| sociality, stress, and the corpus striatum of the green anolis lizard. | the green anolis lizard, anolis carolinensis, is a uniquely convenient species with great potential for providing insights about the causes and consequences of social behavior from an evolutionary perspective. in this species, social interactions are mediated by visual displays in which specific units of behavior are combined in various ways to communicate several more-or-less specific messages. two related research programs that utilize this species converge in provocative ways to provide insig ... | 2003 | 12954437 |
| intersexual differences in energy expenditure of anolis carolinensis lizards during breeding and postbreeding seasons. | although the amount of energy that males and females invest in reproduction is an integral component of theories explaining the evolution of particular mating strategies, few studies have actually determined the amount of energy that each sex allocates to reproduction. we compared how energy is expended by male and female anolis carolinensis lizards during both the breeding and postbreeding seasons. we used laboratory respirometry to determine resting metabolic rates (rmrs) of inactive, freshly ... | 2006 | 15057717 |
| fiber type composition of the muscle responsible for throat fan extension in green anole lizards. | throat fan (dewlap) extension is sexually dimorphic in green anole lizards (anolis carolinensis). males have larger dewlaps which they display more frequently than females. correlated with the behavior, sexual dimorphisms occur in the skeletal, muscular and neural structures responsible for dewlap extension in green anoles. we used histochemical techniques to stain for myosin atpase and succinate dehydrogenase (sdh) to determine whether sex differences also exist in fiber type composition of the ... | 2004 | 15051965 |
| characterization of projections from a sexually dimorphic motor nucleus in the spinal cord of adult green anoles. | male green anoles possess two copulatory organs (hemipenes), which are independently controlled by bilateral muscles: the transversus penis (tpn) and retractor penis magnus (rpm). adult females do not possess hemipenes or either of the two related muscles. motoneurons projecting to the tpn lie in spinal segments trunk 17 and sacral 1 (t17-s1). overall, motoneurons in this region are larger and more numerous in males than females. the present studies were designed to determine 1) whether motoneur ... | 2004 | 14986311 |
| the green anole (anolis carolinensis): a reptilian model for laboratory studies of reproductive morphology and behavior. | the green anol (anolis carolinensis) is an excellent reptilian model for studying reproductive behavior and the neural and muscular morphology that supports it. this lizard has been the subject of behavioral and ecological study for more than 100 yr, and a rich literature exists on its natural history. both courtship and copulatory behaviors reveal sex and seasonal differences, which allow for the study of mechanisms regulation naturally occurring variation in performance at multiple levels with ... | 2004 | 14756155 |
| form emergence and fixation of head bobbing displays in the green anole lizard (anolis carolinensis): a reptilian model of signal ontogeny. | signal ontogeny was examined in green anoles (anolis carolinensis). from 1,246 head bob displays given by 114 juveniles, it was found that juveniles possessed all 3 display types (a, b, and c) described for adults and that c displays were present at hatching, but a and b displays appeared to emerge gradually from a common precursor. durations of the head bobs and pauses that make up juvenile displays tended to be more variable (i.e., less stereotyped) than those of adult displays. however, withi ... | 2003 | 12856783 |
| a biomechanical analysis of intra- and interspecific scaling of jumping and morphology in caribbean anolis lizards. | scaling models predict how functional variables change as animals grow or increase in size evolutionarily. however, few experimental studies have found support for the predictions of these models. here, we use a force plate to investigate the scaling of functional variables associated with jumping within (for three species) and across adults of 12 species of anolis lizards. both ontogenetically (with the exception of anolis carolinensis) and across the 12 species examined, limb dimensions increa ... | 2003 | 12819270 |
| rapid glucocorticoid stimulation and gabaergic inhibition of hippocampal serotonergic response: in vivo dialysis in the lizard anolis carolinensis. | central serotonin (5-ht) is activated during stressful situations and aggressive interactions in a number of species. glucocorticoids secreted peripherally during stressful events feed back on central systems and may affect 5-ht mediation of stress-induced behavioral events. to test the neuromodulatory effect of stress hormone secretion, serotonin overflow was measured from the hippocampus of the lizard anolis carolinensis. microdialysis was used to collect repeated samples from anesthetized liz ... | 2003 | 12614656 |
| temporal patterns of limbic monoamine and plasma corticosterone response during social stress. | dominant and subordinate males respond differently to the stress of social interaction. after an hour of social interaction, subordinate male anolis carolinensis have elevated serotonergic activity in hippocampus, but dominant males do not. in other species, and using other stressors, the activation of hippocampal serotonergic activity is much more rapid than one hour. to elucidate early stress responsiveness, adult male a. carolinensis were divided into four groups: isolated controls, and pairs ... | 2003 | 12559110 |
| yolk testosterone varies with sex in eggs of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | in the green anole (anolis carolinensis), a lizard with genotypic sex determination, yolk testosterone (t) concentration is greater in male-producing than female-producing eggs at oviposition, but the source and potential effects were not clear from previous studies. if yolk t levels are also sex-specific before eggs are laid, a period during which embryonic steroidogenesis is unlikely, it would strongly suggest that the difference in yolk t is maternally derived. we collected yolk samples from ... | 2003 | 12541305 |
| social interaction over time, implications for stress responsiveness. | behavioral interaction during social situations is a continuum of action, response, and reaction. the temporal nature of social interaction creates a series of stressful situations, such as aggression, displacement from resources, and the variable psychological challenge of adapting to dynamic social hierarchies. the ebb and flow of neurochemical and endocrine secretions during social stress provide a unique tool for understanding individualized responses to stress. each social station is an ada ... | 2002 | 21708755 |
| ethological aspects of stress in a model lizard, anolis carolinensis. | research on the stress response in reptiles can provide a useful comparative perspective for understanding how the constituent elements of the response can be put into service of diverse behavioral adaptations. a summary of the neural and endocrine causes and consequences of specific behavioral patterns seen in the small diurnal lizard, anolis carolinensis, has provided a model for the exploration of the dynamics of autonomic and neurohormonal contributions to adaptive behavior. in this species, ... | 2002 | 21708748 |
| tasty on the outside, but toxic in the middle: grasshopper regurgitation and host plant-mediated toxicity to a vertebrate predator. | regurgitation by arthropods is often considered to be a rudimentary form of defense against predators. in phytophagous insects, regurgitate composition will vary with diet, and plant secondary compounds from host plants can contribute to the effectiveness of regurgitate deterrence. regurgitation in response to predator attack is particularly common in grasshoppers. however, there is little empirical evidence in favor of grasshopper regurgitation as an effective antipredator mechanism in natural ... | 2001 | 24549911 |
| ultrastructural contributions to an understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in lizard skin shedding with comments on the function and evolution of a unique lepidosaurian phenomenon. | previous reports on the fine structure of lizard epidermis are confirmed and extended by sem and tem observations of cell differentiation and the form of shed material from the american anole anolis carolinensis. attention is drawn to two issues: 1) the tips of the spinules arising from the mature oberhautchen are markedly curved; this morphology can be seen during differentiation; 2) the median keels of scales from all parts of the body show "naked" oberhautchen cells that lack characteristic s ... | 1998 | 29852669 |
| the mechanism of dewlap extension in anolis carolinensis (reptilia: iguanidae) with histological analysis of the hyoid apparatus. | anolis carolinensis has two aggressive displays involving movements of the hyoid apparatus: erection of the throat and extension of the dewlap. erection of the throat is an enlargement of the gular region and dewlap extension consists of a vertical erection of the gular flap. cinefluoroscopy and high speed cinematography show that the dewlap is extended in three phases: 1) protraction of the entire hyoid apparatus; 2) forward pivoting movement of the ceratobranchials ii; and 3) retraction of the ... | 1990 | 29865772 |
| the double nucleus of the sertoli cell in the lizard anolis carolinensis. | over 90% of the sertoli cells in the testes of adult lizards (anolis carolinensis) are binucleate. the nuclei occur in closely associated pairs in the basal cytoplasm of the sertoli cells that line the testis tubules. the two nuclei of a pair are of similar volume, and each usually contains one conspicuous rounded nucleolus. the average volume of individual nuclei varies from 367.8 microm(3) in spermatogenically active testes in march to 172.5 microm(3) in september, when testes are regressed. t ... | 1990 | 18620301 |
| development of an avascular region (the stigma) in ovarian follicles of lizards (anolis). | the architecture of follicular blood vessels in the ovary of lizards (anolis equestris and anolis carolinensis) was studied by standard histology and also after vascular perfusion with an orange silicone-rubber compound or with india ink. the theca of the follicular wall contains a netlike arrangement of anastomosing sinusoids, which increase in size as a follicle grows. an avascular stigma forms in very small, growing follicles when a portion of the follicular wall contacts the ovarian surface ... | 1987 | 29907009 |
| seasonal changes in a lizard pituitary: immunocytochemistry and ultrastructural morphometry of lactotropes, corticotropes, and gonadotropes. | pituitary glands of adult male lizards (anolis carolinensis) were studied in an effort to monitor seasonal cytologic changes quantitatively. cells were identified immunocytochemically and on the basis of ultrastructural characteristics. electron micrographs of the anterior pars distalis (containing lactotropes, corticotropes, and gonadotropes) of lizards collected in spring and fall were analyzed morphometrically. lactotropes are the most numerous cell type in this area and occupy the largest vo ... | 1987 | 29925203 |
| the fine structure of early tooth formation in an lguanid lizard, anolis carolinensis. | cytodifferentiation and hard tissue formation were studied in anolis to collect information regarding the phylogenetic history of enamel and the functional significance of the events seen in the mammalian tooth during differentiation. the differentiation of the ameloblasts of anolis, like that of mammals, shows two phases: in the early phase, the cells are short and rich in free ribosomes, in the late phase the cells elongate, develop an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the golgi appar ... | 1985 | 30005564 |
| a forebrain atlas and stereotaxic technique for the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | a forebrain atlas and stereotaxic neurosurgical techniques were developed for use in anatomical and behavioral experiments on the green anolis lizard (anolis carolinensis). green anoles are convenient and robust experimental subjects with a rich behavioral repertoire, the social components of which are partly under hormonal control. the technique and atlas were devised to conduct neuroethological investigations of the effect of lesions on species-typical display behavior. the atlas consists of 1 ... | 1982 | 30081617 |
| sperm transfer and storage in the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | the relationship of the hemipenis to the cloaca in copula and sperm storage and transport in the female oviduct were studied in anolis carolinensis using light and scanning electron microscopy. during copulation, the hemipenis does not penetrate beyond the cloaca, but the two apical openings of the bifurcate sulcus spermaticus appose the openings of the oviducts from the cloaca. sperm enter the sperm storage tubules between 2 and 6 hr after insemination and small amounts of sperm reach the infun ... | 1980 | 30180393 |
| hemipenile preference: stimulus control of male mounting behavior in the lizard anolis carolinensis. | the urogenital system of squamate reptiles is represented by separate, bilaterally symmetrical tracts. males alternate in their use of the right and left hemipenes. sensory feedback from the hemipenis and, to a lesser extent, from the ipsilateral testis is important in determining which hemipenis the male will use for mating. | 1978 | 17812952 |
| thermoregulatory function of the parietal eye in the lizard anolis carolinensis. | animals were acclimitized to a daily cycle of 15-25°c and a photoperiod of ld 12:12. parietalectomized animals in an experimental thermal gradient (15°c-40°c, ld 12:12) selected significantly higher temperatures than controls at all hours of the day except from 0800-1200. these results suggest that the lizard parapineal plays a direct role in thermoregulation in addition to the indirect function as an illuminometer. | 1974 | 28308800 |
| some morphological and ultrastructural changes in the ependyma of the amputation stump during early regeneration of the tail in the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | light and electron microscope studies indicate that the old ependyma just proximal to the plane of amputation in early lizard tail regenerates shows a sequence of morphological changes which suggests that it as well as the new ependyma growing into the regenerate may play an active role in the initiation and maintenance of early tail regeneration. the old ependyma close to the plane of amputation undergoes hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia causing a partial closure of the central canal and pseudost ... | 1973 | 30336651 |
| presence of lateral eye lens crystallins in the median eye of the american chameleon. | with the use of immunofluorescence techniques, gamma globulin antibody specific for the crystallins of anolis carolinensis lateral eye lens was applied to sections through the median (parapineal) eye of anolis carolinensis. only the median eye lens exhibited fluorescence specific for the crystallins; other structures were negative. these results indicate that the lens of the reptilean median eye shares tissue-specific antigenic determinants with the lens of the lateral eye. this suggests a possi ... | 1972 | 17836135 |
| [electron microscopic studies on the cytology and angiology of the epiphysial stalk of anolis carolinensis]. | | 1965 | 14326930 |
| neural activity in the parietal eye of a lizard. | electrical signs of activity in response to illumination of the parietal eye of the american chameleon, anolis carolinensis, have been investigated. the responses were of two types. under conditions of direct-coupled amplification, with glass pipette electrodes recording extracellularly from the retinal surface, the response consisted of an increase in negativity maintained throughout prolonged illumination. with capacitance-coupled amplification and metal electrodes, brisk mass discharges of ne ... | 1962 | 14474119 |
| blood chemistry and parietal eye of anolis carolinensis. | | 1957 | 13505877 |
| the effect of sulfhydryl inhibitors and thiol compounds on pigment aggregation and dispersion in the melanophores of anolis carolinensis. | | 1957 | 13480308 |
| photoperiodic stimulation of appetite and growth in the male lizard, anolis carolinensis. | | 1957 | 13475660 |
| the development of the reproductive system of a lizard, anolis carolinensis. | | 1956 | 13302156 |
| effect of season on appetite and food consumption of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | | 1955 | 13273501 |
| hibernation of the lizard anolis carolinensis. | | 1953 | 13037893 |
| biochemical studies on the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | | 2020 | 12983399 |
| the effects of thiourea on the thyroid gland and molting behavior of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | | 1949 | 15396601 |
| the effect of posterior lobe principles and certain amines on the melanophores of anolis carolinensis. | | 1946 | 21020559 |
| social behavior of the normal and castrated lizard, anolis carolinensis. | | 1936 | 17742372 |