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jak and stat members in channel catfish: identification, phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling after edwardsiella ictaluri infection.the janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (jak/stat) signaling pathway is one of the main pleiotropic cascades used to transmit information from extracellular receptors to the nucleus, which results in dna transcription and expression of genes involved in immunity, proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and cell survival. members of jak family and stat family have been extensively studied in different mammalian species because of their important roles in ...201829274790
the virulence and immune protection of edwardsiella ictaluri hemr mutants in catfish.edwardsiella ictaluri is a gram-negative facultative intracellular rod, causing enteric septicemia of catfish (esc). several heme uptake systems have been described in bacterial pathogens, most of which involve outer membrane proteins (omps). we have shown recently that heme/hemoglobin receptor family protein (hemr) is significantly up-regulated in e. ictaluri under iron-restricted conditions. in this work, our goal was to construct e. ictaluri hemr mutants and assess their virulence and immune ...201829097322
deciphering transcriptome profile of the yellow catfish (pelteobagrus fulvidraco) in response to edwardsiella ictaluri.edwardsiella ictaluri is one of the most important pathogens posing a serious threat for yellow catfish (pelteobagrus fulvidraco), a highly valuable fish species of increasing commercial interest in china. here, a transcriptomic strategy was undertaken to investigate the yellow catfish gene expression profile against infection by the bacterial pathogen e. ictaluri. comparison of the transcriptome profiles between the infected and uninfected samples showed that a massive gene expression change oc ...201728866276
genetic studies to re-affiliate edwardsiella tarda fish isolates to edwardsiella piscicida and edwardsiella anguillarum species.until 2012, the genus edwardsiella was composed by three species edwardsiella tarda, edwardsiella hoshinae and edwardsiella ictaluri. in 2013, edwardsiella piscicida, compiling fish pathogenic strains previously identified as e. tarda was described, and more recently a new species isolated from diseased eel was reported, namely edwardsiella anguillarum. the incorporation of these species into the genus makes necessary a revision of the taxonomic position of the isolates previously identified as ...201729150173
improving safety of a live attenuated edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against enteric septicemia of catfish and evaluation of efficacy.edwardsiella ictaluri is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen causing enteric septicemia of channel catfish (esc). our recent work indicated that tricarboxylic acid cycle and one-carbon metabolism are critical pathways for e. ictaluri virulence. although single and double gene deletions in these pathways resulted in safe and efficacious vaccines for use in catfish fingerlings, vaccine trials in catfish fry showed safety concerns. therefore, we aimed to improve the safety of these m ...201729103702
in vitro assessment of the antimicrobial activity of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles against fish pathogens.antibiotic resistance is a global issue that threatens public health. the excessive use of antibiotics contributes to this problem as the genes of antibiotic resistance can be transferred between the bacteria in humans, animals and aquatic organisms. metallic nanoparticles could serve as future substitutes for some conventional antibiotics because of their antimicrobial activity. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles against major ...201728732514
lesions caused by virulent aeromonas hydrophila in farmed catfish ( ictalurus punctatus and i. punctatus × i. furcatus) in mississippi.in 2009, a virulent strain of aeromonas hydrophila caused severe disease and high mortalities (motile aeromonad septicemia variant [masv]) in farmed channel catfish ( ictalurus punctatus) and hybrid catfish ( i. punctatus × i. furcatus) in eastern mississippi and alabama. as is common in mas, there is severe hemorrhagic dermatitis with ulceration, as well as abdominal hyperemia, petechiation, and mild ascites. additional findings in masv cases include panophthalmitis and orbital cellulitis, lead ...201728482758
biofilm formation on aquaculture substrates by selected bacterial fish pathogens.the objective of this study was to determine whether common bacterial catfish pathogens could attach and colonize surfaces commonly found in aquaculture facilities. in addition, we evaluated the role of calcium in biofilm formation. attachment to polystyrene plates was used to quantify biofilm formation by five bacterial pathogens (i.e., flavobacterium columnare, aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella ictaluri, e. tarda, and e. piscicida). flavobacterium columnare and a. hydrophila formed thick biof ...201728406736
the cc and cxc chemokine receptors in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) and their involvement in disease and hypoxia responses.chemokines are vital regulators of cell mobilization for immune surveillance, inflammation, and development. chemokines signal through binding to their receptors that are a superfamily of seven-transmembrane domain g-coupled receptors. recently, a complete repertoire of both cc and cxc chemokines have been identified in channel catfish, but nothing is known about their receptors. in this study, a set of 29 cc chemokine receptor (ccr) genes and 8 cxc chemokine receptor (cxcr) genes were identifie ...201728842182
first detection of edwardsiella ictaluri (proteobacteria: enterobacteriaceae) in wild australian catfish.the bacterium edwardsiella ictaluri is considered to be one of the most significant pathogens of farmed catfish in the united states of america and has also caused mortalities in farmed and wild fishes in many other parts of the world. e. ictaluri is not believed to be present in wild fish populations in australia, although it has previously been detected in imported ornamental fishes held in quarantine facilities. in an attempt to confirm freedom from the bacterium in australian native fishes, ...201728836666
effects of dietary tenebrio molitor meal on the growth performance, immune response and disease resistance of yellow catfish (pelteobagrus fulvidraco).this study evaluated the influence of diets containing mealworm (tenebrio molitor) meal in partial substitution of fishmeal on growth performance and immune responses of juvenile yellow catfish (pelteobagrus fulvidraco). four diets were formulated to contain 0 (the control diet), 9, 18 and 27 g mealworm meal per 100 g diet with 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of fishmeal replacement, respectively. yellow catfish were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates in each group. the fish in each group wer ...201728807649
salinity stress, enhancing basal and induced immune responses in striped catfish pangasianodon hypophthalmus (sauvage).in the mekong delta, striped catfish are faced with chronic salinity stress related to saltwater intrusion induced by global climatic changes. in this study, striped catfish juveniles were submitted to a prolonged salinity stress (up to 10ppt) over three weeks followed by infection with a virulent bacterial strain, edwardsiella ictaluri. osmoregulatory parameters were investigated. in addition, a label free quantitative proteomics workflow was performed on kidneys. the workflow consisted of an i ...201728797668
complete genome sequence of edwardsiella ictaluri isolate rusvm-1 recovered from nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) in the western hemisphere.edwardsiella ictaluri is a gram-negative bacillus that has recently been implicated in disease outbreaks in tilapia and zebrafish. we report here the complete and annotated genome sequence of an isolate from a nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus), which contains a chromosome of 3,630,639 bp and two plasmids.201728619788
the role of tonb gene in edwardsiella ictaluri virulence.edwardsiella ictaluri is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that causes enteric septicemia in catfish (esc). stress factors including poor water quality, poor diet, rough handling, overcrowding, and water temperature fluctuations increase fish susceptibility to esc. the tonb energy transducing system (tonb-exbb-exbd) and tonb-dependent transporters of gram-negative bacteria support active transport of scarce resources including iron, an essential micronutrient for bacterial virul ...201729326601
effects of the dietary supplementation of mixed probiotic spores of bacillus amyloliquefaciens 54a, and bacillus pumilus 47b on growth, innate immunity and stress responses of striped catfish (pangasianodon hypophthalmus).the study used the mixed probiotics of bacillus amyloliquefaciens 54a and b. pumilus 47b isolated from striped catfish (pangasianodon hypophthalmus) intestine aiming to stimulate growth performance, innate immunity, stress tolerance of striped catfish. the average weight gain (awg), specific growth rate (sgr), and feed conversion ratio (fcr) were analyzed after fish were fed the mixture of probiotics (b. amyloliquefaciens 54a and b. pumilus 47b) at concentrations of 1 × 10(8), 3 × 10(8), and 5 × ...201727836719
validation of fermentation and processing procedures for the commercial-scale production of a live, attenuated edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine for use in channel catfish aquaculture.mortality associated with edwardsiella ictaluri infection is a serious impediment to the commercial production of fingerling channel catfish ictalurus punctatus. a patented, live, attenuated, orally delivered vaccine has been developed that offers exceptional protection against e. ictaluri infection in both laboratory and small-scale pond trials. further vaccine development is contingent on the successful completion of large-scale field trials that accurately reflect industry conditions. this cu ...201728376313
chronic hyperosmotic stress inhibits renal toll-like receptors expression in striped catfish (pangasianodon hypophthalmus, sauvage) exposed or not to bacterial infection.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are the first innate receptors in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. in fish, upregulation of toll-like receptors during infection has been largely demonstrated while the effects of abiotic stressors on their expression remain poorly investigated. in this study, striped catfish were submitted during 20 days to three salinity profiles (freshwater, low saline water, saline water), followed by injection of a bacterial strain of edwardsiella ictaluri. the ...201728344170
the nck and abi adaptor genes in catfish and their involvement in esc disease response.adaptor proteins non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase (nck) and abelson interactor (abi) are crucial for disease response. nck1 was identified to be a candidate gene for enteric septicemia of catfish (esc) disease resistance, and was speculated to play similar roles during esc and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) pathogenicity. abi1 was reported as a positional candidate gene for bacterial cold water disease (bcwd) resistance in rainbow trout. in this study, three nck genes and six ab ...201728341353
identification and characterization of a β-defensin gene involved in the immune defense response of channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus.antimicrobial peptides are small peptides that play important roles in a host's innate immune response. as an important antimicrobial peptide, β-defensin widely distribute in mammals, insects and plants with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. in this study, the β-defensin gene of the channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus, was cloned, sequenced, and subjected to a bioinformatic analysis. the β-defensin gene of the channel catfish contains three exons and two introns, and encodes a precursor pe ...201728340427
the chemokinome superfamily: ii. the 64 cc chemokines in channel catfish and their involvement in disease and hypoxia responses.chemokines are a superfamily of structurally related chemotactic cytokines exerting significant roles in regulating cell migration and activation. based on the arrangement of the first four cysteine residues, they are classified into cc, cxc, c and cx3c subfamilies. in this study, a complete set of 64 cc chemokine ligand (ccl) genes was systematically identified, annotated, and characterized from the channel catfish genome. extensive phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses supported their ...201728322933
rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) secretory component binds to commensal bacteria and pathogens.commensal bacteria co-exist on the mucosal surfaces of all vertebrates. the host's mucosal immune system must tolerate commensals while fighting pathogens. one of the mechanisms used by the mucosal immune system to maintain homeostasis is the secretion of immunoglobulins (igs) across epithelial barriers, which is achieved via the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pigr). rainbow trout pigr is known to transport igt and igm across epithelia. however, other biological functions for trout pigr or t ...201728150752
gwas analysis of qtl for enteric septicemia of catfish and their involved genes suggest evolutionary conservation of a molecular mechanism of disease resistance.disease problems cause major economic losses for the aquaculture industries. in catfish, enteric septicemia of catfish (esc), caused by the bacterial pathogen edwardsiella ictaluri, is the leading disease problem, causing tens of millions of dollars of annual economic losses. in this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study to determine quantitative trait loci (qtl) for resistance against esc using an interspecific hybrid system. five hundred fish were used in the analysis and 192 phe ...201727826737
identification, annotation and expression analysis of 29 rho gtpase genes from channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) after bacterial infections.the rho family gtpases are a group of small monomeric g proteins, which are molecular switches in signaling pathways. they have been known to regulate a diverse range of cellular processes including actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and microtubule dynamics. in particular, their participations in immune responses are also significant. however, little information of the rho gtpases is available in teleost including channel catfish, an economically important species and one of the best teleost mode ...201727765605
analysis of apolipoprotein genes and their involvement in disease response of channel catfish after bacterial infection.apolipoproteins are protein component of plasma lipoproteins. they exert crucial roles in lipoprotein metabolism and serve as enzyme cofactors, receptor ligands, and lipid transfer carriers in mammals. in teleosts, apolipoproteins are also involved in diverse processes including embryonic and ontogenic development, liver and digestive system organogenesis, and innate immunity. in this study, we identified a set of 19 apolipoprotein genes in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus). phylogenetic ana ...201727640368
antimicrobial activity of chitosan and a chitosan oligomer against bacterial pathogens of warmwater fish.the antibacterial activities of chitosan (cs) and its derivative chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (col) were evaluated against aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella ictaluri and flavobacterium columnare, three highly pathogenic bacteria of warmwater finfish.201728371006
edwardsiella ictaluri infection in pangasius catfish imported from west bengal into the southern caribbean.in response to a mortality event, seven pangasius catfish (pangasianodon hypophthalmus) were submitted to the university of the west indies, school of veterinary medicine, trinidad and tobago, for diagnostic evaluation. these fish were part of a consignment that arrived from kolkata two weeks earlier. fish presented with perianal haemorrhage and blister-like swellings on the skin which ruptured to leave ulcers. edwardsiella ictaluri was consistently recovered from the brain and skin. repetitive ...201627592704
ompn, outer membrane proteins of edwardsiella ictaluri are potential vaccine candidates for channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus).outer membrane proteins (omps) are a class of proteins that reside in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. omps act as epitopes and are potential vaccine candidates. outer membrane protein n (ompn) is a component of the outer membrane of edwardsiella ictaluri (e. ictaluri). in a previous study, the ompn1-, ompn2-, ompn3-encoding genes of e. ictaluri were cloned, and here they were expressed in escherichia coli. western blotting showed that these three proteins had molecular weights of ∼ ...201627567702
molecular and functional characterization of liver x receptor in ayu, plecoglossus altivelis: regulator of inflammation and efferocytosis.liver x receptors (lxr) are modulators of metabolic processes and inflammation in mammals as nuclear receptors. however, the precise function of lxr in teleosts remains unclear. here, we characterized a lxr gene (palxr) from ayu, plecoglossus altivelis. the palxr transcript was expressed widely in all tissues studied, and changes in expression were observed in tissues and monocytes/macrophages (mo/mφ) upon infection with the bacterium edwardsiella ictaluri. palxr activation decreased the mrna ex ...201627539204
expression of bcl-2 genes in channel catfish after bacterial infection and hypoxia stress.bcl-2 proteins are of vital importance in regulation of apoptosis, and are involved in a number of biological processes such as carcinogenesis and immune responses. bcl-2 genes have been well studied in mammals, while they are not well investigated in teleost fish including channel catfish, the major aquaculture species in the united states. in this study, we identified 34 bcl-2 genes from the channel catfish genome, and verified their identities by conducting phylogenetic and syntenic analyses. ...201627353474
chronic hyperosmotic stress interferes with immune homeostasis in striped catfish (pangasianodon hypophthalmus, s.) and leads to excessive inflammatory response during bacterial infection.hyperosmotic stress has often been investigated from osmoregulation perspectives while the effects of such stress on the immune capacity remain largely unexplored. in this study, striped catfish were submitted to three salinity profiles (freshwater, low saline water, saline water) during 20 days, followed by infection with a virulent bacteria, edwardsiella ictaluri, responsible for the enteric septicaemia of catfish. osmoregulatory (plasma osmolality, gill na(+)k(+)atpase), immune (blood cells, ...201627346159
effect of oligochitosan and oligo-β-glucan supplementation on growth, innate immunity, and disease resistance of striped catfish (pangasianodon hypophthalmus).oligochitosan (cos) and oligo-β-glucan (βog) were prepared by gamma co-60 irradiation of chitosan/h2 o2 and β-glucan/h2 o2 solutions. the striped catfish (pangasianodon hypophthalmus) was fed diets containing 0-200 mg cos, βog, and a mixture of cos/βog per kg feed for 45 days, and then challenged with edwardsiella ictaluri bacterium. the effects of supplemented cos, βog, and a mixture of cos/βog on immune stimulation and growth performance in striped catfish were investigated. the results indica ...201627245476
synergic stress in striped catfish (pangasianodon hypophthalmus, s.) exposed to chronic salinity and bacterial infection: effects on kidney protein expression profile.hyperosmotic stress has often been investigated from osmoregulation perspectives while the effects of such stress on the immune capacity remain largely unexplored. in this study, striped catfish were submitted to a gradual hyperosmotic stress (up to 20ppt), followed by an infection with a virulent strain of an intracellular bacteria, edwardsiella ictaluri. physiological parameters (plasma osmolarity, gill nak atpase) have been investigated. moreover, a label free quantitative proteomics workflow ...201627155471
influence of lipopolysaccharide outer-core in the intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial peptides and virulence in edwardsiella ictaluri.the genus edwardsiella consists of bacteria with an intrinsic resistance to cyclic cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps). edwardsiella ictaluri, a pathogen of the catfish (ictalurus punctatus) and the causative agent of a systemic infection, is highly resistant to camps. previously, we determined that the oligo-polysaccharide (o-ps) of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) does not play a role in the e. ictaluri camp resistance and an intact core-lipid a structure is necessary for camps resistance. her ...201626945561
phosphoinositide 3-kinase family in channel catfish and their regulated expression after bacterial infection.the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (pi3ks) family of lipid kinases is widely conserved from yeast to mammals. in this work, we identified a total of 14 members of the pi3ks from the channel catfish genome and transcriptome and conducted phylogenetic and syntenic analyses of these genes. the expression profiles after infection with edwardsiella ictaluri and flavobacterium columnare were examined to determine the involvement of pi3ks in immune responses after bacterial infection in catfish. the results ...201626772478
matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry based identification of edwardsiella ictaluri isolated from vietnamese striped catfish (pangasius hypothalamus).edwardsiella (e.) ictaluri is a major bacterial pathogen that affects commercially farmed striped catfish (pangasius hypothalamus) in vietnam. in a previous study, 19 strains of e. ictaluri collected from striped catfish were biochemically identified with an api-20e system. here, the same 19 strains were used to assess the ability of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms; applied using a maldi biotyper) to conduct rapid, easy and accurate iden ...201626726022
effect of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate on growth and disease resistance of nile tilapia oreochromis niloticus juveniles.the growth promoting effect of the bacterial storage compound poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (phb) has been studied for young fish of high trophic level (european sea bass) and intermediate trophic level (siberian sturgeon). here, the effect of phb on growth, digestive enzyme activities, body composition and diseases resistance of juvenile nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) of low trophic level was investigated. although dietary phb supplementation (5, 25 and 50 g phb kg(-1) formulated semi-purified d ...201626711027
septin genes in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) and their involvement in disease defense responses.septins are an evolutionarily conserved family of gtp-binding proteins. they are involved in diverse processes including cytokinesis, apoptosis, infection, neurodegeneration and neoplasia. in this study, through thorough data mining of existed channel catfish genomic resources, we identified a complete set of 15 septin genes. septins were classified into four subgroups according to phylogenetic analysis. extensive comparative genomic analysis, including domain and syntenic analysis, supported th ...201626700173
genome-wide identification of hsp70 genes in channel catfish and their regulated expression after bacterial infection.heat shock proteins 70/110 (hsp70/110) are a family of conserved ubiquitously expressed heat shock proteins which are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions. besides the chaperone and housekeeping functions, they are also known to be involved in immune response during infection. in this study, we identified 16 hsp70/110 geness in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) through in silico analysis using rna-seq and genome databases. among them 12 members of hsp70 (hspa) fa ...201626693666
ferric hydroxamate uptake system contributes to edwardsiella ictaluri virulence.edwardsiella ictaluri is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen causing enteric septicemia in fish, particularly in channel catfish. ferric iron is an essential micronutrient for bacterial survival, and some bacterial pathogens use secreted hydroxamate-type siderophores to chelate iron in host tissues. siderophore-iron complexes are taken up by these bacteria via the ferric hydroxamate uptake (fhu) system. in e. ictaluri, the fhu system consists of fhuc, fhud, fhub, and fhua genes. h ...201627666508
involvement of tolq and tolr genes in edwardsiella ictaluri virulence.edwardsiella ictaluri is a gram-negative intracellular facultative pathogen causing enteric septicemia of channel catfish (esc). the tol system, consisting of four envelope proteins tolq, tolr, tola, and tolb, are required for colicin import and contributes to bacterial virulence in several pathogenic bacteria. however, the tol system and its importance in e. ictaluri virulence have not been investigated. here we present construction and evaluation of the e. ictaluri tolq, tolr and tolqr mutants ...201627622343
comparison of edwardsiella ictaluri isolates from different hosts and geographic origins.the intraspecific variability of e. ictaluri isolates from different origins was investigated. isolates were recovered from farm-raised catfish (ictalurus punctatus) in mississippi, usa, tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) cultured in the western hemisphere and zebrafish (danio rerio) propagated in florida, usa. these isolates were phenotypically homologous and antimicrobial profiles were largely similar. genetically, isolates possessed differences that could be exploited by repetitive-sequence-medi ...201626661707
expression profile analysis of two cathepsin s in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) mucosal tissues following bacterial challenge.cathepsin s belongs to the papain family of cysteine protease, and is considered to play key roles in immune responses after bacterial challenge. however, despite the recognized importance of cathepsin s in immunity, no studies have systematically characterized cathepsin s in catfish. in this regard, here, we characterized the cathepsin s gene family in channel catfish, and investigated their expression patterns following two different gram-negative bacterial challenge. in the present study, two ...201626626584
identification and characterization of putative translocated effector proteins of the edwardsiella ictaluri type iii secretion system.edwardsiella ictaluri, a major pathogen in channel catfish aquaculture, encodes a type iii secretion system (t3ss) that is essential for intracellular replication and virulence. previous work identified three putative t3ss effectors in e. ictaluri, and in silico analysis of the e. ictaluri genome identified six additional putative effectors, all located on the chromosome outside the t3ss pathogenicity island. to establish active translocation by the t3ss, we constructed translational fusions of ...201627303737
correction for santander et al., fur-regulated iron uptake system of edwardsiella ictaluri and its influence on pathogenesis and immunogenicity in the catfish host. 201526556880
identification and mucosal expression analysis of cathepsin b in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) following bacterial challenge.the mucosal surfaces of fish (skin, gill and intestine) constitute the primary line of defense against pathogen invasion. although the importance of fish mucosal surfaces as the first barriers against pathogens cannot be overstated, the knowledge of teleost mucosal immunity are still limited. cathepsin b, a lysosomal cysteine protease, is involved in multiple levels of physiological and biological processes, and playing crucial roles for host immune defense against pathogen infection. in this re ...201526497091
the host effects of gambusia affinis with an antibiotic-disrupted microbiome.while serving as critical tools against bacterial infections, antimicrobial therapies can also result in serious side effects, such as antibiotic-associated entercolitis. recent studies utilizing next generation sequencing to generate community 16s gene profiles have shown that antibiotics can strongly alter community composition and deplete diversity. however, how these community changes in the microbiota are related to the host side effects is still unclear. we have used the freshwater western ...201526475244
the effects of feeding β-glucan to pangasianodon hypophthalmus on immune gene expression and resistance to edwardsiella ictaluri.pangasianodon hypophthalmus (striped catfish) is an important aquaculture species and intensification of farming has increased disease problems, particularly edwardsiella ictaluri. the effects of feeding β-glucans on immune gene expression and resistance to e. ictaluri in p. hypophthalmus were explored. fish were fed 0.1% fungal-derived β-glucan or 0.1% commercial yeast-derived β-glucan or a basal control diet without glucan. after 14 days of feeding, the mrna expression of immune genes (transfe ...201526439415
efficacy of florfenicol for control of mortality associated with edwardsiella ictaluri in three species of catfish.the efficacy of florfenicol for control of mortality associated with edwardsiella icatluri was studied in fingerlings of channel catfish ictalurus puntatus (delta strain), blue catfish i. furcatus (d&b strain), and a hybrid catfish (delta strain channel catfish × d&b strain blue catfish). on day 0, fish were immersion challenged in 65-l aquaria. for each of the three species of catfish, 10 aquaria were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, either treated with florfenicol at 0 mg/kg of body ...201526306332
complement regulatory protein genes in channel catfish and their involvement in disease defense response.complement system is one of the most important defense systems of innate immunity, which plays a crucial role in disease defense responses in channel catfish. however, inappropriate and excessive complement activation could lead to potential damage to the host cells. therefore the complement system is controlled by a set of complement regulatory proteins to allow normal defensive functions, but prevent hazardous complement activation to host tissues. in this study, we identified nine complement ...201526111998
oral vaccination of channel catfish against enteric septicemia of catfish using a live attenuated edwardsiella ictaluri isolate.enteric septicemia of catfish (esc), caused by edwardsiella ictaluri, is the most problematic bacterial disease affecting catfish aquaculture in the southeastern united states. efforts to develop an effective esc vaccine have had limited industrial success. in commercial settings, esc vaccines are typically administered by immersion when fry are transferred from the hatchery to rearing ponds. while this approach is a practical method of mass delivery, this strategy administers vaccines to very y ...201526030354
the effects of feeding immunostimulant β-glucan on the immune response of pangasianodon hypophthalmus.immunostimulants are food additives used by the aquaculture industry to enhance the immune response of fish, and although β-glucans are now commonly used for this purpose in aquaculture, little is known about their effects on the immune response of pangasianodon hypophthalmus. thus, a variety of immune parameters (e.g. phagocytosis, respiratory burst, lysozyme, complement, peroxidase, total protein, total anti-protease, total igm, natural antibody titres, and specific igm titres) was examined in ...201525921238
molecular cloning and functional characterization of cyclophilin a in yellow catfish (pelteobagrus fulvidraco).cyclophilin a (cypa) is a ubiquitously expressed protein which involves in diverse pathological conditions including infection and inflammation. in this report, a cypa gene (designated as yc-cypa) was cloned from yellow catfish (pelteobagrus fulvidraco) which is an important cultured fish species in asian countries. the open reading frame (orf) of yc-cypa encoded a polypeptide of 164 amino acids with calculated molecular weight of 17.70 kda. the deduced amino acid sequences of the yc-cypa shared ...201525882636
hsp90, hsp60 and shsp families of heat shock protein genes in channel catfish and their expression after bacterial infections.heat shock proteins (hsps) are a suite of highly conserved proteins whose expressions are generally induced by elevated temperature. however, many hsps play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. on the basis of our previous work on hsp40 and hsp70 gene families in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus), the objective of this study was to characterize hsp90, hsp60, hsp10, and small hsp genes, and to investigate their expression profiles after bacterial infections. a total of 20 hsp ...201525827625
identification and expression analysis of 26 oncogenes of the receptor tyrosine kinase family in channel catfish after bacterial infection and hypoxic stress.receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks) are high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines and hormones. rtks are not only key regulators of normal cellular processes, but are also involved in the progression of many types of tumors, and responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. catfish is a primary aquaculture species in the united states, while its industry is drastically hindered by several major diseases including enteric septicemia of catfish (esc) that ...201525722053
effects of a phytogenic feed additive on growth performance, susceptibility of channel catfish to edwardsiella ictaluri and levels of mannose binding lectin.a study was conducted to investigate the effect of a phytogenic feed additive (digestarom® p.e.p. mge; containing the essential oils carvacrol, thymol, anethol, and limonene) on growth performance and disease susceptibility to edwardsiella ictaluri. two hundred and fifty juvenile channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (7.2 ± 0.1 g) were allotted into the following treatments: control (floating diet) and eo (floating diet supplemented with essential oils). the fish were fed their respective diets f ...201525659231
identification, phylogeny and expression analysis of suppressors of cytokine signaling in channel catfish.the suppressors of cytokine signaling (socs) family genes play important roles in regulating a variety of signal transduction pathways that are involved in immunity, growth and development. because of their importance, they have been extensively studied in mammalian species, but they have not been systematically studied among teleost fish species. in this study, a total of 12 socs genes were characterized to understand the molecular mechanisms of socs function in channel catfish. phylogenetic an ...201525555134
expression of tumor suppressor genes in channel catfish after bacterial infections.tumor suppressor genes are negative regulators of tumor formation. while their anti-tumor functions have been well studied, they have been found to be also involved in immune responses and innate immunity. in this study, 21 tumor suppressor genes in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) were characterized. phylogenetic and syntenic analyses allowed annotation of all 21 catfish tumor suppressor genes. the expression profiles of the 21 catfish tumor suppressor genes were determined using the rna-s ...201525453578
draft genome sequences of edwardsiella ictaluri strains ladl11-100 and ladl11-194 isolated from zebrafish danio rerio.here, we report the draft genome sequences of edwardsiella ictaluri strains ladl11-100 and ladl11-194, two isolates from natural outbreaks of edwardsiellosis in the zebrafish danio rerio, as well as the sequences of the plasmids carried by the zebrafish strain of e. ictaluri.201526679579
antibacterial activities of metabolites from platanus occidentalis (american sycamore) against fish pathogenic bacteria.one approach to the management of common fish diseases in aquaculture is the use of antibiotic-laden feed. however, there are public concerns about the use of antibiotics in agriculture and the potential development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. therefore, the discovery of other environmentally safe natural compounds as alternatives to antibiotics would benefit the aquaculture industries. four natural compounds, commonly called platanosides, [kaempferol 3-o-α-l-(2″,3″-di-e-p-coumaroyl)rhamno ...201527790379
genome modifications and cloning using a conjugally transferable recombineering system.the genetic modification of primary bacterial disease isolates is challenging due to the lack of highly efficient genetic tools. herein we describe the development of a modified pcr-based, λ red-mediated recombineering system for efficient deletion of genes in gram-negative bacteria. a series of conjugally transferrable plasmids were constructed by cloning an orit sequence and different antibiotic resistance genes into recombinogenic plasmid pkd46. using this system we deleted ten different gene ...201528352570
titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance mortality of fish exposed to bacterial pathogens.nano-tio2 is immunotoxic to fish and reduces the bactericidal function of fish neutrophils. here, fathead minnows (pimephales promelas) were exposed to low and high environmentally relevant concentration of nano-tio2 (2 ng g(-1) and 10 μg g(-1) body weight, respectively), and were challenged with common fish bacterial pathogens, aeromonas hydrophila or edwardsiella ictaluri. pre-exposure to nano-tio2 significantly increased fish mortality during bacterial challenge. nano-tio2 concentrated in the ...201525884347
identification of differentially abundant proteins of edwardsiella ictaluri during iron restriction.edwardsiella ictaluri is a gram-negative facultative anaerobe intracellular bacterium that causes enteric septicemia in channel catfish. iron is an essential inorganic nutrient of bacteria and is crucial for bacterial invasion. reduced availability of iron by the host may cause significant stress for bacterial pathogens and is considered a signal that leads to significant alteration in virulence gene expression. however, the precise effect of iron-restriction on e. ictaluri protein abundance is ...201526168192
modulation of vacuolar ph is required for replication of edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish macrophages.previous in vitro work demonstrated that edwardsiella ictaluri produces an acid-activated urease that can modulate environmental ph through the production of ammonia from urea. additional work revealed that expression of the e. ictaluri type iii secretion system (t3ss) is upregulated by acidic ph. both the urease and the t3ss were previously shown to be essential to intracellular replication. in this work, fluorescence microscopy with lysotracker red dnd-99 (ltr) indicated that e. ictaluri-conta ...201424664505
mortality and pathology of hybrid catfish, clarias macrocephalus (günther) × clarias gariepinus (burchell), associated with edwardsiella ictaluri infection in southern thailand.enteric septicaemia of catfish (esc) caused by edwardsiella ictaluri is becoming an increasing problem in aquaculture and has been reported worldwide in a variety of fish species. this study reports esc in hybrid catfish, clarias macrocephalus (günther) × clarias gariepinus (burchell), cultured in southern thailand. the bacteria were identified as e. ictaluri by conventional and rapid identification systems, as well as by genetic and phylogenetic characterization. analysis of 16s rrna indicated ...201423763374
can immunostimulants efficiently replace antibiotic in striped catfish (pangasianodon hypophthalmus) against bacterial infection by edwardsiella ictaluri?the present study was performed to determine the efficacy of lipopolysaccharide (lps) and levamisole on immune response and disease resistance in striped catfish and to compare their respective efficiency with the one of an antibiotic treatment after infection of fish by the bacteria edwardsiella ictaluri. fish were divided into 3 groups and each group was injected with lps (3 mg/kg fish), levamisole (5 mg/kg fish) or phosphate buffer saline as control. at day 21st post immunostimulant injection ...201425120215
comparative susceptibility of channel catfish, blue catfish, and their hybrid cross to experimental challenge with bolbophorus damnificus (digenea: bolbophoridae) cercariae.the digenetic trematode bolbophorus damnificus has been implicated in significant losses in catfish aquaculture since the late 1990s. the complex life cycle sequentially involves the american white pelican pelecanus erythrorhynchos, the marsh rams horn snail planorbella trivolvis, and channel catfish ictalurus punctatus. research supports anecdotal reports from the industry, suggesting that the hybrid of channel catfish×blue catfish i. furcatus is less susceptible to disease agents that have bee ...201424895863
risk factors associated with enteric septicemia of catfish on mississippi commercial catfish farms.a gram-negative bacterium, edwardsiella ictaluri, is the cause of enteric septicemia of catfish (esc), which is one of the most prevalent bacterial diseases in farm-raised catfish. the objective of this study was to identify risk factors associated with esc mortalities and are reported by farm personnel. to identify risk factors a catfish management database was developed. the odds ratios (or) of the final multivariable logistic regression model were: (1) volume of the pond (or, 0.56), (2) inter ...201424895861
tissue persistence and vaccine efficacy of tricarboxylic acid cycle and one-carbon metabolism mutant strains of edwardsiella ictaluri.edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia in fish. recently, we reported construction of e. ictaluri mutants with single and double gene deletions in tricarboxylic acid cycle (tca) and one-carbon (c-1) metabolism. here, we report the tissue persistence, virulence, and vaccine efficacy of tca cycle (eiδsdhc, eiδfrda, and eiδmdh), c-1 metabolism (eiδgcvp and eiδglya), and combination mutants (eiδfrdaδsdhc, eiδgcvpδsdhc, eiδmdhδsdhc, and eiδgcvpδglya) in channel catfish. the tissue persistenc ...201424837777
pathogen recognition receptors in channel catfish: iv. identification, phylogeny and expression analysis of peptidoglycan recognition proteins.peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps) can recognize bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan) and activate innate immune system. in addition to its function as pathogen recognition receptors (prrs), pgrps are also involved in directly killing bacteria, and regulating multiple signaling pathways. recently, we have reported catfish prrs including nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (nlrs), retinoic acid inducible gene i (rig-i) like receptors (rlrs), and toll-like re ...201424814805
development of a bacterial challenge test for gnotobiotic nile tilapia oreochromis niloticus larvae.gastrointestinal microbiota have an important impact on fish health and disease, stimulating interest in a better understanding of how these gastrointestinal microbial communities are composed and consequently affect host fitness. in this respect, probiotic microorganisms have been extensively used in recent aquaculture production. to study the use of probiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases, the establishment of a method of experimental infection to obtain consistent results for morta ...201424781794
complete genome sequence of the edwardsiella ictaluri-specific bacteriophage pei21, isolated from river water in japan.we present the complete genome sequence for a novel edwardsiella ictaluri-specific bacteriophage, pei21, isolated from river water in japan. an initial comparative genome analysis revealed that the phage was closely related to the previously reported edwardsiella tarda phage msw-3 isolated from a red sea bream farm in japan.201424699953
effects of ammonia stress, dietary linseed oil and edwardsiella ictaluri challenge on juvenile darkbarbel catfish pelteobagrus vachelli.a two-stage study was carried out to test the response of juvenile darkbarbel catfish pelteobagrus vachelli to ammonia stress, dietary lipid and bacterial challenge. at stage 1, the catfish (0.99 ± 0.01 g) fed a commercial diet were exposed to 0.01 and 5.70 mg l(-1) total ammonia nitrogen in nine replicates for 14 days. at stage 2, all fish previously exposed to either low or high ammonia were separately transferred into low ammonia (<0.01 mg l(-1)), and divided into three feeding groups. fish w ...201424657724
characterization and mucosal responses of interleukin 17 family ligand and receptor genes in channel catfish ictalurus punctatus.interleukin (il) 17 family cytokines are important mediators of mucosal immune responses, tightly regulated by signals from the complex milieu of pathogenic and commensal microbes, epithelial cells and innate and adaptive leukocytes found at tissue barriers. in mammals, il17 ligand expression has been linked not only to protective immunity but also excessive tissue inflammation and damage in the gut and lungs. to better understand the scope and action of the il17 family in channel catfish ictalu ...201424602926
expression of nitric oxide synthase (nos) genes in channel catfish is highly regulated and time dependent after bacterial challenges.nitric oxide is well known for its roles in immune responses. as such, its synthesizing enzymes have been extensively studied from various species including some teleost fish species. however, the nos genes have not been characterized in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus). in this study, we identified and characterized three nos genes including one nos1 and two nos2 genes in channel catfish. comparing with the nos genes from other fish species, the catfish nos genes are highly conserved in th ...201424560653
effect of multiple mutations in tricarboxylic acid cycle and one-carbon metabolism pathways on edwardsiella ictaluri pathogenesis.edwardsiella ictaluri is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen causing enteric septicemia of catfish (esc). we have shown recently that tricarboxylic acid cycle (tca) and one-carbon (c1) metabolism are involved in e. ictaluri pathogenesis. however, the effect of multiple mutations in these pathways is unknown. here, we report four novel e. ictaluri mutants carrying double gene mutations in tca cycle (eiδmdhδsdhc, eiδfrdaδsdhc), c1 metabolism (eiδglyaδgcvp), and both tca and c1 metab ...201424418045
the teleost acute-phase inflammatory response and caspase activation by a novel alarmin-like ligand.this study tested the hypothesis that ncamp-1 has alarmin-like properties and activates the caspase-1-binding site in cells of the teleost bone marrow (equivalent). in mammals, alarmins have been studied extensively; however, in teleosts, little is known about their identity and functions. similar to alarmins, ncamp-1 has a broad spectrum of bacteriolytic activity. ncamp-1 is constitutively present in cf serum, and levels were increased following infection with edwardsiella ictaluri binding to a ...201424399841
vaccine efficacy of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) from edwardsiella ictaluri against e. tarda in tilapia.glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), derived from the outer-membrane protein (omp) fraction, has been used as a potential candidate for vaccine development. the gene-encoding 37 kda gapdh outer membrane protein (omp) from edwardsiella ictaluri was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3). sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), western blotting, and nucleotide and amino acid sequencing w ...201425742975
phenotypic traits, virulence-associated gene profile and genetic relatedness of edwardsiella tarda isolates from japanese eel anguilla japonica in korea.edwardsiella tarda is the predominant bacterium in farm-cultured eel in korea. here, we evaluated the heterogeneity of 37 e. tarda isolates derived from japanese eel with various origins (olive flounder, common carp and ornamental fish) between 2003 and 2010. regardless of origins, the biochemical characteristics of e. tarda isolates were homogenous except hydrogen sulfide production, citrate utilization and mannitol fermentation. based on the phylogenetic analysis of 16s rrna, e. tarda isolates ...201424117973
inflammatory effects of edwardsiella ictaluri lipopolysaccharide modifications in catfish gut.bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps) are structural components of the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria and also are potent inducers of inflammation in mammals. higher vertebrates are extremely sensitive to lps, but lower vertebrates, like fish, are resistant to their systemic toxic effects. however, the effects of lps on the fish intestinal mucosa remain unknown. edwardsiella ictaluri is a primitive member of the enterobacteriaceae family that causes enteric septicemia in channel catfish ...201424866806
comparison of vietnamese and us isolates of edwardsiella ictaluri.we compared edwardsiella ictaluri from striped catfish in vietnam with us channel catfish isolates. biochemical analyses and sequencing of the 16s rrna gene confirmed that the vietnamese isolates were e. ictaluri. comparison using rep-pcr fingerprinting demonstrated no significant differences between the isolates, but plasmid analysis indicated that the vietnamese isolates grouped into 4 plasmid profiles, each different from the typical pei1 and pei2 plasmid profile found in the us isolates. seq ...201324062549
roles of plasmid-encoded proteins, eseh, esei and escd in invasion, replication and virulence of edwardsiella ictaluri.native plasmids pei1 and pei2 were detected in edwardsiella ictaluri hsn-1 isolated from diseased yellow catfish (pelteobagrus fulvidraco). eseh encoded by pei1 and other two proteins, esei and escd, encoded by pei2, were found with homology to type iii secretion system (t3ss) proteins. to investigate their roles in pathogenesis, the native plasmids were cured based on plasmid incompatibility by introducing a kan positive and sacb negative selection marker into gene spacer of the native plasmids ...201323850444
transferable green fluorescence-tagged pei2 in edwardsiella ictaluri and preliminary investigation of its effects on virulence.edwardsiella ictaluri is the etiologic agent of enteric septicemia of catfish, which causes substantial losses in catfish aquaculture. to determine pathogen-host interactions, previous studies have used the green fluorescence protein (gfp) gene. here, the pei2 plasmid of e. ictaluri isolate i49 was tagged using a tn10-gfp-kan cassette to create the green fluorescence-expressing derivative i49-gfp. the tn10-gfp-kan insertion site was mapped by plasmid sequencing to 663 bp upstream of open reading ...201323836772
tricarboxylic acid cycle and one-carbon metabolism pathways are important in edwardsiella ictaluri virulence.edwardsiella ictaluri is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen causing enteric septicemia of channel catfish (esc). the disease causes considerable economic losses in the commercial catfish industry in the united states. although antibiotics are used as feed additive, vaccination is a better alternative for prevention of the disease. here we report the development and characterization of novel live attenuated e. ictaluri mutants. to accomplish this, several tricarboxylic acid cycle ...201323762452
bacterial distribution and tissue targets following experimental edwardsiella ictaluri infection in nile tilapia oreochromis niloticus.edwardsiella ictaluri, a gram-negative enteric bacterium, is the known etiological agent of enteric septicemia of catfish. in the last few years, different strains have been implicated as the causative agent of mortality events in cultured fish, including nile tilapia oreochromis niloticus l. due to the emergent nature of edwardsiellosis in non-ictalurid fish, little is known about the dynamics of e. ictaluri infection in tilapia. the purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of t ...201323709463
pathogen recognition receptors in channel catfish: iii phylogeny and expression analysis of toll-like receptors.toll-like receptors (tlrs) were the earliest characterized and the most extensively studied pathogen recognition receptors (prrs). the majority of tetrapod tlr orthologs have been found in teleost fish. in addition, a group of "fish-specific" tlrs have been identified. in catfish, a number of tlr-related sequences have been reported, but systematic phylogenetic analyses have not been conducted. in this study, we conducted phylogenetic and comparative analysis of 20 catfish tlr genes against thei ...201323396097
in vivo effects of escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on regulation of immune response and protein expression in striped catfish (pangasianodon hypophthalmus).lipolysaccharide (lps), a component of outer membrane protein of gram-negative bacteria, reportedly stimulates fish immune system. however, mechanisms driving this immunomodulatory effect are yet unknown. to determine effects of escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on regulation of immune response and protein expression of striped catfish (pangasianodon hypophthalmus), juvenile fish (20-25 g) were injected with 3, 15 or 45 mg e.coli lps/kg and challenged with edwardsiella ictaluri. plasma cortiso ...201323207480
construction and evaluation of an edwardsiella ictaluri fhuc mutant.edwardsiella ictaluri is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen causing enteric septicemia in channel catfish. iron is an essential micronutrient needed for bacterial virulence, and to acquire iron, many gram-negative bacteria secrete ferric iron chelating siderophores. the ferric hydroxamate uptake (fhu) system consists of four genes (fhuc, fhud, fhub, and fhua), and is involved in the uptake of hydroxamate type siderophores across bacterial membranes. however, the fhu system and it ...201323201245
changes of serum myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide in the early stage of edwardsiella ictaluri infection in channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque). 201323126429
use of bioluminescence mutant screening for identification of edwardsiella ictaluri genes involved in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) skin colonization.initial invasion of the host is the first and vital part of any infection process. we have demonstrated that edwardsiella ictaluri is capable of colonizing and penetrating catfish skin. therefore, a mutant library was constructed by random insertion of the mar2xt7 transposon into the chromosome of e. ictaluri harboring the bioluminescence plasmid pakgfplux1. this library was then screened through a series of three consecutive challenges for mutants showing a decreased ability to colonize the cat ...201323092811
mechanisms of intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial peptides of edwardsiella ictaluri and its influence on fish gut inflammation and virulence.the genus edwardsiella comprises a genetically distinct taxon related to other members of the family enterobacteriaceae. it consists of bacteria differing strongly in their biochemical and physiological features, natural habitats, and pathogenic properties. intrinsic resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps) is a specific property of the genus edwardsiella. in particular, edwardsiella ictaluri, an important pathogen of the catfish (ictalurus punctatus) aquaculture and the causative a ...201323676433
edwardsiellosis caused by edwardsiella ictaluri in laboratory populations of zebrafish danio rerio.we report the first cases of edwardsiella ictaluri causing epizootics in laboratory populations of zebrafish danio rerio. edwardsiella ictaluri is primarily recognized as a disease of catfish species and is known to cause an economically important bacterial disease of farm-raised catfish in the usa and abroad; however, it has been isolated on occasion from 10 other genera of nonictalurid fishes. we isolated e. ictaluri from moribund zebrafish held in quarantine at two different universities in t ...201323865817
fur-regulated iron uptake system of edwardsiella ictaluri and its influence on pathogenesis and immunogenicity in the catfish host.the ability of bacterial pathogens to take up iron from the host during infection is necessary for their multiplication within the host. however, host high-affinity iron binding proteins limit levels of free iron in fluids and tissues. to overcome this deficiency of iron during infection, bacterial pathogens have developed iron uptake systems that are upregulated in the absence of iron, typically tightly controlled by the ferric uptake regulator (fur) protein. the iron uptake system of edwardsie ...201222615248
identification of bacillus strains for biological control of catfish pathogens.bacillus strains isolated from soil or channel catfish intestine were screened for their antagonism against edwardsiella ictaluri and aeromonas hydrophila, the causative agents of enteric septicemia of catfish (esc) and motile aeromonad septicaemia (mas), respectively. twenty one strains were selected and their antagonistic activity against other aquatic pathogens was also tested. each of the top 21 strains expressed antagonistic activity against multiple aquatic bacterial pathogens including ed ...201223029244
rna-seq analysis of mucosal immune responses reveals signatures of intestinal barrier disruption and pathogen entry following edwardsiella ictaluri infection in channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus.the mucosal surfaces of fish (gill, skin, gastrointestinal tract) are important sites of bacterial exposure and host defense mechanisms. in mammalian systems, the intestinal epithelium is well characterized as both a selectively permeable barrier regulated by junctional proteins and as a primary site of infection for a number of enteric pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. the causative bacterium of enteric septicemia of catfish, edwardsiella ictaluri, is believed to gain entry ...201222366064
bactericidal efficacy of elevated ph on fish pathogenic and environmental bacteria.ship ballast water is a recognized medium for transfer and introductions of nonindigenous species. there is a need for new ballast water treatment methods that effectively and safely eliminate or greatly minimize movements of these species. the present study employed laboratory methods to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of increased ph (ph 10.0-12.0) for exposure durations of up to 72 h to kill a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria including fish pathogens (aeromonas spp., yer ...201225685439
Secreted glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a broad spectrum vaccine candidate against microbial infection in aquaculture.Aims: Subcellullar localizations and cross-immunities of GAPDHs from six common pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture were investigated. Methods and Results: Subcellullar localizations of GAPDHs of Edwardsiella tarda EIB202, Edwardsiella ictaluri ATCC33202, Aeromonas hydrophila LSA34, Vibrio anguillarum MVM425, Vibrio alginolyticus EPGS020401 and Vibrio harveyi VIB647 were analysed with Western blotting, indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry examinations. Immunoprotections of different r ...201222017642
molecular characterization of three l-type lectin genes from channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus and their responses to edwardsiella ictaluri challenge.l-type lectins have a leguminous lectin domain and can bind to high-mannose type oligosaccharides. in the secretory pathway, l-type lectins play crucial roles in selective protein trafficking, sorting and targeting. three l-type lectins were cloned in the channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus, the 53 kda endoplasmic reticulum er-golgi intermediate compartment protein (ergic-53), the vesicular integral protein of 36 kda (vip36) and vip36-like. phylogenetic analysis indicated that the catfish genes ...201222245838
genome sequence of edwardsiella ictaluri 93-146, a strain associated with a natural channel catfish outbreak of enteric septicemia of catfish.edwardsiella ictaluri is the cause of extensive mortalities and economic losses to the channel catfish industry of the southeast united states. here we report the complete genome of edwardsiella ictaluri 93-146. whole-genome sequence analysis of e. ictaluri provides a tool for understanding the genomic regions specific to the species and the edwardsiella genus.201222247535
alternative complement pathway of channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus): molecular characterization, mapping and expression analysis of factors bf/c2 and df.the complement system is important in both innate and adaptive host defense against microbial infection in vertebrates. it contains three pathways: the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways. complement component factors b and d are two crucial proteases in the alternative pathway. in this study, the genes of complement factors bf/c2 and df from channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus were identified and characterized. two complement factor b-related genes, bf/c2a and bf/c2b, and factor d gene ...201222138130
isolation and identification of flavobacterium columnare and streptococcus iniae antibacterial compounds from the terrestrial plant atraphaxis laetevirens.columnaris disease, enteric septicemia of catfish, and streptococcosis are common bacterial diseases of certain freshwater fish and are caused by flavobacterium columnare , edwardsiella ictaluri , and streptococcus iniae , respectively. during the process of evaluating several species of plants to isolate and identify compounds with toxicity against these bacteria, a promising extract from the aerial parts of the terrestrial plant atraphaxis laetevirens (ledeb.) jaub. et spach (polygonaceae juss ...201223030835
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