| a probable waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in the sheffield area. | there was a marked peak in human cases of cryptosporidiosis in the sheffield area in may and june 1986. extensive epidemiological investigations failed to find a common source of food or a consistent history of animal contact, but did suggest that a waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis may have occurred. cryptosporidium oocysts were found in untreated water and in fish from a reservoir complex implicated by epidemiological analysis. laboratory investigations confirmed that cattle on a farm a ... | 1990 | 2391708 |
| the list of threatening experiences: the reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire. | during the 23 years since the original work of holmes & rahe, research into stressful life events on human subjects has tended towards the development of longer and more complex inventories. the list of threatening experiences (lte) of brugha et al., by virtue of its brevity, overcomes difficulties of clinical application. in a study of 50 psychiatric patients and informants, the questionnaire version of the list (lte-q) was shown to have high test-retest reliability, and good agreement with inf ... | 1990 | 2399824 |
| survey of attitudes to testing for human immunodeficiency virus infection in antenatal clinics in west glamorgan. | | 1990 | 2400754 |
| restriction enzyme analysis of faecal adenoviruses in newcastle upon tyne. | adenovirus dna was isolated directly from virus-containing stools and digested with restriction endonucleases. the resulting fragments were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) and visualized by silver staining. this enabled us to assign most of the viruses detected to subgenus, serotype and, sometimes, unique strains. although less sensitive than electron microscopy, the method allowed more information about the infecting virus to be obtained and no cultivation was necessary. ... | 1988 | 2460364 |
| prejudice and aids: the views and experiences of people with hiv infection. | discrimination against people on the basis of physical or mental infirmity is common and creates a considerable burden for sufferers. there has been considerable debate about the prejudice against people with disease resulting from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. this study reports on the views and experiences of stigmatization by 192 outpatients with hiv infection interviewed at two london teaching hospitals. despite reticence about discussing their infection, one quarter of patie ... | 1989 | 2488279 |
| the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in the elderly in a surgical biopsy population: a retrospective analysis of 4042 cases. | a series of over 4000 oral mucosal biopsy cases was examined in two age groups, elderly (greater than or equal to 65 years) and non-elderly, and allocated between seven diagnostic categories. the data were analysed against the know age-sex distribution of the general population of the mersey region from which the oral biopsy cases had been drawn. the distribution of diagnostic categories was significantly different between the two age groups. for all diagnostic categories except mucosal cysts (m ... | 1989 | 2488722 |
| the locus standi of an unborn child threatened with abortion. | the abortion law of england is set out and the recent case of c v s, which was an unsuccessful attempt to restrain an abortion by the unmarried father of the unborn child. neither the father nor the unborn child has the locus standi to bring such an action. legal personality and rights and duties with reference to the unborn child are investigated. | 1989 | 2493556 |
| the dilemma of the reproduction revolution. | | 1989 | 2494329 |
| human immunodeficiency viruses in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in london, 1982-7. | to determine the prevalence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in all patients attending a london sexually transmitted disease clinic over four weeks at the end of 1987 and to see how it varied from that in similar samples studied between 1982 and 1986. | 1989 | 2495047 |
| chronic liver disease. a case control study of the effect of previous blood transfusion. | a means of assessing hepatitis nanb virus infection, via blood transfusion, as a cause of chronic liver disease was investigated in a hospital in each of two cities in england. patients with chronic liver disease were matched for age and sex with other patients in the same hospital and histories taken included details of previous operations and blood transfusions; if these were within ten years of the study enquiries were made of hospital records officers. all positive histories were found corre ... | 1989 | 2498969 |
| sexual behaviour of young and middle aged men in england and wales. | establishing patterns of sexual behaviour is essential in predicting the future spread of hiv. the sexual behaviour patterns of a randomly selected sample of 480 white men aged 15 to 49 were obtained by interview and analysed in relation to age, social class, and area of residence. over half of the men had first had intercourse before the age of 18 and over three quarters had done so before the age of 20. age at first intercourse tended to be lower in more recent birth cohorts and in social clas ... | 1989 | 2500166 |
| radioiodine in human thyroid glands and incidence of thyroid cancer in cumbria. | | 1989 | 2504410 |
| the liverpool chimaera. | a dispermic human chimaera is described who is a fertile female xx/xy chimaera. the chimaera was discovered due to anomalies found during routine antenatal testing. the patient had two red cell populations differing in three blood group systems; abo, rh and mn. analysis of cultured lymphocytes showed 70% of cells to have the 46, xy male karyotype and analysis of cultured skin cells showed 30% of cells to have the 46, xy karyotype. | 1989 | 2506694 |
| uptake of influenza vaccination by patients with serious cardiac disease. | | 1989 | 2506971 |
| brain stem death and organ donation. | organs for donation are in short supply in the united kingdom, resulting in allegations that relatives of potential donors are not being asked for consent. legislation on "required request" has been proposed to overcome this. the incidence, causes, complications, and patterns of organ donation in brain stem dead patients in one referral centre were studied over 12 months. data were collected on all patients fulfilling criteria for brain stem death or considered suitable for donating organs after ... | 1989 | 2511940 |
| monitoring the prevalence of hiv. | britain's department of health has proposed a program of extensive human immunodeficiecy virus (hiv) testing of unlinked anonymous blood samples from patients in a variety of health care settings in england and wales. the program's aim is to provide estimates of the prevalence of hiv infection in the population, and of the rate of change of prevalence estimates over time. this information will be used to target prevention campaigns to high-risk populations, and to determine future allocations ... | 1989 | 2513926 |
| clinical manifestations of human parvovirus b19 in adults. | human parvovirus b19 has been associated with various clinical effects in a number of uncontrolled reports. to define the usual manifestations of b19 infection in adults and the factors that influence them we present a clinicoepidemiological study of an outbreak of b19 infection centered on a junior school. four hundred fifty-three of 475 adults in this community were interviewed and blood was obtained for serological diagnosis. fifty-four cases of recent infection were identified and were hla t ... | 1989 | 2541666 |
| epidemiology of parainfluenza virus type 3 in england and wales over a ten-year period. | we have analysed data on respiratory syncytial (rs) and parainfluenza type 3 (pf3) viruses reported to the communicable disease surveillance centre, london, over the period 1978-87. these confirm the annual winter epidemic of rs virus and show that, in england and wales, pf3 is a summer infection with regular yearly epidemics. | 1989 | 2544442 |
| human papillomavirus type 31 infection of the uterine cervix in england. | a total of 452 uterine cervical scrapes, from two centres in england, has been examined by dot blot hybridisation for the presence of human papilloma virus (hpv) types 6, 11, 16, 18 and 31. hpv dna was found in 36.5% samples. twenty-nine of the women were infected with more than one type. of those with detectable hpv, 14.5% had hpv type 31 infections. this type appears to cause significant infection of the genital tract in england. | 1989 | 2545788 |
| group c rotavirus infections in patients with diarrhea in thailand, nepal, and england. | atypical rotavirus obtained from fecal specimens of six patients with diarrhea from thailand, nepal, and england were characterized by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immune electron microscopy. the electropherotypes were characteristic of the porcine reference group c rotavirus strain but demonstrated considerable strain-to-strain variation. human convalescent group c sera had a high titer (1:320) when tested against the human isolates and a low titer (1:40) when tested against a p ... | 1989 | 2547880 |
| erythema infectiosum in a primary school: investigation of an outbreak in bury. | between january and april 1987, 97 of 302 (32%) children attending a primary school in bury, lancashire, were affected by an exanthematous illness. the duration and extent of the episode caused considerable local interest and anxiety. examination of 6 serum specimens obtained during the subsequent investigation demonstrated evidence of recent human parvovirus b19 infection in 3 children and 1 teacher. no evidence of recent rubella virus infection was found. the investigation of the episode is di ... | 1989 | 2552489 |
| london general practitioners' involvement with hiv infection. | a total of 2510 general practitioners in the london postal districts were circulated with a questionnaire about their involvement with patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection--1261 (50%) replies could be analysed. over half of the respondents had at least one patients who was hiv seropositive and most felt confident to handle such patients' psychosocial problems. although almost 60% of doctors had attended at least one postgraduate teaching session on the acquired immune defic ... | 1989 | 2556542 |
| conservative management of an echovirus 11 outbreak in a neonatal unit. | two babies in a neonatal unit presented on the same day with meningitis due to echovirus 11, which was thought to have been introduced by staff. at this time echovirus 11 was also isolated from the stools of eight other babies; five of them did not have signs of infection. no intervention was made except to emphasise the importance of handwashing. there was evidence of secondary spread to two babies who were both clinically well. the attack rate was twelve (29%) of forty-one babies exposed. seve ... | 1989 | 2564069 |
| relation between infection with a subtype of hpv16 and cervical neoplasia. | a variant (hpv16b) of the previously described human papillomavirus (hpv)16 (now called hpv16a) has been identified by polymerase chain reaction assays. compared with hpv16a, hpv16b has a 21bp deletion and several point mutations within the upstream regulatory region. all cervical carcinoma samples studied contained only hpv16a. hpv16b was found only rarely in cervical neoplasia but was common in the normal population. | 1989 | 2566780 |
| evidence for recent changes in sexual behaviour in homosexual men in england and wales. | over 80% of cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in england and wales have occurred in homosexual men. changes in sexual behaviour in this group may have a substantial influence on the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and will therefore be crucial in determining future cases of aids. this paper critically weighs the indirect and direct evidence for changes in behaviour in homosexual men since the advent of the aids epidemic. the paper reports on falling in ... | 1989 | 2572014 |
| epidemiological and statistical aspects of the aids epidemic: introduction. | in 1988, a government working party studied estimates of incidence and prevalence of numbers of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) cases. they investigated a series of epidemiological, statistical and mathematical problems associated with predicting trends in incidences of aids. this paper introduces a series of papers that give a fuller and more technical exposition of the appendixes of that working party report. the papers provide a brief background to the current state of knowledge on ... | 1989 | 2572020 |
| assessment of the axicare human milk pasteuriser (cm80). | the performance of the axicare human milk pasteurizer was evaluated under different load conditions. the design criteria for pasteurisation specified that milk should be held at 63 degrees c for 30 min. the holding time at this temperature was insufficient if bottles of milk frozen at -20 degrees c were placed into the machine as directed, after the water-bath preheating phase. however, if the machine was loaded with frozen bottles before the whole cycle was commenced, adequate thawing and warmi ... | 1989 | 2572634 |
| subtypes of human papillomavirus 16 in cervical tissue. | | 1989 | 2574295 |
| [aids--the most important events in 1988. the london declaration. resolution on avoiding discrimination]. | two documents are discussed whose acceptance the author considers as the most important events in 1988 in the control of aids, that is the london declaration and the resolution of the 41st world health assembly concerning avoiding of discrimination of subjects infected with hiv and aids patients. both these documents are of essential epoch-making importance for facilitation of the trend of the further prophylactic actions conducted for halting the aids epidemic in the whole world. | 1989 | 2576569 |
| pseudologia fantastica: a case study of a man charged with murder. | a case of pseudologia fantastica is presented in a man charged with murder. psychological assessment revealed him to be highly compliant and suggestible, consistent with early research (healy and healy, 1915) which showed pathological liars to be suggestible to misleading information. a specific dyslexic disorder is also demonstrated, and the possible mechanisms behind the man's lying considered. some implications regarding the reliability of the man's varying confessions to the police are discu ... | 1989 | 2586275 |
| [a comparison of the spectra of antibodies to individual proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus in seropositive sera collected in the territories of the ussr and england]. | antibody spectra to individual proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in 74 seropositive serum samples collected in the ussr and 65 serum samples collected in britain were studied by immunoblotting techniques. most of the sera belonged to clinically healthy persons, some of the sera collected in britain contained specific igm antibodies. the results were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. in the former case the study of samples collected both in the ussr and in britain yielded s ... | 1989 | 2588879 |
| teaching medicine in general practice: the guy's experience. | the development of teaching in general practice at guy's hospital medical school is described. important features of the current programme (a new programme for the united schools of guy's and st thomas' hospitals will come into effect this year) are the emphasis on learning directly from patients and the active role and responsibility given to clinical students. students welcome the opportunities to see patients first, to deal with undifferentiated problems, to work with one clinical teacher, to ... | 1989 | 2593881 |
| the epidemiology of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. v. the status of subspecies of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. | twenty-five years ago williams and sweatman suggested that in great britain there are two subspecies of echinococcus granulosus--e. granulosus granulosus and e. granulosus equinus. echinococcus granulosus granulosus does not mature either in foxes or in horses: e. granulosus equinus will mature in either. the prepatent period of e. granulosus granulosus in the definitive host is about 42 days while that of e. granulosus equinus is about 70 days. each subspecies has a characteristic morphology. m ... | 1989 | 2596902 |
| fatal echovirus 7 infection during an outbreak in a special care baby unit. | a case of fatal echovirus 7 infection in a neonate which was probably acquired from the symptomatic mother and an outbreak of infection in a neonatal unit are described. the baby who died had extensive haemorrhagic necrosis of the brain, liver, adrenal glands and kidneys as well as disseminated intravascular coagulation. three other babies and one member of staff were found to be infected. no other babies died. human normal immunoglobulin was administered to all babies on the unit. | 1989 | 2600441 |
| workers exposed to ethylene oxide: a follow up study. | a cohort study has been carried out of 2876 men and women with potential exposure to ethylene oxide. subjects were identified from employment records at four companies that have produced or used ethylene oxide since the 1950s and at eight hospitals which have had ethylene oxide sterilising units since the 1960s. the cohort represents a substantial proportion of the british workforce with a history of occupational exposure to ethylene oxide. industrial hygiene data were not available before 1977, ... | 1989 | 2611160 |
| influenza influence. | | 1989 | 2616319 |
| epidemiology of human t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (htlv-1) infections in a subpopulation of afro-caribbean origin in england. | epidemiological studies on neurological diseases in residents of afro-caribbean origin in the west midlands region of england have identified eight patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (tsp), all of whom were found to be infected with human t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (htlv-1). the husband of one of the patients with tsp was also infected with htlv-1 and had a t-cell lymphoma. in addition, six asymptomatic htlv-1-infected first-degree relatives of the tsp patients have been foun ... | 1989 | 2621455 |
| longitudinal studies based on vital registration records. | we describe here the increased use of routine vital event and census records to construct national follow-up and longitudinal studies. the strengths and weaknesses of these studies are discussed and examples given of their use in research into relationships between employment and mortality and socio-economic differences in mortality. | 1989 | 2626588 |
| persistent and transient clones of salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141 recognized by biotyping. | among the 81 cultures of salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141 examined, 72 had been isolated from sheffield incidents in 1984-5 and 9 were scottish isolates from 1986-7. all of these cultures from diverse sources belonged to primary biotype 31; 79 were of full biotype 31beg and 2 anaerogenic cultures were of full biotype 31begj. this is the first known occasion on which an epidemic strain of s. typhimurium of phage type/biotype 141/31beg has been implicated in outbreaks of human or animal in ... | 1989 | 2645152 |
| a prospective study of the incidence and significance of fetal choroid plexus cysts. | cysts of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle can be detected in the fetus during routine scanning at 16-18 weeks' gestation with an approximate incident of one in every 120 pregnancies. it is likely that in a high percentage of cases cysts are bilateral and that their recent discovery is mainly due to improvements in imaging technology. although the great majority of cases resolve and do not result in any morbidity, five cases of trisomy 18 and one case of trisomy 21 associated with feta ... | 1989 | 2652132 |
| verotoxin-producing escherichia coli infections in sheffield: cattle as a possible source. | during 1986 and 1987, faecal samples from patients with haemorrhagic colitis (hc) or haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus) were examined for evidence of infection by verotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec). during the 2-year period vtec infections were found in 31 (78%) of 40 patients initially presenting with hc, and in 5 (63%) of 8 patients initially presenting with hus. vtec were found in only 2 (0.9%) of 229 age and sex matched control patients with acute non-bloody diarrhoea. all but one vt ... | 1989 | 2661252 |
| aids vaccine study begins in england. | | 1989 | 2668833 |
| acquisition of a drug resistance plasmid converts salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 to phage type 24. | salmonella enteritidis accounted for 55% of the 27,478 salmonellae isolated from humans in england and wales during 1988. within this serotype phage type 24 has increased from 24 isolations in 1987 to 201 in 1988. the high frequency of drug resistance in this phage type has been shown to be due to the presence of plasmids belonging to inc n and coding for resistance to a range of antimicrobial drugs among which resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline (ast) and t predominate. these p ... | 1989 | 2680544 |
| dna discoverer james watson now dreams of curing genetic diseases. | | 1989 | 2685379 |
| who was the first to describe anorexia nervosa: gull or lasègue? | leading articles or textbooks on anorexia nervosa generally give credit for its discovery to either the british physician william withey gull or to the french neuropsychiatrist ernest charles lasègue. although the major contributions of both men show a remarkable but independent coincidence around 1873, gull is mostly given a slight priority because of a rather cryptic mention of an anorexia-like condition in a paper read in 1868. an analysis of the events, however, shows that the british physic ... | 1989 | 2687918 |
| roe v. wade and the history of abortion regulation. | in "roe," the supreme court found that the privacy right in the 14th amendment's view of "personal liberty" encompasses a woman's right to choose an abortion. the court found that "abortion is a fundamental right." these conclusions are mistaken. the court's analysis of "the history of abortion regulation" had a lot of errors and did not consider the state of technology in which abortion evolved. sir edward coke, a 16th and 17th century jurist, said that abortion was a "great misprison." qu ... | 1989 | 2690604 |
| dr richard bright--a man of many parts. his bicentenary year--1789-1858. | | 1989 | 2692780 |
| the strange tale of martin van butchell. | in the eighteenth century, a pedestrian strolling around georgian london may have witnessed the bizarre sight of an ageing gentleman parading the streets on a painted horse and brandishing the jawbone of an ass. not only was this man an eccentric, he was also a dentist. david watkins here relates the remarkable story of martin van butchell, a dentist extraordinaire. | 1989 | 2695150 |
| [a historical perspective of human-animal interaction as a field of study]. | a chronological review is given of the most important people, publications, scientific gatherings and societies which have contributed to the development and recognition of human-animal interactions as a field of study. lorenz is recognised as the founder of this new field of study. his contribution was to emphasise the role of humans who have to have a thorough knowledge of animal behaviour and he also pointed out the fact that modern man needs to keep contact with nature. other pioneers were l ... | 1989 | 2699501 |
| attitudes of operating theatre staff to inoculation-risk cases. | in a 12-month period, 177 patients at risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or hepatitis b were operated on. sixty-nine had hiv antibodies. the procedures used to identify these patients and minimize the risk of infection of hospital staff in the operating department are described. all staff working in the operating department were surveyed to determine their caseload, feelings of anxiety, and the incidence of high-risk exposure to infection. anxiety was not related to worklo ... | 1989 | 2702457 |
| hiv testing. human rights assessed. | | 1989 | 2716831 |
| an assessment of the risks to the health of grazing animals from the radioactive contamination of pastures. | as a result of the chernobyl accident sheep and cattle in wales, cumbria and scotland became contaminated with radionuclides of caesium and iodine. in the worst case, the maximum levels of contamination were of the order of 4000 bq/kg of caesium-137 and 2000 bq/kg of caesium-134 in muscle and 2,000,000 bq/kg of iodine-131 in the thyroid gland. calculations show that the radiation dose rates to the animals from these burdens of the radionuclides of caesium would have been approximately one thousa ... | 1989 | 2736377 |
| group c streptococci in human infection: a study of 308 isolates with clinical correlations. | a collection of 308 clinical isolates of beta-haemolytic lancefield group c streptococci was assembled from laboratories in england, nigeria and new zealand. of these, 276 isolates were streptococcus equisimilis, 23 s. milleri and nine s. zooepidemicus. isolates of s. equisimilis in the african collection, though few, gave higher rates of lactose and raffinose fermentation, aesculin hydrolysis and positive alpha-galactosidase reactions than those from elsewhere. erythromycin resistance was found ... | 1989 | 2737252 |
| a two-year study of the distribution of 'thermophilic' campylobacters in human, environmental and food samples from the reading area with particular reference to toxin production and heat-stable serotype. | the incidence of 'thermophilic' campylobacters in foods and environmental samples has been studied over a two-year period. of 781 environmental samples, 529 (67%) were found to contain campylobacters, and campylobacters were isolated from 835 (39%) of 2116 food samples. sewage was almost always contaminated with campylobacters (96.6% of samples) and of the food samples both poultry (55.5%) and offal (47.0%) were commonly contaminated. determination of the heat-stable serotypes of all strains iso ... | 1989 | 2753842 |
| microcomputer networking in the hospital environment: powerful computing for the common man? discussion paper. | | 1989 | 2754683 |
| limits on bilingualism. | speech, in any language, is continuous; speakers provide few reliable cues to the boundaries of words, phrases, or ther meaningful units. to understand speech, listeners must divide the continuous speech stream into portions that correspond to such units. this segmentation process is so basic to human language comprehension that psycholinguists long assumed that all speakers would do it in the same way. in previous research, however, we reported that segmentation routines can be language-specifi ... | 1989 | 2755479 |
| reexamination of london, england, mortality in relation to exposure to acidic aerosols during 1963-1972 winters. | air pollution epidemiology since the 1950s has been able to demonstrate that increases in daily mortality in london, england, were associated with elevated concentrations of index air pollutants, i.e., british smoke (bs) and sulfur dioxide (so2). in this work, we reanalyze that portion of the 1958-1972 winter mortality-pollution record for which daily direct acid aerosol measurements were made at a central site in london (st. bartholomew's medical college). the purposes of these exploratory anal ... | 1989 | 2785034 |
| incidence and nature of human tuberculosis due to mycobacterium africanum in south-east england: 1977-87. | a total of 210 new cases of tuberculosis due to mycobacterium africanum were registered at the south-east regional centre for tuberculosis bacteriology, dulwich, between 1977 and 1987 inclusive. this represented 1.25% of bacteriologically-confirmed cases of tuberculosis in south-east england, an incidence slightly higher than that of disease due to m. bovis. two variants were identified: 150 strains were typed as african i (a type associated with east africa) and 60 as african ii (a type more pr ... | 1989 | 2789145 |
| condom use by heterosexuals attending a department of gum: attitudes and behaviour in the light of hiv infection. | the use of condoms to prevent the further spread of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is one of the main themes of the government's health education campaign against aids. a study of the use of and attitudes towards condoms in 222 heterosexual men and women attending a department of genitourinary medicine (gum) in central london showed that 55% (50/91) to 59% (41/70) of men or women never, and 6% (6/95) to 15% (14/91) always, used condoms with their regular or non-regular sexual partn ... | 1989 | 2807283 |
| ethnicity, sibling, and family correlates of young adults' status attainment: a follow-up study. | longitudinal data were used to examine relationships among sibling variables, perceptions of family environments, and measures of educational attainment, occupational status, and occupational aspirations. the analyses involved 21-year-old australians from anglo-australian, greek, and southern italian families. regression surfaces were plotted from models that included terms to test for possible linear, interaction, and curvilinear associations among the variables. the study indicated that sibsiz ... | 1989 | 2814566 |
| effect of two disinfectant treatments on laboratory analyses. | inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the retrovirus associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), can be achieved both by heating at 56 degrees c and by chemical disinfection with beta-propiolactone (bpl). such treatment of specimens from patients with suspected aids or antibodies to hiv could reduce any occupational risk to laboratory staff. this study demonstrates the effects of these treatments on laboratory analyses. heat treatment of plasma caused clinically ... | 1987 | 2821254 |
| an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a home for the elderly associated with astrovirus type 1 and human calicivirus. | we describe an outbreak of gastroenteritis, which lasted for 22 days in a residential home for the elderly. the outbreak was biphasic and affected 34/42 (80%) residents and 13/29 (44%) members of the staff. calicivirus was associated with cases of illness during the first 9 days of the outbreak, and astrovirus type 1 with cases arising between days 16 to 22. although the symptoms were generally mild, the resources required and the inconvenience caused were considerable. | 1987 | 2826678 |
| pruritus in parvovirus infection. | an outbreak of slapped cheek syndrome (erythema infectiosum) occurred in chepstow between march and june 1986. about 50 children with the illness were seen in one general practice. during the same period five women in the practice developed arthritis associated with human parvovirus infection and four of them suffered marked pruritus. it is suggested that if pruritus is a feature in any patient with an acute onset arthritis, parvovirus infection should be considered as a possible cause. | 1987 | 2826779 |
| recent respiratory and enteric adenovirus infection in children in the manchester area. | seventy-three group b adenoviruses (29 type 3 and 44 type 7) identified in a recent community outbreak were analysed with restriction endonucleases. considerable genetic heterogeneity was identified, particularly amongst the type 3 isolates, but this genome variation could not be correlated with either clinical or epidemiological findings. group f adenoviruses were found in 132 (4.1%) of 3202 stool specimens from children with gastroenteritis and, after rotaviruses, they were the most common vir ... | 1988 | 2830401 |
| an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 37. | an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 37 in liverpool in 1984 is reported. initially serum neutralisation suggested that isolates were type 10 but further neutralisation studies supported by dna restriction enzyme analysis showed that they were type 37. clinical and epidemiological features of this cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, recently recognised in the united kingdom, are presented and the implications for the laboratory investigation discussed. | 1988 | 2841171 |
| aetiology of bilateral sensori-neural deafness in children. | the study was carried out in the department in children born during the four year period 1981-1984 in a well defined geographical areas known as the greater manchester county. the children were investigated for possible congenital infections. perinatal assessment was carried out in conjunction with the paediatricians for aetiological adverse factors. family histories were obtained and parents and siblings were examined for any hearing impairment. a total of 155 cases were investigated. cases wit ... | 1988 | 2852399 |
| cytological screening for cervical cancer and human papillomavirus in general practice. | in a retrospective study of cervical screening in a general practice in birmingham 156 out of 1913 smears taken over three years showed some abnormality. smears from 65 women showed severe non-specific inflammation, and 91 women had various grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, of whom 53 were aged under 30 and 13 over 40. of 35 women with clinical evidence of human papillomavirus, 21 had normal results on cervical testing and 14 abnormal results. the incidence of genital warts among sex ... | 1988 | 2852515 |
| nature, incidence and prognosis of neurological involvement in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in central london. | clinical neurological involvement at various times throughout the illness was recorded in 52% of 122 patients seen in central london who died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). various metabolic encephalopathies, dementias, focal encephalopathies, retinopathies and peripheral nerve pathology were the most frequent manifestations. seven of 9 patients with a neurological presentation had no other major systemic illness. the median time from diagnosis of aids to death was 9 months and ... | 1988 | 2855752 |
| court of appeals rules dhss notice on family planning contrary to law. | in the december 1982 case of gillick v. west norfolk and wisbech aha, the british court of appeal acceded to mrs. victoria gillick's petition that no professional employed by the health authority be permitted to give contraceptive or abortion treatment to any of her children under the age of 16 without her prior knowledge and consent. the ruling held that a 1980 department of health and social security notice allowing treatment of minors without parental consent was contrary to law. the court ... | 1985 | 2856993 |
| aeromonas hydrophila in chlorinated water supplies. | methods for the isolation and enumeration of aeromonas hydrophila in water supplies are described. examination of 286 chlorinated samples collected between july and october showed that 19% of otherwise uncontaminated waters contained aerom. hydrophila, rising to 71% of those from which escherichia coli was isolated. the isolation rate during january and february was only 7% for all samples. on the basis of these results, tap water is a likely source of the aeromonads found in human intestinal fl ... | 1985 | 2859326 |
| rising prevalence of human t-lymphotropic virus type iii (htlv-iii) infection in homosexual men in london. | the prevalence of antibody to htlv-iii has increased from 3.7% (4/107) amongst unselected british homosexual men attending a london sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic during one week in march, 1982, to 21% (26/124) in those attending during one week in july, 1984. seropositive men had a significantly higher prevalence of infection with hepatitis b virus than did seronegative men. 82% (27/33) of the seropositive men in 1984 were symptomless or had only local genito-urinary symptoms referab ... | 1985 | 2860454 |
| coxsackie b, mumps, rubella, and cytomegalovirus specific igm responses in patients with juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in britain, austria, and australia. | patients from england, austria, and australia with recently diagnosed juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1) mellitus (iddm) and matched controls were tested for specific igm responses to coxsackie b1-5 viruses. 37 of 122 (30%) patients aged less than 15, but only 15 of 204 (6%) controls, were positive (p less than 0.005). differences in coxsackie b virus specific igm responses between patients and controls were statistically significant for patients in england and austria (p less th ... | 1985 | 2861361 |
| dual infection with rubella and human parvovirus. | | 1985 | 2863648 |
| human parvovirus and rubella-like illness. | | 1985 | 2863649 |
| koilocyte frequency and prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus infection. | | 1986 | 2869284 |
| risk factors for undescended testis. | the hypothesis that undescended testis is caused by an excess of maternal oestrogen in pregnancy has been tested indirectly in a case-control study comparing mothers of boys with undescended testis (83) and mothers of normal boys (129) born on the same day. the study concentrated on the gestation of the boys, but also investigated the mother's previous obstetric history and postnatal events in the boys. the hypothesis predicted that there should be an excess of nausea, vomiting and hypertension ... | 1986 | 2873109 |
| hydatidiform mole in england and wales 1973-83. | the number of cases of hydatidiform mole (hm) registered annually in england and wales has risen since 1973 to 1.54 per 1000 live births in 1983. for women over 50 the risk per pregnancy was 411 times and for girls under 15 it was six times greater than that for women aged 25-29. 7.75% of patients had chemotherapy for invasive mole or choriocarcinoma. patients who had had oxytocin-induced or prostaglandin-induced uterine evacuation or hysterotomy were more likely to need chemotherapy. human chor ... | 1986 | 2876145 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection in two cohorts of homosexual men: neutralising sera and association of anti-gag antibody with prognosis. | sequential sera from 48 subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-i) were examined over 36 months for the presence of neutralising antibodies, and for specific anti-gag (p24) and anti-env (gp41) antibodies to hiv-i. results were interpreted in terms of clinical outcome during the period 1982/3 to 1985/6. hiv-i-infected subjects who remained symptom-free, by comparison with those who manifested aids or aids-related complex (arc), had a significantly higher titre of anti-p24 ... | 1987 | 2879968 |
| prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, gonorrhoea rates, and changed sexual behaviour in homosexual men in london. | the prevalence of antibody against human immunodeficiency virus (anti-hiv), which rose among british homosexual/bisexual men attending a london sexually-transmitted-disease clinic from 3.7% (4/107) in march, 1982, to 21% (26/124) in july, 1984, was 18.1% (17/94) in april/may 1985, 24.5% (61/249) in january, 1986, and 25.3% (25/99) in november/december, 1986. this slower rise in anti-hiv prevalence coincided with a fall in the annual gonorrhoea rate from 15.3% in 1982 to 5.1% in the first half of ... | 1987 | 2882084 |
| occurrence and properties of fy(att25)+ escherichia coli associated with diarrhoea in calves. | escherichia coli producing the adhesive antigen fy(att25) were isolated from 46 of 1341 (3.4 per cent) e coli isolated from calves on 20 of 164 (12.1 per cent) farms in scotland and england. twenty of the 46 calves had diarrhoea and in nine of these animals there were mixed infections with rotavirus, coronavirus, cryptosporidium and salmonella typhimurium. the f41 fimbrial adhesin was found on one of the fy(att25)+ e coli. this strain also produced heat stable enterotoxin. the remaining fy(att25 ... | 1987 | 2889286 |
| epidemiology of aeromonas species in a hospital. | the occurrence of aeromonas spp. in a hospital water supply, in patients and in the local community was investigated. in healthy persons outside the hospital the isolation rate was 3.6% and among hospital patients it was 6%. seven per cent of water samples yielded aeromonas strains. isolates were typed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sulphur-35 methionine labelled proteins of aeromonas isolates. no relationship between water and human isolates could be establishe ... | 1988 | 2896686 |
| molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of an adult t cell leukaemia virus/human t cell leukaemia virus type i (atlv/htlv-i) isolate of caribbean origin: relationship to other members of the atlv/htlv-i subgroup. | we report the first complete nucleotide sequence of an adult t cell leukaemia virus/human t cell leukaemia virus type i (atlv/htlv-i) isolate from a british patient of caribbean origin. sequence comparisons of our proviral clone (hs-35) with other molecular clones are shown. we note the strong sequence conservation between isolates of caribbean and japanese origin (2.3% divergence), but demonstrate the higher homologies existing between isolates originating from similar geographical areas (appro ... | 1988 | 2899128 |
| association of genetic variant of the glucose transporter with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. | a dna sequence polymorphism, revealed by digestion of genomic dna with the endonuclease xba1 and hybridisation with a complementary dna clone for a human glucose transporter, yields two alleles (sizes 6.2 kbp, the x1 allele; or 5.9 kbp, the x2 allele). the genotype frequencies were investigated in three non-insulin-dependent diabetic populations. the frequencies (%) of x1.x1, x1.x2, and x2.x2 were 13, 51, and 36 among 89 north european diabetic subjects, and 8, 38, 54 among their 104 controls (c ... | 1988 | 2899775 |
| colic, "overfeeding", and symptoms of lactose malabsorption in the breast-fed baby: a possible artifact of feed management? | curtailing the time for which a baby feeds at the first breast, in order to encourage intake from the second breast, may maximise milk production by the mother. with escalation of this situation a point may be reached at which the infant, because of the constraint of his stomach capacity, is unable to consume sufficient calories at a feed, since foremilk is lower in calories than hindmilk. the result will be symptoms of hunger (crying, fretfulness) and maybe even failure to thrive. the low fat c ... | 1988 | 2899785 |
| randomised trials and informed consent. | a british barrister analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the recommendations of the medical research council's cancer therapy committee on the ethical aspects of cancer treatment trials. although the medical community criticizes the requirements of informed consent and randomized controlled trials because of the practical difficulties they create, both are ideals which must be pursued. if patients do not accept that all of the options in a randomized trial are equal and refuse to participa ... | 1988 | 2902486 |
| splitting schizophrenia. | | 1988 | 2903447 |
| serological studies on health care workers caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus. | between 1982 and july 1987, more than 1200 patients attending st stephen's hospital were found to be hiv antibody positive. four hundred were inpatients and most of the outpatients attended the sexually transmitted disease clinic. two hundred and twenty-one patients had aids, 480 hiv-related disorders and 500 were asymptomatic. most inpatients had invasive procedures within the operating theatres and there were 25 postmortems. four hundred and five antibody tests from 220 health care workers fro ... | 1988 | 2905725 |
| dna polymorphisms of the insulin receptor gene in japanese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. | genotypes identified by two restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) of the insulin receptor gene (irg) with the restriction endonuclease sst-1 were determined in a japanese group comprising 51 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (niddm) and 50 control subjects. southern hybridization using a probe for the beta subunit of the human irg identifies 4 alleles, termed s1(+) (5.3 kb), s1(-) (5.8 kb), s2(+) (7.0 and 2.4 kb) and s2(-) (9.4 kb). the frequencies of genotypes po ... | 1988 | 2906902 |
| needlestick injuries: how can we teach people better about risk assessment? | at work people run some small risk of death or injury which is directly attributable to their occupation. in biomedical sciences the accidental puncture of the skin by hypodermic needles, other instruments or broken glass has long been regarded as an occupational hazard and there is increasing concern that staff could become infected with a range of micro-organisms, including hepatitis b and the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). needlestick injuries should be preventable if staff are trained e ... | 1988 | 2907336 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection in the united kingdom: quarterly report 3. | up to 31 march 1988, 1429 cases meeting the world health organization/centers for disease control (u.s.a.) definition of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) were reported in the u.k. of which 59 were in visitors and 1370 in u.k. residents. in the same period there were 8459 laboratory reports of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody-positive tests. since 1985 the median interval of 2 months between diagnosis and report of aids has not changed. most patients with kaposi's sarcoma ... | 1989 | 2915132 |
| compelled medical treatment of pregnant women. | | 1989 | 2918665 |
| phenotyping of esterase d in the polish population by cellulose acetate gel isoelectrofocusing. | | 1985 | 2979304 |
| prevalence of antibody to human t lymphotropic virus type iii by risk group and area, united kingdom 1978-84. | antibody to human t lymphotropic virus type iii (anti-htlv-iii) was sought in 2150 patients in three groups at risk with a radioimmunoassay and an immunofluorescence test. results by the two methods were closely concordant. anti-htlv-iii was already present in some british homosexuals in 1980 and in some british haemophiliacs in 1981, and since then its prevalence has increased. of homosexual patients needing laboratory tests for hepatitis b virus infection in 1984, 34% of 282 in london and 5% o ... | 1985 | 2985170 |
| seroconversion of human t cell lymphotrophic virus iii (htlv-iii) in patients with haemophilia: a longitudinal study. | patients with hemophilia are at a risk for the acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (aids). as part of a surveillance program on aids, a group of patients with hemophilia was studied for clinical and immunological features associated with the syndrome. 30 patients in england who had received factor viii treatment within 5 years were studied. 29 (male) had hemophilia a, and 1 female heterozygote had been treated for postoperative bleeding. 1 man had been tattooed over 10 years previously. no ... | 1985 | 2988690 |
| allelic variation adjacent to the human insulin and apolipoprotein c-ii genes in different ethnic groups. | we have used dna probes for the human insulin gene and apolipoprotein c-ii (apo c-ii) gene to determine the extent of allelic variation in different ethnic groups. the distribution of an apo c-ii dna polymorphism revealed by the restriction endonuclease taq i showed no significant variation amongst racial groups; in contrast, an insulin gene-related dna polymorphism showed marked variability. in japanese, chinese, and asian indian groups there was an increased frequency of homozygosity for the c ... | 1985 | 2998971 |
| historical background; burkitt's lymphoma and epstein-barr virus. | | 1985 | 2998988 |
| genome analysis of species 3 adenoviruses isolated during summer outbreaks of conjunctivitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever in the glasgow and london areas in 1981. | genome analysis was performed on 125 adenovirus isolates from conjunctival swabs of patients with conjunctivitis obtained in glasgow between 1981 and 1984. a summer outbreak in 1981 was mainly due to species 3 adenoviruses, of which genotype 3gb and five different genotypic variants cocirculated. three species 3 variants were also observed in 1982. the genome changes of variants were located on physical maps of the ad3 reference strain and found to be clustered near the ends of the adenovirus dn ... | 1986 | 3009697 |
| genetic heterogeneity of recent isolates of adenovirus types 3, 4, and 7. | restriction endonuclease analysis was carried out on adenovirus types 3, 4, and 7 (ad3, ad4, and ad7, respectively) isolated during a 16-month epidemic period. most of the isolates were associated with respiratory or ocular infection or both. forty-four strains of the subtype ad7b were identified with smai; these strains could be further subdivided into three distinct genome groups, designated ad7b1, ad7b2, and ad7b3, by digestion with pvuii, bgli, and sstii. these ad7b variants occurred at appr ... | 1986 | 3013931 |
| live varicella immunization in healthy non-immune nurses. | thirty-four varicella-zoster virus (vzv) seronegative nurses were vaccinated with the live varicella vaccine (varilrix) and followed for periods of up to 36 months. no major vaccine reactions were observed. at 5 and 12 months, 94% of the nurses had seroconverted but at 3 years, only 64% retained antibody activity. however, lymphocyte transformation to vzv antigen was positive in 7 seronegative nurses, all of whom had previously seroconverted. the one nurse who developed chickenpox had not seroco ... | 1985 | 3014470 |
| adenovirus type 8 keratoconjunctivitis--an outbreak and its treatment with topical human fibroblast interferon. | an outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis is described which involved at least 186 people; adenovirus type 8 was identified in 50 of the cases. topical human fibroblast interferon was assessed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which 34 patients participated. seventeen of the 34 trial patients yielded adenovirus type 8; three were infected with adenovirus type 7. the outbreak was curtailed by control of infection measures: principally careful hand-washing by medical personnel between cases ... | 1986 | 3016080 |