| comparison of rapid detection methods for influenza a virus and their value in health-care management of institutionalized geriatric patients. | respiratory specimens from 160 geriatric patients with suspected influenza illness were used to evaluate the abilities of two enzyme immunoassays (eias; directigen flu-a [becton dickinson microbiology systems, cockeysville, md.] and prima eia [baxter/bartels diagnostics, inc., issaquah, wash.]) and direct immunofluorescence testing (immunofluorescence assay [ifa]) to identify influenza a virus. in comparison with culture isolation, the sensitivities and specificities of the ifa, directigen flu-a ... | 1994 | 8126207 |
| antigenic and molecular characterization of host cell-mediated variants of equine h3n8 influenza viruses. | antigenic differences between three of six equine influenza virus (h3n8) mdck cell- and egg-derived pairs have been demonstrated using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. sequencing of the haemagglutinin (ha) genes revealed amino acid changes in four of the six virus pairs. these data contrast with those for human isolates of influenza virus in that it was predominantly tissue culture-isolated equine virus and not egg-derived virus which displayed heterogeneity. some of the molecular changes i ... | 1994 | 8126465 |
| immunization with purified n1 and n2 influenza virus neuraminidases demonstrates cross-reactivity without antigenic competition. | based on the absence of serologic cross-reactivity, the neuraminidases (nas) of influenza a viruses are divided into antigenically discrete subtypes, analogous to the hemagglutinin (ha) major antigens with which they share the virion surface. an innovative approach to influenza vaccination takes advantage of the infection-permissive nature of immunization with na as the minor surface antigen. however, evidence that ha dominates immune response when ha and na are presented together in the intact ... | 1994 | 8134399 |
| influenza. | | 1994 | 8142242 |
| prevention and control of influenza: part i, vaccines. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | these recommendations update information on the vaccine available for controlling influenza during the 1993-94 influenza season (superseding mmwr 1992;41(no. rr-9):1-17.) the principal changes include information about a) the influenza strains in the trivalent vaccine for 1993-94, b) the effectiveness of influenza vaccine, and c) side effects and adverse reactions. antiviral agents also have an important role in the control of influenza. recommendations for the use of antiviral agents will be pu ... | 1993 | 8145709 |
| regio- and stereoselective synthesis of carbocyclic 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro nucleosides as potential antiviral agents. | the synthesis and antiviral activity of racemic carbocyclic 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro nucleosides are reported. carbocyclic 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro nucleosides were obtained from the 3-fluoro cyclopentane derivative 4, which was prepared by two methods. the sn2-displacement of the hydroxyl group of (+/-)-(1 beta, 2 alpha, 3 beta, 4 beta)-4-acetamido-2-fluoro-3-hydroxycyclopentylmethyl acetate (1) with ph3p-i2 followed by tin hydride reduction afforded the 3-fluoroamino alcohol derivative 3. altern ... | 1994 | 8149453 |
| superoxide anion production in influenza protein-activated nadph oxidase of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | there are conflicting reports regarding superoxide anion (o2-) production by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) that have been activated by influenza virus. in the present study, the output of o2- was determined by measuring superoxide dismutase-inhibitable cytochrome c reduction. incubation of pmnl with purified influenza matrix (m) protein, neuraminidase (na), or hemagglutinin (ha) enhanced the production of o2-: 4.93 nmol of o2-/4 x 10(5) cells/15 min was produced with m protein, 5.20 ... | 1994 | 8169407 |
| serologic response to standard inactivated influenza vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. | we compared the serologic response of 46 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected children and adolescents and 61 age-matched controls to standard trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (a/taiwan (h1n1), a/shanghai (h3n2), b/yamagata). children were immunized according to the package insert recommendations before the 1990 to 1991 influenza season. serum antibody titers to influenza a were determined before and 1 month after each vaccination and compared for study and control subjects. serolo ... | 1994 | 8177629 |
| immature neutrophils in the peripheral blood smear of children with viral infections. | | 1994 | 8177632 |
| [a surveillance system for the study of the circulation of influenza in madrid during the 1986-1991 quinquennium. the influenza surveillance group of madrid]. | the creation of a surveillance system allowing the study of the evolution of the tendency of influenza and act as an alert system for undertaking control measures is necessary due to the great variability characteristic of the circulation of influenza virus. the madrid influenza surveillance group was therefore designed. the activity carried out during its first five years of existence is evaluated. | 1994 | 8182995 |
| [how do the influenza viruses travel?]. | | 1994 | 8182998 |
| seroepidemiological study of respiratory virus infections among dental surgeons. | sera were collected from 50 practising dental surgeons and 50 control subjects matched for age (+/- 1 year) and sex. each participant completed a questionnaire including personal details and, in the case of dentists, information relating to protective work-wear and other cross-infection control measures employed within the surgery. the sera were examined by complement fixation tests for antibodies to influenza a, influenza b, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. the dental group had a sig ... | 1994 | 8186035 |
| subtype cross-reactive, infection-enhancing antibody responses to influenza a viruses. | antibody-dependent enhancement of the uptake of influenza a virus by fc receptor-bearing cells was analyzed by using virus strains of the three human influenza a virus subtypes, a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/japan/305/57 (h2n2), and a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2). immune sera obtained from mice following primary infection with an h1n1, h2n2, or h3n2 subtype virus neutralized only virus of the same subtype; however, immune sera augmented the uptake of virus across subtypes. immune sera from h1n1-infected mice ... | 1994 | 8189489 |
| apoptosis: a mechanism of cell killing by influenza a and b viruses. | in previous studies, we observed that the virulent avian influenza a virus a/turkey/ontario/7732/66 (ty/ont) induced severe lymphoid depletion in vivo and rapidly killed an avian lymphocyte cell line (rp9) in vitro. in examining the mechanism of cell killing by this virus, we found that ty/ont induced fragmentation of the rp9 cellular dna into a 200-bp ladder and caused ultrastructural changes characteristic of apoptotic cell death by 5 h after infection. we next determined that the ability to i ... | 1994 | 8189504 |
| [influenza surveillance in tananarive during the year 1992]. | the authors relate the 1992 results of influenza surveillance in antananarivo. 24 influenza virus a (h3n2) strains were isolated from 467 pharyngeal swabs. the virus had been continually spreading from january to september, with a peak in july, along with some monthly sporadic isolations. the highest respiratory morbidity was observed in june and july. the collection processes of influenzal and respiratory morbidity statistics are also discussed in order to standardize data and to define the rea ... | 1993 | 8192546 |
| influenza. antigenic analysis of recent influenza virus isolates. | | 1993 | 8217585 |
| comparative trial of large-particle aerosol and nose drop administration of live attenuated influenza vaccines. | healthy adult subjects (n = 198) were randomized to receive bivalent cold-adapted (ca) influenza a vaccine containing 10(7.4) tcid50 each of a/kawasaki/9/86 (h1n1) and a/los angeles/2/87 (h3n2) by either nose drops (nd) or large-particle aerosol (lpa). all subjects had received monovalent inactivated influenza b vaccine intramuscularly in the previous year. ninety percent of lpa recipients and 82% of nd recipients preferred intranasal administration to their previous experience with intramuscula ... | 1993 | 8228364 |
| [influenza a beijing is approaching. 2 new strains in this season's vaccine]. | | 1993 | 8231547 |
| rimantadine for prevention and treatment of influenza. | | 1993 | 8232065 |
| [the incidence of detecting influenza virus antigens in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of donors in relation to the epidemic activity of influenza viruses a and b]. | antigens of influenza a and b viruses in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal human subjects are found regularly both in epidemic and interepidemic periods. the level of detection of viral proteins in lymphocytes varies widely and correlates with the epidemic activity of the viruses. influenza virus antigens were found several months before a rise in the incidence of the disease, the per cent ratio of the identified antigens correlating with the pattern of antigen detection in nasopharynge ... | 1993 | 8236937 |
| influenza b virus strain identification and the rise of influenza a/beijing/32/92-like strains during the 1992-1993 influenza season in canada. | | 1993 | 8242010 |
| host-specific hemagglutination of influenza a (h1n1) virus. | h1n1 strains of influenza a virus isolated during the influenza season of 1991-92 were divided into two groups according to the property of host-specific hemagglutination. group 1 viruses agglutinated human and chicken red blood cells. group 2 viruses agglutinated human but not chicken red blood cells. the viruses of both groups, however, showed the same antigenic structure determined with ferret antisera. the virus clones which were plaque-purified twice from a group 2 virus retained the charac ... | 1993 | 8246828 |
| primary influenza a virus infection induces cross-reactive antibodies that enhance uptake of virus into fc receptor-bearing cells. | sera of young children who had had a primary infection with influenza a virus or were immunized with a live attenuated influenza a virus vaccine were examined for antibody responses that neutralized virus or enhanced uptake of virus into fc receptor-bearing cells, because antibodies that enhance uptake of influenza virus into fc receptor-bearing cells have been reported using mouse immune serum and monoclonal antibodies. the neutralizing antibody titers to the homologous infecting virus and to a ... | 1994 | 8277183 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states and europe, 1993-94 season. | | 1994 | 8277538 |
| parameter sensitivity of a model of viral epidemics simulated with monte carlo techniques. iii. optimization strategies. | the output of the sensitivity analysis system, sensen, described in the preceding two papers is applied to an optimization study for the vespers model of the spread of infection with influenza virus in a community. we know of no similar studies. in this application, constrained, non-linear optimization routines in imsl are used. the optimization study attempts to answer whether behavioural modification (modeled as discrete interventions) is necessary to represent simultaneously the age-specific ... | 1993 | 8282431 |
| nasal and otologic effects of experimental influenza a virus infection. | past studies showed that experimental rhinovirus colds in adults resulted in eustachian tube dysfunction and abnormal middle ear pressures. in the present study, the symptoms and pathophysiologic findings accompanying experimental influenza viral infection were documented. a total of 33 healthy adult volunteers were intranasally challenged with an influenza a/kawasaki/86 (h1n1) virus and cloistered over a 9-day postchallenge period to monitor for evidence of infection, signs and symptoms of illn ... | 1994 | 8291861 |
| new antiviral antibiotics, kistamicins a and b. i. taxonomy, production, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activities. | a new strain of microtetraspora parvosata subsp. kistnae subsp. nov. (atcc 55076) was found to produce new antiviral antibiotics, designated kistamicins a and b. these antibiotics exhibited activity against influenza virus type a and moderate activity against gram-positive bacteria. | 1993 | 8294237 |
| peptide binding to surface class ii molecules is the major pathway of formation of immunogenic class ii-peptide complexes for viable antigen presenting cells. | although studies on fixed apcs have demonstrated that peptide can bind to cell surface class ii molecules, the mechanisms by which peptide-class ii complexes are formed in viable cells is largely unexplored. to explore the possibility that peptide loading of class ii molecules was occurring after endocytosis of peptides as well as by surface binding, we utilized an immunogenic hemagglutinin peptide (hap 128-145) from the influenza strain a/japan/57, and studied the appearance of surface complexe ... | 1994 | 8301118 |
| [the immunization of elderly people against influenza]. | | 1993 | 8303881 |
| [the etiological structure of acute respiratory infectious morbidity based on the data from a rapid diagnosis in minsk]. | examination of 60,792 residents of minsk in different seasons of 1977-1989 by indirect immunofluorescence showed this method to be able of recoding not only mono- but also polyetiological epidemics. the epidemic threshold for influenza a is 15% of positive findings, for influenza b is 7-8%, for polyetiological epidemics (influenza a and b) is 15-16% and 9-10%, respectively. the criterion of the epidemic situation in the city is a twofold increase (or higher) in the level of influenza a and b vir ... | 1993 | 8303892 |
| environmental modulation of the autonomy of cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | the extent to which one compartment of the immune system depends on another for efficient function is important to establish to fully comprehend disease phenotypes arising from selective immunodeficiency. just how much the major histocompatibility complex class i-restricted cytotoxic t cell responses depend on class ii-restricted t cell help has been controversial. using the influenza a virus system, we show that mice unable to make class ii-restricted t cell responses due to an engineered defec ... | 1993 | 8325339 |
| studies on reactogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated bivalent cold recombinant influenza type a (cra) and inactivated trivalent influenza virus (ti) vaccines in infants and young children. | fifty-two infants seronegative to or without prior infection with influenza type a viruses were enrolled in a study to evaluate reactogenicity and immunogenicity of three bivalent cold recombinant type a (cra) and two trivalent inactivated influenza (ti) vaccines. controls consisted of infants receiving normal saline by nose drops (pli.n.) or intramuscularly (pli.m.). cra and ti vaccines were monitored for local and systemic reactions after vaccination. serum specimens obtained prior to and 6 we ... | 1993 | 8342319 |
| immunization of institutionalized asthmatic children and patients with psychomotor retardation using live attenuated cold-adapted reassortment influenza a h1n1, h3n2 and b vaccines. | live attenuated cold-adapted reassortant (cr) influenza virus vaccines were evaluated in institutionalized asthmatic children and severe psychomotor-retarded (spr) patients. almost all the vaccinees were seropositive to the vaccine strains before immunization. trivalent cr vaccine (containing a h1n1 (cr-125), a h3n2 (cr-149) and b (crb-117)), bivalent cr vaccine (cr-125 and cr-149) and monovalent crb-117 were inoculated to 19 asthmatic children and 36 and 16 spr patients, respectively. overall 4 ... | 1993 | 8356846 |
| prospective application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for diagnosing influenza infections in respiratory samples from a children's hospital. | a prospective clinical evaluation of the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rna pcr) for detection of influenza viruses was carried out with specimens from 342 patients of a children's hospital in the netherlands. the rna pcr, carried out directly on the specimens without an organic extraction, showed a sensitivity and specificity which are superior to those of direct immunofluorescence and comparable to those of cell culture combined with immunofluorescence (culture/if). negative ... | 1993 | 8370755 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. influenza a outbreaks--louisiana, august 1993. | | 1993 | 8371456 |
| mxa-dependent inhibition of measles virus glycoprotein synthesis in a stably transfected human monocytic cell line. | the alpha/beta (type i) interferon-inducible human mxa protein confers resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and influenza a virus in mxa-transfected mouse 3t3 cells (3t3/mxa). we investigated the inhibitory effects of the mxa protein on measles virus (mv) and vsv in the human monocytic cell line u937. in transfected u937 clones which constitutively express mxa (u937/mxa), the release of infectious mv and vsv was reduced approximately 100-fold in comparison with control titers. transcri ... | 1993 | 8392613 |
| high occupancy binding of antigenic peptides to purified, immunoadsorbed h-2db beta 2m molecules. | in an effort to examine the peptide binding properties of purified class i mhc molecules, we have developed a solid phase, radiolabeled peptide binding assay based on the use of h-2db molecules bound to agarose beads via heavy chain-specific mab. using purified db beta 2m, recovered from rma-s cells and bound to immunoadsorbent beads through either alpha 1 or alpha 3 region specific antibodies, complete occupancy of these molecules could be achieved with 125i-y366-374 influenza nucleoprotein pep ... | 1993 | 8397250 |
| influenza a in immunocompromised patients. | immunocompromised patients with influenza a were identified in stockholm during two influenza seasons. the predominant subtypes were h3n2 during 1988-1989 and h1n1 during 1990-1991. the median age of the 25 patients was 43 years (range, 3-80 years). twelve patients had received renal transplants and had ongoing immunosuppression. seven patients had received bone marrow transplants between 2 days and 3 years before becoming infected with influenza virus a. two patients were in an aplastic phase, ... | 1993 | 8399875 |
| concurrent antigenic analysis of recent epidemic influenza a and b viruses and quantitation of antibodies in population serosurveys in italy. | laboratory investigations of virus isolation and serum antibodies in a mediterranean country (italy) demonstrated that influenza a and b viruses, and often both, circulated every winter in italy. the winter 1987/88 was characterized by a low level of influenza activity, as shown by the limited number (47) of influenza virus isolates, the majority of which (61%) belonged to the influenza b type. in contrast, the 1988/89 influenza season was exclusively associated with the circulation of influenza ... | 1993 | 8405308 |
| influenza--a model of an emerging virus disease. | influenza a viruses continue to emerge from the aquatic avian reservoir and cause pandemics. phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of all eight influenza a virus rna segments indicate that all of the influenza viruses in mammalian hosts originate from the avian gene pool. in contrast to the rapid progressive changes in both the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of mammalian virus gene lineages, avian virus genes show far less variation and, in most cases, appear to be in evolutionar ... | 1993 | 8407243 |
| comparison of rapid diagnostic techniques for respiratory syncytial and influenza a virus respiratory infections in young children. | we performed virus isolation tests for respiratory viruses on combined nasal wash-throat swab specimens collected from infants and children with acute respiratory illnesses presenting to a hospital clinic during a 3-month period of concurrent epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza a virus (flu a) infections. virus isolation results were used to assess the utility of commercially available rapid diagnostic kits for these two viruses. the kits employed direct immunofluorescen ... | 1993 | 8408545 |
| [influenza epidemic in a nursing home caused by a virus not included in the vaccine]. | in the autumn of 1992 two-thirds of the population of a nursing home in amsterdam was vaccinated against influenza. however, in march 1993 an outbreak of an influenza like illness occurred with a morbidity rate of 49% and a mortality rate of 10%. there was sufficient serological evidence to show that the vaccine as such had induced adequate immunity. as the causative agent an influenza a/h3n2 virus was identified. the failing activity of the vaccine in this instance was apparently caused by the ... | 1993 | 8413706 |
| influenza a virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte activity declines with advancing age. | to investigate whether influenza a-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) activity is reduced in elderly compared with younger adults. | 1993 | 8418115 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1992-93 season. | from september 27, 1992, through february 13, 1993, the world health organization collaborating laboratories in the united states reported 1042 influenza virus isolates. for the weeks ending december 5, 1992, through february 6, 1993, the ratio of specimens positive for influenza virus to total specimens submitted for respiratory virus testing increased from 0.02 to 0.2. | 1993 | 8437542 |
| biotic-abiotic mechanisms for long-term preservation and reemergence of influenza type a virus genes. | | 1993 | 8438074 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant protein influenza a vaccine in adult human volunteers and protective efficacy against wild-type h1n1 virus challenge. | a recombinant influenza a vaccine (d protein), comprising a carboxy-terminal sequence from the hemagglutinin ha2 subunit of a/puerto rico/8/34 virus (h1n1, a/pr/34) fused to 81 amino-terminal residues of the ns1 nonstructural protein, has previously protected mice against influenza a challenge by inducing h1n1/h2n2 cross-reactive cytotoxic t cells (ctl) without hemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) or neutralizing antibody. in our dose-escalating study, the vaccine was safe in humans and induced both ... | 1993 | 8440931 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. influenza activity--united states, 1992-1993. | | 1993 | 8441200 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. influenza activity--united states and worldwide, and composition of the 1993-94 influenza vaccine. | | 1993 | 8459494 |
| a h1 hemagglutinin of a human influenza a virus with a carbohydrate-modulated receptor binding site and an unusual cleavage site. | two receptor binding variants of the influenza virus a/tübingen/12/85 (h1n1) were separated by their different plaque formation in mdck cells. hemagglutination of variant i was restricted to red blood cells of guinea pigs, whereas variant ii also hemagglutinated chicken cells. the variants differed also in their ability to bind to alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid. evidence is presented that this difference is determined by a complex carbohydrate side chain at asparagine131 near the receptor binding ... | 1993 | 8460527 |
| immune response of human volunteers and animals to vaccination with egg-grown influenza a (h1n1) virus is influenced by three amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin molecule. | inactivated subunit vaccines were prepared from high-growth reassortants derived from two separate egg isolates from a single clinical specimen of influenza a (h1n1) virus. one of these reassortants, nib-14, was antigenically indistinguishable from isolates made in tissue culture, while the other, nib-17, was antigenically different and typical of egg isolates. the viruses differed by three amino acid residues in the haemagglutinin (ha) molecule and the anti-ha serological response induced was s ... | 1993 | 8470424 |
| analysis of the evolution and variation of the human influenza a virus nucleoprotein gene from 1933 to 1990. | this study examined the evolution and variation of the human influenza virus nucleoprotein gene from the earliest isolates to the present. phylogenetic reconstruction of the most parsimonious evolutionary path connecting 49 nucleoprotein sequences yielded a single lineage. the average calculated rate of mutation was 3.6 nucleotide substitutions per year (2.3 x 10(-3) substitutions per site per year). thirty-two percent of these mutations resulted in amino acid substitutions, and the remainder we ... | 1993 | 8474171 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1992-93 season. | influenza activity in the united states increased from december 1992 through mid-february 1993; during this period, influenza type b viruses circulated at high levels nationwide. however, since late february, high levels of influenza type a have been reported. this report updates surveillance for influenza during the 1992-93 season. | 1993 | 8492794 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of the non-structural gene of the human influenza virus strain a/ws/33. | | 1993 | 8502573 |
| [viral infections and asthma]. | respiratory tract viruses have been held responsible for the genesis and aggravation of asthma in both children and adults. the relationship between asthma and viruses is looser in adults than in children, but it has been demonstrated that viral infections can generate a peripheral obstructive disorder on the one hand, and a transient non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity in healthy subjects on the other hand. current data are insufficient to define clearly the alterations induced by viral infe ... | 1993 | 8511069 |
| a school and community outbreak of influenza a. | in may 1995 a department of public health medicine was informed of an outbreak of respiratory and gastrointestinal illness in a local school. eighty-three pupils and staff were affected out of a total of 247 people--an attack rate of 34%. the outbreak was investigated, control measures were instigated, and the outbreak subsided. pupils and staff were surveyed and faecal specimens were collected. blood specimens from a sample of pupils were examined serologically. no organisms were isolated from ... | 1995 | 8541938 |
| affective disorders in holland after prenatal exposure to the 1957 a2 influenza epidemic. | | 1995 | 8547451 |
| 1994-1995 influenza season: canadian laboratory diagnoses and strain characterization. | | 1995 | 8563690 |
| synthesis and antiviral effects of 2-heteroaryl substituted adenosine and 8-heteroaryl substituted guanosine derivatives. | 2-(2"- and 3"-thienyl)adenosine and the corresponding furyl derivatives were prepared though pd(0)-catalyzed coupling of 2',3',5'-tri-o-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-iodoadenosine with the appropriate tributyltin derivatives followed by deprotection. preparation of the 8-(2"- and 3"-thienyl)guanosines and 8-(2"- and 3"-furyl)guanosines followed a similar route. antiviral properties of these compounds and the related 2,6-diaminopurine ribofuranosides were of no pharmacological interest. | 1995 | 8564404 |
| occasional memory cytotoxic t-cell responses of patients with human papillomavirus type 16-positive cervical lesions against a human leukocyte antigen-a *0201-restricted e7-encoded epitope. | most cervical carcinoma (cxca) cells constitutively express human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv16) e6 and e7 oncoproteins. these proteins are, therefore, attractive targets for t cell-based immunotherapy. previously, we identified hvp16 e7-encoded ctl epitopes. in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cxca, little is known concerning t-cell activity against viruses in general and against hpv16 in particular. here, we have screened the blood of 10 healthy donor controls and of 22 pati ... | 1996 | 8564975 |
| comparison of us inactivated split-virus and russian live attenuated, cold-adapted trivalent influenza vaccines in russian schoolchildren. | in a blinded, placebo-controlled study, the reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy of single doses of us inactivated split-virus and russian live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccines were compared in 555 schoolchildren in vologda, russia. serial serum samples were collected and school absenteeism was assessed. systemic reactions were rare, but local reactions (primarily erythema at the injection site) were observed in 27% of the inactivated vaccine group, and coryza (12%) a ... | 1996 | 8568310 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--1995-96 season. | | 1995 | 8568974 |
| equine influenza in vaccinated horses. | | 1995 | 8578666 |
| analysis of delay times of hemagglutinin-mediated fusion between influenza virus and cell membranes. | we have studied the kinetics of low ph-induced fusion between influenza virus a/pr 8/34 and human erythrocyte membranes in suspension by using an assay based on fluorescence dequenching (fdq) of the lipophilic dye octadecylrhodamine b chloride (r 18). as shown previously (clague et al. 1991) the onset of fdq is preceded by a characteristic lag time (tlag) following ph reduction. whereas tlag represents only a subpopulation of fusing viruses with the shortest delay time we suggest here that a rep ... | 1995 | 8582319 |
| cooperation between government and industry in combating a perceived emerging pandemic. the 1976 swine influenza vaccination program. | | 1996 | 8604179 |
| neutrophil deactivation by influenza a viruses: mechanisms of protection after viral opsonization with collectins and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. | bacterial superinfections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality during influenza a virus (iav) epidemics. depression of phagocyte functions resulting from attachment of the iav hemagglutinin (ha) to cell surface sialo-glycoproteins is a likely contributory cause of these infections. we have proposed that the group of collagenous lectins (termed collectins) present in blood and pulmonary surfactant play a role in initial host defense against iav. we used here several recombinant human surf ... | 1996 | 8605364 |
| a role for the proteasome regulator pa28alpha in antigen presentation. | cytotoxic t cells recognize viral proteins as peptide fragments which are produced in the cytosol and transported on major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i proteins to the cell surface. viral peptides that meet the stringent binding characteristics of class i proteins are generated by the 20s proteasome. the interferon (ifn)-gamma-inducible activator of the 20s proteasome, pa28, strongly influences the proteasomal cleavage pattern in vitro. this led us to investigate whether changes in c ... | 1996 | 8610016 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1995-96 season. | | 1996 | 8622622 |
| palmitylation of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (h3) is not essential for virus assembly or infectivity. | the c terminus of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) contains three cysteine residues that are highly conserved among ha subtypes, two in the cytoplasmic tail and one in the transmembrane domain. all of these c-terminal cysteine residues are modified by the covalent addition of palmitic acid through a thio-ether linkage. to investigate the role of ha palmitylation in virus assembly, we used reverse genetics technique to introduce substitutions and deletions that affected the three conserved ... | 1996 | 8627657 |
| evaluation of who monoclonal antibody kit for diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infections. | in 1990 and 1991, six laboratories located in the who western pacific region (wpr) and south east asian region (sear) were selected, based on their experience in the immunofluorescence antibody technique (ifat), to participate in the evaluation of a who monoclonal antibody (mab) kit to detect respiratory syncytial (rs) virus, influenza a virus, influenza b virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. despite differences in the initial standardization procedures, the who monoclonal antibodies were ... | 1995 | 8629057 |
| [false-positive elisa reactions for the hepatitis c virus and the human immunodeficiency virus after anti-influenzal vaccination]. | possible appearance of elisa false-positive results for hepatitis c virus (hcv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) after vaccination against influenza was studied on 402 volunteers before, and 30 and 90 days after that. our results prove that influenza vaccine can sometimes induce false-positive elisa for hcv, but not for hiv. their frequency is relatively small--0.96% in 10-20-years-old group and 3.1% in over 60 years age, while in 3-6 years age there were not registered this kind of reacti ... | 1995 | 8640012 |
| influenza infection in humans and pigs in southeastern china. | the three last pandemic strains of influenza a virus-asian/57, hong kong/68 and russian/77-are believed to have originated in china. the strains responsible for the 1957 and 1968 human pandemics were reassortants incorporating both human and avian influenza viruses, which may have arisen in pigs. we therefore undertook a population-based study in the nanchang region of central china to establish the prevalence, types and seasonal pattern of human influenza infection and to screen serum samples f ... | 1996 | 8645101 |
| influenza a vaccine and the incidence of otitis media. | | 1996 | 8646324 |
| [influenza virus infections in taiwan from 1979 to 1994]. | in order to understand the epidemic trends of influenza virus infection in taiwan, 5,677 throat-swab specimens were collected from june 1979 to december 1994. the influenza virus was detected in 300 specimens including samples collected at taichung and tainan from 1981 to 1982. among them, 209 isolates (67.9%) were identified as influenza virus type a and 99 isolates (32.1%) were type b influenza virus. influenza virus infection can be identified, based on the frequency of detection of the virus ... | 1995 | 8672941 |
| the variety of human virus evolution. | there have been many wise suggestions of ways that evolution may occur but those ways seem often hard to support with good examples. viruses have proven to be replete with some of these items. this paper reviews work that shows: (1) very fast rates of evolution; (2) positive darwinian selection with the selective pressure specifically identified; (3) viral reassortment; (4) grossly unequal rates of evolution depending upon the host of the virus; (5) accurate dating of the cenancestor, the most r ... | 1996 | 8673293 |
| human cd4+ t-cell recognition of influenza a virus hemagglutinin after subunit vaccination. | we have examined human cd4+ t-cell recognition of influenza a/beijing/32/92 (h3n2) virus hemagglutinin following influenza virus hana subunit vaccination. cd4+ t-cell repertoires were dominated by recognition of epitopes located in conserved regions of the molecule, in a major histocompatibility complex class ii haplotype-dependent manner, analogous to that observed following natural infection. | 1996 | 8676508 |
| an echo of the spanish lady. | | 1996 | 8676725 |
| characterization of a neutrophil inhibitor peptide harvested from human bronchial lavage: homology to influenza a nucleoprotein. | bronchi are exposed to particulate matter, including bacteria, fungi and dusts, that should trigger release of molecules which attract polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn). however, normal bronchi are relatively devoid of pmn, suggesting that there exists a mechanism to dampen acute inflammation in the lung. we have previously reported that bronchial lavage from normal humans contains a nonpolar peptide that inhibits pmn chemotaxis and oxidant production. in the present study we devised preparati ... | 1996 | 8703476 |
| report of an outbreak: nursing home architecture and influenza-a attack rates. | to determine factors that might account for a significantly lower attack rate in a newly constructed nursing building during an epidemic of type a influenza. | 1996 | 8708299 |
| [epidemic of influenza in kyushu-okinawa district (april 1994-march 1995)]. | the prevalence of influenza in kyushu-okinawa district in april 1994- march 1995 was studied as the prevalence of influenza virus, to determine the sero-type of influenza viruses isolated in kyushu- okinawa district prefectures and cities. as a result, three sero-types of influenza viruses, i.e. type a/h1n1, type h3n2 and type b, were isolated in kyushu-okinawa district in this season, but most of the isolates were type a/h3n2 and type b. weekly changes of reported influenza patients and period ... | 1995 | 8708404 |
| surveillance of influenza in switzerland between 1987 and 1995. | during 8 years of continuous influenza surveillance in switzerland (1987 to 1995), influenza a viruses predominated during 5 seasons and influenza b viruses during 3. the most severe outbreaks occurred in the 1988/89 season (a/h1n1 subtype), in the 1989/90 season (a/h3n2 subtype) and in the 1994/95 season (simultaneous outbreak of influenza a/h3n2 and b). from 1987 to 1993, peak activity of influenza a viruses was observed during december and january (for 8 weeks on average) while influenza b vi ... | 1996 | 8711461 |
| ha1 domain of influenza a (h3n2) viruses in finland in 1989-1995: evolution, egg-adaptation and relationship to vaccine strains. | the ha1 gene sequences of 22 mdck cell-derived influenza a (h3n2) strains, ten of their egg-derived counterparts and three vaccine strains were determined. antigenic and sequence differences between the epidemic and vaccine strains were recorded, most striking in 1992/93; a minority of the amino acid differences in 1989-95 was involved in egg-adaptation. changes in the assortment of amino acid substitutions produced during egg-adaptation of field strains may account for the difficulty encountere ... | 1996 | 8712921 |
| flumadine (rimantadine hydrochloride). | | 1996 | 8717677 |
| antigenic and genetic analyses of the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses isolated from pigs in 1993. | three strains of influenza a virus (h3n2) were isolated from pigs in hokkaido, japan in 1993. the hemagglutinin (ha) antigen of the three isolates was related to that of recent h3n2 viruses of human origin. the reactivity patterns of two of the isolates (a/sw/obihiro/1/93 and a/sw/obihiro/2/93) with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin of a/bangkok/1/79 strain were similar to that of the human h3n2 strain isolated in hokkaido in 1988, while that of the other one (a/sw/obihiro/3/93) was sim ... | 1995 | 8720040 |
| distribution of antibodies to influenza a virus in chickens in japan. | a serological surveillance was carried out to detect antibody against influenza a virus in chicken sera. a total of 8,850 field samples were collected from 47 prefectures in japan. initially, all the sera were screened by agar gel immunodiffusion and those sera showing positive reaction were investigated for haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and neuraminidase-inhibition antibodies against influenza viruses. only 6 samples had antibodies; 4 sera had antibodies against human subtype h1n1 virus; wi ... | 1995 | 8720048 |
| rapid diagnosis of influenza type a infection: comparison of shell-vial culture, directigen flu-a and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | two direct antigen detection methods (directigen flu a, becton-dickinson, cokeysville, md. and influenza a virus elisa antigen detection kit, alpha biotech, milano) were compared with isolation by shell-vial cultures for rapid diagnosis of influenza type a virus infection. the three methods were performed using a reference viral suspension consisting of a clinical isolate of influenza type a virus as well as 41 nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from patients with influenza symptoms. influenza t ... | 1996 | 8722310 |
| effect of liposome-encapsulation on immunomodulating and antiviral activities of interferon-gamma 1. | the effect of liposome-encapsulation on the immunomodulating and antiviral activities of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) was evaluated in this study. the immunomodulating activity was measured by increases in phagocytic activity and in nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages from mice treated with both free and lip-ifn-gamma (4000 u/mouse, intraperitoneal injection). resident peritoneal macrophages harvested from mice treated with free unencapsulated ifn-gamma or muramyl dipeptide showed ... | 1996 | 8739599 |
| [evaluation of a dot-blot elisa method, direct immunofluorescence, and shell-vial culture for the detection of influenza virus a in nasopharyngeal aspirates]. | | 1996 | 8756223 |
| comments on some new viruses associated with old diseases in china. | | 1996 | 8758348 |
| interaction cloning of ns1-i, a human protein that binds to the nonstructural ns1 proteins of influenza a and b viruses. | the yeast interaction trap system was used to identify, ns1-i (for ns1 interactor), which is a human protein that binds to the nonstructural ns1 protein of the influenza a virus. ns1-i is a human homolog of the porcine 17beta-estradiol dehydrogenase precursor protein, to which it is 84% identical. we detected only one ns1-i mrna species, of about 3.0 kb, in hela cells, and the ns1-i cdna was found to have a coding capacity for a 79.6-kda protein. however, immunoblot analysis detected predominant ... | 1996 | 8764047 |
| african green monkey kidney (vero) cells provide an alternative host cell system for influenza a and b viruses. | the preparation of live, attenuated human influenza virus vaccines and of large quantities of inactivated vaccines after the emergence or reemergence of a pandemic influenza virus will require an alternative host cell system, because embryonated chicken eggs will likely be insufficient and suboptimal. preliminary studies indicated that an african green monkey kidney cell line (vero) is a suitable system for the primary isolation and cultivation of influenza a viruses (e. a. govorkova, n. v. kave ... | 1996 | 8764064 |
| outbreaks of influenza a among elderly hospital inpatients. | to describe two outbreaks of influenza a that occurred in wards catering for assessment, treatment and rehabilitation of elderly patients at the princess margaret hospital in christchurch. | 1996 | 8769048 |
| [the modern analysis and prediction of the spread of acute respiratory viral infections]. | the weekly dynamics of registered morbidity in the whole complex of acute respiratory viral infections (arvi) for 1960-1994 was studied. the duration of the annual epidemic cycle of arvi was taken to be the period from week 26 of the given year to week 25 of the following year. the dynamics of the development of the epidemic process made it possible to distinguish 7 definite stages of the epidemic cycle. the assessment of the state of morbidity at the final stages of the completed epidemic cycle ... | 1996 | 8771747 |
| differential diagnoses of influenza a virus, influenza b virus, and respiratory syncytial virus infections by direct immunofluorescence using mixtures of monoclonal antibodies of different isotypes. | differences between isotypes of monoclonal antibodies were employed to detect influenza a and b viruses and respiratory syncytial virus by direct immunofluorescence using fluorescein isothiocyanate or texas red conjugates. examination of 56 specimens for influenza a and b viruses and 112 specimens for influenza a virus and respiratory syncytial virus showed the mixed-isotype test to be comparable to the conventional procedure. | 1996 | 8784593 |
| kinetics and isotype profile of rheumatoid factor production during viral infection: organ distribution of antibody secreting cells. | the kinetics and isotype profile of influenza virus-specific igg antibodies were studied in correlation with the serum titre of igg-reactive autoantibodies. an increased level of igg isotype-specific, rheumatoid factor-type autoantibody secretion was observed in the late phase of the virus-specific memory response. these rheumatoid factors were specific for the igg2a and igg1 subclasses which dominated the anti-viral antibody response. as revealed by a preparative immunosorbent technique combine ... | 1996 | 8795722 |
| experience of european collaboration in influenza surveillance in the winter of 1993-1994. | the spread of influenza is of major public health concern. surveillance programmes exist in many countries. we here describe an international collaboration sharing information from belgium, france, the netherlands, portugal and the united kingdom during the influenza a(h3n2) epidemic occurring in europe at the end of 1993. | 1996 | 8816310 |
| genetic reassortment in pandemic and interpandemic influenza viruses. a study of 122 viruses infecting humans. | the human influenza pandemics of 1957 and 1968 were caused by reassortant viruses that possessed internal gene segments from avian and human strains. whether genetic reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses occurs during interpandemic periods and how often humans are infected with such reassortants is not known. to provide this information, we used dot-blot hybridization, partial nucleotide sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis to examine the 6 internal genes of 122 viruses is ... | 1996 | 8817180 |
| improved methods for the generation of dendritic cells from nonproliferating progenitors in human blood. | we have investigated an improved method for generating sizable numbers of mature dendritic cells from nonproliferating progenitors in human blood. the procedure uses 1% human plasma in the place of 10% fetal calf serum and involves two steps. the first step or 'priming' phase is a 6-7 day culture of t cell depleted mononuclear cells in medium supplemented with gm-csf and il-4. the second step or 'differentiation' phase requires the exposure to macrophage conditioned medium. this medium cannot be ... | 1996 | 8841451 |
| influenza. more than mom and chicken soup. | influenza is an epidemic respiratory illness caused by one of three viral subtypes: a, b, or c. influenza a causes higher mortality than influenza b and c and is often responsible for pandemics and yearly epidemics of this common, infectious disease. clinically, patients with influenza present with an abrupt onset of fever, malaise, headache, and a dry, hoarse cough. these symptoms usually last three to five days. amantadine and rimantadine may be used to prevent and to treat influenza a infecti ... | 1996 | 8849975 |
| sequential outbreak of influenza a and b in a nursing home: efficacy of vaccine and amantadine. | to describe the sequential occurrence of influenza a and b in a nursing home, and to determine the efficacy of influenza vaccine and/or amantadine treatment with respect to incidence and sequelae. | 1996 | 8855992 |
| immunohistochemistry of a cytoplasmic dynein (map 1c)-like molecule in rodent and human brain tissue: an example of molecular mimicry between cytoplasmic dynein and influenza a virus. | immunohistochemistry with an antibody to influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus was performed using normal mouse, rat and human brain tissues. dot-like or filamentous structures in the neuronal cytoplasm were clearly stained. axons were also stained, but weakly. lewy bodies in parkinson's disease substantia nigra were also positive. immunoscreening of the antibody using mouse brain cdna revealed that this antibody recognized the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein. immunoblot analysis also showed tha ... | 1996 | 8870834 |