| cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of vibrio cholerae transcriptional activator, hlyu. | the hlyu from vibrio cholerae, involved in the transcriptional regulation of haemolysin genes, plays an important role in the regulation of virulence gene expression. we have cloned, over-expressed and purified hlyu from v. cholerae strain o395 in escherichia coli, as an n-terminal his6-tagged protein. the purified protein gave a single band at approximately 16 kda on sds-page, while the sequence analysis revealed the molecular weight of 15.8 kda. the molecular mass of hlyu, determined in analyt ... | 2006 | 16564706 |
| freshwater bioluminescence in vibrio albensis (vibrio cholerae biovar albensis) ncimb 41 is caused by a two-nucleotide deletion in luxo. | we previously proposed that the function of the lux operon is to produce a halotolerant flavodoxin, fp390 or p-flavin binding protein, and not to produce light. a crucial basis of this hypothesis is that almost all species of luminous bacteria emit light in culture media containing over 2% nacl. however, vibrio albensis (vibrio cholerae biovar albensis) ncimb 41 emits light in freshwater and this appears to be in direct conflict with our hypothesis. to determine why this exceptional freshwater b ... | 2006 | 16567412 |
| epidemiological, microbiological & electron microscopic study of a cholera outbreak in a kolkata slum community. | epidemics of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 or o139 have been reported from different parts of india. factors such as unsafe water supply, poor environmental sanitation, indiscriminate defaecation and lack of personal hygiene are mainly responsible for continued transmission of this disease. we report here epidemiological and microbiological findings of a localized outbreak of cholera, which occurred during march and april 2004 in the eastern part of kolkata city. | 2006 | 16567865 |
| cyclic-digmp signal transduction systems in vibrio cholerae: modulation of rugosity and biofilm formation. | cyclic di-guanylic acid (c-digmp) is a second messenger that modulates the cell surface properties of several microorganisms. concentrations of c-digmp in the cell are controlled by the opposing activities of diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases, which are carried out by proteins harbouring ggdef and eal domains respectively. in this study, we report that the cellular levels of c-digmp are higher in the vibrio cholerae rugose variant compared with the smooth variant. modulation of cellula ... | 2006 | 16573684 |
| cholera stool bacteria repress chemotaxis to increase infectivity. | factors that enhance the transmission of pathogens are poorly understood. we show that vibrio cholerae shed in human 'rice-water' stools have a 10-fold lower oral infectious dose in an animal model than in vitro grown v. cholerae, which may aid in transmission during outbreaks. furthermore, we identify a bacterial factor contributing to this enhanced infectivity: the achievement of a transient motile but chemotaxis-defective state upon shedding from humans. rice-water stool v. cholerae have redu ... | 2006 | 16573690 |
| expression of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli colonization factors in vibrio cholerae. | as a first step towards a vaccine against diarrhoeal disease caused by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), we have studied the expression of several etec antigens in the live attenuated vibrio cholerae vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr. colonization factors (cf) cfa/i, cs3, and cs6 were expressed at the surface of v. cholerae cvd 103-hgr. both cfa/i and cs3 required the co-expression of a positive regulator for expression, while cs6 was expressed without regulation. up-regulation of cf expression ... | 2006 | 16581160 |
| [inhibition of virulence factors. a new approach to antibiotic development]. | | 2006 | 16583560 |
| quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of vibrio cholerae cells entering the viable but non-culturable state and starvation in response to cold shock. | we performed a comparative analysis of the vibrio cholerae strain el tor 3083 entering the viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state and starvation after incubation in artificial seawater (asw) at 4 and 15 degrees c respectively. to this end, we determined bacterial culturability and membrane integrity, as well as the cellular levels of 16s rrna and mrna for the tuf, rpos and rela genes, which were assessed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (q-rt-pcr). bacter ... | 2006 | 16584477 |
| distribution and characterization of integrons in various serogroups of vibrio cholerae strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients between 1992 and 2000 in kolkata, india. | a total of 133 clinical strains of vibrio cholerae comprising 44 strains of o1, 45 strains of o139 and 44 strains of non-o1, non-o139 serogroups isolated from hospitalized patients in kolkata, india, from 1992 to 2000 was examined for the presence of class 1, 2 and 4 integrons. by pcr and dna sequencing, seven strains of o1, one strain of o139 and six strains of non-o1, non-o139 serogroups were found to contain class 1 integron-harbouring genes aada1, aada2 (encoding resistance to streptomycin a ... | 2006 | 16585645 |
| class 2 integrons in vibrio cholerae. | | 2006 | 16585655 |
| green fluorescent chimeras indicate nonpolar localization of pullulanase secreton components pull and pulm. | the klebsiella oxytoca pullulanase secreton (type ii secretion system) components pulm and pull were tagged at their n termini with green fluorescent protein (gfp), and their subcellular location was examined by fluorescence microscopy and fractionation. when produced at moderate levels without other secreton components in escherichia coli, both chimeras were envelope associated, as are the native proteins. fluorescent gfp-pulm was evenly distributed over the cell envelope, with occasional brigh ... | 2006 | 16585754 |
| toxigenic vibrio cholerae in the aquatic environment of mathbaria, bangladesh. | toxigenic vibrio cholerae, rarely isolated from the aquatic environment between cholera epidemics, can be detected in what is now understood to be a dormant stage, i.e., viable but nonculturable when standard bacteriological methods are used. in the research reported here, biofilms have proved to be a source of culturable v. cholerae, even in nonepidemic periods. biweekly environmental surveillance for v. cholerae was carried out in mathbaria, an area of cholera endemicity adjacent to the bay of ... | 2006 | 16597991 |
| sxt-related integrating conjugative element in new world vibrio cholerae. | sxt-related integrating conjugative elements (ices) became prevalent in asian vibrio cholerae populations after v. cholerae o139 emerged. here, we describe an sxt-related ice, icevchmex1, in a mexican environmental v. cholerae isolate. identification of icevchmex1 represents the first description of an sxt-related ice in the western hemisphere. the significant differences between the sxt and icevchmex1 genomes suggest that these ices have evolved independently. | 2006 | 16598018 |
| occurrence of vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. cholerae, and v. vulnificus in norwegian blue mussels (mytilus edulis). | vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. cholerae, and v. vulnificus were isolated from 10.3%, 1.0%, and 0.1% of 885 blue mussel samples, respectively. four of the samples contained trh(+) v. parahaemolyticus, while no tdh-positive isolates were detected. the v. cholerae isolates were non-o:1/non-o:139 serotypes and were ctxa negative. | 2006 | 16598019 |
| positive electrospray ion trap multistage mass spectrometric fragmentation of synthetic analogs of saccharide part of lipopolysaccharides of vibrio cholerae o:1. | oligosaccharides (mono- to hexamers) that mimic the terminal epitopes of o-antigens of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotypes ogawa and inaba, have been studied by electrospray ion trap (esi it) mass spectrometry. sodium or potassium-cationized adducts are characteristic ions under the conditions of esi-ms analysis. the tentative pathways of fragmentation have been proven by multistage ion trap ms (ms(n), n = 1-3). the predominant pathway of fragmentation of the oligomers is the neutral loss of monosacc ... | 2006 | 16600622 |
| transmissibility of cholera: in vivo-formed biofilms and their relationship to infectivity and persistence in the environment. | the factors that enhance the waterborne spread of bacterial epidemics and sustain the epidemic strain in nature are unclear. although the epidemic diarrheal disease cholera is known to be transmitted by water contaminated with pathogenic vibrio cholerae, routine isolation of pathogenic strains from aquatic environments is challenging. here, we show that conditionally viable environmental cells (cvec) of pathogenic v. cholerae that resist cultivation by conventional techniques exist in surface wa ... | 2006 | 16601099 |
| development and validation of a pulsenet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for subtyping of vibrio cholerae. | pulsenet is a network that utilizes standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) protocols with the purpose of conducting laboratory-based surveillance of foodborne pathogens. pulsenet standardized pfge protocols are subject to rigorous testing during the developmental phase and careful evaluation during a validation process assessing its robustness and reproducibility in different laboratories. here we describe the development and validation of a rapid pfge protocol for subtyping vibrio ... | 2006 | 16602979 |
| fluorescent signal amplification of carbocyanine dyes using engineered viral nanoparticles. | we report enhancement in the fluorescent signal of the carbocyanine dye cy5 by using an engineered virus as a scaffold to attach >40 cy5 reporter molecules at fixed locations on the viral capsid. although cyanine dye loading is often accompanied by fluorescence quenching, our results demonstrate that organized spatial distribution of cy5 reporter molecules on the capsid obviates this commonly encountered problem. in addition, we observe energy transfer from the virus to adducted dye molecules, r ... | 2006 | 16608355 |
| [cholera epidemic of 2004 in dakar, senegal: epidemiologic, clinical and therapeutic aspects]. | during the cholera epidemic that occurred in dakar, senegal in 2004, we treated a total of 593 confirmed or suspected cases in our department. the purpose of this report is to describe epidemiologic, clinical, bacteriologic and therapeutic aspects of these cases. study was conducted at the infectious diseases clinic from october 11 to december 20, 2004. mean patient age was 30 years and the sex ratio was 133. the likely source of contamination was food or water intake in 92% of cases. the durati ... | 2006 | 16615613 |
| microbiological 'bottle effects' are not to be ignored (a comment on mimura et al., 2005). | | 2006 | 16620873 |
| enterotoxigenicity of mature 45-kilodalton and processed 35-kilodalton forms of hemagglutinin protease purified from a cholera toxin gene-negative vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 strain. | cholera toxin gene-negative vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 strain pl-21 is the etiologic agent of cholera-like syndrome. hemagglutinin protease (hap) is one of the major secretory proteins of pl-21. the mature 45-kda and processed 35-kda forms of hap were purified in the presence and absence of edta from culture supernatants of pl-21. enterotoxigenicities of both forms of hap were tested in rabbit ileal loop (ril), ussing chamber, and tissue culture assays. the 35-kda hap showed hemorrhagic fl ... | 2006 | 16622232 |
| role of the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein in colonization, motility, and bile-dependent repression of virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. | bile-mediated repression of virulence gene expression is relieved in a vibrio cholerae hns mutant. the mutant also exhibited reduced motility due to lower flra expression, higher in vivo production of the virulence factors, and lower colonization efficiency. the colonization defect of the mutant was due to low flra production. | 2006 | 16622251 |
| phage in the time of cholera. | | 2006 | 16631542 |
| vibrio cholerae inv117, a class 1 integron harboring aac(6')-ib and blactx-m-2, is linked to transposition genes. | a ca. 150-kbp vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor plasmid includes bla(ctx-m-2) and a variant of aac(6')-ib within inv117, an orf513-bearing class 1 integron. inv117 is linked to a tnp1696 module in which irl carries an insertion of is4321r. the complete structure could be a potential mobile element. | 2006 | 16641475 |
| structural basis for broad dna-specificity in integron recombination. | lateral dna transfer--the movement of genetic traits between bacteria--has a profound impact on genomic evolution and speciation. the efficiency with which bacteria incorporate genetic information reflects their capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions. integron integrases are proteins that mediate site-specific dna recombination between a proximal primary site (atti) and a secondary target site (attc) found within mobile gene cassettes encoding resistance or virulence factors. the ... | 2006 | 16641988 |
| [preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibody against vibrio cholerae o139]. | to prepare monoclonal antibody (mab) against vibrio cholerae o139, which would be used as the gold colloidal reagent strip for rapid detection of o139, and to determine its biological characterization. | 2006 | 16643804 |
| synthesis of spacer-equipped phosphorylated di-, tri- and tetrasaccharide fragments of the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o139. | the synthesis of oligosaccharide fragments of the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o139 containing a 4,6-cyclic phosphate galactose residue linked to glcnac is described. 8-azido-3,6-dioxaoctyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2-acetamido-4,6-o-benzylidene-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranoside, obtained by condensation of 2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl bromide and 8-azido-3,6-dioxaoctyl 2-acetamido-4,6-o-benzylidene-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranoside, was ... | 2006 | 16650390 |
| deoxycholic acid blocks vibrio cholerae ompt but not ompu porin. | ompt and ompu are general diffusion porins of the human intestinal pathogen vibrio cholerae. the sole presence of ompt in the outer membrane sensitizes cells to the bile component deoxycholic acid, and the repression of ompt in the intestine may play an important role in the adaptation of cells to the host environment. here we report a novel important functional difference between the two porins, namely the sensitivity to deoxycholic acid. single channel recordings show that submicellar concentr ... | 2006 | 16670088 |
| transcriptome and phenotypic responses of vibrio cholerae to increased cyclic di-gmp level. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a facultative human pathogen with intestinal and aquatic life cycles. the capacity of v. cholerae to recognize and respond to fluctuating parameters in its environment is critical to its survival. in many microorganisms, the second messenger, 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-gmp), is believed to be important for integrating environmental stimuli that affect cell physiology. sequence analysis of the v. cholerae genome has revealed an abundance ... | 2006 | 16672614 |
| biomimetic particles for isolation and reconstitution of receptor function. | biomimetic particles supporting lipid bilayers are becoming increasingly important to isolate and reconstitute protein function. cholera toxin (ct) from vibrio cholerae, an 87-kda ab5 hexameric protein, and its receptor, the monosialoganglioside gm1, a cell membrane glycolipid, self-assembled on phosphatidylcholine (pc) bilayer-covered silica particles at 1 ct/5 gm1 molar ratio in perfect agreement with literature. this receptor-ligand recognition represented a proof-of-concept that receptors in ... | 2006 | 16679532 |
| antibiotic resistance and plasmid profile of environmental isolates of vibrio species from mai po nature reserve, hong kong. | in this study, three environmental isolates of vibrio species were isolated from water and sediment samples of mai po nature reserve, hong kong sar. they were identified to be vibrio cholerae mp-1, vibrio aestuarianus mp-2 and vibrio vulnificus mp-3 by both biochemical test and subsequent full-length 16s rdna sequencing. both disc diffusion susceptibility test and microplate dilution technique were used to investigate the antibiotic resistance profile of these three bacteria. results from both a ... | 2006 | 16680524 |
| bacterial-associated cholera toxin and gm1 binding are required for transcytosis of classical biotype vibrio cholerae through an in vitro m cell model system. | to elucidate mechanisms involved in m cell uptake and transcytosis of vibrio cholerae, we used an in vitro model of human m-like cells in a caco-2 monolayer. interspersed among the epithelial monolayer of caco-2 cells we detect cells that display m-like features with or without prior lymphocyte treatment and we have established key parameters for v. cholerae transcytosis in this model. cholera toxin (ct) mutants lacking the a subunit alone or both the a and b subunits were deficient for transcyt ... | 2006 | 16681839 |
| evidence supporting predicted metabolic pathways for vibrio cholerae: gene expression data and clinical tests. | vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the diarrheal illness cholera, can kill an infected adult in 24 h. v.cholerae lives as an autochthonous microbe in estuaries, rivers and coastal waters. a better understanding of its metabolic pathways will assist the development of more effective treatments and will provide a deeper understanding of how this bacterium persists in natural aquatic habitats. using the completed v.cholerae genome sequence and pathologic software, we created vchocyc, a pathw ... | 2006 | 16682451 |
| escherichia coli interactions with acanthamoeba: a symbiosis with environmental and clinical implications. | the ability of acanthamoeba to feed on gram-negative bacteria, as well as to harbour potential pathogens, such as legionella pneumophila, coxiella burnetii, pseudomonas aeruginosa, vibrio cholerae, helicobacter pylori, listeria monocytogenes and mycobacterium avium, suggest that both amoebae and bacteria are involved in complex interactions, which may play important roles in the environment and in human health. in this study, acanthamoeba castellanii (a keratitis isolate belonging to the t4 geno ... | 2006 | 16687585 |
| change in serotype and appearance of tetracycline resistance in v. cholerae o1 in vellore, south india. | | 2006 | 16687878 |
| fine-scale time-lapse analysis of the biphasic, dynamic behaviour of the two vibrio cholerae chromosomes. | using fluorescent repressor-operator systems in live cells, we investigated the dynamic behaviour of chromosomal origins in vibrio cholerae, whose genome is divided between two chromosomes. we have developed a method of analysing fine-scale motion in the curved co-ordinate system of vibrioid bacteria. using this method, we characterized two different modes of chromosome behaviour corresponding to periods between segregation events and periods of segregation. between segregation events, the origi ... | 2006 | 16689793 |
| toxin(s), other than cholera toxin, produced by environmental non o1 non o139 vibrio cholerae. | a total of 39 vibrio cholerae non o1 non o139 strains were isolated from surface waters of different parts of dhaka city, bangladesh. all these strains showed lack of ctx or zot gene, as demonstrated by the pcr analysis. eighteen representative strains were tested for enterotoxin production using a rabbit ileal loop model, of which live cells of 8 strains and culture filtrates of 6 strains produced fluid accumulation in ileal loops. however, none of them produced heat stable toxin (st), as detec ... | 2006 | 16696898 |
| a recombinant probiotic for treatment and prevention of cholera. | we have developed a therapeutic strategy based on molecular mimicry of host receptors for bacterial toxins on the surface of harmless gut bacteria. in the present study, this has been applied to the development of a recombinant probiotic for treatment and prevention of cholera, caused by vibrio cholerae. | 2006 | 16697733 |
| distribution of virulence markers in clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 strains isolated in brazil from 1991 to 2000. | one hundred seventy nine vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 strains from clinical and different environmental sources isolated in brazil from 1991 to 2000 were serogrouped and screened for the presence of four different virulence factors. the random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was used to evaluate the genetic relatedness among strains. fifty-four different serogroups were identified and v. cholerae o26 was the most common (7.8%). pcr analysis for three genes (ctxa, zot, ace) l ... | 2006 | 16699625 |
| [aeromonas associated with an acute diarrhea outbreak in são bento do una, pernambuco]. | an acute diarrhea outbreak, with 2170 cases, was described during january to july, 2004, in são bento do una, pernambuco. 582 stools were examined and an enteric pathogen was recovered in 25% (145 patients). aeromonas species were the most frequent (114-19.5%) and the main isolates were aeromonas caviae (57-9.8%), aeromonas veronii biovar sobria (23-3.9%), aeromonas veronii biovar veronii (15-2.6%) and other species (19-3.2%). the other isolated enteropathogens were vibrio cholerae o1-ogawa toxi ... | 2006 | 16699653 |
| an outer membrane enzyme encoded by salmonella typhimurium lpxr that removes the 3'-acyloxyacyl moiety of lipid a. | the salmonella and related bacteria modify the structure of the lipid a portion of their lipopolysaccharide in response to environmental stimuli. some lipid a modifications are required for virulence and resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides. we now demonstrate that membranes of salmonella typhimurium contain a novel hydrolase that removes the 3'-acyloxyacyl residue of lipid a in the presence of 5 mm ca2+. we have identified the gene encoding the s. typhimurium lipid a 3'-o-deacylase, de ... | 2006 | 16704973 |
| length of the linker and the interval between immunizations influences the efficacy of vibrio cholerae o1, ogawa hexasaccharide neoglycoconjugates. | ogawa hexasaccharide neoglycoconjugates induce protective antibodies in mice. similar ogawa conjugates but with a longer linker that connects the carrier to shorter saccharides are immunogenic, but generally ineffective at inducing vibriocidal or protective antibodies. the efficacy of ogawa hexasaccharide neoglycoconjugates of different linker lengths were tested. the majority of mice given immunizations separated by a 14-day gap did not produce vibriocidal or protective antibodies. mice immuniz ... | 2006 | 16706794 |
| isolation and characterization of vcec gain-of-function mutants that can function with the acrab multiple-drug-resistant efflux pump of escherichia coli. | vcec is the outer membrane component of the major facilitator (mf) vceab-vcec multiple-drug-resistant (mdr) efflux pump of vibrio cholerae. tolc is the outer membrane component of the resistance-nodulation-division acrab-tolc efflux pump of escherichia coli. although these proteins share little amino acid sequence identity, their crystal structures can be readily superimposed upon one another. in this study, we have asked if tolc and vcec are interchangeable for the functioning of the acrab and ... | 2006 | 16707668 |
| antimicrobial activities of cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde from the chinese medicinal herb cinnamomum cassia blume. | both cinnamomum verum j.s. presl. and cinnamomum cassia blume are collectively called cortex cinnamonmi for their medicinal cinnamon bark. cinnamomum verum is more popular elsewhere in the world, whereas c. cassia is a well known traditional chinese medicine. an analysis of hydro-distilled chinese cinnamon oil and pure cinnamaldehyde by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that cinnamaldehyde is the major component comprising 85% in the essential oil and the purity of cinnamaldehyde in ... | 2006 | 16710900 |
| psychrophilic superoxide dismutase from pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis: biochemical characterization and identification of a highly reactive cysteine residue. | a psychrophilic superoxide dismutase (sod) has been characterized from the antarctic eubacterium pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (ph). phsod is a homodimeric iron-containing enzyme and displays a high specific activity, even at low temperature. the enzyme is inhibited by sodium azide and inactivated by hydrogen peroxide; it is also very sensitive to peroxynitrite, a physiological inactivator of the human mitochondrial mn-sod. even though phsod is isolated from a cold-adapted micro-organism, its h ... | 2006 | 16713057 |
| differences in gene expression between the classical and el tor biotypes of vibrio cholerae o1. | differences in whole-genome expression patterns between the classical and el tor biotypes of vibrio cholerae o1 were determined under conditions that induce virulence gene expression in the classical biotype. a total of 524 genes (13.5% of the genome) were found to be differentially expressed in the two biotypes. the expression of genes encoding proteins required for biofilm formation, chemotaxis, and transport of amino acids, peptides, and iron was higher in the el tor biotype. these gene expre ... | 2006 | 16714595 |
| a legionellosis case due to contaminated spa water and confirmed by genomic identification in taiwan. | tracing the source of a legionellosis (lg) case revealed that the legionella pneumophila (lp) strain isolated from patient's sputum shared the same serogroup (sg) and pfge-type with 4 lp strains obtained from a spa center. with a high lp-contamination rate (81.2%, 13/16) in all of its 16 basins, this spa center was also found to have a multi-genotypic distribution among its 13 lp isolates, which can be categorized into 5 pfge-types. despite such a serious contamination in the spa center, which u ... | 2006 | 16714844 |
| endotoxin evaluation of eleven lipopolysaccharides by whole blood assay does not always correlate with limulus amebocyte lysate assay. | more than 90% of all publications on endotoxin were carried out with endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide, lps) from enterobacteriaceae. we compared the immune stimulatory potency of 11 different lpss using human whole blood incubations. while the majority of lpss induced cytokine release equipotently, a 1,000-fold more lps from pseudomonas aeruginosa or vibrio cholerae was still less potent in inducing tnf, il-1 beta, il-10 and ifn-gamma though it potently induced nanogram quantities il-8. all lpss t ... | 2006 | 16719988 |
| dna fingerprinting of vibrio cholerae and aeromonas species by pulsed-field minigel electrophoresis. | dna molecules of vibrio cholerae and aeromonas species were prepared by incubating immobilized cells for 4 and 2 h, respectively, with a nonenzymatic solution that contains chemical reagents only (ndsuplus). this method gave results as reproducible as the enzymatic one that uses proteinase k, and rendered dna molecules suitable for fingerprinting by mini-chef electrophoresis. as rapid dna separations at high electric field are achieved in mini-chef chamber with low heat evolution, dna restrictio ... | 2006 | 16721902 |
| detection and quantification of vibrio populations using denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis. | bacteria affiliated with the genus vibrio are endemic in marine and estuarine ecosystems and are also found in many freshwater environments. vibrios can enter viable but non-culturable states and since many species are pathogenic, there is a great need for culture-independent methods that identify and quantify multiple vibrio populations. we adopted vibrio-specific 16s rrna-directed primers and a competitive pcr protocol (qc-pcr; [thompson, j.r., randa, m.a., marcelino, l.a., tomita-mitchell, a. ... | 2006 | 16730823 |
| immunological properties of complex conjugates based on vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa lipopolysaccharide antigen. | host protection by humoral immunity against vibrio cholerae o1 confers lipopolysaccharide (lps)-specific vibriocidal antibodies. levels of relevant specific antibodies are closely related to complement-mediated inactivation of the vibrios inoculum, especially on the mucosal surface of intestine. we have tested complex v. cholerae o1 ogawa-detoxified lipopolysaccharide (dlps) conjugates. the first conjugate contained glucan both as the immunomodulator and the matrix; the second conjugate containe ... | 2006 | 16734622 |
| [application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing in tracing and carrying out surveillance programs on o139 cholera outbreaks]. | to study the characteristics of molecular typing and phylogenic relationship among the vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 strains isolated from environment and sea food samples during cholera outbreaks, in sichuan province in 2004 and to trace the source of infections so as to support the ascertainment of epidemic control strategy. | 2006 | 16749988 |
| serum igm levels against select marine bacteria in the atlantic sharpnose shark (rhizoprionodon terraenovae) from three estuaries. | the atlantic sharpnose shark (rhizoprionodon terraenovae) is abundant and easily captured throughout the southeastern united states. therefore this species serves as an ideal model for generating basic immunological reagents to establish baseline information regarding the immunophysiology of sharks in the wild, and for attempting to correlate shark immune responses to potential pathogens with the quality of the habitat in which they reside. sharpnose shark serum igm was purified over a protein-a ... | 2006 | 16750427 |
| zentralblatt für bakteriologie - 100 years ago: early considerations of the el tor vibrios. | | 2006 | 16750934 |
| seasonal cholera caused by vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 in the coastal aquatic environment of bangladesh. | since vibrio cholerae o139 first appeared in 1992, both o1 el tor and o139 have been recognized as the epidemic serogroups, although their geographic distribution, endemicity, and reservoir are not fully understood. to address this lack of information, a study of the epidemiology and ecology of v. cholerae o1 and o139 was carried out in two coastal areas, bakerganj and mathbaria, bangladesh, where cholera occurs seasonally. the results of a biweekly clinical study (january 2004 to may 2005), emp ... | 2006 | 16751520 |
| a vibrio cholerae protease needed for killing of caenorhabditis elegans has a role in protection from natural predator grazing. | vibrio cholerae is the causal bacterium of the diarrheal disease cholera, and its growth and survival are thought to be curtailed by bacteriovorous predators, e.g., ciliates and flagellates. we explored caenorhabditis elegans as a test organism after finding that v. cholerae can cause lethal infection of this nematode. by reverse genetics we identified an extracellular protease, the previously uncharacterized prtv protein, as being necessary for killing. the killing effect is associated with the ... | 2006 | 16754867 |
| synthesis, stereochemistry, and antimicrobial activity of 2,6-diaryl-3-(arylthio)piperidin-4-ones. | a series of novel 2,6-diaryl-3-(arylthio)piperidin-4-ones have been synthesized by reaction of arylthioacetones, substituted aromatic aldehydes, and methylamine/ammonium acetate and their structures elucidated by (1)h, (13)c, and 2d nmr (h, h-cosy, c, h-cosy, hmbc, and noesy) spectroscopy. the nmr data reveal that all these piperidones exist in chair conformation with the 2,6-diaryl groups equatorially oriented, while the arylthio group prefers to be in either an equatorial or axial orientation ... | 2006 | 16755046 |
| [a comparative analysis of molecular-genetic peculiarities of the genomes of cholera, plague and anthrax agents and their evolutional transformations]. | cholera, plague, and anthrax, the diseases that have accounted for millions of human victims, still endanger the entire mankind by possible development of epidemic outbreaks due to their spread or application as bioterrorist agents. generalized results of research into the genomic features of the vibrio cholerae, yersinia pestis, and bacillus anthracis are discussed. despite different frequencies of evolutional transformations occurring in their genomes, that are likely to be associated with div ... | 2006 | 16755997 |
| [antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio cholerae 01: evolution after prolonged curative and preventive use during the 2004 cholera epidemics in douala (cameroon)]. | antibiotics were extensively used, both for curative as for prophylactic purposes, to prevent an explosive spread of the 2004 cholera epidemic in douala. it was thus necessary to control the antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio cholerae. | 2006 | 16757139 |
| atypical cases of cholera due to serogroup o1 in the native population of oman and its relation to non-o1/o139. | | 2006 | 16758061 |
| single-dose azithromycin for the treatment of cholera in adults. | single-dose azithromycin is effective in the treatment of severe cholera in children, but its effectiveness in adults has not been evaluated. | 2006 | 16760445 |
| cholera--still teaching hard lessons. | | 2006 | 16760452 |
| diarrheal epidemics in dhaka, bangladesh, during three consecutive floods: 1988, 1998, and 2004. | we examined demographic, microbiologic, and clinical data from patients presenting during 1988, 1998, and 2004 flood-associated diarrheal epidemics at a diarrhea treatment hospital in dhaka, bangladesh. compared with non-flood periods, individuals presenting during flood-associated epidemics were older, more severely dehydrated, and of lower socioeconomic status. during flood-associated epidemics, vibrio cholerae was the most commonly identified cause of diarrhea, and the only diarrheal pathogen ... | 2006 | 16760521 |
| bacteremia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to vibrio cholerae (non-o1 non-o139) in liver cirrhosis. | | 2006 | 16763354 |
| salinity-induced survival strategy of vibrio cholerae associated with copepods in cochin backwaters. | the occurrence of vibrio cholerae in water, sediment and copepods was studied over a wide range of salinity using conventional and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques in the cochin backwaters. v. cholerae occurred either as culturable or non-culturable form in this tropical estuary. during the pre monsoon period when high salinity prevailed (35.5psu) v. cholerae was associated with copepods only in non-culturable form, but with the onset of monsoon when lower salinity prevailed, copepod-a ... | 2006 | 16764894 |
| detection of a phage genome carrying a zonula occludens like toxin gene (zot) in clinical isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | during a study of the genetic diversity of stenotrophomonas strains, we found an autonomous replicating dna molecule in chromosomal dna preparations of the clinical stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain c5. the entire sequence of 6,907 bp of the isolated dna molecule was determined, which was called phisma9. seven orfs, which code for proteins with considerable similarity to proteins in databases, were identified in the dna sequence. the largest orf shows high sequence similarities to the pi prote ... | 2006 | 16775751 |
| protein disulfide isomerase-like proteins play opposing roles during retrotranslocation. | misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) are retained in the organelle or retrotranslocated to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. er chaperones that guide these opposing processes are largely unknown. we developed a semipermeabilized cell system to study the retrotranslocation of cholera toxin (ct), a toxic agent that crosses the er membrane to reach the cytosol during intoxication. we found that protein disulfide isomerase (pdi) facilitates ct retrotranslocation, whereas erp72 ... | 2006 | 16785320 |
| cholera outbreak in southeast of iran: routes of transmission in the situation of good primary health care services and poor individual hygienic practices. | within the years 2001 to 2004 sistan-va-baluchestan was the only province with transmission of cholera in iran. the objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics of the cholera outbreak that occurred in 2004 in the sarbaz district in the southern parts of this province. the surveillance data were analyzed, and a matched case-control study was performed. from 22 october to 15 november 2004, from 2,242 diarrhea cases that were sampled for stool culture, 90 cases were ... | 2006 | 16785698 |
| complete and defective bacteriophages of classical vibrio cholerae: relationship to the kappa type bacteriophage. | the classical vibrio cholerae strain nih 41 contains two temperate bacteriophages, designated vca-1 and vca-2, that are distinguished by immunity, plaque morphology, induction kinetics, and particle morphology. both phage are serologically related to phage kappa. however, only phage vca-2 has the kappa type host range and immunity. the induction kinetics and immunity patterns of classical vibrios suggest that these strains may contain defective phage related to the phages isolated from nih 41. c ... | 1975 | 16789156 |
| hyperinfectivity in cholera: a new mechanism for an old epidemiological model? | | 2006 | 16789802 |
| a case of vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 septicaemia in slovenia, imported from tunisia, july 2005. | | 2005 | 16790890 |
| impact of zinc deficiency on vibrio cholerae enterotoxin-stimulated water and electrolyte transport in animal model. | the effect of zinc deficiency on the function of the intestine to absorb water and electrolytes was studied in animal models, stimulated by vibrio cholerae enterotoxin. sprague-dawley rats, used in the study, were divided into four groups: zinc-deficient, ad libitum zinc-fed control, zinc weight-matched control, and zinc-deficient acutely-repleted. 14c-labelled polyethylene glycol solution was used for measuring the absorption capacity of the small intestine. significantly lower absorption of wa ... | 2006 | 16796149 |
| molecular epidemiology and origin of cholera reemergence in italy and albania in the 1990s. | in 1994 a cholera epidemic occurred in italy and albania after more than a decade of case absence. to investigate genotypic characteristics and the origin of the epidemic strains, 110 vibrio cholerae o1 el tor isolates from italy and albania were studied by randomly amplified polymorphic dna analysis (rapd), bgli ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of genomic dna. the italian and albanian strains were all ribotype 6 and their rapd and pfge patterns were identical as well. the ... | 2006 | 16797934 |
| glycolipids from the red alga chondria armata (kutz.) okamura. | three distinct fractions containing polar glycolipids (pf(1-3)) were isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of crude methanolic extract of red alga chondria armata (kütz.) okamura on gel chromatography over sephadex lh20. their structure was elucidated by multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) techniques like 1h, 1h correlation spectroscopy (cosy), 1h, 1h total cosy (tocsy), 1h, 13c heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (hmqc), and 1h, 13c heteronuclear multiple bond correla ... | 2006 | 16799167 |
| a biochemical method for tracking cholera toxin transport from plasma membrane to golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. | asiatic cholera is a rapidly progressing disease resulting in extreme diarrhea and even death. the causative agent, cholera toxin, is an ab5-subunit enterotoxin produced by the bacterium vibrio cholera. the toxin must enter the intestinal cell to cause disease. entry is achieved by the b-subunit binding to a membrane lipid that carries the toxin all the way from the plasma membrane through the trans-golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum (er). once in the er, a portion of the a-subunit, the a1 chain ... | 2006 | 16799195 |
| new cluster of plasmid-located class 1 integrons in vibrio cholerae o1 and a dfra15 cassette-containing integron in vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in angola. | the resistance profile and its correlation with mobile genetic elements were investigated in 11 vibrio cholerae o1 and 2 vibrio parahaemolyticus clinical isolates, as well as in 1 v. cholerae o1 and 1 v. cholerae non-o1 environmental isolate, isolated between 1991 and 1996 in different provinces of angola. all clinical isolates of v. cholerae o1 were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. they also contained a large conjugative plasmid (p3iang ... | 2006 | 16801431 |
| characterization of the vibrio cholerae vexab and vexcd efflux systems. | vibrio cholerae is an important human pathogen that causes the diarrheal disease cholera. colonization of the human host is dependent upon coordinated expression of several virulence factors in response to as yet unknown environmental cues. bile acids have been implicated in the in vitro regulation of several v. cholerae genes, including those involved in motility, chemotaxis, outer membrane protein production, and virulence factor production. bile is toxic to bacteria and colonization of the in ... | 2006 | 16804679 |
| [cases of imported cholera in france, summer 2005. a. tarantola for the incident management teams]. | cholera is a bacterial infection, which causes digestive symptoms and massive diarrhoea. it may lead to dehydration and death if appropriate medical management is not rapidly initiated. most cases of infection by choleric vibrio, however, remain symptom-free or may mimic common gastroenteritis. a review of two cases of imported cholera in france in the summer of 2005 and the community- and hospital-based investigation, which they triggered, enabled the incident management teams to assess risks o ... | 2006 | 16806780 |
| vibrio cholerae 01 ogawa (eltor) diarrhoea at sevagram. | | 2006 | 16816524 |
| detection of free-living and plankton-bound vibrios in coastal waters of the adriatic sea (italy) and study of their pathogenicity-associated properties. | culturable vibrios were isolated from water and plankton fractions collected during an 18-month sampling study performed along the north-central coast of the adriatic sea (italy). unculturable vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus were detected in plankton fractions by polymerase chain reaction amplification of dna sequences for cytotoxin-haemolysin and thermolabile haemolysin respectively. the presence of v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus and v. cholerae virulence genes and the expression ... | 2006 | 16817938 |
| zonula occludens toxin as a new promising adjuvant for mucosal vaccines. | cholera toxin (ct) and ct-related molecules have been known since a long time to act as powerful mucosal adjuvants. we have studied the stimulatory effects of ct on human dendritic cells and its inhibitory activity on t lymphocytes. we have also identified a third bacterial enterotoxin, zonula occludens toxin (zot) that acts as an effective mucosal adjuvant. zonula occludens toxin is produced by vibrio cholerae and has the property to increase intestinal mucosa permeability by reversibly affecti ... | 2006 | 16823929 |
| preparation and evaluation of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor ogawa lipopolysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugates. | the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of vibrio cholerae is considered one of the most important antigens from the point of view of immunogenicity in these bacteria. we have undertaken detoxification of this lps by basic hydrolysis and the resultant amine groups were used for their conjugation to tetanus toxoid as carrier protein using carbodiimide-mediated coupling. the resulting conjugates were inoculated in balb/c mice for immunogenicity studies. the anti-lps igg and vibriocidal antibodies were measur ... | 2006 | 16823935 |
| new method for obtaining conjugated vaccines. | we describe a new method to obtain conjugates against neisseria meningitidis serogroups a, b, c, vibrio cholera, and salmonella typhi and their immunogenicity in balb/c mice. the saccharides were activated by basic hydrolysis with the generation of amine groups in the saccharidic chain, and these groups were linked to carboxyl groups of tetanus toxoid by via carbodiimida-mediated reaction. the resultant conjugates were administered to mice for the immunogenicity studies. the pirogenicity of lps ... | 2006 | 16823936 |
| postgenomic approaches to cholera vaccine development. | cholera remains an important public health threat. a cholera vaccine that provides durable protection at the mucosal surface, especially among children in endemic settings, is urgently needed. the availability of the complete genome sequence of a clinical isolate of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor has allowed for comparative and functional genomic approaches in the study of cholera. this work holds promise for the identification of bacterial targets of protective human immune responses and may contrib ... | 2006 | 16827618 |
| [proteomic analysis of two isogenic vibrio cholerae of the classical biovar with the alternative expression of virulence genes]. | at carrying out the proteomic analysis of two isogenic vibrio cholerae dakka35 of the classical biovar itwas revealed, that toxigenic (1 type) and nontoxigenic (2 type) clones differ from each other not only the expression ofgenes of exopolysaccharide, motility, and soluble haemagglutinin/protease, but also change of activity about other 60 genes. among 11 identified proteins 5 are the enzymes participating in a metabolism cells. besides it is revealed, that clones 2 types of dakka35 strain synt ... | 2006 | 16830582 |
| [hydrogen peroxide as an inductor of uncultivable state of vibrio cholerae eltor in an experiment]. | the influence of hydrogen peroxide on the dynamics of transition into uncultivable state (ucs) and on the reversion of v. cholerae and their subcultures, resistant to hydrogen peroxide, was studied. the transition of the initial cultures in river and distilled water into ucs took place earlier than that in resistant to hydrogen peroxide variants. the capacity for reversion to hydrogen peroxide resistant subcultures preserved, on the average, 2 - 3 times longer. an increase in the level of hydrog ... | 2006 | 16830586 |
| selective isolation of multiple positively charged peptides for 2-de-free quantitative proteomics. | a method for quantitative proteomic analysis based on the selective isolation of multiply charged peptides (rh peptides) containing arginine and histidine residues is described. two pools of proteins are digested in tandem with lysyl-endopeptidase and trypsin and the primary amino groups of proteolytic peptides are separately labeled with d3- and d0-acetic anhydride. this reaction has a dual purpose: (i) to allow the relative protein quantification in two different conditions and (ii) to restric ... | 2006 | 16835850 |
| hypovolemic shock and metabolic acidosis in a refugee secondary to o1 serotype vibrio cholerae enteritis. | | 2006 | 16841506 |
| distribution of 19 major virulence genes in legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates from patients and water in queensland, australia. | the distribution of 19 major virulence genes and the presence of plasmids were surveyed in 141 legionella pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1 isolates from patients and water in queensland, australia. the results showed that 16 of the virulence genes examined were present in all isolates, suggesting that they are life-essential genes for isolates in the environment and host cells. the 65 kb pathogenicity island identified originally in strain philadelphia-1(t) was detected more frequently in isolates f ... | 2006 | 16849718 |
| [prophylactic immunization against enterotoxin-forming escherichia coli travellers' diarrhea and cholera: does it make sense and for whom?]. | | 2006 | 16850383 |
| bacterial contamination of vegetables served in hospitals. | to study bacterial contamination of fresh vegetables before cleaning and before serving to patients in 14 hospitals. | 2005 | 16850639 |
| surveillance methodology for vibrio cholerae in environmental samples. | the purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of vibrio cholerae in environmental water samples by using a series of biochemical tests. a total of 223 v. cholerae-like bacteria were isolated from tcbs agar after spreading the alkaline peptone water enriched sewer (n = 21) and water (n = 16) samples. all oxidase positive isolates were subjected to confirmation for v. cholerae by seven other biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction. only 74.2% isolates were found to be v. cholerae ... | 2006 | 16854675 |
| a para homolog selectively influences positioning of the large chromosome origin in vibrio cholerae. | a vibrio cholerae deletion mutant lacking vs2773, a para partitioning gene homolog located in a parab operon on the large chromosome, displays altered positioning of the large chromosome origin. deletion of a second para homolog on the large chromosome (vc2061) does not affect its origin positioning. the origin position of the small chromosome is unchanged by either or both of these deletions, suggesting that vc2773 function is specific to the replicon on which it is carried. vc2773 and vc2772 f ... | 2006 | 16855253 |
| identification of 17 pseudomonas aeruginosa srnas and prediction of srna-encoding genes in 10 diverse pathogens using the bioinformatic tool srnapredict2. | srnas are small, non-coding rna species that control numerous cellular processes. although it is widely accepted that srnas are encoded by most if not all bacteria, genome-wide annotations for srna-encoding genes have been conducted in only a few of the nearly 300 bacterial species sequenced to date. to facilitate the efficient annotation of bacterial genomes for srna-encoding genes, we developed a program, srnapredict2, that identifies putative srnas by searching for co-localization of genetic ... | 2006 | 16870723 |
| transcriptional inactivation of a regulatory site for replication of vibrio cholerae chromosome ii. | the bacterium vibrio cholerae has two chromosomes. the origin of replication of chromosome i is similar to that of escherichia coli. the origin-containing region of chromosome ii (oricii) resembles replicons of plasmids such as p1, except for the presence of an additional gene, rcta [egan, e. s. & waldor, m. k. (2003) cell 114, 521-530]. the oricii region that includes the initiator gene, rctb, can function as a plasmid in e. coli. here we show that rctb suffices for the oricii-based plasmid rep ... | 2006 | 16873545 |
| [study on the growth of vibrio cholerae o139 within acanthamoeba polyphaga and its survival in the cysts in low temperature]. | to determine whether acanthamoeba polyphaga could affect the survival and growth of vibrio cholerae o139 in low temperature. | 2006 | 16875540 |
| zonula occludens toxin synthetic peptide derivative at1002 enhances in vitro and in vivo intestinal absorption of low molecular weight heparin. | zonula occludens toxin (zot) is an enterotoxin obtained from the bacterium vibrio cholerae that has been shown to reversibly and safely open the tight junctions and enhance paracellular transport. at1002 is a novel synthetic hexapeptide derived from zot. the hypothesis to be tested in this study is that at1002 enhances the oral absorption of ardeparin, a low molecular weight heparin (lmwh). to test this hypothesis, drug transport through caco-2 cell monolayers was monitored in the presence and a ... | 2006 | 16882552 |
| requirement for vibrio cholerae integration host factor in conjugative dna transfer. | the requirement for host factors in the transmission of integrative and conjugative elements (ices) has not been extensively explored. here we tested whether integration host factor (ihf) or fis, two host-encoded nucleoid proteins, are required for transfer of sxt, a vibrio cholerae-derived ice that can be transmitted to many gram-negative species. fis did not influence the transfer of sxt to or from v. cholerae. in contrast, ihf proved to be required for v. cholerae to act as an sxt donor. in t ... | 2006 | 16885438 |
| prevalence of virulence genes (ctxa, stn, ompw and tcpa) among non-o1 vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh water environment. | the virulence of a pathogen is reliant on the presence of a discrete set of genetic determinants and their expression in the host. the virulence of vibrio spp. is regulated by the ctxab and tcpa genes. these genes are alleged to be exclusively associated with clinical strains of o1 and o139 serogroups. in the present study, we examined the presence of virulence genes viz. stn, ompw, ctxa and tcpa of classical and eltor variants, in environmental strains of non-o1 vibrio cholerae cultured seasona ... | 2006 | 16891156 |
| characterization of the mrgrs locus of the opportunistic pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei: temperature regulates the expression of a two-component signal transduction system. | burkholderia pseudomallei is a saprophyte in tropical environments and an opportunistic human pathogen. this versatility requires a sensing mechanism that allows the bacterium to respond rapidly to altered environmental conditions. we characterized a two-component signal transduction locus from b. pseudomallei 204, mrgr and mrgs, encoding products with extensive homology with response regulators and histidine protein kinases of escherichia coli, bordetella pertussis, and vibrio cholerae. | 2006 | 16893462 |