osmoregulation is maintained across the wake-sleep cycle in the rat. | in different species, rapid eye movement sleep (rems) is characterized by a thermoregulatory impairment. it has been postulated that this impairment depends on a general insufficiency in the hypothalamic integration of autonomic function. this study aims to test this hypothesis by assessing the hypothalamic regulation of body fluid osmolality during the different wake-sleep states in the rat. arginine-vasopressin (avp) plasma levels were determined following intracerebroventricular (icv) infusio ... | 2010 | 20374448 |
| time of day differences in the number of cytokine-, neurotrophin- and neun-immunoreactive cells in the rat somatosensory or visual cortex. | sensory input to different cortical areas differentially varies across the light-dark cycle and likely is responsible, in part, for activity-dependent changes in time-of-day differences in protein expression such as fos. in this study we investigate time-of-day differences between dark (just before light onset) and light (just before dark onset) for the number of immunoreactive (ir) neurons that stained for tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha), interleukin-1 beta (il1 beta), nerve growth facto ... | 2010 | 20398636 |
| hippocampal adult neurogenesis is enhanced by chronic eszopiclone treatment in rats. | the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (dg) exhibits cell proliferation and neurogenesis throughout life. we examined the effects of daily administration of eszopiclone (esz), a commonly used hypnotic drug and gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) agonist, compared with vehicle, on dg cell proliferation and neurogenesis, and on sleep-wake patterns. esz was administered during the usual sleep period of rats, to mimic typical use in humans. esz treatment for 7 days did not affect the rate of cell proliferat ... | 2010 | 20408925 |
| [the myelin mutant taiep as a model for abscence crisis]. | taiep rat is a myelin mutant rat with hypomyelination followed by progressive demyelination. this mutant presents cortical discharges with a spindle form, with an ascending and descending phases similar to absence epilepsy. | 2010 | 20422929 |
| effect of ethanol on sleep-awake state in sleep-disturbed rats. | the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of ethanol on the sleep-wake cycle in normal rats and sleep-disturbed rats. in normal rats, no significant difference was observed by ethanol in sleep latency, total awake time and total non-rapid eye movement (nrem) sleep time, except for total rem sleep time. on the other hand, in sleep-disturbed rats, ethanol at doses of 1 and 2 g/kg caused significant decreases in sleep latency and total wake time, and an increase in total nrem sleep ... | 2010 | 20460765 |
| low brain allopregnanolone levels mediate flattened circadian activity associated with memory impairments in aged rats. | sleep and cognitive impairments are two of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders in the aged population. age-related memory dysfunctions can result from alterations in sleep/wake circadian rhythm. however, the underlying mechanism of these alterations is unknown. here, we demonstrate the role of alterations in brain steroid levels in age-related sleep-dependent memory impairment in rats. | 2010 | 20471631 |
| [effects of crf receptor antagonist on rem sleep in neonatal rat]. | to observe the role of nb127914, a crf r1 receptor antagonist, in the regulation of neonatal sleep/wake cycle. | 2010 | 20476575 |
| elevated sleep quality and orexin receptor mrna in obesity-resistant rats. | to determine if resistance to weight gain is associated with alterations in sleep-wake states and orexin receptor gene expression. | 2010 | 20498657 |
| orexin-a and respiration in a rat model of smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | 1. orexins are neuropeptides synthesized in the hypothalamus that regulate many physiological functions, including energy homeostasis, stress responses, sleep/wake states etc. it is now emerging that orexins may also regulate breathing, but little is known as to how they do this, particularly in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). in the present study, we used a rat model of cigarette smoke-induced copd to investigate orexin-a expression in the hypothalamus and medulla and its effect o ... | 2010 | 20528981 |
| antagonism of rat orexin receptors by almorexant attenuates central chemoreception in wakefulness in the active period of the diurnal cycle. | central chemoreception, the highly sensitive ventilatory response to small changes in co(2)/ph, involves many sites. hypothalamic orexin neurons are co(2) sensitive in vitro, prepro-orexin knockout mice have a reduced co(2) response prominently in wakefulness, and focal antagonism of the orexin receptor 1 (ox(1)r) in two central chemoreceptor sites, the retrotrapezoid nucleus (rtn) or the medullary raphé, results in a reduction of the co(2) response predominately in wakefulness (-30% and -16%, r ... | 2010 | 20547681 |
| endogenous melatonin is not obligatory for the regulation of the rat sleep-wake cycle. | though melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists are in clinical use and under development for treating insomnia, the role of endogenous melatonin in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle remains uncertain. some clinical case reports suggest that reduced nocturnal melatonin secretion is linked to sleep disruption, but pineal-gland removal in experimental animals has given variable results. | 2010 | 20550025 |
| direct evidence for wake-related increases and sleep-related decreases in synaptic strength in rodent cortex. | despite evidence that waking is associated with net synaptic potentiation and sleep with depression, direct proof for changes in synaptic currents is lacking in large brain areas such as the cerebral cortex. by recording miniature epscs (mepscs) from frontal cortex slices of mice and rats that had been awake or asleep, we found that the frequency and amplitude of mepscs increased after waking and decreased after sleep, independent of time of day. recovery sleep after deprivation also decreased m ... | 2010 | 20573912 |
| age-related changes during a paradigm of chronic sleep restriction. | fragmented and restricted sleep is a common problem for the human elderly. there is evidence that aging impairs sleep in animals as well. after sleep deprivation, older animals have less sleep rebound. despite increasing complaints of reduced time for sleep in contemporary society, few studies have examined chronic sleep restriction protocols in animals. therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chronic sleep restriction on the sleep patterns of aged rats. using the ... | 2010 | 20580748 |
| mammalian sleep dynamics: how diverse features arise from a common physiological framework. | mammalian sleep varies widely, ranging from frequent napping in rodents to consolidated blocks in primates and unihemispheric sleep in cetaceans. in humans, rats, mice and cats, sleep patterns are orchestrated by homeostatic and circadian drives to the sleep-wake switch, but it is not known whether this system is ubiquitous among mammals. here, changes of just two parameters in a recent quantitative model of this switch are shown to reproduce typical sleep patterns for 17 species across 7 orders ... | 2010 | 20585613 |
| sleep and brain energy levels: atp changes during sleep. | sleep is one of the most pervasive biological phenomena, but one whose function remains elusive. although many theories of function, indirect evidence, and even common sense suggest sleep is needed for an increase in brain energy, brain energy levels have not been directly measured with modern technology. we here report that atp levels, the energy currency of brain cells, show a surge in the initial hours of spontaneous sleep in wake-active but not in sleep-active brain regions of rat. the surge ... | 2010 | 20592221 |
| gabaergic neurons intermingled with orexin and mch neurons in the lateral hypothalamus discharge maximally during sleep. | the lateral hypothalamus (lh), where wake-active orexin (orx)-containing neurons are located, has been considered a waking center. yet, melanin-concentrating hormone (mch)-containing neurons are codistributed therein with orx neurons and, in contrast to them, are active during sleep, not waking. in the present study employing juxtacellular recording and labeling of neurons with neurobiotin (nb) in naturally sleeping-waking head-fixed rats, we identified another population of intermingled sleep-a ... | 2010 | 20597977 |
| optimized single electroencephalogram channel sleep staging in rats. | most studies of sleep staging in rats use both multichannels electroencephalogram (eeg) and electromyogram (emg), so it would be convenient and meaningful in some fields if sleep staging in rats could be realized using a single eeg channel. in this study, we used a single bipolar cortical eeg electrode at the frontal-parietal location with a 0.5-30 hz filter band and a clustering sleep-staging algorithm including seven classification parameters. the agreements between the computer and two indepe ... | 2010 | 20610470 |
| benzodiazepine receptor agonists cause drug-specific and state-specific alterations in eeg power and acetylcholine release in rat pontine reticular formation. | benzodiazepine (bdz) and non-benzodiazepine (nbdz) hypnotics enhance gabaergic transmission and are widely used for the treatment of insomnia. in the pontine reticular formation (prf), gaba inhibits rapid eye movement (rem) sleep and acetylcholine (ach) release. no previous studies have characterized the effects of bdz and nbdz hypnotics on ach release in the prf. this study tested 2 hypotheses: (1) that microdialysis delivery of zolpidem, eszopiclone, and diazepam to rat prf alters ach release ... | 2010 | 20614851 |
| novel localization of orexin a in the tubular cytotypes of the rat testis. | the hypothalamic peptides orexin a (oxa) and orexin b (oxb), deriving from the proteolytic cleavage of the precursor molecule prepro-orexin, have also been localized in multiple cerebral areas and peripheral organs. they regulate food intake, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, sleep/wake cycle, sexual behavior, arousal, and the hypothalamic/hypophyseal axes. prepro-orexin mrna expression and oxa-immunoreactivity were previously detected in the rat testis at different ages of postnatal developm ... | 2010 | 20619297 |
| quinolinate induces selective loss of melanin-concentrating hormone neurons, rather than orexin neurons, in the hypothalamus of mice and young rats. | orexins are neuropeptides produced in the lateral hypothalamus and implicated in regulation of sleep-wake cycle. selective loss of orexin neurons is found in the brain of patients with narcolepsy, but the mechanisms of this pathological change are unclear. a previous study showed that excessive stimulation of n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors by quinolinic acid (qa) caused selective loss of orexin neurons in rat hypothalamic slice culture. here we examined qa toxicity on orexin neurons and m ... | 2010 | 20620197 |
| sleep-wakefulness in alcohol preferring and non-preferring rats following binge alcohol administration. | the alcohol-preferring (p) rat is a valid animal model of alcoholism. however, the effect of alcohol on sleep in p or alcohol non-preferring (np) rats is unknown. since alcohol consumption has tremendous impact on sleep, the present study compared the effects of binge alcohol administration on sleep-wakefulness in p and np rats. using standard surgical procedures, the p and np rats were bilaterally implanted with sleep recording electrodes. following post-operative recovery and habituation, pre- ... | 2010 | 20621165 |
| chronic intermittent hypoxia alters density of aminergic terminals and receptors in the hypoglossal motor nucleus. | patients with obstructive sleep apnea (osa) adapt to the anatomical vulnerability of their upper airway by generating increased activity in upper airway-dilating muscles during wakefulness. norepinephrine (ne) and serotonin (5-ht) mediate, through α₁-adrenergic and 5-ht₂a receptors, a wake-related excitatory drive to upper airway motoneurons. in patients with osa, this drive is necessary to maintain their upper airway open. we tested whether chronic intermittent hypoxia (cih), a major pathogenic ... | 2010 | 20622040 |
| orexin-b-saporin lesions in the lateral hypothalamus enhance photic masking of rapid eye movement sleep in the albino rat. | the 24-h distribution of rapid eye movement (rem) sleep is known to be deeply reshaped among albino rats with neurotoxic lesions in the lateral hypothalamus (lh) or among rodent models of human narcolepsy-cataplexy, with selective damage of orexinergic neurones. we explored the hypothesis that this phenomenon is explained by an enhancement of rem sleep photic masking, as a consequence of damage in the lh. orexin-b-saporin neurotoxic lesions were induced in the lh of male sprague-dawley rats. lh- ... | 2011 | 20626614 |
| modafinil blocks reinstatement of extinguished opiate-seeking in rats: mediation by a glutamate mechanism. | opiate addiction is characterized by high rates of relapse even after long periods of abstinence, requiring new relapse-prevention treatments that do not have abuse potential. recently, clinical studies suggested that the wake-promoting drug modafinil might decrease relapse in cocaine addicts. in addition, group ii metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglu2/3r) have been suggested as a new therapeutic target for drug addiction. here, we investigated the ability of modafinil to prevent the acute mor ... | 2010 | 20631691 |
| [neurochemical mechanisms of sleep regulation]. | sleep is a complex, global and reversible behavioral state of all mammals, that is homeostatically regulated. generally it is also defined as a rapidly reversible state of immobility and reduced sensory responsiveness. still, there is no definition that has succeded in satisfying all aspects of sleep. the failure to define sleep as a single behavior lies in several facts: (1) sleep is not a homogenous state, but continuum of number of mixed states; (2) the control mechanisms of sleep are manifes ... | 2009 | 20666118 |
| a critical role of sympathetic nerve regulation for the treatment of impaired daily rhythm in hypertensive dahl rats. | there is a deep relationship between impaired circadian rhythm and hypertension. however, the detailed mechanisms between the daily sleep-wake rhythm and cardiovascular disorders have not yet been elucidated. to clarify the mechanism, we examined salt-sensitive dahl rats that were fed normal chow (n=10), high-salt chow (n=10) and high-salt chow with bisoprolol (n=10). simultaneous electroencephalogram, electromyogram and locomotor activity were examined to analyze the sleep-wake state. we also e ... | 2010 | 20668456 |
| in vitro characterization of t-type calcium channel antagonist tta-a2 and in vivo effects on arousal in mice. | t-type calcium channels have been implicated in many behaviorally important neurophysiological processes, and altered channel activity has been linked to the pathophysiology of neurological disorders such as insomnia, epilepsy, parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and pain. we have previously identified a number of potent and selective t-type channel antagonists (barrow et al., 2007; shipe et al., 2008; yang et al., 2008). here we describe the properties of the antagonist tta-a2 [2-(4 ... | 2010 | 20682849 |
| sleep homeostasis in the rat is preserved during chronic sleep restriction. | sleep is homeostatically regulated in all animal species that have been carefully studied so far. the best characterized marker of sleep homeostasis is slow wave activity (swa), the eeg power between 0.5 and 4 hz during nonrapid eye movement (nrem) sleep. swa reflects the accumulation of sleep pressure as a function of duration and/or intensity of prior wake: it increases after spontaneous wake and short-term (3-24 h) sleep deprivation and decreases during sleep. however, recent evidence suggest ... | 2010 | 20696898 |
| fast-spiking interneurons of the rat ventral striatum: temporal coordination of activity with principal cells and responsiveness to reward. | although previous in vitro studies revealed inhibitory synaptic connections of fast-spiking interneurons to principal cells in the striatum, uncertainty remains about the nature of the behavioural events that correlate with changes in interneuron activity and about the temporal coordination of interneuron firing with spiking of principal cells under natural conditions. using in vivo tetrode recordings from the ventral striatum in freely moving rats, fast-spiking neurons were distinguished from p ... | 2010 | 20704595 |
| hippocampal theta rhythm after serotonergic activation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in anesthetized rats. | the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (ppn), as a part of reticular formation activating system, is thought to be involved in the sleep/wake cycle regulation, and plays an important role in the generation and regulation of hippocampal rhythmical slow activity. the activity of ppn can be modulated by serotonergic system, mainly through multiple projections from raphe nuclei, which can influence ppn neurons through different classes of 5-ht receptors. in the present study, the effect of intra-ppn ... | 2010 | 20705121 |
| ectopic overexpression of orexin alters sleep/wakefulness states and muscle tone regulation during rem sleep in mice. | orexins (also called hypocretins), which are neuropeptides exclusively expressed by a population of neurons specifically localized in the lateral hypothalamic area, are critically implicated in the regulation of sleep/wake states. orexin deficiency results in narcoleptic phenotype in rodents, dogs, and humans, suggesting that orexins are important for maintaining consolidated wakefulness states. however, the physiological effect of constitutive increased orexinergic transmission tone, which migh ... | 2011 | 20711757 |
| sleep alterations in an environmental neurotoxin-induced model of parkinsonism. | parkinson's disease (pd) is classically defined as a motor disorder resulting from decreased dopamine production in the basal ganglia circuit. in an attempt to better diagnose and treat pd before the onset of severe motor dysfunction, recent attention has focused on the early, non-motor symptoms, which include but are not limited to sleep disorders such as excessive daytime sleepiness (eds) and rem behavioral disorder (rbd). however, few animal models have been able to replicate both the motor a ... | 2010 | 20713046 |
| effects of the 5-ht₆ receptor antagonists sb-399885 and ro-4368554 and of the 5-ht(2a) receptor antagonist emd 281014 on sleep and wakefulness in the rat during both phases of the light-dark cycle. | the effects of the 5-ht₆ receptor antagonists sb-399885 (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) and ro-4368554 (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) and of the 5-ht(2a) receptor antagonist emd 281014 (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) were studied in rats implanted for chronic sleep procedures. administration of 10 mg/kg sb-399885, i.p., to rats 2 h after the beginning of the light phase of the light-dark cycle caused a significant increase of wakefulness (w) and a reduction of slow wave sleep (sws), rem sleep (rems) and the number of rem pe ... | 2011 | 20732355 |
| effect of modafinil on learning performance and neocortical long-term potentiation in rats. | modafinil is a novel wake-promoting agent whose effects on cognitive performance have begun to be addressed at both preclinical and clinical level. the present study was designed to investigate in rats the effects of chronic modafinil administration on cognitive performance by evaluating: (i) working and reference memories in an olton 4×4 maze, and (ii) learning of a complex operant conditioning task in a skinner box. in addition, the effect of modafinil on the ability of the rat frontal cortex ... | 2010 | 20800665 |
| dopamine enhances the excitability of somatosensory thalamocortical neurons. | the thalamus conveys sensory information from peripheral and subcortical regions to the neocortex in a dynamic manner that can be influenced by several neuromodulators. alterations in dopamine (da) receptor function in thalami of schizophrenic patients have recently been reported. in addition, schizophrenia is associated with sensory gating abnormalities and sleep-wake disturbances, thus we examined the role of da on neuronal excitability in somatosensory thalamus. the ventrobasal (vb) thalamus ... | 2010 | 20801197 |
| role of adenosine and wake-promoting basal forebrain in insomnia and associated sleep disruptions caused by ethanol dependence. | insomnia is a severe symptom of alcohol withdrawal; however, the underlying neuronal mechanism is yet unknown. we hypothesized that chronic ethanol exposure will impair basal forebrain (bf) adenosinergic mechanism resulting in insomnia-like symptoms. we performed a series of experiments in sprague-dawley rats to test our hypothesis. we used majchrowicz's chronic binge ethanol protocol to induce ethanol dependency. our first experiment verified the effects of ethanol withdrawal on sleep-wakefulne ... | 2010 | 20807311 |
| acute mdma administration alters the distribution and circadian rhythm of wheel running activity in the rat. | ecstasy users report a number of adverse events following use including disturbed sleep. previous research has suggested that mdma affects the circadian system, however, the acute effects following a single, moderate dose have not been well characterised. the current study investigated how mdma affected the circadian system, as measured by the amount and temporal distribution of wheel-running activity in male rats (n=90), housed individually under a 12-12 h light-dark (ld) cycle prior to treatme ... | 2010 | 20816766 |
| ampa receptor-mediated miniature epscs have heterogeneous time courses in orexin neurons. | glutamate plays a predominant role in regulating the activity of orexin neurons that coordinate motivated behaviors, sleep-wake cycle and autonomic functions. to gain more insight into the properties of excitatory transmission to orexin neurons, whole cell patch clamp recordings were made in rat brain slices and quantal analysis of pharmacologically isolated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mepscs) was performed. in more than half the orexin neurons examined, mepscs showed heterogeneo ... | 2010 | 20816937 |
| immunolocalization of the voltage-gated potassium channel kv2.2 in gabaergic neurons in the basal forebrain of rats and mice. | the kv2 voltage-gated potassium channels, kv2.1 and kv2.2, are important regulators of neuronal excitability in mammalian brain. it has been shown that kv2.1 channels are expressed in virtually all neurons in the brain. however, the cellular localization of kv2.2 has not been fully elucidated. in this article we report that kv2.2 is highly expressed in a subset of neurons in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus (mcpo) and the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of broca (hdb) of the basal forebra ... | 2010 | 20853508 |
| photic induction of fos in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of african mole-rats: responses to increasing irradiance. | african mole-rats (family bathyergidae) are strictly subterranean rodent species that are rarely exposed to environmental light. morphological and physiological adaptations to the underground environment include a severely reduced eye size and regressed visual system. responses of the circadian system to light, however, appear to be intact, since mole-rats are able to entrain their circadian activity rhythms to the light-dark cycle and light induces fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus ... | 2010 | 20854133 |
| wake-promoting agent modafinil worsened attentional performance following rem sleep deprivation in a young-adult rat model of 5-choice serial reaction time task. | individuals who experience sleep loss may exhibit certain physiological abnormalities. central stimulant drugs have been studied in sleep-loss conditions, and some of them might be therapeutically beneficial. modafinil (diphenyl-methyl-sulfinyl-2-acetamide, mod) has been increasingly employed for elevating alertness and vigilance in recent years, yet the underlying mechanism of actions for mod is not fully understood. | 2010 | 20865249 |
| dynamics of sleep-wake cyclicity across the fetal period in sheep (ovis aries). | all adult mammals examined thus far exhibit sleep bout durations that follow an exponential distribution and wake bout durations that follow a power-law distribution. in altricial rodents such as rats and mice, exponential distributions of sleep bouts are found soon after birth, but the power-law distribution of wake bouts does not emerge until the third postnatal week. also, both sleep and bouts consolidate across the early postnatal period. it is not known whether similar developmental process ... | 2011 | 20886534 |
| ontogenetic differences in adolescent and adult c57bl/6j and dba/2j mice: anxiety-like, locomotor, and consummatory behaviors. | adolescence is a highly conserved period during which mammals undergo a number of hormonal, biological, and behavioral changes [spear [2000] neurosci. biobehav. rev. 24: 417-463]. ethical constraints limit the research that can be done in human adolescents. rodents provide a useful model of at least some of the features of adolescence, including increases in body growth, differences in sleep/wake, and eating patterns, as well as differences in risk-taking, novelty seeking, and exploratory behavi ... | 2010 | 20886536 |
| sleep deprivation triggers inducible nitric oxide-dependent nitric oxide production in wake-active basal forebrain neurons. | sleep loss negatively impacts performance, mood, memory, and immune function, but the homeostatic factors that impel sleep after sleep loss are imperfectly understood. pharmacological studies had implicated the basal forebrain (bf) inducible nitric oxide (no) synthase (inos)-dependent no as a key homeostatic factor, but its cellular source was obscure. to obtain direct evidence about the cellular source of inos-generated no during sleep deprivation (sd), we used intracerebroventricular perfusion ... | 2010 | 20926651 |
| the effectiveness of local anesthetics in preventing postoperative adhesions in rat models. | intra-abdominal adhesions are fibrous bands that develop after abdominal surgery or inflammation and cause significant surgical morbidity and mortality. in this study, the effectiveness of lidocaine, prilocaine and bupivacaine in preventing experimental intra-abdominal adhesions in rats was studied. | 2010 | 20931255 |
| the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: from basic neuroscience to neurosurgical applications : arousal from slices to humans: implications for dbs. | one element of the reticular activating system (ras) is the pedunculopontine nucleus (ppn), which projects to the thalamus to trigger thalamocortical rhythms and the brainstem to modulate muscle tone and locomotion. the ppn is a posterior midbrain site known to induce locomotion in decerebrate animals when activated at 40-60 hz, and has become a target for dbs in disorders involving gait deficits. we developed a research program using brainstem slices containing the ppn to study the cellular and ... | 2010 | 20936418 |
| [study of the protective effects of exogenous heat shock protein 70 kda in the model of sleep deprivation in pigeons columba livia]. | electroencephalographic methods were used to study effects of the preparation of the exogenous heat shock protein with molecular mass 70 kda (hsp70i/hsc70) on the time characteristics of sleep and waking, brain temperature, peripheral vasomotor reactions and thoracic muscle contractile activity after the 5-hour sleep deprivation in pigeons (columba livia). the microinjections of hsp70i/hsc70 were performed into the third brain ventricle after the end of sleep deprivation. it was shown that hsp70 ... | 2010 | 21061648 |
| the time course of adenosine, nitric oxide (no) and inducible no synthase changes in the brain with sleep loss and their role in the non-rapid eye movement sleep homeostatic cascade. | both adenosine and nitric oxide (no) are known for their role in sleep homeostasis, with the basal forebrain (bf) wakefulness center as an important site of action. previously, we reported a cascade of homeostatic events, wherein sleep deprivation (sd) induces the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos)-dependent no in bf, leading to enhanced release of extracellular adenosine. in turn, increased bf adenosine leads to enhanced sleep intensity, as measured by increased non-rapid eye ... | 2010 | 21062286 |
| knockdown of orexin type 1 receptor in rat locus coeruleus increases rem sleep during the dark period. | the locus coeruleus (lc) regulates sleep/wakefulness and is densely innervated by orexinergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. here we used small interfering rnas (sirnas) to test the role of lc orexin type 1 receptor (oxr1) in sleep–wake control. in sleep studies, bilateral oxr1 sirna injections led to an increase of time spent in rapid eye movement (rem) sleep, which was selective for the dark (active) period, peaked at approximately 30% of control during the second dark period after injec ... | 2010 | 21089218 |
| tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates the hypocretin system via mrna degradation and ubiquitination. | recent studies recognize that hypocretin system (also known as orexin) plays a critical role in sleep/wake disorders and feeding behaviors. however, little is known about the regulation of the hypocretin system. it is also known that tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α) is involved in the regulation of sleep/wake cycle. here, we test our hypothesis that the hypocretin system is regulated by tnf-α. prepro-hypocretin and hypocretin receptor 2 (hcrtr2) can be detected at a very low level in rat b35 ... | 2010 | 21094253 |
| a closed-loop brain computer interface for real-time seizure detection and control. | the worldwide prevalence of epilepsy is approximately 1%, and 25% of epilepsy patients cannot be treated sufficiently by available therapies. brain stimulation with closed-loop seizure control has recently been proposed as an innovative and effective alternative. in this paper, a portable closed-loop brain computer interface for seizure control was developed and shown with several aspects of advantages, including high seizure detection rate (92-99% during wake-sleep states), low false detection ... | 2010 | 21096670 |
| rats hippocampal field potentials feature extraction of wake and sleep stages in euclidean space. | this paper presents a new methodology of feature extraction of sleep and wake stages of a freely behaving rat based on continuous wavelet transform (cwt). the automatic separation of those stages is very useful for experiments related to learning and memory consolidation since recent scientific evidence indicates that sleep is strongly involved with offline reprocessing of acquired information during waking. our approach transforms hippocampal local field potentials (lfp) in data vectors that de ... | 2010 | 21097284 |
| motor unit recruitment in human genioglossus muscle in response to hypercapnia. | single motor unit recordings of the genioglossus (gg) muscle indicate that gg motor units have a variety of discharge patterns, including units that have higher discharge rates during inspiration (inspiratory phasic and inspiratory tonic), or expiration (expiratory phasic and expiratory tonic), or do not modify their rate with respiration (tonic). previous studies have shown that an increase in gg muscle activity is a consequence of increased activity in inspiratory units. however, there are dif ... | 2010 | 21102995 |
| a comparative analysis shows morphofunctional differences between the rat and mouse melanin-concentrating hormone systems. | sub-populations of neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) are characterized by distinct projection patterns, birthdates and cart/nk3 expression in rat. evidence for such sub-populations has not been reported in other species. however, given that genetically engineered mouse lines are now commonly used as experimental models, a better characterization of the anatomy and morphofunctionnal organization of mch system in this species is then necessary. combining multiple immunohistoche ... | 2010 | 21103352 |
| single administration of metyrapone modifies sleep-wake patterns in the rat. | metyrapone is a glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor largely used to study glucocorticoid involvement in stress and memory processes. metyrapone also acts as a stressor and therefore might modify sleep/wake patterns. however, its effects on rat sleep are unknown. we equipped 8 rats for telemetric assessment of eeg and emg. they received first a saline injection and 2days later a 150mg/kg metyrapone injection. metyrapone provoked immediately a waking effect together with a 3-h decrease in slow-wave ... | 2010 | 21114995 |
| hypocretin-1 (orexin a) prevents the effects of hypoxia/hypercapnia and enhances the gabaergic pathway from the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus to cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus. | hypocretins (orexins) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that play a crucial role in regulating sleep/wake states and autonomic functions including parasympathetic cardiac activity. we have recently demonstrated stimulation of the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (lpgi), the nucleus which is thought to play a role in rapid eye movement (rem) sleep control, activates an inhibitory pathway to preganglionic cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus (na). in this study we test the hypothesis that ... | 2010 | 21134420 |
| in a rat model of night work, activity during the normal resting phase produces desynchrony in the hypothalamus. | internal synchrony among external cycles and internal oscillators allows adaptation of physiology to cyclic demands for homeostasis. night work and shift work lead to a disrupted phase relationship between external time cues and internal rhythms, also losing internal coherence among oscillations. this process results in internal desynchrony (id) in which behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic variables cycle out of phase. it is still not clear whether id originates at a peripheral or at a central l ... | 2010 | 21135158 |
| endogenous rhythm of absence epilepsy: relationship with general motor activity and sleep-wake states. | the rhythms of spontaneously occurring seizures (spike-wave discharges, swd) and motor activity, as well as the relationship between swd and sleep-wake states were investigated in the wag/rij rat model of absence epilepsy. in order to establish whether swd are controlled by external (zeitgebers) or by endogenous factors such as circadian influences or the state of vigilance, the study was performed in entrained and constant dim light conditions. eeg and motor activity were recorded in the 12:12 ... | 2010 | 21146957 |
| spike avalanches exhibit universal dynamics across the sleep-wake cycle. | scale-invariant neuronal avalanches have been observed in cell cultures and slices as well as anesthetized and awake brains, suggesting that the brain operates near criticality, i.e. within a narrow margin between avalanche propagation and extinction. in theory, criticality provides many desirable features for the behaving brain, optimizing computational capabilities, information transmission, sensitivity to sensory stimuli and size of memory repertoires. however, a thorough characterization of ... | 2010 | 21152422 |
| sex differences in heart rate variability during sleep following prenatal nicotine exposure in rat pups. | the influence of both prenatal nicotine exposure (pne; 6 mg/kg/day) and sex on heart rate (hr) regulation during sleep versus wakefulness was evaluated in 13, 16 and 26 day old rat pups. pups were chronically instrumented at least 24 h before testing. on postnatal day 13 (p13), pne males spent significantly more time in nrem sleep and demonstrated a greater drop in hr when transitioning from quiet wake to sleep compared to age and sex matched controls (-14±5 bpm versus -1±3 bpm, respectively). h ... | 2010 | 21163307 |
| effects of isoflurane anesthesia on post-anesthetic sleep-wake architectures in rats. | the sleep homeostatic response significantly affects the state of anesthesia. in addition, sleep recovery may occur during anesthesia, either via a natural sleep-like process to occur or via a direct restorative effect. little is known about the effects of isoflurane anesthesia on sleep homeostasis. we investigated whether 1) isoflurane anesthesia could provide a sleep-like process, and 2) the depth of anesthesia could differently affect the post-anesthesia sleep response. nine rats were treated ... | 2010 | 21165327 |
| activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in the pedunculopontine tegmental cells is involved in the maintenance of sleep in rats. | considerable evidence suggests that receptor-mediated excitation and inhibition of brainstem pedunculopontine tegmental (ppt) neurons are critically involved in the regulation of sleep-wake states. however, the molecular mechanisms operating within the ppt-controlling sleep-wake states remain relatively unknown. this study was designed to examine sleep-wake state-associated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (erk1/2) transduction changes in the ppt of freely moving rats. the results o ... | 2011 | 21166678 |
| tail-pinch stress and rem sleep deprivation differentially affect sensorimotor gating function in modafinil-treated rats. | prepulse inhibition (ppi) is a phenomenon in which a mild stimulus attenuates a cross-modality startle response to later intense stimulation. ppi is thought to index the central inhibitory mechanism through which behavioural responses are filtered. the present study compared the effects of two stress paradigms on the acoustic startle response (asr) and on ppi in a rat model. the tail-pinch (tp) method produces an acute and immediate stressful condition, whereas rapid eye movement (rem) sleep dep ... | 2010 | 21167213 |
| rat hypocretin/orexin neurons are maintained in a depolarized state by trpc channels. | in a previous study we proposed that the depolarized state of the wake-promoting hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/orx) neurons was independent of synaptic inputs as it persisted in tetrodotoxin and low calcium/high magnesium solutions. here we show first that these cells are hyperpolarized when external sodium is lowered, suggesting that non-selective cation channels (nsccs) could be involved. as canonical transient receptor channels (trpcs) are known to form nsccs, we looked for trpcs subunits using sin ... | 2010 | 21179559 |
| [the method of monitoring sleep state and respiratory rhythm in freely moving rats]. | to devise a new method for testing the animal model of sleep apnea syndrome (sas). | 2004 | 21192433 |
| cortical evoked responses associated with arousal from sleep. | to determine if low-level intermittent auditory stimuli have the potential to disrupt sleep during 24-h recordings, we assessed arousal occurrence to varying stimulus intensities. additionally, if stimulus-generated evoked response potential (erp) components provide a metric of underlying cortical state, then a particular erp structure may precede an arousal. | 2011 | 21203374 |
| dynamics of sleep-wake cyclicity at night across the human lifespan. | studies in adult mammals (rats, cats, mice, and humans) have revealed a surprising regularity in the duration of sleep and wake bouts. in particular, wake bout durations exhibit a power-law distribution whereas sleep bout durations exhibit an exponential distribution. moreover, in rodents, sleep bouts exhibit an exponential distribution at all ages examined, whereas wake bout durations exhibit exponential distributions early in ontogeny with a clear power-law emerging only at the older ages. thu ... | 2010 | 21212828 |
| l-dopa activates histaminergic neurons. | l-dopa is the most effective treatment of early and advanced stages of parkinson's disease (pd), but its chronic use leads to loss of efficiency and dyskinesia. this is delayed by lower dosage at early stages, made possible by additional treatment with histamine antagonists. we present here evidence that histaminergic tuberomamillary nucleus (tmn) neurons, involved in the control of wakefulness, are excited under l-dopa (ec50 15 μm), express dopa decarboxylase and show dopamine immunoreactivity. ... | 2011 | 21242252 |
| effects on sleep and dopamine levels of microdialysis perfusion of cannabidiol into the lateral hypothalamus of rats. | the major non-psychoactive component of cannabis sativa, cannabidiol (cbd), displays a plethora of actions including wakefulness. in the present study, we addressed whether perfusing cbd via microdialysis into lateral hypothalamus (lh) during the lights-on period would modify the sleep-wake cycle of rats as well as the contents of dopamine (da) collected from nucleus accumbens (acbc). additionally, we tested whether perfusion of cbd into lh would block the sleep rebound after a sleep deprivation ... | 2011 | 21262236 |
| a new automated method for rat sleep deprivation with minimal confounding effects on corticosterone and locomotor activity. | the function of sleep in physiology, behaviour and cognition has become a primary focus of neuroscience. its study inevitably includes experimental sleep deprivation designs. however, concerns exist regarding confounds like stress, increased locomotor activity levels, and decreased motivation to perform operant tasks induced by the methods employed. we here propose a novel procedure for sleep deprivation in rats and evaluate how it affects sleep, corticosterone concentration profiles, locomotor ... | 2011 | 21262261 |
| nitric oxide production in the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area and its influences on the modulation of perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area neurons. | the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area (pf-lha) is a major wake-promoting structure. it predominantly contains neurons that are active during behavioral and cortical activation. pf-lha stimulation produces arousal and pf-lha lesions produce somnolence. nitric oxide (no) is a gaseous neurotransmitter that has been implicated in the regulation of multiple pathological and physiological processes including the regulation of sleep. no levels are higher in the cortex and in the basal forebrain (b ... | 2011 | 21277356 |
| evidence for cellular injury in the midbrain of rats following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. | complex behavioural disabilities, as well as pain, characterise neuropathic pain conditions for which clinical treatment is sought. in rats, chronic constriction injury (cci) of the sciatic nerve evokes, allodynia and hyperalgesia as well as three distinct patterns of disability, characterised by changes in social and sleep-wake behaviours: (i) pain & disability; (ii) pain & transient disability and (iii) pain alone. importantly, the degree of allodynia and hyperalgesia is identical for each of ... | 2011 | 21291996 |
| neuromedin u(2) receptor signaling mediates alteration of sleep-wake architecture in rats. | growing evidence indicates that neuromedin u (nmu) neuropeptide system plays an integral role in mediating the stress response through the corticotrophin-releasing factor (crf) pathways. stress is often associated with alteration in sleep-wake architecture both in human and laboratory animals. here, we investigated whether activation of the nmu2 receptor, a major high affinity receptor for nmu predominantly expressed in the brain, affects sleep behavior in rats. effects of single (acute) intrace ... | 2011 | 21296417 |
| characterization of pharmacological and wake-promoting properties of the dopaminergic stimulant sydnocarb in rats. | sydnocarb is a psychomotor stimulant structurally similar to d-amphetamine (d-amph) and is used in russia for the treatment of a variety of neuropsychiatric comorbidities. the nature of sydnocarb-induced facilitation of dopamine (da) neurotransmission [da release versus da transporter (dat) inhibition] is not clear. the present study characterized the pharmacological actions and behavioral effects of intraperitoneal sydnocarb in male sprague-dawley rats. where relevant, comparisons were made wit ... | 2011 | 21300706 |
| functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals different neural substrates for the effects of orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptor antagonists. | orexins are neuro-modulatory peptides involved in the control of diverse physiological functions through interaction with two receptors, orexin-1 (ox1r) and orexin-2 (ox2r). recent evidence in pre-clinical models points toward a putative dichotomic role of the two receptors, with ox2r predominantly involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle and arousal, and the ox1r being more specifically involved in reward processing and motivated behaviour. however, the specific neural substrates unde ... | 2011 | 21307957 |
| the influence of autonomic interventions on the sleep-wake-related changes in gastric myoelectrical activity in rats. | significant changes in autonomic activity occur at sleep-wake transitions and constitute an ideal setting for investigating the modulatory role of the autonomic nervous system on gastric myoelectrical activity (gma). | 2011 | 21342364 |
| ghrelin in mental health, sleep, memory. | ghrelin acts as a neuropeptide. it participates in sleep-wake regulation. after systemic ghrelin treatment nonrem sleep is promoted in male humans and mice. this effect is influenced by gender, time of administration and depression. ghrelin does not modulate sleep in healthy women and during the early morning in male subjects. in depressed women rem sleep is diminished after ghrelin. in elderly men and depressed men sleep promotion by ghrelin was preserved. in rats after central ghrelin feeding ... | 2011 | 21349316 |
| metabolic fingerprint of ischaemic cardioprotection: importance of the malate-aspartate shuttle. | the convergence of cardioprotective intracellular signalling pathways to modulate mitochondrial function as an end-target of cytoprotective stimuli is well described. however, our understanding of whether the complementary changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism are secondary responses or inherent mechanisms of ischaemic cardioprotection remains incomplete. in the heart, the malate-aspartate shuttle (mas) constitutes the primary metabolic pathway for transfer of reducing equivalents from the ... | 2011 | 21349875 |
| effect of withania somnifera on sleep-wake cycle in sleep-disturbed rats: possible gabaergic mechanism. | sleep deprivation disrupts significantly sleep pattern and cause poor quality of sleep. the aim the present study was to explore role of withania somniferra root extract in sleep-disturbed rats. male wistar rats (n=5-6/group) were sleep deprived for 24 h using grid suspended over water method. withania somniferra extract (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min before actual recording (eeg and emg) recording and electrophysiological recordings are further classified as- sleep ... | 2008 | 21369449 |
| diaphragm long-term facilitation following acute intermittent hypoxia during wakefulness and sleep. | acute intermittent hypoxia (aih) elicits a form of respiratory plasticity known as long-term facilitation (ltf). here, we tested four hypotheses in unanesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats using radiotelemetry for eeg and diaphragm electromyography (dia emg) activity: 1) aih induces ltf in dia emg activity; 2) diaphragm ltf (dia ltf) is more robust during sleep vs. wakefulness; 3) aih (or repetitive aih) disrupts natural sleep-wake architecture; and 4) preconditioning with daily aih (daih) f ... | 2011 | 21372099 |
| increased non-rapid eye movement sleep by cocaine withdrawal: possible involvement of a2a receptors. | this study attempted to clarify whether cocaine withdrawal altered sleep architecture and the role of adenosine receptors in this process. cocaine (20 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously once per day for 7 days to rat implanted with sleep/wake recording electrode. polygraphic signs of undisturbed sleep/wake activities were recorded for 24 h before cocaine administration (basal recording as control); withdrawal-day 1 (after 1 day of repeated cocaine administration), withdrawal-day 8 (after 8 d ... | 2011 | 21380812 |
| central nervous system sites of the sleep promoting effects of eszopiclone in rats. | we examined the effects of eszopiclone (esz), a gaba-a receptor agonist in current clinical use as a hypnotic medication, on the activity of subcortical wake- and sleep-active neuronal populations in the rat brain. sleep-wake states were quantified after i.p. injections of esz (3 and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle administered early in the dark phase, when rats are spontaneously awake. rats were euthanized 2 h post-injection and brain tissue was processed for c-fos protein immunoreactivity (ir) and for ne ... | 2011 | 21382446 |
| infusion of modafinil into anterior hypothalamus or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus at different time-points enhances waking and blocks the expression of recovery sleep in rats after sleep deprivation. | clinical studies have indicated that the primary pharmacological activity of modafinil (mod) is inducing wakefulness; however, the brain targets that underlie its wake-promoting activity have not been described. in the present study, we show that mod injected into sleep-wake related brain areas promoted alertness. if administered (10, 20, or 30 ++g/1 ++l) into either anterior hypothalamus (ah) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (pptg) at 08:00, 12:00 or 16:00 h, mod enhanced wakefulness where ... | 2011 | 21385582 |
| sleep-waking discharge profiles of median preoptic and surrounding neurons in mice. | the median preoptic nucleus (mnpo), part of the anteroventral third ventricular region, plays a key role in body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular regulation. recently, a cluster of neurons showing sleep-related c-fos immunoreactivity was found in the rat mnpo, and a subsequent electrophysiological study found that nearly 76% of rat mnpo neurons exhibit increased discharge during sleep. in a recent single unit recording study in mice, we found that sleep-active neurons are not localized in an ... | 2011 | 21396987 |
| the role of adenosine in the regulation of sleep. | this paper presents an overview of the current knowledge about the role of adenosine in the sleep-wake regulation with a focus on adenosine in the central nervous system, regulation of adenosine levels, adenosine receptors, and manipulations of the adenosine system by the use of pharmacological and molecular biological tools. the endogenous somnogen prostaglandin (pg) d(2) increases the extracellular level of adenosine under the subarachnoid space of the basal forebrain and promotes physiologica ... | 2011 | 21401496 |
| role of ghrh in sleep and growth impairments induced by upper airway obstruction in rats. | upper airway obstruction (uao) can lead to abnormal growth hormone homeostasis and growth retardation by unclear mechanisms. we explored the effect of uao on hypothalamic growth hormone releasing hormone (ghrh), which has a role in both sleep and growth hormone regulation. the tracheae of 22-day-old rats were narrowed; uao and sham-operated animals were sacrificed 16 days post-surgery. to stimulate slow wave sleep and growth hormone secretion, rats were treated with ritanserin (5-ht2 receptor an ... | 2011 | 21406516 |
| biphasic effects of baicalin, an active constituent of scutellaria baicalensis georgi, in the spontaneous sleep-wake regulation. | baicalin is an active compound originating from the root of scutellaria baicalensis georgi, which has been used for anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, anti-hypertension, anti-allergy and sedation since ancient china, though the neuronal mechanisms involved in the sedative effect is still unclear. baicalin possesses the ability to decrease the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor (nf)-?b activity. furthermore, baicalin has demonstrated an anxiolytic-like effect via activatio ... | 2011 | 21419210 |
| status epilepticus induces increasing neuronal excitability and hypersynchrony as revealed by optical imaging. | in the wake of acquired brain insults such as status epilepticus (se), time-dependent neuronal network alterations may occur resulting in cortical hyperexcitability and enhanced synchrony merging into chronic epilepsy. to better understand the underlying processes, we performed electrophysiological and optical imaging studies on combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slices. these were prepared from rats 1, 4 and 8 weeks after electrically-induced se. non-invasive imaging using intrinsic optical ... | 2011 | 21440625 |
| odor fear conditioning modifies piriform cortex local field potentials both during conditioning and during post-conditioning sleep. | sleep plays an active role in memory consolidation. sleep structure (rem/slow wave activity [sws]) can be modified after learning, and in some cortical circuits, sleep is associated with replay of the learned experience. while the majority of this work has focused on neocortical and hippocampal circuits, the olfactory system may offer unique advantages as a model system for exploring sleep and memory, given the short, non-thalamic pathway from nose to primary olfactory (piriform cortex), and rap ... | 2011 | 21448432 |
| serotonin control of sleep-wake behavior. | based on electrophysiological, neurochemical, genetic and neuropharmacological approaches, it is currently accepted that serotonin (5-ht) functions predominantly to promote wakefulness (w) and to inhibit rem (rapid eye movement) sleep (rems). yet, under certain circumstances the neurotransmitter contributes to the increase in sleep propensity. most of the serotonergic innervation of the cerebral cortex, amygdala, basal forebrain (bfb), thalamus, preoptic and hypothalamic areas, raphe nuclei, loc ... | 2011 | 21459634 |
| [sleep changes during degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra induced by inhibitor of proteasomes lactacystin in rats]. | a decrease in activity of ubiquitin proteasome system results in accumulation of toxic forms of protein and cell degeneration, including dopamine (da)-ergic neurons in the substantia nigra; these neurons are remarkable for their low proteolytic activity of proteosomes that makes them more vulnerable, especially when subjected to the neurotoxin action or parkinson's disease (pd). the goal of the present study is to develop a model on the basis of inhibition of proteasome activity of nigral cell d ... | 2010 | 21473106 |
| promotion of sleep by suvorexant-a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. | abstract: orexins/hypocretins are key neuropeptides responsible for regulating central arousal and reward circuits. two receptors respond to orexin signaling, orexin 1 receptor (ox(1)r) and orexin 2 receptor (ox(2)r) with partially overlapping nervous system distributions. genetic studies suggest orexin receptor antagonists could be therapeutic for insomnia and other disorders with disruptions of sleep and wake. suvorexant (mk-4305) is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonist of o ... | 2011 | 21473737 |