| [developmental regulation of sleep/wake cycles in rats]. | | 2008 | 19119618 |
| olfactory bulbectomy induces rapid and stable changes in basal and stress-induced locomotor activity, heart rate and body temperature responses in the home cage. | olfactory bulbectomy (obx) in rats causes several behavioral and neurochemical changes. however, the extent and onset of physiological and behavioral changes induced after bulbectomy have been little examined. | 2009 | 19136045 |
| sleep deprivation increases a(1) adenosine receptor density in the rat brain. | adenosine, increasing after sleep deprivation and acting via the a(1) adenosine receptor (a(1)ar), is likely a key factor in the homeostatic control of sleep. this study examines the impact of sleep deprivation on a(1)ar density in different parts of the rat brain with [(3)h]cpfpx autoradiography. binding of [(3)h]cpfpx was significantly increased in parietal cortex (par) (7%), thalamus (11%) and caudate-putamen (9%) after 24 h of sleep deprivation compared to a control group with an undisturbed ... | 2009 | 19146833 |
| mechanisms underlying state dependent surface-evoked response patterns. | cortical evoked response potentials (erps) display a rich set of waveforms that are both context and state dependent. however, the mechanisms that underlie state dependent erp patterns are unclear. determining those mechanisms through analysis of single trial erp waveform signatures may provide insight into the regulation of cortical column state and the roles that sleep plays in cortical function. we implanted rats with electroencephalogram (eeg) and electromyogram (emg) electrodes to record er ... | 2009 | 19154778 |
| triggering slow waves during nrem sleep in the rat by intracortical electrical stimulation: effects of sleep/wake history and background activity. | in humans, non-rapid eye movement (nrem) sleep slow waves occur not only spontaneously but can also be induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. here we investigated whether slow waves can also be induced by intracortical electrical stimulation during sleep in rats. intracortical local field potential (lfp) recordings were obtained from several cortical locations while the frontal or the parietal area was stimulated intracortically with brief (0.1 ms) electrical pulses. recordings were perfo ... | 2009 | 19164101 |
| melanin-concentrating hormone neurons discharge in a reciprocal manner to orexin neurons across the sleep-wake cycle. | neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) are codistributed with neurons containing orexin (orx or hypocretin) in the lateral hypothalamus, a peptide and region known to be critical for maintaining wakefulness. evidence from knockout and c-fos studies suggests, however, that the mch neurons might play a different role than orx neurons in regulating activity and sleep-wake states. to examine this possibility, neurons were recorded across natural sleep-wake states in head-fixed rats a ... | 2009 | 19188611 |
| circuit projection from suprachiasmatic nucleus to ventral tegmental area: a novel circadian output pathway. | the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn) is a circadian pacemaker that synchronizes a number of vital processes. although a great deal of research has focused on input pathways to scn and on the central clock itself, relatively little is known about scn output signaling pathways. the ventral tegmental area (vta) has been extensively studied for its influence in motivated learning and, recently, for a potential role in arousal and sleep-wake regulation. here we present data that scn indirectly projects ... | 2009 | 19200068 |
| paradoxical (rem) sleep deprivation causes a large and rapidly reversible decrease in long-term potentiation, synaptic transmission, glutamate receptor protein levels, and erk/mapk activation in the dorsal hippocampus. | it has been shown that wake (w) and slow wave sleep (sws) modulate synaptic transmission in neocortical projections. however the impact of paradoxical sleep (ps) quantities on synaptic transmission remains unknown. we examined whether ps modulated the excitatory transmission and expression of glutamate receptor subtypes and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-erk1/2). | 2009 | 19238810 |
| armodafinil promotes wakefulness and activates fos in rat brain. | modafinil increases waking and labeling of fos, a marker of neuronal activation. in the present study, armodafinil, the r-enantiomer of racemic modafinil, was administered to rats at 30 or 100 mg/kg i.p. about 5 h after lights on (circadian time 5 and near the midpoint of the sleep phase of the sleep:wake cycle) to assess its effects on sleep/wake activity and fos activation. armodafinil at 100 mg/kg increased wakefulness for 2 h, while 30 mg/kg armodafinil only briefly increased wakefulness. ar ... | 2009 | 19249327 |
| influence of diabetes on liver injury induced by antitubercular drugs and on silymarin hepatoprotection in rats. | isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide during short-course chemotherapy for tuberculosis can result in liver injury. the coexistence of tuberculosis and diabetes is common in patients who receive inadequate treatment. the risk of hepatotoxicity from many toxicants is increased in diabetic rats. silymarin provides protection against liver injury caused by many hepatotoxicants, including antitubercular drugs (atds). in the wake of increased severity of atd-induced hepatotoxicity in diabetes we rep ... | 2008 | 19271021 |
| refined anatomical isolation of functional sleep circuits exhibits distinctive regional and circadian gene transcriptional profiles. | powerful new approaches to study molecular variation in distinct neuronal populations have recently been developed enabling a more precise investigation of the control of neural circuits involved in complex behaviors such as wake and sleep. we applied laser capture microdissection (lcm) to isolate precise brain nuclei from rat cns at opposing circadian time points associated with wake and sleep. discrete anatomical and temporal analysis was performed to examine the extent of variation in the tra ... | 2009 | 19302983 |
| characteristic effects of anti-dementia drugs on rat sleep patterns. | the present study was undertaken to clarify the effects of anti-dementia drugs on sleep pattern in rats. electrodes were chronically implanted into the frontal cortex and the dorsal neck muscle of rats for the electroencephalogram (eeg) and electromyogram (emg), respectively. eeg and emg were recorded with an electroencephalograph. sleepsigh ver. 2.0 was used for analysis of the sleep-wake state. total times of waking, non-rapid eye movement (non-rem) sleep, and rapid eye movement (rem) sleep we ... | 2009 | 19305123 |
| melatonin and melatonergic drugs on sleep: possible mechanisms of action. | pineal melatonin is synthesized and secreted in close association with the light/dark cycle. the temporal relationship between the nocturnal rise in melatonin secretion and the "opening of the sleep gate" (i.e., the increase in sleep propensity at the beginning of the night), coupled with the sleep-promoting effects of exogenous melatonin, suggest that melatonin is involved in the regulation of sleep. the sleep-promoting and sleep/wake rhythm regulating effects of melatonin are attributed to its ... | 2009 | 19326288 |
| [effects of anti-dementia drugs on sleep-wake patterns in sleep-disturbed rats]. | dementia is a neurologic disorder presenting memory impairment as a main symptom. it is well known that patients often complain of sleep disturbance as an associated symptom in dementia. it has been reported that donepezil caused sleep disturbance, but little is known about the effect of galantamine on sleep-wake patterns. in the present study, we investigated the effects of anti-dementia drugs on sleep-wake patterns in sleep-disturbed rats. single administration of donepezil and galantamine cau ... | 2009 | 19326812 |
| state-dependent auditory evoked hemodynamic responses recorded optically with indwelling photodiodes. | implantable optical technologies provide measurements of cerebral hemodynamic activity from freely behaving animals without movement constraint or anesthesia. in order to study state-dependent neural evoked responses and the consequential hemodynamic response, we simultaneously measured eeg and scattered light changes in chronically implanted rats. recordings took place under freely behaving conditions, allowing us to compare the evoked responses across wake, sleep, and anesthetized states. the ... | 2009 | 19340099 |
| activity profiles of cholinergic and intermingled gabaergic and putative glutamatergic neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum of urethane-anesthetized rats. | cholinergic neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum form part of the ascending activating system and are thought to participate in stimulating cortical activation. yet in the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (ldt and ppt), they lie intermingled with gabaergic and glutamatergic neurons, which could also modulate cortical activity and sleep-wake state. to characterize the discharge of these cell types in relation to cortical activity, we recorded neurons in urethane ... | 2009 | 19357291 |
| blockade of orexin-1 receptors attenuates orexin-2 receptor antagonism-induced sleep promotion in the rat. | orexins are peptides produced by lateral hypothalamic neurons that exert a prominent role in the maintenance of wakefulness by activating orexin-1 (ox1r) and orexin-2 (ox2r) receptor located in wake-active structures. pharmacological blockade of both receptors by the dual ox1/2r antagonist (2r)-2-[(1s)-6,7-dimethoxy-1-{2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl}-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1h)-yl]-n-methyl-2-phenylethanamide (almorexant) has been shown to promote sleep in animals and humans during their ac ... | 2009 | 19363060 |
| influence of the novel antidepressant and melatonin agonist/serotonin2c receptor antagonist, agomelatine, on the rat sleep-wake cycle architecture. | the novel antidepressant, agomelatine, behaves as an agonist at melatonin mt(1) and mt(2) receptors and as an antagonist at serotonin (5-ht)(2c) receptors. in animal models and clinical trials, agomelatine displays antidepressant properties and re-synchronizes disrupted circadian rhythms. | 2009 | 19370342 |
| circadian timing of rem sleep is coupled to an oscillator within the dorsomedial suprachiasmatic nucleus. | sleep is consistently concentrated to a specific time of the day. its timing and consolidation depend on the interplay between a homeostatic and a circadian process of sleep regulation [1-3]. sleep propensity rises as a homeostatic response to increasing wake time, whereas a circadian clock determines the specific time when sleep will probably occur. this two-process regulation of sleep also determines which specific sleep stage will be manifested, and the circadian process governs tightly the m ... | 2009 | 19375313 |
| ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 in the ventral and lateral hypothalamic area of female rats: morphological characterization and functional implications. | based on its distribution in the brain, ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (ntpdase3) may play a role in the hypothalamic regulation of homeostatic systems, including feeding, sleep-wake behavior and reproduction. to further characterize the morphological attributes of ntpdase3-immunoreactive (ir) hypothalamic structures in the rat brain, here we investigated: 1.) the cellular and subcellular localization of ntpdase3; 2.) the effects of 17beta-estradiol on the expression level of ... | 2009 | 19383175 |
| characterisation of the effects of caffeine on sleep in the rat: a potential model of sleep disruption. | caffeine is known to disrupt sleep and its administration to human subjects has been used to model sleep disruption. we previously showed that its effects on sleep onset latency are comparable between rats and humans. this study evaluated the potential use of caffeine as a model of sleep disruption in the rat, by assessing its effects on sleep architecture and electroencephalogram (eeg) frequency spectrum, and using sleep-promoting drugs to reverse these effects. rats were implanted with radiote ... | 2009 | 19395429 |
| heavy metal uranium affects the brain cholinergic system in rat following sub-chronic and chronic exposure. | uranium is a heavy metal naturally present in the environment that may be chronically ingested by the population. previous studies have shown that uranium is present in the brain and alters behaviour, notably locomotor activity, sensorimotor ability, sleep/wake cycle and the memory process, but also metabolism of neurotransmitters. the cholinergic system mediates many cognitive systems, including those disturbed after chronic exposure to uranium i.e., spatial memory, sleep/wake cycle and locomot ... | 2009 | 19409444 |
| to what extent is sleep rebound effective in reversing the effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on gene expression in the brain? | sleep is essential to maintaining health and well-being. it has been demonstrated that some of the biological alterations caused by paradoxical sleep deprivation (psd) are not completely reversed after a period of sleep rebound (sr). the purpose of this study was to determine to what extent the specific molecular changes that occur in the rat cerebral cortex after 96 h of psd can effectively be reversed during 24h of recovery. total rna from the right cerebral cortex of wistar male rats and gene ... | 2009 | 19428616 |
| sleep-promoting action of iik7, a selective mt2 melatonin receptor agonist in the rat. | several novel melatonin receptor agonists, in addition to various formulations of melatonin itself, are either available or in development for the treatment of insomnia. melatonin is thought to exert its effects principally through two high affinity, g-protein coupled receptors, mt1 and mt2, though it is not known which subtype is responsible for the sleep-promoting action. the present study used radiotelemetry to record eeg and emg in un-restrained freely moving rats to monitor the sleep-wake b ... | 2009 | 19429170 |
| [efficiency of the "disk-over-water" method without feedback for sleep deprivation in rats]. | the "disk-over-water" method, where animals are awakened by disk rotation triggered by sleep eeg signals, was efficiently used in many studies involving sleep deprivation. recently, the modification of this method has been developed where, during the period of deprivation, the disk was rotated in accordance with a pre-set program (the "disk-over-water" method without feedback). we considered this modification as a potentially promising one for investigation of relationship between maternal sleep ... | 2009 | 19445394 |
| antagonism of t-type calcium channels inhibits high-fat diet-induced weight gain in mice. | the epidemics of obesity and metabolic disorders have well-recognized health and economic burdens. pharmacologic treatments for these diseases remain unsatisfactory with respect to both efficacy and side-effect profiles. here, we have identified a potential central role for t-type calcium channels in regulating body weight maintenance and sleep. previously, it was shown that mice lacking cav3.1 t-type calcium channels have altered sleep/wake activity. we found that these mice were also resistant ... | 2009 | 19451696 |
| gabaergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus defines functional subterritories. | gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba)ergic neurons are widely distributed in brainstem structures involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, locomotion, and attention. these brainstem structures include the pedunculopontine nucleus (ppn), which is traditionally characterized by its population of cholinergic neurons that have local and wide-ranging connections. the functional heterogeneity of the ppn is partially explained by the topographic distribution of cholinergic neurons, but such heterog ... | 2009 | 19459217 |
| serotonergic-postsynaptic receptors modulate gripping-induced immobility episodes in male taiep rats. | the taiep rat is a myelin mutant with a motor syndrome characterized by tremor, ataxia, immobility, epilepsy, and paralysis. the rat shows a hypomyelination followed by a progressive demyelination. during immobilities taiep rats show a rem-like sleep pattern and a disorganized sleep-wake pattern suggesting taiep rats as a model of narcolepsy-cataplexy. our study analyzed the role of postsynaptic serotonin receptors in the expression of gripping-induced immobility episodes (ies) in 8-month-old ma ... | 2009 | 19484723 |
| suppression of hippocampal cell proliferation by short-term stimulant drug administration in adult rats. | sleep loss is known to potently suppress adult hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis. whether sleep suppression following acute administration of stimulant drugs also decreases hippocampal cell proliferation is not known. the present study examined the effect of three mechanistically distinct stimulants (caffeine, methamphetamine and modafinil) on cell proliferation. to maximize sleep suppression, these drugs were administered to rats (three i.p. injections, once every 4 h) during thei ... | 2009 | 19490020 |
| diamine-based human histamine h3 receptor antagonists: (4-aminobutyn-1-yl)benzylamines. | a series of (4-aminobutyn-1-yl)benzylamines were prepared and the sar around three key areas: (1) the amine attached to the butynyl linker (r(3)r(4)n-); (2) the benzylamine moiety (r(1)r(2)n-); and (3) the point of attachment of the benzylamine group (r(1)r(2)n- in the ortho, meta, or para positions) was examined. one compound, 4-[3-(4-piperidin-1-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-morpholine (9s) was chosen for further profiling and found to be a selective histamine h(3) antagonist with desirable drug-like ... | 2009 | 19524331 |
| electromyographic activity at the base and tip of the tongue across sleep-wake states in rats. | obstructive sleep apnea (osa) patients have elevated tonic and phasic inspiratory activity in the genioglossus and other upper airway muscles during wakefulness; this protects their upper airway from collapse. in this group, sleep-related decrements of upper airway motor tone result in sleep-related upper airway obstructions. we previously reported that in the rat, a species widely used to study the neural mechanisms of both sleep and breathing, lingual electromyographic activity (emg) is minima ... | 2009 | 19539786 |
| localisation of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 in rat brain and evidence that sleep parameters are not altered despite high central receptor occupancy. | the present study describes the optimisation of an autoradiography assay that provides a means to measure the in vitro potency of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (mch(1)) antagonists in native tissues and their ex vivo receptor occupancy. initial localisation studies demonstrated that the mch(1) receptor radioligand [(125)i]-s36057 bound to rat caudate putamen with specific binding of consistently >60%. in vitro, the mch(1) receptor antagonists gw3430, snap-94847 and 4'-{[1-(cyclopropyl ... | 2009 | 19540226 |
| increased numbers of motor activity peaks during light cycle are associated with reductions in adrenergic alpha(2)-receptor levels in a transgenic huntington's disease rat model. | huntington's disease (hd) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a cag repeat expansion in the hd gene. besides psychiatric, motor and cognitive symptoms, hd patients suffer from sleep disturbances. in order to screen a rat model transgenic for hd (tghd rats) for sleep-wake cycle dysregulation, we monitored their circadian activity peaks in the present study. tghd rats of both sexes showed hyperactivity during the dark cycle and more frequent light cycle activity peaks indicative for a distur ... | 2009 | 19573560 |
| antagonism of alpha1-adrenergic and serotonergic receptors in the hypoglossal motor nucleus does not prevent motoneuronal activation elicited from the posterior hypothalamus. | the perifornical (pf) region of the posterior hypothalamus plays an important role in the regulation of sleep-wake states and motor activity. disinhibition of pf neurons by the gaba(a) receptor antagonist, bicuculline, has been used to study the mechanisms of wake- and motor activity-promoting effects that emanate from the pf region. bicuculline activates pf neurons, including the orexin-containing cells that have major excitatory projections to brainstem noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons. ... | 2009 | 19573578 |
| dexamethasone alters the hepatic inflammatory cellular profile without changes in matrix degradation during liver repair following biliary decompression. | biliary atresia is characterized by extrahepatic bile duct obliteration along with persistent intrahepatic portal inflammation. steroids are standard in the treatment of cholangitis following the kasai portoenterostomy, and were advocated for continued suppression of the ongoing immunologic attack against intrahepatic ducts. recent reports, however, have failed to demonstrate an improved patient outcome or difference in the need for liver transplant in postoperative patients treated with a varie ... | 2009 | 19592011 |
| orexin receptor antagonism prevents transcriptional and behavioral plasticity resulting from stimulant exposure. | orexin is a key neurotransmitter of central arousal and reward circuits in the cns. two receptors respond to orexin signaling, orexin 1 receptor (ox1r) and orexin 2 receptor (ox2r) with partially overlapping brain distributions. genetic and pharmacological studies suggest orexin receptor antagonists could provide therapeutic benefit for insomnia and other disorders in which sleep/wake cycles are disrupted. preclinical data has also emerged showing that the orexin system is involved in the behavi ... | 2010 | 19596018 |
| effect of chronic manganese intoxication on the sleep-wake cycle in the rat. | chronic manganese intoxication elicits in the rat an increase in slow wave sleep and a decrease in paradoxical sleep by modification of the length of the phases. the similarities between this observation and the sleep disturbances observed in man in parkinson's disease and chronic manganese poisoning are discussed. | 1977 | 19604921 |
| analysis of age dependent effects of heat stress on eeg frequency components in rats. | to demonstrate changes in different frequencies of cerebral electrical activity or electroencephalogram (eeg) following exposure to high environmental heat in three different age groups of freely moving' rats. | 2009 | 19618692 |
| circadian variation in intestinal dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (dpd) expression: a potential mechanism for benefits of 5fu chrono-chemotherapy. | 5-fluorouracil (5fu) is associated with significant gi side-effects. randomized trials have shown a 50% reduction in severe diarrhea with chrono-chemotherapy versus conventional regimens at similar doses. dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (dpd) is the rate-limiting enzyme in 5fu breakdown. we hypothesized that dpd has a circadian expression pattern, accounting for the reduced gi side effects of chrono-modulated 5fu therapy. | 2009 | 19628084 |
| a role for the preoptic sleep-promoting system in absence epilepsy. | absence epilepsy (ae) in humans and the genetic ae model in wag/rij rats are both associated with abnormalities in sleep architecture that suggest insufficiency of the sleep-promoting mechanisms. in this study we compared the functionality of sleep-active neuronal groups within two well-established sleep-promoting sites, the ventrolateral and median preoptic nuclei (vlpo and mnpn, respectively), in wag/rij and control rats. neuronal activity was assessed using c-fos immunoreactivity and chronic ... | 2009 | 19631751 |
| estradiol and progesterone modulate spontaneous sleep patterns and recovery from sleep deprivation in ovariectomized rats. | women undergo hormonal changes both naturally during their lives and as a result of sex hormone treatments. the objective of this study was to gain more knowledge about how these hormones affect sleep and responses to sleep loss. | 2009 | 19639749 |
| potentiating effect of eszopiclone on gaba(a) receptor-mediated responses in pedunculopontine neurons. | the pedunculopontine nucleus (ppn) is part of the cholinergic arm of the reticular activating system, which is mostly active during waking and rem sleep. gabaergic modulation of this area appears to regulate sleep-wake cycles. eszopiclone (esz), a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agent, appears to modulate gabaergic receptors. however, the action site of esz in the brain is still unresolved. we tested the hypothesis that esz acts by potentiating gaba(a) receptors on ppn neurons. wholecell voltage clam ... | 2009 | 19639750 |
| developmental emergence of power-law wake behavior depends upon the functional integrity of the locus coeruleus. | daily amounts of sleep and wakefulness are accumulated in discrete bouts that exhibit distinct statistical properties. in adult mammals, sleep bout durations follow an exponential distribution whereas wake bout durations follow a power-law distribution. in infant norway rats, however, wake bouts initially follow an exponential distribution and only transition to a power-law distribution beginning around postnatal day 15 (p15). here we test the hypothesis that the locus coeruleus (lc), one of sev ... | 2009 | 19639755 |
| role of the melanin-concentrating hormone neuropeptide in sleep regulation. | melanin-concentrating hormone (mch), a neuropeptide secreted by a limited number of neurons within the tuberal hypothalamus, has been drawn in the field of sleep only fairly recently in 2003. since then, growing experimental evidence indicates that mch may play a crucial role in the homeostatic regulation of paradoxical sleep (ps). mch-expressing neurons fire specifically during ps. when injected icv mch induces a 200% increase in ps quantities in rats and the lack of mch induces a decrease in s ... | 2009 | 19660508 |
| small platform sleep deprivation selectively increases the average duration of rapid eye movement sleep episodes during sleep rebound. | the single platform-on-water (flower pot) method is extensively used for depriving rapid eye movement sleep (rems). detailed comparison of sleep-wake architecture, recorded during the rebound period after spending three days on either a small or large platform, could separate the effects of rems deficit from other stress factors caused by the procedure. a further aim of the study was to find the most characteristic rems parameter of the rebound originating from rems deficit. rats were kept on a ... | 2009 | 19665493 |
| nitric oxide modulates the discharge rate of basal forebrain neurones: a study in freely moving rats. | in urethane-anaesthetized rats the infusion of a nitric oxide (no)-donor [noc-18, 1 mm (deta/no); 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazino)bis-ethanamine)] into the basal forebrain (bf) inhibited the discharge rate of most neurones, suggesting that no may promote sleep via inhibition of wake-promoting neurones in the bf. however, this hypothesis still needs to be confirmed in freely moving rats. the objective of this study was to examine whether no modulates the discharge rate of bf neurones in freely movi ... | 2009 | 19674257 |
| gaba in pedunculopontine tegmentum increases rapid eye movement sleep in freely moving rats: possible role of gaba-ergic inputs from substantia nigra pars reticulata. | pedunculopontine tegmentum (ppt) has gaba-ergic neurons and receives gaba-ergic projections from substantia nigra pars reticulata (snrpr). based on the recent studies from our and other laboratories, it was hypothesized that gaba in ppt promotes rapid eye movement (rem) sleep. in order to further study the role of gaba in ppt in rem sleep regulation, we microinjected gaba-a agonist, muscimol (200 nl, 3.5 mm), into the ppt. muscimol in ppt significantly enhanced the amount of rem sleep by increas ... | 2009 | 19698764 |
| a novel gabaergic afferent input to the pontine reticular formation: the mesopontine gabaergic column. | pharmacological manipulations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) neurotransmission in the nucleus pontis oralis (pno) of the rat brainstem produce alterations in sleep/wake behavior. local applications of gaba(a) receptor antagonists and agonists increase rem sleep and wake, respectively. these findings support a role for gabaergic mechanisms of the pno in the control of arousal state. we have been investigating sources of gaba innervation of the pno that may interact with local gaba(a) receptors ... | 2009 | 19699725 |
| automated analysis of sleep-wake state in rats. | a fully automated computer-based sleep scoring system is described and validated for use in rats. the system was designed to emulate visual sleep scoring by using the same basic features of the electroencephalogram (eeg) and electromyogram (emg), and a similar set of decision-making rules. state indices are calculated for each 5s epoch by combination of amplitudes (microvrms) of 6 filtered eeg frequency bands (eeglo, d.c.-1.5hz; delta, 1.5-6hz; theta, 6-9hz; alpha, 10.5-15hz; beta, 22-30hz; gamm ... | 2009 | 19703489 |
| state-dependent changes in high-frequency oscillations recorded in the rat nucleus accumbens. | among the local field potentials recorded in the rat nucleus accumbens (nac) spontaneous high frequency oscillations (hfo) are typically represented by a small peak in the power spectra in the range of 140-180 hz. these hfo are known to occur in the awake state, but their distribution over the sleep-wake cycle has not been investigated. to address this issue we firstly examined the power of hfo during periods of quiet waking, slow-wave sleep (sws) and rapid eye movement (rem) sleep. since genera ... | 2009 | 19716859 |
| effects of some antipsychotics and a benzodiazepine hypnotic on the sleep-wake pattern in an animal model of schizophrenia. | we studied the effects of antipsychotics and a hypnotic on sleep disturbance in schizophrenia using an animal model of the disease. electrodes for the electroencephalogram (eeg) and electromyogram (emg) were chronically implanted into the cortex and the dorsal neck muscle of rats. eeg and emg were recorded with an electroencephalograph for 6 h (10:00 - 16:00). sleepsign ver. 2.0 was used for eeg and emg analysis. haloperidol and olanzapine had an antagonizing effect on the increases in sleep lat ... | 2009 | 19721330 |
| protein expression is altered during spontaneous sleep in aged sprague dawley rats. | age-related changes in brain function include those affecting learning, memory, and sleep-wakefulness. sleep-wakefulness is an essential behavior that results from the interaction of multiple brain regions, peptides, and neurotransmitters. the biological function(s) of sleep, however, remains unknown due to a paucity of information available at the cellular level. aged rats exhibit alterations in the circadian and homeostatic influences associated with sleep-wake regulation. we recently showed t ... | 2009 | 19729003 |
| history of migraine with aura and cortical spreading depression from 1941 and onwards. | several personal descriptions of migraine with aura from 1870 onwards reported a slow, gradual progression of symptoms. lashley in 1941 meticulously chartered his own auras and concluded that the symptomatology reflected a cortical process progressing with a speed of 3 mm/min across the primary visual cortex. leão described cortical spreading depression (csd) in rabbits in 1944 and noticed its similarity to the migraine aura. despite these scattered pieces of evidence, the prevailing theory was ... | 2010 | 19740119 |
| basal forebrain histaminergic transmission modulates electroencephalographic activity and emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. | the tuberomammillary histaminergic neurons are involved in the sedative component of anesthetic action. the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm) in the basal forebrain receives dense excitatory innervation from the tuberomammillary nucleus and is recognized as an important site of sleep-wake regulation. this study investigated whether nbm administration of histaminergic drugs may modulate arousal/emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. | 2009 | 19741500 |
| delayed changes of sleep duration after rewarded olfactory discrimination learning in the rat. | the aim of this experiment was to determine if a task of associative olfactory learning, based on the ethological repertory of rats and learnt rapidly in 5 successive trials, could modify slow wave sleep (sws) and/or paradoxical sleep (ps) duration after learning and/or after a retrieval-reactivation test 24 h later. somnopolygraphic recordings were performed for 20 h per day on trained and control (submitted to a pseudo-learning test) rats. sws and ps durations were analyzed per 20 h and per 4 ... | 2009 | 19744525 |
| quinine, a selective gap junction blocker, decreases rem sleep in rats. | electrical synapses are formed by gap junctions that allow the direct communication between neurons, the intercellular transference of ions and small molecules as well as the electrical coupling of the cells. electrical coupling in neurons is mediated by the gap junction protein connexin36. there are reports about the presence of electrical coupling in the sublaterodorsal nucleus and pedunculopontine nucleus, which have been implicated in the modulation of the rapid eye movement sleep. in the pr ... | 2009 | 19747932 |
| biochemical and behavioural characterization of empa, a novel high-affinity, selective antagonist for the ox(2) receptor. | the ox(2) receptor is a g-protein-coupled receptor that is abundantly found in the tuberomammillary nucleus, an important site for the regulation of the sleep-wake state. herein, we describe the in vitro and in vivo properties of a selective ox(2) receptor antagonist, n-ethyl-2-[(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-(toluene-2-sulphonyl)-amino]-n-pyridin-3-ylmethyl-acetamide (empa). | 2009 | 19751316 |
| basal forebrain lactate release and promotion of cortical arousal during prolonged waking is attenuated in aging. | the wake-promoting basal forebrain (bf) is critically involved in sustaining cortical arousal. in the present study, we investigated how aging affects the capacity of the bf to cope with continuous activation during prolonged waking. increased neuronal activity induces lactate release in the activated brain area, and bf stimulation increases cortical arousal. we used in vivo microdialysis to measure lactate levels in the bf, and electroencephalography (eeg) to measure cortical arousal, during 3 ... | 2009 | 19759316 |
| central and baroreflex control of heart period during the wake-sleep cycle in consomic rats with different genetic susceptibility to hypertension. | 1. in spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr), the contributions of the baroreflex and central autonomic commands to the control of heart period (hp) vary among wake-sleep states and are impaired during quiet wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep (rems), respectively. 2. dahl salt-sensitive (ss) rats are genetically susceptible to salt-sensitive hypertension, the development of which depends on diet. substitution of chromosome 13 of ss rats with that of brown norway rats confers salt-resistance ... | 2010 | 19769608 |
| caffeine in the neonatal period induces long-lasting changes in sleep and breathing in adult rats. | caffeine is commonly used clinically to treat apnoeas and unstable breathing associated with premature birth. caffeine antagonizes adenosine receptors and acts as an efficient respiratory stimulant in neonates. owing to its persistent effects on adenosine receptor expression in the brain, neonatal caffeine administration also has significant effects on maturation of the respiratory control system. however, since adenosine receptors are critically involved in sleep regulation, and sleep also modu ... | 2009 | 19770189 |
| discharge profiles of identified gabaergic in comparison to cholinergic and putative glutamatergic basal forebrain neurons across the sleep-wake cycle. | whereas basal forebrain (bf) cholinergic neurons are known to participate in processes of cortical activation during wake (w) and paradoxical sleep (ps or p, also called rem sleep), codistributed gabaergic neurons have been thought to participate in processes of cortical deactivation and slow-wave sleep (sws or s). to learn the roles the gabaergic neurons might play, in relation to cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons, we juxtacellularly recorded and labeled neurons during natural sleep-wake st ... | 2009 | 19776269 |
| vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 synapses on cholinergic neurons in the sublenticular gray of the rat basal forebrain: a double-label electron microscopic study. | the basal forebrain (bf) comprises morphologically and functionally heterogeneous cell populations, including cholinergic and non-cholinergic corticopetal neurons that are implicated in sleep-wake modulation, learning, memory and attention. several studies suggest that glutamate may be among inputs affecting cholinergic corticopetal neurons but such inputs have not been demonstrated unequivocally. we examined glutamatergic axon terminals in the sublenticular substantia innominata in rats using d ... | 2009 | 19778580 |
| role of adenosine a(1) receptor in the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area in sleep-wake regulation in rats. | the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area (pf-lha) has been implicated in the regulation of arousal. the pf-lha contains wake-active neurons that are quiescent during non-rem sleep and in the case of neurons expressing the peptide hypocretin (hcrt), quiescent during both non-rem and rem sleep. adenosine is an endogenous sleep factor and recent evidence suggests that adenosine via a(1) receptors may act on pf-lha neurons to promote sleep. we examined the effects of bilateral activation as well a ... | 2009 | 19781535 |
| the wake-promoting effects of hypocretin-1 are attenuated in old rats. | disruption of sleep is a frequent complaint among elderly humans and is also evident in aged laboratory rodents. the neurobiological bases of age-related sleep/wake disruption are unknown. given the critical role of the hypocretins in sleep/wake regulation, we sought to determine whether the wake-promoting effect of hypocretin changes with age in wistar rats, a strain in which age-related changes in both sleep and hypocretin signaling have been reported. intracerebroventricular infusions of hypo ... | 2009 | 19781813 |
| stomach nematodes (mastophorus muris) in rats (rattus rattus) are associated with coconut (cocos nucifera) habitat at palmyra atoll. | black rats ( rattus rattus ) and their stomach nematodes (mastophorus muris) were historically introduced to islets at palmyra atoll in the central pacific line islands. to investigate patterns of parasitism, we trapped rats and quantified nematodes on 13 islets of various sizes and habitat types. most rats were parasitized (59%) with an average of 12 worms per infected rat. islet size did not greatly influence parasite population biology. nematodes also did not appear to affect rat condition (w ... | 2010 | 19799487 |
| halothane-induced hypnosis is not accompanied by inactivation of orexinergic output in rodents. | one underexploited property of anesthetics is their ability to probe neuronal regulation of arousal. at appropriate doses, anesthetics reversibly obtund conscious perception. however, individual anesthetic agents may accomplish this by altering the function of distinct neuronal populations. previously the authors showed that isoflurane and sevoflurane inhibit orexinergic neurons, delaying reintegration of sensory perception as denoted by emergence. here the authors study the effects of halothane ... | 2009 | 19809293 |
| disruption of ripple-associated hippocampal activity during rest impairs spatial learning in the rat. | the hippocampus plays a key role in the acquisition of new memories for places and events. evidence suggests that the consolidation of these memories is enhanced during sleep. at the neuronal level, reactivation of awake experience in the hippocampus during sharp-wave ripple events, characteristic of slow-wave sleep, has been proposed as a neural mechanism for sleep-dependent memory consolidation. however, a causal relation between sleep reactivation and memory consolidation has not been establi ... | 2010 | 19816984 |
| circadian modulation of gene expression, but not glutamate uptake, in mouse and rat cortical astrocytes. | circadian clocks control daily rhythms including sleep-wake, hormone secretion, and metabolism. these clocks are based on intracellular transcription-translation feedback loops that sustain daily oscillations of gene expression in many cell types. mammalian astrocytes display circadian rhythms in the expression of the clock genes period1 (per1) and period2 (per2). however, a functional role for circadian oscillations in astrocytes is unknown. because uptake of extrasynaptic glutamate depends on ... | 2009 | 19829696 |
| involvement of sympathetic function in the sleep-related change of gastric myoelectrical activity in rats. | the gastric myoelectrical activity (gma) fluctuates across sleep-wake states as a result of modulation by the brain-gut axis. the role of the autonomic nervous system in this phenomenon, however, was not elucidated fully. through simultaneous recording and subsequent continuous power spectral analysis of electroencephalogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram and electrogastromyogram (egmg) in 16 freely moving wistar rats, the sleep-wake states of the animals were defined and indices of cardiac ... | 2010 | 19845848 |
| modulation of genioglossus muscle activity across sleep-wake states by histamine at the hypoglossal motor pool. | histamine neurons comprise a major component of the aminergic arousal system and significantly influence sleep-wake states, with antihistamines widely used as sedative hypnotics. unlike the serotonergic and noradrenergic components of this arousal system, however, the role of histamine in the central control of respiratory motor activity has not been determined. the aims of this study were to characterize the effects of histamine receptor agonists and antagonists at the hypoglossal motor pool on ... | 2009 | 19848360 |
| developmental and aging change of orexin-a and -b immunoreactive neurons in the male rat hypothalamus. | orexin/hypocretin is indicated to affect various physiological functions and behaviors, such as energy balance, feeding, wake-sleep cycle, stress response, and reproduction. this study investigated postnatal development and aging changes of the orexin neuron in the male rat hypothalamus. the brain tissue of rats from 1 week to 24 months old was analyzed by immunohistochemistry for two forms of orexin peptides, orexin-a and -b. the number of immunoreactive cells for each age group was counted and ... | 2010 | 19857552 |
| the scn-independent clocks, methamphetamine and food restriction. | the circadian system in mammals consists of the central clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn) and the peripheral clocks in a variety of tissues and organs. the scn clock entrains to a light-dark cycle and resets the peripheral clocks. in addition, there are at least two other clocks in the circadian domain which are independent of the scn and which entrain to nonphotic time cues: methamphetamine (map)-induced and restricted daily feeding (rf)-induced clocks. neither the site no ... | 2009 | 19878275 |
| hypnotic and sleep quality-enhancing properties of kavain in sleep-disturbed rats. | the present study was performed to investigate the effects of kavain on the sleep-wake cycle in comparison with that of rilmazafone and diphenhydramine using sleep-disturbed rats. electrodes for the electroencephalogram (eeg) and electromyogram (emg) were implanted into wistar rats. total awake time, non-rapid eye movement (non-rem) sleep and rapid eye movement (rem) sleep were measured for 6 h. kavain and rilmazafone showed a significant shortening in sleep latency, decreased awake time, and in ... | 2009 | 19881224 |
| effects of anti-dementia drugs on morphine-induced somnolence. | the present study was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of morphine in rat sleep patterns and also the effects of donepezil and memantine on somnolence caused by morphine. electrodes were chronically implanted into the cortex and dorsal neck muscle of rats for electroencephalogram (eeg) and electromyogram (emg) recordings, respectively. eeg and emg were recorded with an electroencephalograph. sleepsigh ver.2.0 was used to analyse the sleep-wake state. total times of wakefulness, non- ... | 2009 | 19881298 |
| growth hormone-releasing hormone activates sleep regulatory neurons of the rat preoptic hypothalamus. | we examined whether growth hormone-releasing hormone (ghrh) may promote non-rapid eye movement (nrem) sleep via activation of gabaergic neurons in the preoptic area. male sprague-dawley rats were implanted with eeg, emg electrodes and a unilateral intracerebroventricular cannula. groups of rats received injections (3 microl icv) with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (ghrh) (0.1 nmol/100 g body wt) or equal volume of physiological saline at the onset of the dark period and were permitted spontaneou ... | 2010 | 19889861 |
| modification of sleep architecture in an animal model of experimental cirrhosis. | to analyze the polygraphic sleep patterns during cirrhosis progression in a rat model by repeated ccl(4) administration. | 2009 | 19891016 |
| the roles of dopamine transport inhibition and dopamine release facilitation in wake enhancement and rebound hypersomnolence induced by dopaminergic agents. | rebound hypersomnolence (rhs: increased sleep following increased wake) is a limiting side-effect of many wake-promoting agents. in particular, rhs in the first few hours following wake appears to be associated with dopamine (da)-releasing agents, e.g., amphetamine, but whether it can also be produced by da transporter (dat) inhibition alone is unknown. in these studies, da-releasing and dat-inhibiting agents and their interaction were systematically examined for their ability to increase wake a ... | 2009 | 19928382 |
| nicotine and fluoxetine induce arousing effects on sleep-wake cycle in antidepressive doses: a possible mechanism of antidepressant-like effects of nicotine. | a number of studies have reported an association between smoking and depression, and several reports suggest that nicotine (nic) may act as an antidepressant. the present study was designed to determine whether the effects of nic on sleep-wake patterns in rats are similar to those of the antidepressant fluoxetine (flx), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. male rats were chronically implanted with a standard set of electrodes for sleep recording. we compared the effects of antidepressive do ... | 2010 | 19931302 |
| chronic hyperammonemia alters the circadian rhythms of corticosteroid hormone levels and of motor activity in rats. | patients with liver cirrhosis may present hepatic encephalopathy with a wide range of neurological disturbances and alterations in sleep quality and in the sleep-wake circadian rhythm. hyperammonemia is a main contributor to the neurological alterations in hepatic encephalopathy. we have assessed, in an animal model of chronic hyperammonemia without liver failure, the effects of hyperammonemia per se on the circadian rhythms of motor activity, temperature, and plasma levels of adrenal corticoste ... | 2010 | 19998493 |
| neonatal maternal separation disrupts regulation of sleep and breathing in adult male rats. | neonatal maternal separation (nms) disrupts development of cardiorespiratory regulation. adult male rats previously subjected to nms are hypertensive and show a hypoxic ventilatory response greater than that of controls. these results have been obtained in awake or anesthetised animals, and the consequences of nms on respiratory control during normal sleep are unknown. this study tested the following. | 2009 | 20041597 |
| almorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. | almorexant (act-078573) is an orally active dual orexin receptor antagonist that is being developed by actelion ltd, in collaboration with glaxosmithkline plc, for the treatment of primary insomnia. almorexant is a first-in-class compound that targets the orexin system, which plays a key role in wake promotion and stabilization, in addition to having other regulatory functions. decreasing orexin activity was hypothesized to have a sleep-promoting effect. preclinical studies and phase i clinical ... | 2010 | 20047164 |
| activation of 5-ht3 receptors leads to altered responses 6 months after mdma treatment. | the recreational drug "ecstasy" [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma)] has a well-characterised neurotoxic effect on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) neurons in animals. despite intensive studies, the long-term functional consequencies of the 5-ht neurodegeneration remains elusive. the aim of this study was to investigate whether any alteration of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-ht(3)) receptor functions on the sleep-wake cycle, motor activity, and quantitative eeg could be detected 6 months after a ... | 2010 | 20052506 |
| orexin-1 receptor co-localizes with pancreatic hormones in islet cells and modulates the outcome of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. | recent studies have shown that orexins play a critical role in the regulation of sleep/wake states, feeding behaviour, and reward processes. the exocrine and endocrine pancreas are involved in the regulation of food metabolism and energy balance. this function is deranged in diabetes mellitus. this study examined the pattern of distribution of orexin-1 receptor (ox1r) in the endocrine cells of the pancreas of normal and diabetic wistar (a model of type 1 diabetes), goto-kakizaki (gk, a model of ... | 2010 | 20062799 |
| cortico-pontine theta synchronization phase shift following monoaminergic lesion in rat. | the experiments were performed in 14 adult, male sprague dawley rats chronically instrumented for sleep recording and recorded during baseline condition, following sham injection (saline i.p. 1 ml/kg), and every week for 5 weeks following injection of the systemic neurotoxins (dsp-4 or pca; 1 ml/kg, i.p.) for chemical axotomy of the locus coeruleus (lc) and dorsal raphe (dr) axon terminals. in our former study we demonstrated that the systemically induced lesion of the noradrenergic or serotoner ... | 2009 | 20065500 |
| cholinergic modulation of neuronal excitability in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. | the central cholinergic system regulates both the circadian clock and sleep-wake cycle and may participate in the feedback control of vigilance states on neural excitability in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn) that houses the circadian clock. here we investigate the mechanisms for cholinergic modulation of scn neuron excitability. cell-attached recordings indicate that the nonspecific cholinergic agonist carbachol (cch) inhibited 55% and excited 21% scn neurons, leaving 24% nonresponsive. simil ... | 2010 | 20071625 |
| too much of a good thing? elevated baseline sleep spindles predict poor avoidance performance in rats. | sleep spindles may be involved in synaptic plasticity. learning-dependent increases in spindles have been observed in both humans and rats. in humans, the innate (i.e., baseline) number of spindles correlate with measures of academic potential such as intelligence quotient (iq) tests. the present study investigated if spindles predict whether rats are able to learn to make avoidance responses in the two-way shuttle task. baseline recordings were taken continuously for 24h prior to training on th ... | 2010 | 20083090 |
| functional correlates of activity in neurons projecting from the lamina terminalis to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. | the lamina terminalis (lt) consists of the organum vasculosum of the lt (ovlt), the median preoptic nucleus (mnpo) and the subfornical organ (sfo). all subdivisions of the lt project to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlpag). the lt and the vlpag are implicated in several homeostatic and behavioral functions, including body fluid homeostasis, thermoregulation and the regulation of sleep and waking. by combining visualization of c-fos protein and retrograde neuroanatomical tracer we have e ... | 2009 | 20092577 |
| propofol anesthesia significantly alters plasma blood levels of melatonin in rats. | general anesthesia combined with surgery has been shown to decrease the nocturnal peak of melatonin in patients. however, the role of anesthesia itself on melatonin secretion remains unknown. we previously showed that anesthesia induced by propofol modifies the circadian time structure in both rats and humans and phase advances the circadian rest-activity rhythm in rats. in this study, we examined the secretion of melatonin during 24 h after a 30-min propofol anesthesia in rats. | 2010 | 20098135 |
| basal ganglia control of sleep-wake behavior and cortical activation. | the basal ganglia (bg) are involved in numerous neurobiological processes that operate on the basis of wakefulness, including motor function, learning, emotion and addictive behaviors. we hypothesized that the bg might play an important role in the regulation of wakefulness. to test this prediction, we made cell body-specific lesions in the striatum and globus pallidus (gp) using ibotenic acid. we found that rats with striatal (caudoputamen) lesions exhibited a 14.95% reduction in wakefulness an ... | 2010 | 20105243 |
| simulating microinjection experiments in a novel model of the rat sleep-wake regulatory network. | this study presents a novel mathematical modeling framework that is uniquely suited to investigating the structure and dynamics of the sleep-wake regulatory network in the brain stem and hypothalamus. it is based on a population firing rate model formalism that is modified to explicitly include concentration levels of neurotransmitters released to postsynaptic populations. using this framework, interactions among primary brain stem and hypothalamic neuronal nuclei involved in rat sleep-wake regu ... | 2010 | 20107121 |
| anatomically specific patterns of glial activation in the periaqueductal gray of the sub-population of rats showing pain and disability following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. | neuropathic pain conditions for which treatment is sought are characterized by complex behavioural disturbances, as well as "pain." recent studies using chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve have shown that rats develop three distinct patterns of disability characterized by changes in social-interactions and sleep-wake cycle behaviours post-injury: (i) persistent disability, (ii) transient disability and (iii) no disability. these patterns occur despite all rats showing identical leve ... | 2010 | 20109535 |
| a1 receptor mediated adenosinergic regulation of perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area neurons in freely behaving rats. | the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area (pf-lha) plays a central role in the regulation of behavioral arousal. the pf-lha contains several neuronal types including wake-active hypocretin (hcrt) neurons that have been implicated in the promotion and/or maintenance of behavioral arousal. adenosine is an endogenous sleep factor and recent evidence suggests that activation and blockade of adenosine a(1) receptors within the pf-lha promote and suppress sleep, respectively. although, an in vitro st ... | 2010 | 20109537 |
| wake promoting effects of cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart). | cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart) peptides modulate anxiety, food intake, endocrine function, and mesolimbic dopamine related reward and reinforcement. each of these disparate behaviors takes place during the state of wakefulness. here, we identify a potential wake promoting role of cart by characterizing its effects upon sleep/wake architecture in rats. dose-dependent increases in wake were documented following intracerebroventricular cart 55-102 administered at the beginning ... | 2010 | 20116848 |
| the sleep-wake cycle in adult rats following pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy. | the relationship between sleep and epilepsy is both complex and clinically significant. temporal lobe epilepsy (tle) influences sleep architecture, while sleep plays an important role in facilitating and/or inhibiting possible epileptic seizures. the pilocarpine experimental model reproduces several features of human temporal lobe epilepsy and is one of the most widely used models in basic research. the aim of the present study was to characterize, behaviorally and electrophysiologically, the ph ... | 2010 | 20133208 |
| coupling changes in cortical and pontine sigma and theta frequency oscillations following monoaminergic lesions in rat. | sigma and theta frequency electroencephalogram (eeg) oscillations exhibit substantial and well-recognized shifts with transitions across sleep and wake states. we aimed in this study to test the changes in coupling between these characteristic oscillations of non-rapid-eye-movement (nrem)/rapid-eye-movement (rem) sleep within and between cortical and pontine eegs following monoaminergic lesion, by using the pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients. | 2010 | 20135235 |
| [response of hypothalamic orexin-containing neurons to stimuli of antigen and non-antigen nature]. | orexin is a hypothalamic peptide, a neurotransmitter described in 1998. orexinergic neurons are localized in hypothalamic structures and play a significant role in regulation of various physiological functions. the localization oforexin-containing neurons and their projections in hypothalamus of wistar rats and other structures of cns are presented. the participation of orexinergic neurons in the regulation of feeding behavior and in the sleep/wake cycle as well as their involvement in the regul ... | 2009 | 20141042 |
| brainstem and hypothalamic regulation of sleep pressure and rebound in newborn rats. | sleep pressure and rebound comprise the two compensatory or "homeostatic" responses to sleep deprivation. although sleep pressure is expressed by infant rats as early as postnatal day (p)5, sleep rebound does not appear to emerge until after p11. we reexamined the developmental expression of these sleep-regulatory processes in p2 and p8 rats by depriving them of sleep for 30 min using a cold, arousing stimulus delivered to a cold-sensitive region of the snout. this method effectively increased s ... | 2010 | 20141281 |
| the role of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons, and of their receptors, in regulating waking and rapid eye movement (rem) sleep. | based on electrophysiological, neurochemical, genetic and neuropharmacological approaches it is currently accepted that serotonin (5-ht) functions to promote waking (w) and to inhibit rapid-eye movement sleep (rems). the serotonin-containing neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (drn) provide part of the serotonergic innervation of the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon of laboratory animals and man. the drn has been subdivided into several clusters on the basis of diff ... | 2010 | 20153670 |
| effects of eszopiclone and zolpidem on sleep-wake behavior, anxiety-like behavior and contextual memory in rats. | at present, eszopiclone and zolpidem are the most commonly prescribed drugs for treating insomnia. despite the established relationship between sleep disturbance and anxiety, it remains unknown whether targeted treatment for insomnia may affect acute anxiety. therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of three different doses (1, 3, and 10mg/kg) of eszopiclone and zolpidem on the states of sleep and wakefulness, levels of anxiety-like behavior, and long-term contextual mem ... | 2010 | 20153782 |
| cholinergic modulation of fast inhibitory and excitatory transmission to pedunculopontine thalamic projecting neurons. | the pedunculopontine nucleus (ppn) is part of the cholinergic arm of the reticular activating system, which is mostly active during waking and rapid-eye movement sleep. the ppn projects to the thalamus and receives cholinergic inputs from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and contralateral ppn. we employed retrograde labeling and whole cell recordings to determine the modulation of gabaergic, glycinergic, and glutamatergic transmission to ppn thalamic projecting neurons, and their postsynaptic ... | 2010 | 20181729 |