| detection and characterization of viruses causing hand, foot and mouth disease from children in seri kembangan, malaysia. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common viral infection among infants and children. the major causative agents of hfmd are enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16). recently, coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) infections were reported in neighboring countries. infected infants and children may present with fever, mouth/throat ulcers, rashes and vesicles on hands and feet. moreover, ev71 infections might cause fatal neurological complications. since 1997, ev71 caused fatalities in saraw ... | 2014 | 25776590 |
| antiviral activity of paulownia tomentosa against enterovirus 71 of hand, foot, and mouth disease. | the bark, leaves, and flowers of paulownia trees have been used in traditional chinese medicine to treat infectious and inflammatory diseases. we investigated the antiviral effects of paulownia tomentosa flowers, an herbal medicine used in some provinces of p. r. china for the treatment of skin rashes and blisters. dried flowers of p. tomentosa were extracted with methanol and tested for antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cav16), the predominant etiologic ag ... | 2015 | 25744451 |
| the compatibility of inactivated-enterovirus 71 vaccination with coxsackievirus a16 and poliovirus immunizations in humans and animals. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the key pathogen for hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) and can result in severe neurological complications and death among young children. three inactivated-ev71 vaccines have gone through phase iii clinical trials and have demonstrated good safety and efficacy. these vaccines will benefit young children under the threat of severe hfmd. however, the potential immunization-related compatibility for different enterovirus vaccines remains unclear, making it hard to inclu ... | 2015 | 25715318 |
| molecular epidemiology of coxsackievirus a6 associated with outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease in tianjin, china, in 2013. | since 2008, mainland china has undergone widespread outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). in order to determine the characteristics of epidemics and enteroviruses (ev) associated with hfmd in tianjin, in northern china, epidemiological and virological data from routine surveillance were collected and analyzed. in tianjin, a persistent epidemic of hfmd was demonstrated during 2008-2013, involving 102,705 mild, 179 severe, and 16 fatal cases. overall, 8234 specimens were collected fro ... | 2015 | 25680566 |
| enterovirus 71 mediates cell cycle arrest in s phase through non-structural protein 3d. | many viruses disrupt the host cell cycle to facilitate their own growth. we assessed the mechanism and function of enterovirus 71 (ev71), a primary causative agent for recent hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks, in manipulating cell cycle progression. our results suggest that ev71 infection induces s-phase arrest in diverse cell types by preventing the cell cycle transition from the s phase into the g2/m phase. similar results were observed for an alternate picornavirus, coxsackievirus a16. ... | 2015 | 25659038 |
| novel recombinant chimeric virus-like particle is immunogenic and protective against both enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in mice. | hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) has been recognized as an important global public health issue, which is predominantly caused by enterovirus 71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16). there is no available vaccine against hfmd. an ideal hfmd vaccine should be bivalent against both ev-a71 and cva16. here, a novel strategy to produce bivalent hfmd vaccine based on chimeric ev-a71 virus-like particles (chiev-a71 vlps) was proposed and illustrated. the neutralizing epitope sp70 within the capsid ... | 2015 | 25597595 |
| first isolation and genomic characterization of enterovirus a71 and coxsackievirus a16 from hand foot and mouth disease patients in the lao pdr. | enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) are major aetiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease in asia. we established the first genomic characterization of strains isolated in 2011 from lao patients. isolates were related to ev-a71 genotype c4 and cv-a16 genotype b1a that circulated in neighbouring countries during the same period. this confirms the regional character of hand, foot and mouth disease epidemiology and makes plausible the occurrence of severe disease in the ... | 2014 | 25566395 |
| ev71 vaccines: a first step towards multivalent hand, foot and mouth disease vaccines. | enterovirus a infections are the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease in infants and young children. enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 have emerged as neurotropic viruses responsible for severe neurological complications and a serious public health threat across the asia-pacific region. formalin-inactivated ev71 vaccines have elicited protection against ev71 but not against coxsackievirus a16 infections. the development of a bivalent formalin-inactivated ev71/fi coxsackieviru ... | 2015 | 25536888 |
| crystal structures of enterovirus 71 (ev71) recombinant virus particles provide insights into vaccine design. | hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) remains a major health concern in the asia-pacific regions, and its major causative agents include human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16. a desirable vaccine against hfmd would be multivalent and able to elicit protective responses against multiple hfmd causative agents. previously, we have demonstrated that a thermostable recombinant ev71 vaccine candidate can be produced by the insertion of a foreign peptide into the bc loop of vp1 without affect ... | 2015 | 25492868 |
| evaluation of monovalent and bivalent vaccines against lethal enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 infection in newborn mice. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) have caused severe epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in the asia pacific in recent years, particularly in infants and young children. this disease has become a serious public health problem, as no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for ev71 and ca16 infections. in this study, we compared four monovalent vaccines, including formalin-inactivated ev71 virus (iev71), ev71 virus-like particles (vlps) (vev71), formalin-ina ... | 2014 | 25483672 |
| towards broadly protective polyvalent vaccines against hand, foot and mouth disease. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) caused by multiple enterovirus infections is a serious health threat to children in the asia-pacific region. this article reviews progresses in the development of vaccines for hfmd and discusses the need for polyvalent hfmd vaccines for conferring broad-spectrum protection. | 2015 | 25449959 |
| review of enterovirus 71 vaccines. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackieviruses are the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreaks worldwide and have a significant socioeconomic impact, particularly in asia. formalin-inactivated (fi) ev71 vaccines evaluated in human clinical trials in china, taiwan, and singapore were found to be safe and to elicit strong neutralizing antibody responses against ev71 currently circulating in asia. the results from 3 different phase 3 clinical trials performed in young c ... | 2015 | 25352588 |
| [research advances in molecular epidemiology and vaccines of coxsackievirus a16]. | epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) have mainly been caused by coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and enterovirus a 71 (ev-a71), which circulated alternatively or together in the affected area. cva16 has caused numerous outbreaks and epidemics in multiple countries and geographical regions, and has become an important public health problem. based on an analysis of the complete vp1 coding region, all cva16 strains can be divided into genotypes a, b1, and b2. furthermore, genotype b1 can be d ... | 2014 | 25272607 |
| the role of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a strains in a large outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in 2012 in changsha, china. | during 2012, changsha experienced a large outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), resulting in 25,438 cases, including 42 severe cases and eight deaths. | 2014 | 25236389 |
| long-term immunogenicity studies of formalin-inactivated enterovirus 71 whole-virion vaccine in macaques. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) has caused epidemics of hand, foot and mouth diseases in asia during the past decades and no vaccine is available. a formalin-inactivated ev71 candidate vaccine (ev71vac) based on b4 subgenotype has previously been developed and found to elicit strong neutralizing antibody responses in mice and humans. in this study, we evaluated the long-term immunogenicity and safety of this ev71vac in a non-human primate model. juvenile macaques were immunized at 0, 3 and 6 weeks either ... | 2014 | 25197967 |
| circulation of coxsackievirus a6 in hand-foot-mouth disease in guangzhou, 2010-2012. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is usually caused by enterovirus 71(ev71), and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) in guangzhou, the biggest city of south china. however, coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6) were observed increased dramatically from 2010-2012. | 2014 | 25178398 |
| [epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease and genetic characterization of enterovirus a71: a survey from 2007 to 2012 in linyi of shandong province, china]. | to investigate the epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) and the genetic characteristics of enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) in linyi of shandong province, china during 2007-2012. the number of reported hfmd cases were obtained from the national notifiable disease reporting system (nndrs) were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology method; the vp1 region of ev-a71 isolated from hfmd patients in linyi was amplified and sequenced. finally, the genetic variability and phylogenecity of vp1 sequ ... | 2014 | 25118378 |
| droplet digital pcr as a useful tool for the quantitative detection of enterovirus 71. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a contagious viral disease that frequently affects infants and children and present with blisters and flu-like symptoms. this disease is caused by a group of enteroviruses such as enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). however, unlike other hfmd causing enteroviruses, ev71 have also been shown to be associated with more severe clinical manifestation such as aseptic meningitis, brainstem and cerebellar encephalitis which may lead to cardiopulmo ... | 2014 | 25064359 |
| association analysis of polymorphisms in oas1 with susceptibility and severity of hand, foot and mouth disease. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common childhood illness that mainly affects asian children under the age of 5 years. human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are the most common pathogens of hfmd. it is imperative that the susceptible population is screened early and that the severe illness population can be identified via genetic variation detection in children. four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) [2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase1 (oas1) rs10774671, selectin p ... | 2014 | 25059424 |
| identification of luteolin as enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 inhibitors through reporter viruses and cell viability-based screening. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common pediatric illness mainly caused by infection with enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). the frequent hfmd outbreaks have become a serious public health problem. currently, no vaccine or antiviral drug for ev71/ca16 infections has been approved. in this study, a two-step screening platform consisting of reporter virus-based assays and cell viability‑based assays was developed to identify potential inhibitors of ev71/ca16 infection. tw ... | 2014 | 25036464 |
| identification of specific antigenic epitope at n-terminal segment of enterovirus 71 (ev-71) vp1 protein and characterization of its use in recombinant form for early diagnosis of ev-71 infection. | human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) is the main etiologic agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). we sought to identify ev-71 specific antigens and develop serologic assays for acute-phase ev-71 infection. a series of truncated proteins within the n-terminal 100 amino acids (aa) of ev-71 vp1 was expressed in escherichia coli. western blot (wb) analysis showed that positions around 11-21 aa contain ev-71-specific antigenic sites, whereas positions 1-5 and 51-100 contain epitopes shared with human ... | 2014 | 24952304 |
| a virus-like particle based bivalent vaccine confers dual protection against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 infections in mice. | enterovirus 71(ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease which has been prevalent in asia-pacific regions, causing significant morbidity and mortality in young children. co-circulation of and co-infection by both viruses underscores the importance and urgency of developing vaccines against both viruses simultaneously. here we report the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a bivalent combination vaccine comprised of ev71 and ca16 virus-like particl ... | 2014 | 24950363 |
| correlation analysis of ev71 detection and case severity in hand, foot, and mouth disease in the hunan province of china. | an increase in the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) cases has been observed in the hunan province of mainland china since 2009 with a particularly higher level of severe cases in 2010-2012. intestinal viruses of the picornaviridae family are responsible for the human syndrome associated with hfmd with enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cox a16) being the most common causative strains. hfmd cases associated with ev71 are generally more severe with an increased associati ... | 2014 | 24941257 |
| clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adult hand, foot, and mouth disease in northern zhejiang, china, may 2008-november 2013. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is an infectious disease typically caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16. the incidence of hfmd appears to be increasing across the asia pacific region, with deaths occurring predominantly among children. therefore, most hfmd reports focus on children and few have studied hfmd in adults. however, more adult hfmd cases may be seen in the foreseeable future as a result of global warming, continued viral evolution, and an increase in traveling. ... | 2014 | 24885052 |
| co-circulation and genomic recombination of coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 during a large outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in central china. | a total of 1844 patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), most of them were children of age 1-3-year-old, in central china were hospitalized from 2011 to 2012. among them, 422 were infected with coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), 334 were infected with enterovirus 71 (ev71), 38 were co-infected with ev71 and cva16, and 35 were infected with other enteroviruses. molecular epidemiology analysis revealed that ev71 and cva16 were detected year-round, but ev71 circulated mainly in july and cva16 c ... | 2014 | 24776922 |
| [epidemiological features and pathogenic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in gansu province, china during 2008-2012]. | this study aims to analyze the epidemiological features and pathogenic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in gansu province, china and to provide a basis for the development of effective prevention and control measures. the descriptive epidemiological analysis was used to analyse the data of hfmd cases in gansu. the specimens collected from hospitals were subjected to rt-pcr or real-time pcr to detect human enterovirus (hev) nucleic acid, and hev strains were isolated using h ... | 2014 | 24772894 |
| inhibition of enterovirus 71 infection by antisense octaguanidinium dendrimer-conjugated morpholino oligomers. | enterovirus 71 (ev-71) infections are generally manifested as mild hand, foot and mouth disease, but have been reported to cause severe neurological complications with high mortality rates. treatment options remain limited due to the lack of antivirals. octaguanidinium-conjugated morpholino oligomers (vivo-mos) are single-stranded dna-like antisense agents that can readily penetrate cells and reduce gene expression by steric blocking of complementary rna sequences. in this study, inhibitory effe ... | 2014 | 24769243 |
| antiviral effects of phyllanthus urinaria containing corilagin against human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in vitro. | human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) especially in infants and children under 5 years of age. despite recent outbreaks of hfmd, there are no approved therapeutics against ev71 and ca16 infection. moreover, in a small percentage of cases, the disease progression can lead to serious complications of the central nervous system. in this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of corilagin and phyllanthus urin ... | 2015 | 24752860 |
| differential interferon pathway gene expression patterns in rhabdomyosarcoma cells during enterovirus 71 or coxsackievirus a16 infection. | exposure of cells to type i interferon (ifn) induces an antiviral state that prevents viral infection, but viruses can utilize multiple tactics to antagonize the host immune system. enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are two major pathogens that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), which is prevalent among children. we found that both ev71 and ca16 have different reactions to type i ifn pretreatment and induction patterns of type i ifn on rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cells. fur ... | 2014 | 24735544 |
| coxsackievirus a6 and enterovirus 71 causing hand, foot and mouth disease in cuba, 2011-2013. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is usually caused by coxsackievirus a16 or enterovirus 71 (ev71). between 2011 and 2013, hfmd cases were reported from different cuban provinces. a total of 42 clinical specimens were obtained from 23 patients. detection, identification and phylogenetic analysis of enterovirus-associated hfmd were carried out by virus isolation, specific enterovirus pcr and partial vp1 sequences. hev was detected in 11 hfmd cases. emerging genetic variants of coxsackievirus a6 ... | 2014 | 24719197 |
| expression of enterovirus 71 capsid protein vp1 in escherichia coli and its clinical application. | the vpl gene of enterovirus 71 (ev71) was synthesized, construct a recombinant plasmid pet15b/vp1 and expressed in e. coli bl21. the recombinant vp1 protein could specifically react with ev71-infected patient sera without the cross-reaction with serum antibodies of coxsackievirus a16 (ca16), a4, a5, b3 and b5 as well as echovirus 6. in acute and convalescent phases, igm and igg antibodies of 182 serum samples were detected by elisa with recombinant vp1 protein as a coated antigen. the results sh ... | 2013 | 24688514 |
| cryo-electron microscopy study of insect cell-expressed enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 virus-like particles provides a structural basis for vaccine development. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are the two most common etiological agents responsible for the epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), a childhood illness with occasional severe neurological complications. a number of vaccine candidates against ev71 or ca16 have been reported; however, no vaccine is currently available for clinical use. here, we generated a secreted version of ev71 and ca16 virus-like particles (vlps) using a baculovirus-insect cell expression syst ... | 2014 | 24672036 |
| a combination vaccine comprising of inactivated enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 elicits balanced protective immunity against both viruses. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are the two major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), which is an infectious disease frequently occurring in children. a bivalent vaccine against both ev71 and ca16 is highly desirable. in the present study, we compare monovalent inactivated ev71, monovalent inactivated ca16, and a combination vaccine candidate comprising of both inactivated ev71 and ca16, for their immunogenicity and in vivo protective efficacy. the two mo ... | 2014 | 24657161 |
| improved detection limit in rapid detection of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 by a novel reverse transcription-isothermal multiple-self-matching-initiated amplification assay. | rapid detection of human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) is important in the early phase of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). in this study, we developed and evaluated a novel reverse transcription-isothermal multiple-self-matching-initiated amplification (rt-imsa) assay for the rapid detection of ev71 and cva16 by use of reverse transcriptase, together with a strand displacement dna polymerase. real-time rt-imsa assays using a turbidimeter and visual rt-imsa assays to det ... | 2014 | 24648558 |
| new coxsackievirus b4 genotype circulating in inner mongolia autonomous region, china. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) surveillance was initiated in the inner mongolia autonomous region of china in 2007, a crucial scrutiny for monitoring the prevalence of enterovirus serotypes associated with hfmd patients. however, this surveillance mostly focused on enterovirus 71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a16; therefore, information on other enterovirus serotypes is limited. to identify the other circulating enterovirus serotypes in the hfmd outbreaks in inner mongolia in 2010, clinical ... | 2014 | 24595311 |
| enterovirus infection in children attending two outpatient clinics in zhejiang province, china. | enteroviruses are responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease, and have caused many deaths in china during recent years. but the natural history of enterovirus infection in children, especially asymptomatic children, is not yet clear. from april 2011 to may 2012, 505 stool and throat swab samples of children attending outpatients clinics in two hospitals were collected weekly to test for enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus a16, and other enterovirus nucleic acids by real-time rt-pcr. two hundred si ... | 2014 | 24519430 |
| dermatological spectrum of hand, foot and mouth disease from classical to generalized exanthema. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is classically defined as a childhood fever accompanied by a rash with vesicles or erosions of the oral mucosa, hands, feet and sometimes the buttocks. severe neurological complications are associated with enterovirus 71 outbreaks in asia. recently, it has been suggested that hfmd is related to coxsackie virus a6 (cv-a6) when there is an atypical rash. the objective of the study is to determine the dermatological pattern of hfmd and to identify the virus serot ... | 2014 | 24463804 |
| hand, foot and mouth disease in guangdong, china, in 2013: new trends in the continuing epidemic. | millions of incidents of hand, foot and mouth disease occur annually in china, with eva71 and cva16 as two major causative pathogens. a provincial surveillance system has been implemented in guangdong for almost 5 years to analyze the aetiological spectrum and epidemic changes. an unusual enterovirus type, cva6, was identified as the predominant serotype associated with an hfmd epidemic from late 2012 to 2013. in contrast to virus strains isolated before, all cva6/chn/2012-2013 strains segregate ... | 2014 | 24428125 |
| prevalence of multiple enteroviruses associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in shijiazhuang city, hebei province, china: outbreaks of coxsackieviruses a10 and b3. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) has been one of the most common infectious diseases in shijiazhuang city, as is the situation in china overall. in the national hfmd surveillance system, the pathogen detection was focused on ev-a71 and cva16, and therefore, information on the other evs is very limited. in order to identify the circulating ev serotypes in the hfmd outbreaks in shijiazhuang city during 2010-2012, 4045 patients presented with hfmd were recruited in the study, and clinical sampl ... | 2014 | 24392117 |
| human enterovirus 71 uncoating captured at atomic resolution. | human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the major causative agent of severe hand-foot-and-mouth diseases (hfmd) in young children, and structural characterization of ev71 during its life cycle can aid in the development of therapeutics against hfmd. here, we present the atomic structures of the full virion and an uncoating intermediate of a clinical ev71 c4 strain to illustrate the structural changes in the full virion that lead to the formation of the uncoating intermediate prepared for rna release. alt ... | 2014 | 24352461 |
| monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis of enterovirus 71. | enterovirus 71 (ev71), one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), is now recognized as an emerging neurotropic virus in asia and may cause severe neurologic complications and mortalities. laboratory diagnosis of ev71 infection must be efficient and accurate, which could be accomplished by various immunoassays. in this study we use a live ev71 isolate, tainan/4643/98, with genotype c2 as an immunogen to sensitize balb/c (h-2(d)) mice and then generate the ev71-spec ... | 2013 | 24328741 |
| seroprevalence of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in guangdong, china, in pre- and post-2010 hfmd epidemic period. | human enterovirus 71 and coxsackie a16 have caused many outbreaks in the last decade in mainland china, resulting in thousands of fatal cases. seroepidemiology which provides important information to document population immunity is rare in china. | 2013 | 24324604 |
| formalin-inactivated ev71 vaccine candidate induced cross-neutralizing antibody against subgenotypes b1, b4, b5 and c4a in adult volunteers. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) has caused several epidemics of hand, foot and mouth diseases (hfmd) in asia. no effective ev71 vaccine is available. a randomized and open-label phase i clinical study registered with clinicaltrials.gov #nct01268787, aims to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a formalin-inactivated ev71 vaccine candidate (ev71vac) at 5- and 10-µg doses. in this study we report the cross-neutralizing antibody responses from each volunteer against different subgenotype ... | 2013 | 24278177 |
| coxsackievirus a16: epidemiology, diagnosis, and vaccine. | coxsackievirus 16 (ca16) is one of the major pathogens associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in infants and young children. in recent years, ca16 and human enterovirus 71 (ev71) have often circulated alternatively or together in the western pacific region, which has become an important public health problem in this region. hfmd caused by ca16 infection is generally thought to be mild and self-limiting. however, recently several severe and fatal cases involving ca16 have been repor ... | 2014 | 24231751 |
| epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hand foot, and mouth disease in a shenzhen sentinel hospital from 2009 to 2011. | we investigated the epidemiological and clinical data of all hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) cases in a sentinel hospital of shenzhen, china from 2009 to 2011. | 2013 | 24225231 |
| coxsackievirus a6-induced hand-foot-mouth disease. | hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) is an acute, self-limited, highly contagious viral illness that commonly affects children younger than 5 years. it is most typically caused by enterovirus 71 or coxsackievirus a16 and results in asymptomatic infection or mild disease. immunocompetent adults are rarely affected. recently, there have been increasing reports of a more severe form of hfmd associated with fevers, joint pains, and widespread painful eruptions. some of these patients required hospitalizat ... | 2013 | 24172861 |
| eupafolin and ethyl acetate fraction of kalanchoe gracilis stem extract show potent antiviral activities against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (coxa16) are main pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, occasionally causing aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in tropical and subtropical regions. kalanchoe gracilis, da-huan-hun, is a chinese folk medicine for treating pain and inflammation, exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. our prior report (2012) cited k. gracilis leaf extract as moderately active against ev71 and coxa16. this study further rates antienteroviral potent ... | 2013 | 24078828 |
| molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus a16 and a6 associated with hand, foot and mouth disease in spain. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a childhood illness frequently caused by genotypes belonging to the enterovirus a species, including coxsackievirus (cv)-a16 and enterovirus (ev)-71. between 2010 and 2012, several outbreaks and sporadic cases of hfmd occurred in different regions of spain. the objective of the present study was to describe the enterovirus epidemiology associated with hfmd in the country. a total of 80 patients with hfmd or atypical rash were included. detection and typing ... | 2014 | 24033818 |
| an open conformation determined by a structural switch for 2a protease from coxsackievirus a16. | coxsackievirus a16 belongs to the family picornaviridae, and is a major agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease that infects mostly children, and to date no vaccines or antiviral therapies are available. 2a protease of enterovirus is a nonstructural protein and possesses both self-cleavage activity and the ability to cleave the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4g. here we present the crystal structure of coxsackievirus a16 2a protease, which interestingly forms hexamers in crystal as well a ... | 2013 | 24026848 |
| coxsackievirus a6 and hand, foot and mouth disease: three case reports of familial child-to-immunocompetent adult transmission and a literature review. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a highly contagious viral infection characterized by typical maculopapular or vesicular eruptions on the hands and feet and in the oral cavity. it affects predominantly children and/or immunocompromised adults. it usually follows a benign and self-limiting course. however, hfmd cases with severe or lethal complications such as encephalitis, meningitis, pulmonary edema and myocarditis have also been reported, mostly in children, but also in adults. high infe ... | 2013 | 24019771 |
| a strain-specific epitope of enterovirus 71 identified by cryo-electron microscopy of the complex with fab from neutralizing antibody. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a picornavirus that causes outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), primarily in the asia-pacific area. unlike coxsackievirus a16, which also causes hfmd, ev71 induces severe neuropathology leading to high fatalities, especially among children under the age of 6 years. currently, no established vaccines or treatments are available against ev71 infection. the monoclonal antibody ma28-7 neutralizes only specific strains of ev71 that have a conserved glycine at am ... | 2013 | 23946455 |
| changing aetiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in linyi, china, 2009-2011. | millions of hand, foot and mouth disease cases occur annually and the disease is considered a significant public health threat in china. we have focused on linyi for 3 years to analyse the aetiological spectrum and epidemic changes. the reported number of cases of hfmd in linyi declined in 2011,with the percentage of hev71 dropping to 11%. although cva16 rose to 51% in 2011, the number of cva16 cases did not change significantly compared with the previous 2 years. other types of enteroviruses we ... | 2014 | 23910234 |
| [the pathogenic spectrum of hand, foot and mouth disease and molecular characterizations of human enterovirus 71 in inner mongolia autonomous region in 2010]. | to study the pathogenic spectrum of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) and the molecular characterizations of human enteroviruses 71 (hev71) isolated from the clinical specimens of hfmd patients in inner mongolia in 2010. a total of 921 clinical specimens including stools and throat swabs were collected from hfmd patients in outpatient service in inner mongolia and then viral isolation was performed, the positive viral isolates were identified by using the real-time pcr method (detecting ev, he ... | 2013 | 23905475 |
| accuracy of diagnostic methods and surveillance sensitivity for human enterovirus, south korea, 1999-2011. | the epidemiology of enteroviral infection in south korea during 1999-2011 chronicles nationwide outbreaks and changing detection and subtyping methods used over the 13-year period. of 14,657 patients whose samples were tested, 4,762 (32.5%) samples were positive for human enterovirus (human ev); as diagnostic methods improved, the rate of positive results increased. a seasonal trend of outbreaks was documented. genotypes enterovirus 71, echovirus 30, coxsackievirus b5, enterovirus 6, and coxsack ... | 2013 | 23876671 |
| characterisation of enterovirus 71 replication kinetics in human colorectal cell line, ht29. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a contagious viral disease that commonly affects infants and children with blisters and flu like symptoms, is caused by a group of enteroviruses such as enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). however some hfmd caused by ev71 may further develop into severe neurological complications such as encephalitis and meningitis. the route of transmission was postulated that the virus transmit from one person to another through direct contact of vesicular ... | 2013 | 23875129 |
| vp2 dominated cd4+ t cell responses against enterovirus 71 and cross-reactivity against coxsackievirus a16 and polioviruses in a healthy population. | enterovirus 71 (ev71)-associated hand-foot-mouth disease has become a major threat to public health in the asia-pacific region. although t cell immunity is closely correlated with clinical outcomes of ev71 infection, little is known about t cell immunity baseline against ev71 and t cell immunogenecity of ev71 ags in the population, which has restricted our understanding of immunoprotection mechanisms. in this study, we investigated the cellular immune responses against the four structural ags of ... | 2013 | 23863902 |
| a novel enterovirus and parechovirus multiplex one-step real-time pcr-validation and clinical experience. | as the number of new enteroviruses and human parechoviruses seems ever growing, the necessity for updated diagnostics is relevant. we have updated an enterovirus assay and combined it with a previously published assay for human parechovirus resulting in a multiplex one-step rt-pcr assay. the multiplex assay was validated by analysing the sensitivity and specificity of the assay compared to the respective monoplex assays, and a good concordance was found. furthermore, the enterovirus assay was ab ... | 2013 | 23845901 |
| comparative study of the cytokine/chemokine response in children with differing disease severity in enterovirus 71-induced hand, foot, and mouth disease. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection can lead to a rapidly progressing, life-threatening, and severe neurological disease in young children, including the development of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). this study aims to further characterize the specific immunological features in ev71-mediated hfmd patients presenting with differing degrees of disease severity. | 2013 | 23840697 |
| atypical hand-foot-mouth disease in children: a hospital-based prospective cohort study. | in 2010, we observed children with atypical presentations of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd), such as rashes on earlobes and faces, or bullae on trunks and bilateral limbs. hyperpigmentation later developed as the bullous lesions crusted. thus, we intended to study the etiology of the illness and the phylogeny of the pathogens. | 2013 | 23800163 |
| characterization of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 isolated in hand, foot, and mouth disease patients in guangdong, 2010. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is an acute viral disease caused by human enteroviruses, especially human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), and mainly affects infants and young children. after the outbreak in 2008 in fuyang, china, hfmd was classified as a category c notifiable infectious disease by the ministry of health of china. | 2013 | 23791223 |
| development of a sandwich elisa for the quantification of enterovirus 71. | since 2008, enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been responsible for high-mortality seasonal epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease in china. currently many groups in the world are in the process of developing ev71 vaccines to combat this deadly disease. we have developed three ev71-specific monoclonal antibodies, and in this study we report the establishment of a fast and cost-effective sandwich elisa kit for measurement of virus concentration in ev71 vaccines using a pair of mouse anti-ev71 monoclona ... | 2014 | 23728855 |
| analysis and solution of false-positives when testing cva16 sera using an antibody assay against the ev71 virus. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in humans is caused mainly by enterovirus 71(ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16). ev71 is associated with severe hfmd cases but not cva16. use of igm-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is important for the early diagnosis of ev71 infection, but cross-reactivity of the anti-cva16 igm antibody with ev71 produces false-positive results. in this report, we designed a new ev71 igm-capture elisa method using the ev71 vp1 peptide instead of the ev71 v ... | 2013 | 23707400 |
| the development and application of the two real-time rt-pcr assays to detect the pathogen of hfmd. | large-scale hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreaks have frequently occurred in china since 2008, affecting more than one million children and causing several hundred children deaths every year. the pathogens of hfmd are mainly human enteroviruses (hevs). among them, human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the most common pathogens of hfmd. however, other hevs could also cause hfmd. to rapidly detect hev71 and cva16, and ensure detection of all hevs causing hfmd, t ... | 2013 | 23637836 |
| hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus a6, thailand, 2012. | in thailand, hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is usually caused by enterovirus 71 or coxsackievirus a16. to determine the cause of a large outbreak of hfmd in thailand during june-august 2012, we examined patient specimens. coxsackievirus a6 was the causative agent. to improve prevention and control, causes of hfmd should be monitored. | 2013 | 23631943 |
| novel substituted heteroaromatic piperazine and piperidine derivatives as inhibitors of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16. | a series of substituted heteroaromatic piperazine and piperidine derivatives were found through virtual screening based on the structure of human enterovirus 71 capsid protein vp1. the preliminary biological evaluation revealed that compounds 8e and 9e have potent activity against ev71 and coxsackievirus a16 with low cytotoxicity. | 2013 | 23629759 |
| a new factor influencing pathogen detection by molecular assay in children with both mild and severe hand, foot, and mouth disease. | this study aimed to find novel information concerning pathogen detection and some probable coinfection factors in hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). in this study, 1104 clinically diagnosed hfmd patients were included. enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (ca16), and 14 different respiratory pathogens were examined from nasopharyngeal swabs using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) or reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr). to evaluate the immune activation in hfmd patients, 8 cytokines and igm ... | 2013 | 23535205 |
| molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 strains in the nanchang region of china in 2011. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is caused by enteroviruses, most commonly enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). in general, ev71 infection is more likely to induce severe complications and mortality than other enterovirus infections. the present study focuses on the molecular epidemiology of human ev71 strains in the nanchang region of china in 2011. overall, 651 specimens (throat or rectal swabs) were collected, and one-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction wa ... | 2013 | 23514913 |
| glycyrrhizic acid as the antiviral component of glycyrrhiza uralensis fisch. against coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 of hand foot and mouth disease. | the radices of glycyrrhiza uralensis fisch. and herbal preparations containing glycyrrhiza spp. have been used for thousands of years as an herbal medicine for the treatment of viral induced cough, viral hepatitis, and viral skin diseases like ulcers in china. glycyrrhizic acid (ga) is considered the principal component in glycyrrhiza spp. with a wide spectrum of antiviral activity. | 2013 | 23454684 |
| hand, foot, and mouth disease: current scenario and indian perspective. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), first reported in new zealand in 1957 is caused by coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and occasionally by coxsackievirus a4-a7, a9, a10, b1-b3, and b5. this is characterized by erythematous papulo vesicular eruptions over hand, feet, perioral area, knees, buttocks and also intraorally mostly in the children. hfmd has been known for its self limiting course. only small scale outbreaks have been reported from united states, europe, aus ... | 2013 | 23442455 |
| phylogenetic analysis of enterovirus 71 circulating in beijing, china from 2007 to 2009. | the major pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in beijing, china from 2007 to 2009 were identified in this study. a total of 186 hfmd cases were included, and 136 cases (73%) were positive for enterovirus (ev). in 2007, 75% (27/36) were coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) positive and 19% (7/36) were enterovirus 71 (ev71) positive cases. however, ev71 was the predominant virus in 2008, when 56% (31/55) of the cases were positive for ev71 and 22% (12/55) were positive for ca16. in 2009, ev71 an ... | 2013 | 23418551 |
| epidemiology and etiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in huizhou city between 2008 and 2011. | to study epidemiological features and etiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), 42,012 cases were investigated from april 2008 to december 2011 in huizhou, china. the average incidence rate was 21.16 per 10,000. the highest peak of hfmd incidence was detected between april and july each year, accounting for 55.93 % of all reported cases; another peak occurred in october through december, accounting for 24.17 % of the cases. of the reported cases, 89.75 % were in childre ... | 2013 | 23229012 |
| immunological and biochemical characterization of coxsackie virus a16 viral particles. | coxsackie virus a16 (cva16) infections have become a serious public health problem in the asia-pacific region. it manifests most often in childhood exanthema, commonly known as hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). there are currently no vaccine or effective medical treatments available. | 2012 | 23226233 |
| rapid and sensitive identification of rna from the emerging pathogen, coxsackievirus a6. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is caused by members of the family picornaviridae in the genus enterovirus. it has been reported that coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) infections are emerging as a new and major cause of epidemic hfmd. sporadic hfmd cases positive for cva6 were detected in the mainland of china in recent years. to strengthen the surveillance of cva6 infections and outbreak control, the clinical diagnosis is urgently needed to distinguish the cva6 infection disease from other infection ... | 2012 | 23194501 |
| novel marker for recombination in the 3'-untranslated region of members of the species human enterovirus a. | human enterovirus a (hev-a) is a species in the genus enterovirus. viruses belonging to this species are often responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease and associated acute neurological disease. studies of the 3' untranslated region (utr) of human enterovirus 71 (hev71) revealed a possible role in virus replication. we compared the 3'-utrs of all members of hev-a and confirmed the presence of a secondary structure comprising three stem-loop domains (slds). sld-z is situated closest to the st ... | 2013 | 23178966 |
| development of a coxsackievirus a16 neutralization assay based on pseudoviruses for measurement of neutralizing antibody titer in human serum. | serum neutralizing antibody titers are indicative of protective immunity against coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71), the two main etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), and provide the basis for evaluating vaccine efficacy. the current cv-a16 neutralization assay based on inhibition of cytopathic effects requires manual microscopic examination, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. in this study, a high-throughput neutralization assay was developed b ... | 2013 | 23178532 |
| detection of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in henan province, china in 2009. | during 2009, an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) enrolled 490 people in henan province, causing the death of two children. in order to investigate the pathogens responsible for this outbreak and characterize their genetic characteristics, a total of 508 clinical specimens (stool, throat swab, and vesicle fluid) were collected from the center for disease control and prevention of henan province. virological investigations (virus isolation, conventional reverse transcription pcr, a ... | 2013 | 23080402 |
| comparative genetic analysis of vp4, vp1 and 3d gene regions of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 circulating in malaysia between 1997-2008. | three genomic regions, vp4 capsid, vp1 capsid and 3d rna polymerase of human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) were sequenced to understand the evolution of these viruses in malaysia. a total of 42 ev-71 and 36 cv-a16 isolates from 1997- 2008 were sequenced. despite the presence of many ev-71 subgenotypes worldwide, only subgenotypes b3, b4, b5, c1 and c2 were present in malaysia. importation of other subgenotypes such as c3, c4/d and c5 from other countries was infrequent. ... | 2012 | 23018509 |
| etiologic and epidemiologic analysis of hand, foot, and mouth disease in guangzhou city: a review of 4,753 cases. | this study aimed to review etiological and epidemiological data for hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) cases that occurred between 2008 and 2010 in guangzhou city, to help develop and implement precautionary measures applicable for future outbreaks. | 2012 | 22964289 |
| identification and characterization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing the linear epitope rvadvi on vp1 protein of enterovirus 71. | several large outbreaks of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) have occurred in the asian-pacific region since 1997, with enterovirus 71 (ev71) and/or coxsackievirus a16 (cav16) as the main causative agents. despite the close genetic relationship between the two viruses, only ev71 is associated with severe clinical manifestations and deaths. effective antiviral treatment and vaccines are not available. high-quality monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are necessary to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of ... | 2012 | 22930511 |
| evidences for intertypic and intratypic recombinant events in ev71 of hand, foot and mouth disease during an epidemic in hubei province, china, 2011. | humane enterovirus 71 (hev 71) is a common contagious agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) which is normally mild but can caused deaths and severe neurological complications. in april 2011, an unpredicted hfmd outbreak in xiangyang city of hubei province in china resulted in a high aggregation of hfmd cases including fatal cases and many severe cases. in this study, 71 clinical specimens were collected according to the different symptoms and rna extraction and rt-pcr amplification were p ... | 2012 | 22922556 |
| a novel minicircle vector based system for inhibting the replication and gene expression of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16. | enterovirus 71 (ev 71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca 16) are two major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). they have been associated with severe neurological and cardiological complications worldwide, and have caused significant mortalities during large-scale outbreaks in china. currently, there are no effective treatments against ev 71 and ca 16 infections. we now describe the development of a novel minicircle vector based rna interference (rnai) system as a therapeutic approa ... | 2012 | 22921338 |
| replication kinetics of coxsackievirus a16 in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. | coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), together with enterovirus type 71 (ev71), is responsible for most cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) worldwide. recent findings suggest that the recombination between cva16 and ev71, and the co-circulation of these two viruses may have contributed to the increase of hfmd cases in china over the past few years. it is therefore important to further understand the virology, epidemiology, virus-host interactions and host pathogenesis of cva16. in this study, we ... | 2012 | 22899429 |
| [etiology of hand-foot-and-mouth disease seen in nanjing in 2010 and molecular characteristics analysis of ev71]. | to study the etiological agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd), and to genetically characterize enterovirus 71 (ev71) isolated from clinical specimens of hfmd patients in nanjing in 2010. | 2012 | 22801226 |
| [epidemiology and etiology of hand-foot-and-mouth disease seen in jiangsu province from 2008 to 2010]. | to analyze the etiological and epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) seen in jiangsu province from 2008 to 2010, and provide evidence for its prevention and control. | 2012 | 22801225 |
| antiviral ability of kalanchoe gracilis leaf extract against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16. | pandemic infection or reemergence of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) occurs in tropical and subtropical regions, being associated with hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, aseptic meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, pulmonary edema, and paralysis. however, effective therapeutic drugs against ev71 and cva16 are rare. kalanchoe gracilis (l.) dc is used for the treatment of injuries, pain, and inflammation. this study investigated antiviral effects of k. gracilis leaf extr ... | 2012 | 22666293 |
| antigenic characteristics of the complete and truncated capsid protein vp1 of enterovirus 71. | the complete vp1 protein of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and a series of truncations were expressed in escherichia coli and their antigenic characteristics were studied. immunoblot analysis showed the major immunoreactive region of the vp1 protein was located in the n-terminal portion at position of amino acid (aa) 1-100. the complete vp1 possessed strong cross-reactivity with antisera against coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and echovirus 6 (echo6), while the truncated fragment at position 1-100 aa only had ... | 2012 | 22659489 |
| simultaneous detection of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 using dual-colour upconversion luminescent nanoparticles as labels. | we highlight a novel fluorescence analysis for sensitive and selective detection of ev-71 and cv-a16 by combining labelling technology based on dual-colour upconversion fluorescence nanoparticles (ucnps) with magnetic bioseparation and concentration technology based on magnetite nanoparticles (mnps). | 2012 | 22498910 |
| cellular receptors for human enterovirus species a. | human enterovirus species a (hev-a) is one of the four species of hev in the genus enterovirus in the family picornaviridae. among hev-a, coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). some other types of hev-a are commonly associated with herpangina. although hfmd and herpangina due to hev-a are common febrile diseases among infants and children, ev71 can cause various neurological diseases, such as aseptic meningitis ... | 2012 | 22470371 |
| human scarb2-dependent infection by coxsackievirus a7, a14, and a16 and enterovirus 71. | human enterovirus species a (hev-a) consists of at least 16 members of different serotypes that are known to be the causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), herpangina, and other diseases, such as respiratory disease and polio-like flaccid paralysis. enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the major causative agents of hfmd. cva5, cva6, cva10, and cva12 mainly cause herpangina or are occasionally involved with sporadic cases of hfmd. we have previously shown tha ... | 2012 | 22438546 |
| enterovirus 71 blocks selectively type i interferon production through the 3c viral protein in mice. | type i interferons (ifns) represent an essential innate defense mechanism for controlling enterovirus 71 (ev 71) infection. mice inoculated with ev 71 produced a significantly lower amount of type i ifns than those inoculated with poly (i:c), adenovirus type v, or coxsackievirus b3 (cb3). ev 71 infection, however, mounted a proinflammatory response with a significant increase in the levels of serum and brain interleukin (il)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor, and ifn-γ ... | 2012 | 22997081 |
| isolation of an imported subgenotype b5 strain of human enterovirus a71 in chongqing city, china, 2014. | enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) is the main pathogen responsible for large outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in mainland china, and the dominant ev-a71 strains belong to subgenotype c4. to date, only one imported subgenotype b5 of ev-a71 has been reported in xiamen city fujian province, 2009. | 2016 | 27357279 |
| human sentinel surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viral pathogens in border areas of western cambodia. | little is known about circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses in remote populations along the thai-cambodia border in western cambodia. we screened 586 outpatients (median age 5, range 1-77) presenting with influenza-like-illness (ili) at 4 sentinel sites in western cambodia between may 2010 and december 2012. real-time reverse transcriptase (rrt) pcr for influenza was performed on combined nasal and throat specimens followed by viral culture, antigenic analysis, antiviral suscept ... | 2016 | 27028323 |
| [genetic evidence for recombination and mutation in the emergence of human enterovirus 71]. | we wished to understand the genetic recombination and phylogenetic characteristics of human en- terovirus a71 (ev-a71) and to explore its potential virulence-related sites. full-length genomes of three ev-a71 strains isolated from patients in chenzhou city (china) were sequenced and analyzed. possible re- combination events and crossover sites were analyzed with recombination detection program v4. 1. 6 by comparison with the complete genome sequences of 231 strains of ev-a71. similarly, plot and ... | 2014 | 25562969 |
| prevalence and characterization of enterovirus infections among pediatric patients with hand foot mouth disease, herpangina and influenza like illness in thailand, 2012. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) and herpangina are common infectious diseases caused by several genotypes of human enterovirus species a and frequently occurring in young children. this study was aimed at analyzing enteroviruses from patients with these diseases in thailand in 2012. detection and genotype determination of enteroviruses were accomplished by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the vp1 region. enterovirus-positive samples were differentiated into ... | 2014 | 24887237 |
| combination of intratypic and intertypic recombinant events in ev71: a novel evidence for the "triple-recombinant" strains of genotype a viruses in mainland china from 2008 to 2010. | the first enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain isolated in 1969 was classified as genotype a. it is interesting that the genotype a disappeared nearly 40 years until its re-emergence in mainland china in 2008-2010. few studies on genetic characterization of the re-emerged genotype a viruses have been reported. in this study, a series of analyses were performed on molecular epidemiology and genome recombination of genotype a viruses in china. phylogenetic analysis indicated that except for 17 reported ge ... | 2015 | 25724176 |
| ambulatory pediatric surveillance of hand, foot and mouth disease as signal of an outbreak of coxsackievirus a6 infections, france, 2014-2015. | the clinical impact of enteroviruses associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is unknown outside asia, and the prevalence of enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) in particular might be underestimated. to investigate the prevalence of enterovirus serotypes and the clinical presentations associated with hfmd in france, we conducted prospective ambulatory clinic-based surveillance of children during april 2014-march 2015. throat or buccal swabs were collected from children with hfmd and tested for t ... | 2016 | 27767012 |
| development and evaluation of a non-ribosomal random pcr and next-generation sequencing based assay for detection and sequencing of hand, foot and mouth disease pathogens. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) has become a major public health problem across the asia-pacific region, and is commonly caused by enterovirus a71 (ev-a71) and coxsackievirus a6 (cv-a6), cv-a10 and cv-a16. generating pathogen whole-genome sequences is essential for understanding their evolutionary biology. the frequent replacements among ev serotypes and a limited numbers of available whole-genome sequences hinder the development of overlapping pcrs for whole-genome sequencing. we developed ... | 2016 | 27388326 |
| [the etiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized children with hand, foot and mouth disease in beijing in 2013]. | to investigate the etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in beijing during 2013, and study the clinical characteristics of hfmd caused by the main serotypes of enterovirus in the study. | 2015 | 26310558 |
| unusual skin manifestation of hand, foot and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus a6: cases report. | hand, food, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a highly contagious disease caused by enteroviruses infection. it is a health problem in young children under 5 years of age worldwide. the common causative agents are coxsackievirus a 16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71). in recent years, coxsackievirus a6 (ca6) has emerged to be one of the major etiologic agents of hfmd worldwide including in thailand. | 2015 | 26203408 |
| emergence of enterovirus 71 c4a in denmark, 2009 to 2013. | enterovirus (ev) 71 has emerged as a primary cause of severe neurologic enterovirus infection in the aftermath of the global polio eradication effort. eleven subgenotypes of ev71 exist, the c4 subgenotype being associated with large outbreaks in asia with high mortality rates. this subgenotype has rarely been reported in europe. in the period between 1 january 2009 and 31 december 2013 a total of 1,447 ev positive samples from 1,143 individuals were sent to the statens serum institute (ssi), and ... | 2014 | 25306878 |