| recombinant adeno-vaccine expressing enterovirus 71-like particles against hand, foot, and mouth disease. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackieviruses (cv) are the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). there is not currently a vaccine available against hfmd, even though a newly developed formalin-inactivated ev71 (fi-ev71) vaccine has been tested in clinical trial and has shown efficacy against ev71. we have designed and genetically engineered a recombinant adenovirus ad-evvlp with the ev71 p1 and 3cd genes inserted into the e1/e3-deleted adenoviral genome. ad-evvlp were produ ... | 2015 | 25855976 |
| expression of enterovirus 71 virus-like particles in transgenic enoki (flammulina velutipes). | no commercial vaccines are currently available for enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection. oral virus-like particle (vlp) vaccines are regarded as a better choice for prevention from food-borne diseases compared with injected whole virus vaccines. unfortunately, the application of oral vlp vaccines produced from transgenic plants was limited due to the concerns of gene contamination. alternatively, using transgenic mushrooms retains the advantages of transgenic plants and tremendously reduce risks of g ... | 2015 | 25957149 |
| oral immunization of mice using bifidobacterium longum expressing vp1 protein from enterovirus 71. | bifidobacterium longum is an attractive candidate for delivering biologically active proteins by the mucosal route due to its non-pathogenic and colonizing properties. enterovirus 71 (ev71) has aroused widespread attention recently due to several epidemics, and great attention should be paid to the fact that there are currently no effective antiviral drugs or vaccines against ev71 infection. in this report, we described a recombinant b. longum that could be used to develop an oral vaccine agains ... | 2013 | 23275129 |
| direct detection and identification of enteroviruses from faeces of healthy nigerian children using a cell-culture independent rt-seminested pcr assay. | recently, a cell-culture independent protocol for detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimen was recommended by the who for surveillance alongside the previously established protocols. here, we investigated whether this new protocol will show the same enterovirus diversity landscape as the established cell-culture dependent protocols. faecal samples were collected from sixty apparently healthy children in ibadan, nigeria. samples were resuspended in phosphate buffered saline, rna was extr ... | 2016 | 27087810 |
| impact of genetic changes, pathogenicity and antigenicity on enterovirus- a71 vaccine development. | enterovirus-a71 (ev-a71) is an etiological agent of the hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). ev-a71 infection produces high fever and ulcers in children. some ev-a71 strains produce severe infections leading to pulmonary edema and death. although the protective efficacy of the inactivated vaccine (iv) was ≥90% against mild hfmd, there was approximately 80% protection against severe hfmd. the monovalent ev-a71 iv elicits humoral immunity but lacks long-term immunogenicity. spontaneous mutations o ... | 2017 | 28384566 |
| ev-a71 vaccine licensure: a first step for multivalent enterovirus vaccine to control hfmd and other severe diseases. | enteroviruses (evs) are the most common viral agents in humans. although most infections are mild or asymptomatic, there is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that may be caused by ev infections with varying degrees of severity. among these viruses, ev-a71 and coxsackievirus (cv) cv-a16 from group a evs attract the most attention because they are responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). other ev-a viruses such as cv-a6 and cv-a10 were also reported to cause hfmd outbreaks in ... | 2016 | 27436364 |
| hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd): emerging epidemiology and the need for a vaccine strategy. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a contagious viral disease and mainly affects infants and young children. the main manifestations are fever, vesicular rashes on hand, feet and buttocks and ulcers in the oral mucosa. usually, hfmd is self-limiting, but a small proportion of children may experience severe complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and neurorespiratory syndrome. historically, outbreaks of hfmd were mainly caused by two enteroviruses: the coxsack ... | 2016 | 27406374 |
| [molecular epidemiology of hand-foot-mouth disease associated pathogen coxsackievirus a10 identified in fujian province, 2011-2014]. | to study the molecular epidemiology of hand-foot-mounth disease (hfmd) associated coxsackievirus a10 (cox a10) identified in fujian province. | 2016 | 27087227 |
| meteorological factors affect the hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic in qingdao, china, 2007-2014. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) has caused public health concerns worldwide. we aimed to investigate the effect of meteorological factors on the hfmd epidemic in qingdao, a port city in china. a total of 78641 cases were reported in qingdao between january 2007 and december 2014. of those, 71084 (90·39%) occurred in children aged 0-5 years, with an incidence of 1691·2/100000. the incidence increased from early spring, peaked between spring and summer, and decreased in late summer. aetiologi ... | 2016 | 27018924 |
| immunological and biochemical characterizations of coxsackievirus a6 and a10 viral particles. | childhood exanthema caused by different serotypes of coxsackievirus (cv-a) and enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) has become a serious global health problem; it is commonly known as hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). current ev-a71 vaccine clinical trials have demonstrated that human antibody responses generated by ev-a71 vaccinations do not cross-neutralize coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16). an effective multivalent hfmd vaccine is urgently needed. from molecular epidemiological studies in southeast asia, c ... | 2016 | 26899790 |
| a real-time rt-pcr assay for rapid detection of coxsackievirus a10. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) have been the primary causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreaks in mainland china in the past. hence, the surveillance of hfmd has mostly focused on these viruses. however, in recent years, coxsackievirus a10 (ca10) has also been associated with the increasing sporadic hfmd cases and outbreaks. therefore, a sensitive assay for rapid detection of the ca10 rna is necessary for disease control. here, we have developed a sp ... | 2015 | 26782393 |
| [genetic characteristics of vp1 region of coxsackievirus a10 strains isolated from hand foot and mouth disease patients in ningxia hui autonomous region, 2013]. | to study the genetic characteristics of vp1 region of coxsackievirus a10 (cox a10) strains isolated from hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) cases in ningxia hui autonomous region (ningxia) in 2013. | 2015 | 26564704 |
| fourteen types of co-circulating recombinant enterovirus were associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in children from wenzhou, china. | although hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a major public concern in china, the prevalence and clinical symptoms associated with the different agents of hfmd in this country remain poorly understood. | 2015 | 26305816 |
| is a multivalent hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccine feasible? | enterovirus a infections are the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in infants and young children. although enterovirus 71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) are the predominant causes of hfmd epidemics worldwide, ev-a71 has emerged as a major neurovirulent virus responsible for severe neurological complications and fatal outcomes. hfmd is a serious health threat and economic burden across the asia-pacific region. inactivated ev-a71 vaccines have elicited protection again ... | 2015 | 26009802 |
| [sequence analysis of vp1 region of coxsackievirus a4 and coxsackievirus a10 in guangzhou city, 2010-2012]. | to identify the enterovirus from stool samples of patients with hand, foot and mouth disease(hfmd) in guangzhou from 2010 to 2012 and to perform phylogenetic analysis of the vp1 gene sequences of coxsackievirus a4 and coxsackievirus a10. | 2014 | 25219430 |
| prospect and challenges for the development of multivalent vaccines against hand, foot and mouth diseases. | enterovirus 71 (ev71), an emerging neurotropic virus and coxsackieviruses (cv) are the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth diseases (hfmd). these viruses have become a serious public health threat in the asia pacific region. formalin-inactivated ev71 (fi-ev71) vaccines have been developed, evaluated in human clinical trials and were found to elicit full protection against ev71. their failure to prevent cva16 infections could compromise the acceptability of monovalent ev71 vaccines. bi ... | 2014 | 25218294 |
| occurrence of hand-foot-and-mouth disease pathogens in domestic sewage and secondary effluent in xi'an, china. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), caused by a group of enteric viruses such as enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and coxsackievirus a10 (cva10), is heavily epidemic in east asia. this research focused on investigating the occurrence of hfmd pathogens in domestic sewage and secondary effluent before disinfection in a wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) in xi'an, the largest megacity in northwest china. in order to simultaneously detect all three hfmd pathogens, a semi-nested rt-p ... | 2012 | 22446307 |
| outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease/herpangina associated with coxsackievirus a6 and a10 infections in 2010, france: a large citywide, prospective observational study. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) and herpangina (ha) are frequently caused by several distinct serotypes belonging to the human enterovirus a species (heva). enterovirus 71 is considered as a significant public health threat because of rare but fatal neurological complications. a sentinel surveillance system involving paediatricians from clermont-ferrand (france) was set up to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hfmd/ha associated with enterovirus infections. a stand ... | 2012 | 22404077 |
| a neonatal murine model of coxsackievirus a6 infection for evaluation of antiviral and vaccine efficacy. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a global health concern. family picornaviridae members, particularly enterovirus 71 (eva71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), are the primary etiological agents of hfmd, however, a third enterovirus a species, coxsackievirusa6 (cva6), has been recently associated with epidemic outbreaks. study of the pathogenesis of cva6 infection and development of antivirals and vaccines are hindered due to the lack of appropriate animal models. we have developed and charac ... | 2017 | 28250116 |
| transcriptome analysis reveals dynamic changes in coxsackievirus a16 infected hek 293t cells. | coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are two of the major causes of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) world-wide. although many studies have focused on infection and pathogenic mechanisms, the transcriptome profile of the host cell upon cva16 infection is still largely unknown. | 2017 | 28198671 |
| enterovirus 71 infection and vaccines. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting young children during the spring to fall seasons. recently, serious outbreaks of hfmd were reported frequently in the asia-pacific region, including china and korea. the symptoms of hfmd are usually mild, comprising fever, loss of appetite, and a rash with blisters, which do not need specific treatment. however, there are uncommon neurological or cardiac complications such as meningitis and acute flaccid paralys ... | 2017 | 28168168 |
| inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by an α-hydroxy-nitrile derivative nk-1.9k. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major etiological agents of human hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) worldwide. ev71 infection in young children and people with immunodeficiency causes severe symptoms with a high fatality rates. however, there is still no approved drugs to treat such infections. based on our previous report of a peptide-aldehyde anti-ev71 protease, we present here a highly specific α-hydroxy-nitrile derivative nk-1.9k, which inhibited the proliferation of multiple ev71 strai ... | 2017 | 28063993 |
| [direct medical costs and influencing factors in severe hand, foot and mouth disease in children aged between six months and five years old]. | objective: to estimate the direct medical cost of severe hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in patients aged less than five years. methods: a stratified sampling method was used to collect data on severe hfmd cases reported in the national hfmd surveillance database between jan 1, 2012, and dec 31, 2013. the sampling was referenced with the national aetiologic distribution of enterovirus a71 (ev-a71), coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) and other enteroviruses (oev) for severe hfmd cases and the includ ... | 2017 | 28056277 |
| in vivo imaging with bioluminescent enterovirus 71 allows for real-time visualization of tissue tropism and viral spread. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a reemerging illness caused by a variety of enteroviruses. the main causative agents are enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), and, most recently, coxsackievirus a6 (cva6). enterovirus infections can vary from asymptomatic infections to those with a mild fever and blisters on infected individuals' hands, feet, and throats to infections with severe neurological complications. viral persistence for weeks postinfection (wpi) has also been documen ... | 2017 | 27974562 |
| placental antibody transfer efficiency and maternal levels: specific for measles, coxsackievirus a16, enterovirus 71, poliomyelitis i-iii and hiv-1 antibodies. | maternal antibodies transported across the placenta can provide vital immunity against infectious pathogens for infants. we here examine maternal antibody (ma) levels and their association with neonatal antibody levels. pregnant women of gestational age ≥35 weeks were enrolled at a guangzhou china hospital and mother-infant paired sera were collected. measles igg antibody was detected using elisa assay, neutralizing antibodies titers against coxsackievirus a16 (ca16), enterovirus 71 (ev71), pv i ... | 2016 | 27934956 |
| a molecular approach applied to enteroviruses surveillance in northern taiwan, 2008-2012. | traditional methods for detection and serotyping of enterovirus infections are virus isolation and immunofluorescence assay (vi-ifa), which are labor-intensive and time-consuming. recently, vp1 gene has been targeted to develop a codehop-based rt-pcr (vp1-codehop) for the same purpose. in this study, we conducted a 5-year enterovirus surveillance comparing the vi-ifa and vp1-codehop tests. throat swabs were collected from 431 pediatric patients and 208(48%) and 250(58%) were tested positive by t ... | 2016 | 27907198 |
| unilateral hemorrhagic maculopathy: an uncommon manifestation of hand, foot, and mouth disease. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfd) is a common systemic infection occurring in childhood or immunocompromised adults caused by enteroviruses, the most common being coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71. it is characterized by maculopapular eruptions over the hands and feet and ulcerative stomatitis. ocular involvement is a rare complication and commonly manifests as inflammatory macular pathology. we report a case of hfd in an immunocompetent adult male with unilateral ocular involvement presen ... | 2016 | 27905343 |
| comparison analysis of micrornas in response to ev71 and ca16 infection in human bronchial epithelial cells by high-throughput sequencing to reveal differential infective mechanisms. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) mainly caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) infections which presented significantly different clinical manifestations. nevertheless, the factors underlying these differences remain unclear. recently, the functions of micrornas (mirnas) in pathogen-host interactions have been highlighted. here, we performed comprehensive mirna profiling in ev71- and ca16-infected human bronchial epithelial (16hbe) cells at multiple time points using h ... | 2017 | 27890633 |
| enterovirus a71 and coxsackievirus a16 show different replication kinetics in human neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines. | enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) are closely related enteroviruses that cause hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. serious neurological complications almost always occur in ev-a71 infection, but are rare in cv-a16 infection. based on the hypothesis that this may be because ev-a71 infects neuronal cells more easily than cv-a16, we compared virus infection, replication and spread of ev-a71 and cv-a16 in sk-n-sh cells. we found that cv-a16 invariably showed signi ... | 2017 | 27878462 |
| systematic identification and bioinformatic analysis of micrornas in response to infections of coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), mainly caused by coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections, remains a serious public health issue with thousands of newly diagnostic cases each year since 2008 in china. the mechanisms underlying viral infection, however, are elusive to date. in the present study, we systematically investigated the host cellular microrna (mirna) expression patterns in response to cva16 and ev71 infections. through microarray examination, 27 mirnas (15 u ... | 2016 | 27843944 |
| epidemiology and etiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease in fujian province, 2008-2014. | millions of cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) have been reported annually in mainland china since 2008. in this study, we investigated the epidemiology and etiology of an hfmd epidemic in fujian province, which is located in subtropical southeastern china. our study found similar epidemiological features of hfmd in southern areas of china, including seasonality and demographic distribution, as well as correlation between severity of illness and serotype. at least 22 serotypes of othe ... | 2017 | 27796546 |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus viroporin 2b antagonizes rig-i-mediated antiviral effects by inhibition of its protein expression. | the role of retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-infected cells remains unknown. here, we showed that rig-i inhibits fmdv replication in host cells. fmdv infection increased the transcription of rig-i, while it decreased rig-i protein expression. a detailed analysis revealed that fmdv leader proteinase (l(pro)), as well as 3c proteinase (3c(pro)) and 2b protein, decreased rig-i protein expression. l(pro) and 3c(pro) are viral proteinases that can cleave v ... | 2016 | 27707918 |
| different microrna alterations contribute to diverse outcomes following ev71 and ca16 infections: insights from high-throughput sequencing in rhesus monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are the predominant pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). although these viruses exhibit genetic homology, the clinical manifestations caused by the two viruses have some discrepancies. in addition, the underlying mechanisms leading to these differences remain unclear. micrornas (mirnas) participate in numerous biological or pathological processes, including host responses to viral infections. here, we focused on differences in mir ... | 2016 | 27765603 |
| identification and biochemical characterization of dc07090 as a novel potent small molecule inhibitor against human enterovirus 71 3c protease by structure-based virtual screening. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a serious, highly contagious disease. hfmd caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71), results in severe complications and even death. the pivotal role of ev71 3c(pro) in the viral life cycle makes it an attractive target for drug discovery and development to treat hfmd. in this study, we identified novel ev71 3c(pro) inhibitors by docking-based virtual screening. totally 50 compounds were selected to test their inhibitory activity against ev71 3c(pro). the best inhib ... | 2016 | 27776325 |
| a novel inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine can elicit cross-protective immunity against coxsackievirus a16 in mice. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a highly contagious disease that mainly affects infants and children. enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are the major pathogens of hfmd. two ev71 vaccines were recently licensed in china and the administration of the ev71 vaccines is believed to significantly reduce the number of hfmd-related severe or fatal cases. however, a monovalent ev71 vaccine cannot cross-protect against ca16 infection, this may result in that it cannot effectively ... | 2016 | 27771182 |
| human genome-wide rnai screen reveals host factors required for enterovirus 71 replication. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a neurotropic enterovirus without antivirals or vaccine, and its host-pathogen interactions remain poorly understood. here we use a human genome-wide rnai screen to identify 256 host factors involved in ev71 replication in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. enrichment analyses reveal overrepresentation in processes like mitotic cell cycle and transcriptional regulation. we have carried out orthogonal experiments to characterize the roles of selected factors involved in cell c ... | 2016 | 27748395 |
| outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus a6 in a juku in fengtai district, beijing, china, 2015. | an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) that occurred in a juku in fengtai district, beijing, china, in 2015 was monitored by the china information system for disease control and prevention. epidemiological investigation showed that 11 cases occurred from two classes in the preschool art training department in the juku. coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) was identified as the causative pathogen of the outbreak via sequences analysis of products of real-time reverse-transcription polymerase ch ... | 2016 | 27733967 |
| susceptibility of inhibitors against 3c protease of coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus a71 causing hand, foot and mouth disease: a molecular dynamics study. | hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) epidemic has occurred in many countries. coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) and enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) are the main causes of hfmd. up to now, there are no anti-hfmd drugs available. rupintrivir, a broad-spectrum inhibitor, is a drug candidate for hfmd treatment, while other hfmd inhibitors designed from several studies have a relatively low efficiency. therefore, in this work we aim to study the binding mechanisms of rupintrivir and a peptidic α,β-unsaturated ethyl ... | 2016 | 27668727 |
| seroprevalence of enterovirus a71 and coxsackievirus a16 in healthy people in shandong province, china. | hand, foot, and mouth disease has become very common in mainland of china in recent years, and enterovirus a71 and coxsackievirus a16 are its major etiologic factors. here we investigated the seroprevalence of enterovirus a71 and coxsackievirus a16 based on a large group of healthy individuals in shandong province, china. | 2016 | 27611441 |
| seroepidemiology of coxsackievirus a6, coxsackievirus a16, and enterovirus 71 infections in infants and children: a prospective cohort study in jiangsu, china. | | 2016 | 27546063 |
| changes in enterovirus serotype constituent ratios altered the clinical features of infected children in guangdong province, china, from 2010 to 2013. | enterovirus (ev)-related hand, foot, and mouth disease/herpangina (hfmd/ha) has been prevalent in guangdong province, china, since 2010. | 2016 | 27506778 |
| molecular epidemiology of enterovirus and parechovirus infections according to patient age over a 4-year period in spain. | the epidemiology and clinical association of enterovirus (ev) and parechovirus (hpev) infections, as well as the type-distribution-according-to-age, were determined during a 4-year study period in spain. during 2010-2013, a total of 21,832 clinical samples were screened for ev and the detection frequency was 6.5% (1,430). of the total ev-negative samples, only 1,873 samples from 2011 to 2013 were available for hpev testing. hpev was detected in 42 (2%) of them. positive samples were genotyped us ... | 2017 | 27505281 |
| development of a highly sensitive real-time nested rt-pcr assay in a single closed tube for detection of enterovirus 71 in hand, foot, and mouth disease. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major causative agents of outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). a commercial taqman probe-based real-time pcr assay has been widely used for the differential detection of ev71 despite its relatively high cost and failure to detect samples with a low viral load (ct value > 35). in this study, a highly sensitive real-time nested rt-pcr (rtn rt-pcr) assay in a single closed tube for detection of ev71 in hfmd was developed. the sensitivity and specifi ... | 2016 | 27475103 |
| molecular epidemiology of human coxsackievirus a16 strains. | the hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) epidemics have mainly been caused by human enterovirus 71 and human coxsackievirus a16 (ca16), which circulated alternatively or together in the epidemic area. the aim of the present study was to provide guidance in the prevention and control of hfmd from ca16 infection. the molecular epidemiology of the human ca16 strains was investigated. overall, 1,151 specimens (throat swabs) were collected from 1,151 patients with hfmd symptoms. the results of the hom ... | 2016 | 27284420 |
| risk factors for severe enteroviral infections in children. | to study the risk factors associated with severe enterovirus infection among hospitalized pediatric patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) at king narai hospital, lopburi, thailand. | 2016 | 27276744 |
| the epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in asia: a systematic review and analysis. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a widespread pediatric disease caused primarily by human enterovirus 71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16). | 2016 | 27273688 |
| detecting spatial-temporal cluster of hand foot and mouth disease in beijing, china, 2009-2014. | the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is extremely high, and has constituted a huge disease burden throughout beijing in recent years. this study aimed to determine the spatiotemporal distribution and epidemic characteristics of hfmd. | 2016 | 27184561 |
| prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to common respiratory viruses in intravenous immunoglobulin and in healthy donors in southern china. | acute respiratory infections (aris) are a leading cause of death among children under the age of 5. however, there are no effective drugs for most of these severe viral infections. passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma or hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin (h-ivig) is a potential therapeutic option for serious viral infections. it is important to find a suitable source of convalescent plasma and of h-ivig containing high titer neutralizing antibodies (nabs). | 2016 | 27162653 |
| study of the epidemiology and etiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in suzhou city, east china, 2011-2014. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common childhood illness that is caused by enteroviruses, and the prevalence of hfmd in china and around the world has resulted in a huge disease burden. since 2010, the hfmd incidence has been the highest among infectious diseases in suzhou, china. to investigate the epidemical, features, etiological characteristics, and clinical characteristics of hfmd in suzhou city, east china, from 2011 to 2014. we retrospectively analyzed hfmd epidemiological data ... | 2016 | 27146138 |
| characterization of coxsackievirus a6- and enterovirus 71-associated hand foot and mouth disease in beijing, china, from 2013 to 2015. | etiology surveillance of hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in beijing showed that coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) became the major pathogen of hfmd in 2013 and 2015. in order to understand the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of cva6-associated hfmd, a comparison study among cva6-, ev71- (enterovirus 71), and cva16- (coxsackievirus a16) associated hfmd was performed. | 2016 | 27065963 |
| serum cholinesterase: a potential assistant biomarker for hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 infection. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a potentially life-threatening infectious disease that commonly occurs in children. diagnosis of hfmd caused by ev71 largely depends on clinical manifestations and rare serological biomarkers used to identify children suffering from hfmd. serum cholinesterase (sche) activity has frequently been reported as a potential biomarker for solid central nervous system tumors, chronic heart failure, and liver cirrhosis. however, its ... | 2016 | 27025584 |
| status of research and development of vaccines for enterovirus 71. | although outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in young children have long been recognized worldwide, the occurrence of rare and life-threatening neurological, respiratory, and cardiac complications has propelled this common condition into the spotlight as a major public health problem in the affected countries. various enteroviruses cause hfmd, but the severe complications have been mostly associated with enterovirus 71 (ev71). medical treatment is supportive and measures to interru ... | 2016 | 26973065 |
| development and evaluation of a real-time method for testing human enteroviruses and coxsackievirus a16. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common infectious disease caused by a group of the human enteroviruses (hev), including coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71). in recent years, another hev-a serotype, ca6 or ca10, has emerged to be one of the major etiologic agents that can induce hfmd worldwide. the objective of this study is to develop specific, sensitive, and rapid methods to help diagnose hev and ca16 specifically by using simultaneous amplification testing (sat) based ... | 2016 | 26971632 |
| 2c proteins of enteroviruses suppress ikkβ phosphorylation by recruiting protein phosphatase 1. | the nf-κb signaling network, which is an ancient signaling pathway, plays a pivotal role in innate immunity and constitutes a first line of defense against invading pathogens, including viruses. however, numerous viruses possess evolved strategies to antagonize the activation of the nf-κb signaling pathway. our previous study demonstrated that the nonstructural protein 2c of enterovirus 71 (ev71), which is the major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease, inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha ... | 2016 | 26962213 |
| serological detection and analysis of anti-vp1 responses against various enteroviruses (ev) (ev-a, ev-b and ev-c) in chinese individuals. | the overall serological prevalence of ev infections based on elisa remains unknown. in the present study, the antibody responses against vp1 of the ev-a species (enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (ca16), coxsackievirus a5 (ca5) and coxsackievirus a6 (ca6)), of the ev-b species (coxsackievirus b3 (cb3)), and of the ev-c species (poliovirus 1 (pv1)) were detected and analyzed by a neibm (novel evolved immunoglobulin-binding molecule)-based elisa in shanghai blood donors. the serological pr ... | 2016 | 26917423 |
| development and evaluation of rapid point-of-care tests for detection of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 specific immunoglublin m antibodies. | two colloidal gold immunochromatographic assays (cgias) for detection of ev71- and ca16- immunoglobulin m (igm) were developed and evaluated. a total of 1465 sera collected from children with hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), non-hfmd patients and healthy children. the sensitivity of igm cgia tests for ev71 and ca16 were 97.6% (330/338) and 91.6% (296/323) respectively, compared to those who were viral rna positive by pcr. their performances were comparable to those of commercial elisa kits, ... | 2016 | 26912234 |
| hand, foot, and mouth disease in china: modeling epidemic dynamics of enterovirus serotypes and implications for vaccination. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common childhood illness caused by serotypes of the enterovirus a species in the genus enterovirus of the picornaviridae family. the disease has had a substantial burden throughout east and southeast asia over the past 15 y. china reported 9 million cases of hfmd between 2008 and 2013, with the two serotypes enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) being responsible for the majority of these cases. three recent phase 3 clinical trials sho ... | 2016 | 26882540 |
| protein microarray-mediated detection of antienterovirus antibodies in serum. | to utilize prokaryotic gene expression and protein microarray to develop and evaluate a sensitive, accurate protein microarray assay for detecting antienterovirus antibodies in serum samples from patients with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16), two common causative agents for hfmd, were used for assay development. | 2016 | 26831405 |
| disease burden of enterovirus infection in taiwan: implications for vaccination policy. | this study aimed to assess the disease burden and economic impacts of human nonpolio enteroviruses (npev) and enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) infection in taiwan. | 2016 | 26768128 |
| the effects of weather factors on hand, foot and mouth disease in beijing. | the morbidity and mortality of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) are increasing in beijing, china. previous studies have indicated an association between incidents of hfmd and weather factors. however, the seasonal influence of these factors on the disease is not yet understood, and their relationship with the enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackie virus a16 (cv-a16) viruses are not well documented. we analysed 84,502 hfmd cases from 2008 to 2011 in beijing to explore the seasonal influence of we ... | 2016 | 26755102 |
| [prevalence and analyses of the changing etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in china]. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a viral infectious disease regarded to be a public-health problem worldwide. since the 1990s, hfmd began to spread in the asia-pacific region (especially in south-east asia). hfmd outbreaks have occurred in mainland china frequently since 2008, and the morbidity and mortality of hfmd has continued to increase in recent years. in mainland china, enterovirus a serotype enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) have been the major pathogens of h ... | 2015 | 26738295 |
| [pathogenic and clinical presentation of bullous rash in hand, foot and mouth disease]. | to investigate the pathogenic and clinical presentation and laboratory tests of bullous rash in hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in xi'an from january 2013 to december 2014 by retrospective analysis. | 2015 | 26717661 |
| clinical and etiological characteristics of atypical hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children from chongqing, china: a retrospective study. | hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) is a disease that had similar manifestations to chickenpox, impetigo, and measles, which is easy to misdiagnose and subsequently causes delayed therapy and subsequent epidemic. to date, no study has been conducted to report the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of atypical hfmd. | 2015 | 26693489 |
| efficacy of a trivalent hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccine against enterovirus 71 and coxsackieviruses a16 and a6 in mice. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) has recently emerged as a major public health concern across the asian-pacific region. enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the primary causative agents of hfmd, but other members of the enterovirus a species, including coxsackievirus a6 (cva6), can cause disease. the lack of small animal models for these viruses have hampered the development of a licensed hfmd vaccine or antivirals. we have previously reported on the development of a mous ... | 2015 | 26593938 |
| the antiviral and antimicrobial activities of licorice, a widely-used chinese herb. | licorice is a common herb which has been used in traditional chinese medicine for centuries. more than 20 triterpenoids and nearly 300 flavonoids have been isolated from licorice. recent studies have shown that these metabolites possess many pharmacological activities, such as antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and other activities. this paper provides a summary of the antiviral and antimicrobial activities of licorice. the active components and the possible mechanisms for th ... | 2015 | 26579460 |
| [infection status of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 among children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance in beijing and their related medical care seeking practice]. | to understand the infection status of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cox a16) among children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance in beijing and their related medical care seeking practice and provide evidence for the estimation of disease burden caused by hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd). | 2015 | 26564703 |
| etiology of multiple non-ev71 and non-cva16 enteroviruses associated with hand, foot and mouth disease in jinan, china, 2009-june 2013. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is an infectious disease caused by human enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and other enteroviruses. it is of interest that other enteroviruses associated with hfmd in jinan have been rarely reported. the aim of the present study is to detect and characterize the circulating serotypes of non-ev71 and non-cva16 enteroviruses associated with hfmd in jinan city, shandong province, china. a total of 400 specimens were collected from clinically diag ... | 2015 | 26562154 |
| time series analysis of reported cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease from 2010 to 2013 in wuhan, china. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is an infectious disease caused by a group of enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and enterovirus a71 (ev-a71). in recent decades, asian countries have experienced frequent and widespread hfmd outbreaks, with deaths predominantly among children. in several asian countries, epidemics usually peak in the late spring/early summer, with a second small peak in late autumn/early winter. we investigated the possible underlying association between the ... | 2015 | 26530702 |
| a new ev71 vp3 epitope in norovirus p particle vector displays neutralizing activity and protection in vivo in mice. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), as the main agents causing hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), have become a serious public health concern in the asia-pacific region. recently, various neutralizing b cell epitopes of ev71 were identified as targets for promising vaccine candidates. structural studies of picornaviridae indicated that potent immunodominant epitopes typically lie in the hypervariable loop of capsid surfaces. however, cross-neutralizing antibodies and cross-pr ... | 2015 | 26529072 |
| potent antiviral agents fail to elicit genetically-stable resistance mutations in either enterovirus 71 or coxsackievirus a16. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the two major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), for which there are currently no licenced treatments. here, the acquisition of resistance towards two novel capsid-binding compounds, nld and ald, was studied and compared to the analogous compound gpp3. during serial passage, ev71 rapidly became resistant to each compound and mutations at residues i113 and v123 in vp1 were identified. a mutation at residue 113 was also ... | 2015 | 26522770 |
| risk factors for severe hand, foot and mouth disease. | we studied risk factors associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) caused by enteroviruses among patients aged less than 15 years admitted to king narai hospital, lopburi, thailand during 2011-2013. cases were divided into either mild or severe. severe cases were those with encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema or respiratory failure. risk factors for severe infection were evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. one hu ... | 2015 | 26521518 |
| structure elucidation of coxsackievirus a16 in complex with gpp3 informs a systematic review of highly potent capsid binders to enteroviruses. | the replication of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), which are the major cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children, can be inhibited by the capsid binder gpp3. here, we present the crystal structure of cva16 in complex with gpp3, which clarifies the role of the key residues involved in interactions with the inhibitor. based on this model, in silico docking was performed to investigate the interactions with the two next-generation capsid binders nld and ald, whi ... | 2015 | 26485389 |
| coxsackievirus a6 polymorphic exanthem in israeli children. | hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is an acute childhood viral exanthem usually associated with coxsackievirus a16 or enterovirus 71. atypical hfmd associated with coxsackievirus a6 was reported recently. the aim of the current study was to describe coxsackievirus a6-associated atypical hfmd in a series of 8 toddlers who were referred with idiopathic extensive eruptions. demographic and clinical characteristics, reverse transcriptase-real-time pcr (rt-pcr) results for enterovirus and phylogeneti ... | 2016 | 26463513 |
| enterovirus-specific anti-peptide antibodies. | enterovirus 71 (ev-71) is the main causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) which is generally regarded as a mild childhood disease. in recent years, ev71 has emerged as a significant pathogen capable of causing high mortalities and severe neurological complications in large outbreaks in asia. a formalin-inactivated ev71 whole virus vaccine has completed phase iii trial in china but is currently unavailable clinically. the high cost of manufacturing and supply problems may limit p ... | 2015 | 26424285 |
| epidemiological characteristics and spatial-temporal clusters of hand, foot, and mouth disease in zhejiang province, china, 2008-2012. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is one of the major public health concerns in china. being the province with high incidence rates of hfmd, the epidemiological features and the spatial-temporal patterns of zhejiang province were still unknown. the objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and the high-incidence clusters, as well as explore some potential risk factors. the surveillance data of hfmd during 2008-2012 were collected from the communicable disea ... | 2015 | 26422015 |
| characterizing enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 virus-like particles production in insect cells. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are two viruses commonly responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. the lack of prophylactic or therapeutic measures against hfmd is a major public health concern. insect cell-based ev71 and cva16 virus-like particles (vlps) are promising vaccine candidates against hfmd and are currently under development. in this paper, the influence of insect cell line, incubation temperature, and serial passaging effect and stability o ... | 2016 | 26410190 |
| basic reproduction number of coxsackievirus type a6 and a16 and enterovirus 71: estimates from outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in singapore, a tropical city-state. | coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6), coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) and enterovirus 71 (ev-a71) were the major enteroviruses causing nationwide hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) epidemics in singapore in the last decade. we estimated the basic reproduction number (r 0) of these enteroviruses to obtain a better understanding of their transmission dynamics. we merged records of cases from hfmd outbreaks reported between 2007 and 2012 with laboratory results from virological surveillance. r 0 was estimated ba ... | 2016 | 26374168 |
| hexon-modified recombinant e1-deleted adenoviral vectors as bivalent vaccine carriers for coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a major public health concern in asia; more efficient vaccines against hfmd are urgently required. adenoviral (ad) capsids have been used widely for the presentation of foreign antigens to induce specific immune responses in the host. here, we describe a novel bivalent vaccine for hfmd based on the hexon-modified, e1-deleted chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 68 (adc68). the novel vaccine candidate was generated by incorporating the neutralising epitope of coxs ... | 2015 | 26296491 |
| type i interferons triggered through the toll-like receptor 3-trif pathway control coxsackievirus a16 infection in young mice. | coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) is one of the major etiological agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. the host defense mechanisms against cva16 infection remain almost entirely unknown. unlike previous observations with enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection, here we show that gamma interferon (ifn-γ) or invariant nk t cell deficiency does not affect disease development or the survival of cva16-infected mice. in contrast, type i interferon receptor deficiency resulted in the developmen ... | 2015 | 26292317 |
| the fecal virome of children with hand, foot, and mouth disease that tested pcr negative for pathogenic enteroviruses. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) affects infant and young children. a viral metagenomic approach was used to identify the eukaryotic viruses in fecal samples from 29 thai children with clinical diagnosis of hfmd collected during the 2012 outbreak. these children had previously tested negative by pcr for enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 and a6. deep sequencing revealed nine virus families: picornaviridae, astroviridae, parvoviridae, caliciviridae, paramyxoviridae, adenoviridae, reovirida ... | 2015 | 26288145 |
| structures of coxsackievirus a16 capsids with native antigenicity: implications for particle expansion, receptor binding, and immunogenicity. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the primary causes of the epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) that affect more than a million children in china each year and lead to hundreds of deaths. although there has been progress with vaccines for ev71, the development of a cva16 vaccine has proved more challenging, and the ev71 vaccine does not give useful cross-protection, despite the capsid proteins of the two viruses sharing about 80% sequence identity. the structur ... | 2015 | 26269176 |
| optimization and characterization of candidate strain for coxsackievirus a16 inactivated vaccine. | coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71), both of which can cause hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), are responsible for large epidemics in asian and pacific areas. although inactivated ev71 vaccines have completed testing in phase iii clinical trials in mainland china, ca16 vaccines are still under development. a vero cell-based inactivated ca16 vaccine was developed by our group. screening identified a ca16 vaccine strain (cc024) isolated from hfmd patients, which had broad cross- ... | 2015 | 26193302 |
| coxsackievirus a6: a new emerging pathogen causing hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks worldwide. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are the predominant pathogens causing outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) worldwide. other human enterovirus a (hev-a) serotypes tend to cause only sporadic hfmd cases. however, since a hfmd caused by coxsackievirus a6 broke out in finland in 2008, ca6 has been identified as the responsible pathogen for a series of hfmd outbreaks in europe, north america and asia. because of the severity of the clinical manifestations and the under ... | 2015 | 26112307 |
| prevalence of coxsackievirus a6 and enterovirus 71 in hand, foot and mouth disease in nanjing, china in 2013. | although hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) has been strongly associated with enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and other enteroviruses, studies regarding coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) infection in hfmd are limited. the aim of this study was to identify the major etiological agents causing hfmd in nanjing in 2013 and explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of the prevalent enterovirus (ev) types in hfmd. | 2015 | 26090576 |
| [research progress on seroepidemiological study of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 infection among children]. | most common causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) are enterovirus 71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16). the symptomatic and asymptomatic cases could transmit the disease in population. many sero-epidemiological surveys were launched to estimate the sero-incidence of ev-a71 and cv-a16 enterovirus, the susceptibility of different sub-population, and to observe the dynamics of neutralizing antibody. a literature search of sero-epidemiological study focused on ev-a71 or cv- ... | 2015 | 26081408 |
| phage display-derived cross-reactive neutralizing antibody against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are members of the picornaviridae family and are considered the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). in recent decades large hfmd outbreaks caused by ev71 and cva16 have become significant public health concerns in the asia-pacific region. vaccines and antiviral drugs are unavailable to prevent ev71 and cva16 infection. in the current study, a chimeric antibody targeting a highly conserved peptide in the ev71 vp4 prote ... | 2016 | 26073737 |
| molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with subgenotype c4a of enterovirus a71 in nanchang, china in 2014. | an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease was reported through hospital-based surveillance in nanchang, china in 2014. a total of 244 cases were reported, 176 (72.1%) cases were tested positive for enteroviruses by direct reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, in which enterovirus a71 (ev-a71), coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16), and untyped enteroviruses (uev) accounted for 84.1%, 3.4%, and 12.5%, respectively. in this outbreak, children under 5 years old constituted more than 98% of the ... | 2015 | 26058813 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease in suzhou city, jiangsu province, china, in 2012-2013. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a serious public health problem that has emerged over the past several decades. pathogen detection by the chinese national hfmd surveillance system has focused mainly on enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). therefore, epidemiological information regarding the other causative enteroviruses is limited. to identify the pandemic enterovirus in suzhou, jiangsu province, china, clinical samples from patients with hfmd were collected from 2012 to 2 ... | 2015 | 26038764 |
| seroepidemiology of coxsackievirus a6, coxsackievirus a16, and enterovirus 71 infections among children and adolescents in singapore, 2008-2010. | coxsackieviruses a6 (cv-a6) and a16 (cv-a16) and enterovirus 71 (ev-a71) have caused periodic epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) among children in singapore. we conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the seroprevalence of these enteroviruses among singapore children and adolescents. the study was conducted between august 2008 and july 2010. it involved 700 singapore residents aged 1-17 years whose residual sera were obtained following the completion of routine biochemical in ... | 2015 | 26011735 |
| enterovirus spectrum from the active surveillance of hand foot and mouth disease patients under the clinical trial of inactivated enterovirus a71 vaccine in jiangsu, china, 2012-2013. | epidemiological data from active surveillance on human enterovirus, which could cause hand, foot, and mouth disease, were limited. an active surveillance system was used to investigate the enterovirus spectrum and the incidence of different enteroviruses in infants aged 6-35 months in jiangsu province from 2012 to 2013. fifty-nine infants were randomly selected from 522 non-ev-a71/cv-a16 hfmd patients. we collected 173 throat swabs and 174 rectal swabs from these infants. rt-pcr was used to ampl ... | 2015 | 26010334 |
| construction and characterization of an infectious cdna clone of echovirus 25. | echovirus 25 (e-25) is a member of the enterovirus family and a common pathogen that induces hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), meningitis, skin rash, and respiratory illnesses. in this study, we constructed and characterized an infectious full-length e-25 cdna clone derived from the xm0297 strain, which was the first subgenotype d6 strain isolated in xiamen, china. the 5'-untranslated regions (5'-utr), p3 (3a-3b, 3d) and p3 (3c) regions of this e-25 (xm0297) strain were highly similar to ev- ... | 2015 | 26004198 |
| cellular proteome alterations in response to enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 infections in neuronal and intestinal cell lines. | hand, foot and mouth disease is mainly caused by enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16), but ev-a71 is also associated with severe neurological complications. host factors may contribute to the different clinical outcomes of ev-a71 and cv-a16 infections. a neurovirulent ev-a71 strain (ev-a71/uh1) from a fatal case, a non-neurovirulent ev-a71 strain (ev-a71/sha66) and a cv-a16 strain (cv-a16/22159) from cases of uncomplicated hfmd were used. replication of the viruses in sk-n-mc ... | 2015 | 26003530 |
| the epidemiological study of coxsackievirus a6 revealing hand, foot and mouth disease epidemic patterns in guangdong, china. | enterovirus a71 (eva71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are regarded as the two major causative pathogens in hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) epidemics. however, cva6, previously largely ignored, became the predominant pathogen in china in 2013. in this study, we describe the epidemiological trends of cva6 during the annual hfmd outbreaks from 2008 to 2013 in guangdong, china. the study results show that cva6 has been one of three major causative agents of hfmd epidemics since 2009. the period ... | 2015 | 25993899 |
| microchip capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence combined with one-step duplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for the rapid detection of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in throat swab specimens. | enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 are the main pathogens causing hand-foot-mouth disease. in this paper, microchip capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence combined with one-step duplex reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction has been developed for the detection of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in throat swab specimens. the specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplicons labeled with sybr orange were separated by microchip capillary electropho ... | 2015 | 25953405 |
| characterization of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease in shenzhen, china, 2009-2013. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is caused by human enteroviruses, especially by enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). patients infected with different enteroviruses show varied clinical symptoms. the aim of this study was to determine whether the etiological spectrum of mild and severe hfmd changed, and the association between pathogens and clinical features. from 2009 to 2013, a total of 2,299 stool or rectal specimens were collected with corresponding patient data. a dynami ... | 2015 | 25951788 |
| two models for changes of ev71 immunity in infants and young children. | human enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been associated with outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) in china. susceptibility to ev71 is associated with age, but few studies have been accomplished to measure such a relationship. a better understanding of the connection between susceptibility and age is necessary to develop strategies for control of hfmd. in 2010, a survey of an epidemic of ev71 was conducted in a northern city of jiangsu province in china. samples were tested serologically to id ... | 2015 | 25906390 |
| [molecular epidemiology of hfmd-associated pathogen coxsackievirus a6 in fujian province, 2011-2013]. | in order to characterize the molecular epidemiology of hfmd-associated coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) in fujian province, a total of 1340 specimens from non-ev71 non-cva16 hfmd patients were collected during 2011-2013. isolated virus strains were identified and subtyped. full-length coding regions for the vp1 gene of the predominant serotype cva6 isolates were amplified and sequenced. among the 375 non-ev71 non-cva16 hfmd cases confirmed by virus isolation and molecular subtyping, 182 (48.5%) were fou ... | 2014 | 25868276 |
| dynamic constitution of the pathogens inducing encephalitis in hand, foot and mouth disease in kunming, 2009-2011. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), caused by various viral pathogens, is an emerging infectious disease in children in asia. understanding the composition of these pathogens is necessary to prevent and control this disease. in the present study, the pathogens in 436 hfmd patients (from 2009 to 2011) with concurrent clinical indications of encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, or both, were defined using the semi-nested pcr. a systematic analysis of the composition of these pathogens was performed ... | 2015 | 25866107 |
| crystal structures of yeast-produced enterovirus 71 and enterovirus 71/coxsackievirus a16 chimeric virus-like particles provide the structural basis for novel vaccine design against hand-foot-and-mouth disease. | human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the two major causative agents for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). previously, we demonstrated that a virus-like particle (vlp) for ev71 produced from saccharomyces cerevisiae is a potential vaccine candidate against ev71 infection, and an ev71/cva16 chimeric vlp can elicit protective immune responses against both virus infections. here, we presented the crystal structures of both vlps, showing that both the linear and conformati ... | 2015 | 25833050 |
| comparative pathogenicity of coxsackievirus a16 circulating and noncirculating strains in vitro and in a neonatal mouse model. | an enterovirus 71 (ev71) vaccine for the prevention of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hmfd) is available, but it is not known whether the ev71 vaccine cross-protects against coxsackievirus (cv) infection. furthermore, although an inactivated circulating cva16 changchun 024 (cc024) strain vaccine candidate is effective in newborn mice, the cc024 strain causes severe lesions in muscle and lung tissues. therefore, an effective cv vaccine with improved pathogenic safety is needed. the aim of this st ... | 2015 | 25831207 |