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fucosylated chondroitin sulfate diversity in sea cucumbers: a review.fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (fuccs) is structurally distinct glycosaminoglycans found from the sea cucumber body wall consisted of chondroitin sulfate type backbone with attached sulfated or non-sulfated fucose side chain. structurally this compound plays an important role in maintaining the body wall integrity and possesses a wide spectrum of biological activities. recently several glycosaminoglycans' structures have been solved to elucidate its physicochemical activity. the purpose of this ...201425129732
production of destruxins from metarhizium spp. fungi in artificial medium and in endophytically colonized cowpea plants.destruxins (dtxs) are cyclic depsipeptides produced by many metarhizium isolates that have long been assumed to contribute to virulence of these entomopathogenic fungi. we evaluated the virulence of 20 metarhizium isolates against insect larvae and measured the concentration of dtxs a, b, and e produced by these same isolates in submerged (shaken) cultures. eight of the isolates (arsef 324, 724, 760, 1448, 1882, 1883, 3479, and 3918) did not produce dtxs a, b, or e during the five days of submer ...201425127450
immunomodulatory action of triterpene glycosides isolated from the sea cucumber actinocucumis typica. structure-activity relationships.stimulation of lysosomal activity and ros formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages by five triterpene glycosides, typicosides a1 (1), a2 (2), b1 (3), c1 (4) and c2 (5) has been studied and compared with their cytotoxic activities. glycosides 1-3 possess moderate activities, but the most cytotoxic glycoside 5 is not active. typicoside c1 (4), with low toxicity, was proved to be the most active concerning stimulation of ros formation. this is the first example of a triterpene glycoside from sea c ...201425115075
melatonin promotes seed germination under high salinity by regulating antioxidant systems, aba and ga₄ interaction in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.).although previous studies have found that melatonin can promote seed germination, the mechanisms involved in perceiving and signaling melatonin remain poorly understood. in this study, it was found that melatonin was synthesized during cucumber seed germination with a peak in melatonin levels occurring 14 hr into germination. this is indicative of a correlation between melatonin synthesis and seed germination. meanwhile, seeds pretreated with exogenous melatonin (1 μm) showed enhanced germinatio ...201425112973
structure elucidation of five novel isomeric saponins from the viscera of the sea cucumber holothuria lessoni.sea cucumbers are prolific producers of a wide range of bioactive compounds. this study aimed to purify and characterize one class of compound, the saponins, from the viscera of the australian sea cucumber holothuria lessoni. the saponins were obtained by ethanolic extraction of the viscera and enriched by a liquid-liquid partition process and adsorption column chromatography. a high performance centrifugal partition chromatography (hpcpc) was applied to the saponin-enriched mixture to obtain sa ...201425110919
effects of exogenous spermidine on photosynthetic capacity and expression of calvin cycle genes in salt-stressed cucumber seedlings.we investigated the effects of exogenous spermidine (spd) on growth, photosynthesis and expression of the calvin cycle-related genes in cucumber seedlings (cucumis sativus l.) exposed to nacl stress. salt stress reduced net photosynthetic rates (pn), actual photochemical efficiency of psii (φpsii) and inhibited plant growth. application of exogenous spd to salinized nutrient solution alleviated salinity-induced the inhibition of plant growth, together with an increase in pn and φpsii. salinity m ...201425069716
endogenous salicylic acid accumulation is required for chilling tolerance in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) seedlings.salicylic acid (sa) is an important plant hormone, and its exogenous application can induce tolerance to multiple environmental stresses in plants. in this study, we examine the potential involvement of endogenous sa in response to chilling in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) seedlings. a low temperature of 8 °c induces a moderate increase in endogenous sa levels. chilling stimulates the enzymatic activities and the expression of genes for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) and benzoic acid-2-hydrox ...201425034826
proteomic analysis of cucumis sativus cotyledons after glucohexaose treatment as a part of ros accumulation related resistance mechanism.glucohexaose is a safe farm chemical used for pathogen prevention, which can induce systemic acquired resistance in cucumber.201425028573
acid-base physiology response to ocean acidification of two ecologically and economically important holothuroids from contrasting habitats, holothuria scabra and holothuria parva.sea cucumbers are dominant invertebrates in several ecosystems such as coral reefs, seagrass meadows and mangroves. as bioturbators, they have an important ecological role in making available calcium carbonate and nutrients to the rest of the community. however, due to their commercial value, they face overexploitation in the natural environment. on top of that, occurring ocean acidification could impact these organisms, considered sensitive as echinoderms are osmoconformers, high-magnesium calc ...201425028324
bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of cucumbers grown in soils covering a wide range of cucumber cropping histories and environmental conditions.rhizosphere microorganisms in soils are important for plant growth. however, the importance of rhizosphere microorganisms is still underestimated since many microorganisms associated with plant roots cannot be cultured and since the microbial diversity in the rhizosphere can be influenced by several factors, such as the cropping history, biogeography, and agricultural practice. here, we characterized the rhizosphere bacterial diversity of cucumber plants grown in soils covering a wide range of c ...201425027276
triterpene saponins from the sea cucumber stichopus chloronotus.sea cucumbers have been used as a dietary delicacy and important ingredient in asian traditional medicine and functional foods over many centuries. using combined chromatographic methods, six triterpene saponins (1-6), including a new compound, stichloroside f (1), were isolated from a methanol extract of the sea cucumber stichopus chloronotus brandt. their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic (1h and 13c nmr, hsqc, hmbc, 1h-1lh cosy, roesy) and fticr-ms data and by compariso ...201425026701
instantaneous adhesion of cuvierian tubules in the sea cucumber holothuria forskali.the peculiar cuvierian tubules of sea cucumbers function as a defense mechanism. they thwart attacks by creating a sticky network composed of elongated tubules within which the potential predator is entangled in a matter of seconds and thus immobilized. cuvierian tubules are typical instantaneous adhesive organs in which tissue integrity is destroyed during the release of the adhesive secretion. however, very little information is available about this adhesion process. the adhesive epithelium-th ...201424985220
nitrates and nitrites in selected vegetables purchased at supermarkets in siedlce, poland.vegetables constitute a vital part of the human diet, being the main source of minerals, vitamins, dietary fibre and phytochemicals. they however, also contain nitrates and nitrites, which adversely affect human health.201424964574
transcriptome profiling reveals roles of meristem regulators and polarity genes during fruit trichome development in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.).trichomes are epidermal hair-like structures that function in plant defence against biotic and abiotic stresses. extensive studies have been performed on foliar trichomes development in arabidopsis and tomato, but the molecular mechanism of fruit trichome formation remains elusive. cucumber fruit is covered with trichomes (spines) that directly affect the appearance and quality of cucumber products. here, we characterized the fruit spine development in wild-type (wt) cucumber and a spontaneous m ...201424962999
norovirus transmission between hands, gloves, utensils, and fresh produce during simulated food handling.human noroviruses (hunovs), a leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide, are easily transferred via ready-to-eat (rte) foods, often prepared by infected food handlers. in this study, the transmission of hunov and murine norovirus (munov) from virus-contaminated hands to latex gloves during gloving, as well as from virus-contaminated donor surfaces to recipient surfaces after simulated preparation of cucumber sandwiches, was inspected. virus transfer was investigated by swabbing with ...201424951789
use of the slw index to calculate growth function in the sea cucumber isostichopus badionotus.age and growth analysis is essential to fisheries management. indirect methods to calculate growth are widely used; however, length frequency data analysis in sea cucumbers is complicated by high data variability caused by body wall elasticity. here we calculated isostichopus badionotus parameters of the von bertalanffy growth function. in order to address bias produced by body wall elasticity, we compared the performance of four measurements and one compound index that combines different biomet ...201424909262
what is the most prominent factor limiting photosynthesis in different layers of a greenhouse cucumber canopy?maximizing photosynthesis at the canopy level is important for enhancing crop yield, and this requires insights into the limiting factors of photosynthesis. using greenhouse cucumber (cucumis sativus) as an example, this study provides a novel approach to quantify different components of photosynthetic limitations at the leaf level and to upscale these limitations to different canopy layers and the whole plant.201424907313
23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin c: a new compound regarded as the next metabolite of cucurbitacin c.cucurbitacin c, a bitter substance in cucumis sativus l., was isolated from green leaves by using phytochemical methods. an analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) was established for the quantification of cucurbitacin c in different parts of the cucumber plant at different growth periods. cucurbitacin c was detected in the leaves and stems but not in the female flowers, fruits, roots and leafstalks. the level of cucurbitacin c decreased significantly with the proce ...201424896808
transcriptomic changes during regeneration of the central nervous system in an echinoderm.echinoderms are emerging as important models in regenerative biology. significant amount of data are available on cellular mechanisms of post-traumatic repair in these animals, whereas studies of gene expression are rare. in this study, we employ high-throughput sequencing to analyze the transcriptome of the normal and regenerating radial nerve cord (a homolog of the chordate neural tube), in the sea cucumber holothuria glaberrima.201424886271
planar solid phase extraction clean-up and microliter-flow injection analysis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for multi-residue screening of pesticides in food.for multi-residue analysis of pesticides in food, a sufficient clean-up is essential for avoiding matrix effects in liquid and gas chromatography (lc and gc) analysis coupled to mass spectrometry (ms). in the last two years, high-throughput planar solid phase extraction (htpspe) was established as a new clean-up concept for pesticide residue analysis in fruits and vegetables (c. oellig, w. schwack, 2011) and tea (c. oellig, w. schwack, 2012). htpspe results in matrix-free extracts almost free of ...201424877980
a high-density genetic map of cucumber derived from specific length amplified fragment sequencing (slaf-seq).high-density genetic map provides an essential framework for accurate and efficient genome assembly and qtl fine mapping. construction of high-density genetic maps appears more feasible since the advent of next-generation sequencing (ngs), which eases snp discovery and high-throughput genotyping of large population. in this research, a high-density genetic map of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) was successfully constructed across an f2 population by a recently developed specific length amplified f ...201425610449
aspidochirotida (echinodermata: holothuroidea) from the northeast coast of brazil.this is a taxonomic work on the aspidochirotid sea cucumbers from shallow waters in northeast brazil. we studied 165 specimens, classified into 2 families, 3 genera, 7 subgenera and 9 species. descriptions, illustrations and literature data are included for each species, in addition to ecological notes and information on their distribution in the northeast coast of brazil. a taxonomic key is provided for the identification of the species.201425544137
on some sea cucumbers from ghana (echinodermata: holothuroidea) with descriptions of a new genus and one new species.this paper reports on some sea cucumbers (holothuroidea) in the collections of the nhmuk, taken off the coast of ghana. most result from collections around accra during the years 1949-52. a couple of other species are included. altogether six species are here reported, viz. holothuria (holothuria) dakarensis panning, 1939; holothuria (semperothuria) imitans ludwig, 1875; holothuria (vaneyothuria) lentiginosa lentiginosa (von marenzeller,1893); stereoderma congoana (heding, 1935); ocnus cruciform ...201425543735
an snp-based saturated genetic map and qtl analysis of fruit-related traits in cucumber using specific-length amplified fragment (slaf) sequencing.cucumber, cucumis sativus l., is an economically important vegetable crop which is processed or consumed fresh worldwide. however, the narrow genetic base in cucumber makes it difficult for constructing high-density genetic maps. the development of massively parallel genotyping methods and next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies provides an excellent opportunity for developing single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) for linkage map construction and qtl analysis of horticultural traits. spec ...201425534138
polyamines induce adaptive responses in water deficit stressed cucumber roots.the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous polyamines (pas) on the membrane status and proline level in roots of water stressed cucumber (cucumis sativus cv. dar) seedlings. it was found that water shortage resulted in an increase of membrane injury, lipoxygenase (lox) activity, lipid peroxidation and proline concentration in cucumber roots during progressive dehydration. pa pretreatment resulted in a distinct reduction of the injury index, and this effect was reflected by ...201423934013
effects of diethylphthalate and di-(2-ethyl)hexylphthalate on the physiology and ultrastructure of cucumber seedlings.phthalic acid esters (paes) are one kind of persistent organic pollutants. this study was conducted to investigate the effects of diethylphthalate (dep) and di(2-ethyl)hexylphthalate (dehp) with different concentrations (0, 30, 50, 100, and 200 mg l(-1)) on early seedling growth of cucumis sativus l. physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructure of seedling leaves were examined for 7-day exposure. the three antioxidant enzymes' activities was stimulated at low-dep treatments and decreased under ...201423860597
cucurbita spp. and cucumis sativus enhance the dissipation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners by stimulating soil microbial community development.a number of cucurbita species have the potential to extract polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) from soil, but their impact on the soil microbial communities responsible for pcb degradation remains unclear. a greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three cucurbita and one cucumis species on pcb dissipation and soil microbial community structure. compared to the unplanted control, enhanced losses of pcbs (19.5%-42.7%) were observed in all planted soils. cucurbita pepo and cu ...201424077568
isolation and algicidal characterization of bowmanella denitrificans s088 against chlorella vulgaris.one strain of algicidal bacterium, named as s088, was isolated from the intestine of healthy sea cucumbers (stichopus horrens) in the south china sea. based on the analysis of its biochemical characteristics and 16s rdna gene sequence, s088 was identified as bowmanella denitrificans. importantly, the algicidal activity of s088 on chlorella vulgaris was characterized in this study. the initial densities of bacterial and algal cell showed strong influence on the removal rates of chlorophyll a. whe ...201424030170
antisense suppression of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) sucrose synthase 3 (cssus3) reduces hypoxic stress tolerance.sucrose synthase (sus; ec 2.4.1.13) plays important roles in sugar metabolism and abiotic stress response. but the genes encoding sus in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) have not been well studied. here, we isolated four cucumber sucrose synthase genes (cssus). among them, cssus3, which highly expressed in the roots, was chosen for further study. immunolocalization and subcellular localization analysis indicated that cssus3 localized in the cytosol and the plasma membrane, and mainly existed in the ...201424028217
hemolytic and cytotoxic properties of saponin purified from holothuria leucospilota sea cucumber.holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are members of the phylum echinodermata, which produce saponins. saponins exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological and biological activities. in this study, we isolated the crude saponins from the body wall of the dominant iranian species of sea cucumber, holothuria leucospilota (h. leucospilota). the purpose of this study was to confirm the presence of saponins in the persian gulf h. leucospilota and study the hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of these compounds.201426989736
glycosaminoglycans analogs from marine invertebrates: structure, biological effects, and potential as new therapeutics.in this review, several glycosaminoglycan analogs obtained from different marine invertebrate are reported. the structure, biological activity and mechanism of action of these unique molecules are detailed reviewed and exemplified by experiments in vitro and in vivo. among the glycans studied are low-sulfated heparin-like polymers from ascidians, containing significant anticoagulant activity and no bleeding effect; dermatan sulfates with significant neurite outgrowth promoting activity and anti- ...201425309878
fruit removal increases root-zone respiration in cucumber.many attempts have been made to avoid the commonly observed fluctuations in fruit initiation and fruit growth in crop plants, particularly in cucumber (cucumis sativus). weak sinks of the fruit have been assumed to result in low sink/source ratios for carbohydrates, which may inhibit photosynthesis. this study focuses on the effects of low sink-source ratios on photosynthesis and respiration, and in particular root-zone respiration.201425301817
sustainable agricultural use of natural water sources containing elevated radium activity.relatively elevated concentrations of naturally occurring radium isotopes ((226)ra, (228)ra and (224)ra) are found in two main aquifers in the arid southern part of israel, in activity concentrations frequently exceeding the limits set in the drinking water quality regulations. we aimed to explore the environmental implications of using water containing ra for irrigation. several crops (cucumbers, melons, radish, lettuce, alfalfa and wheat), grown in weighing lysimeters were irrigated at 3 level ...201424345672
contrasting effect of silicon on iron, zinc and manganese status and accumulation of metal-mobilizing compounds in micronutrient-deficient cucumber.although the beneficial role of silicon (si) in alleviation of abiotic stress is well established, little is known of the relevance of si nutrition under microelement deficiency. the aim of our work was to investigate the physiological role of si in relation to micronutrient (fe, zn and mn) deficiencies in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.). cucumber (cv. semkross) plants were grown hydroponically in a complete nutrient solution (control) and in nutrient solutions free from fe, zn or mn, with or with ...201424316009
attempts to reduce exposure to fungi, β-glucan, bacteria, endotoxin and dust in vegetable greenhouses and a packaging unit.indoor handling of large amounts of plant materials occurs in different occupational settings including greenhouses and causes exposure to bioaerosols. the bioaerosol components fungi, β-glucan, bacteria and endotoxin are involved in different airway symptoms and health effects can be dose-dependent. therefore, there is a persistent need to reduce exposure. the aims of this study were to identify tasks causing exposure and to evaluate preventive measures aimed at reducing exposure of greenhouse ...201424112965
evidence of programmed cell death induced by reconditioning after cold stress in cucumber fruit and possible involvement of ethylene.cucumber fruit is susceptible to chilling injury (ci), which could be accelerated significantly with subsequent shelf-life. this type of ci culminates in deterioration of organs and eventually leads to cell death. in this study, evidence of programmed cell death (pcd), involving cell death induced by cold stress, was investigated in cucumber. harvested cucumber (cucumis sativus l. cv. zhexiu-1) fruits were stored at 2 °c for 3, 6 or 9 days and subsequently transferred to 20 °c for 2 days.201424105489
genome-wide analysis of the wd-repeat protein family in cucumber and arabidopsis.the wd-repeat (wdr) proteins comprise an astonishingly diverse superfamily of regulatory proteins. to date, genome-wide characterization of this family has only been conducted in arabidopsis and little is known about wdr genes in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.). this study identified 191 cucumber wdr genes in the latest cucumber genome and the cswdr family contained a smaller number of identified genes compared to arabidopsis. the results of this study were also supported by genome distribution an ...201424292651
germination and root elongation bioassays in six different plant species for testing ni contamination in soil.in vitro short-term chronic phytotoxicity germination and root elongation test were applied to test the effects of nickel (ni) in seed germination and root elongation in six plants species: cucumis sativus (cucurbitaceae), lepidium sativum and brassica nigra (brassicaceae), trifolium alexandrinum and medicago sativa (fabaceae), phacelia tanacetifolia (boraginaceae). a naturally ni rich soil was used to compare the results obtained. unlike root elongation, germination was not affected by ni in an ...201424288040
grafting-responsive mirnas in cucumber and pumpkin seedlings identified by high-throughput sequencing at whole genome level.grafting is an important agricultural technique widely used for improving growth, yields and tolerance of crops to abiotic and biotic stresses. as one type of endogenous, non-coding small rnas, micrornas (mirnas) regulate development and responsiveness to biotic and abiotic stresses by negatively mediating expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level. however, there have been few detailed studies to evaluate the role of mirnas in mediation of grafting-induced physiological proces ...201424279842
transcriptional regulation of the v-atpase subunit c and v-ppase isoforms in cucumis sativus under heavy metal stress.two electrogenic proton pumps, vacuolar h(+) transporting atpase (v-atpase, ec 3.6.3.14) and vacuolar h(+) transporting inorganic pyrophosphatase (v-ppase, ec 3.6.1.1), co-exist in the vacuolar membrane of plant cells. in this work, all csvha and csvhp genes encoding v-atpase and v-ppase, respectively, were identified in the cucumber genome. among them, three csvha-c genes for v-atpase subunit c and two csvhp1 genes for type i v-ppase were analyzed in detail. individual isogenes were differentia ...201423718549
analytical method for the determination of meptyldinocap as the 2,4-dinitro-octylphenol metabolite in cucumber and soil using lc-ms/ms and a study of the residues in a chinese cucumber field ecosystem.meptyldinocap (2,4-dnopc) is a novel powdery mildew (erysiphe necator) fungicide which shows protectant and post-infective activities. however, there is no reliable validated lc-ms/ms method for measuring trace levels of meptyldinocap in cucumber. a method for the determination of 2,4-dnopc using lc-ms/ms in cucumber and soil was developed. additionally, the mode of degradation and the residue levels in cucumbers and soils were investigated.201423505246
nutrient and enzymatic changes of hydrolysed tannery solid waste treated with epigeic earthworm eudrilus eugeniae and phytotoxicity assessment on selected commercial crops.animal fleshing (anfl) is the predominant proteinaceous solid waste generated during processing of leather and it is confronting disposal problems. the aim of this study was to assess the potential of epigeic earthworm eudrilus eugeniae to utilize and transform the fermented anfl in the solid state (ssf) and submerged state (smf) into a value added product along a low residence period (25 days). a total of six treatment units containing different waste mixture compositions were established. fift ...201423818071
pseudocnoside a, a new cytotoxic and antiproliferative triterpene glycoside from the sea cucumber pseudocnus dubiosus leoninus.a new triterpene glycoside, pseudocnoside a (1), was isolated from the sea cucumber pseudocnus dubiosus leoninus. the structure of the new compound was established on the basis of extensive nmr spectroscopic analysis ((1)h and (13)c nmr, (1)h,(1)h-cosy, hmbc, hsqc, tocsy and noesy), hr-esi-ms data and chemical transformations. in addition, the cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities of 1 and structurally related triterpene glycosides isolated from the sea cucumbers psolus patagonicus and h ...201423244698
influence of activated charcoal amendment to contaminated soil on dieldrin and nutrient uptake by cucumbers.activated charcoal (ac) amendments have been suggested as a promising, cost-effective method to immobilize organic contaminants in soil. we performed pot experiments over two years with cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) grown in agricultural soil with 0.07 mg kg(-1) of weathered dieldrin and 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg ac per kg soil. dieldrin fresh weight concentrations in cucumber fruits were significantly reduced from 0.012 to an average of 0.004 mg kg(-1), and total uptake from 2 to 1 microg in the ...201419427724
intra- and interspecific competition between western flower thrips and sweetpotato whitefly.the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), and the sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci (gennadius), are both invasive insect pests and are present in most of the same agricultural crops without a clear dominance of either species. here, intra- and interspecific competition in b. tabaci and f. occidentalis was determined under controlled experiments. the results showed that intraspecific competition was distinct in f. occidentalis and that the co-occurrence of b. tabaci ha ...201425480973
seed germination, root elongation, root-tip mitosis, and micronucleus induction of five crop plants exposed to chromium in fluvo-aquic soil.the present study aimed to determine the toxic effects of chromium (cr) on cabbage (brassica oleracea), cucumber (cucumis sativus), lettuce (lactuca sativa), wheat (triticum aestivum), and corn (zea mays), and identify the sensitive plant species and appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of cr in soil. results showed that seed germination might not be a sensitive assay for assessing cr toxicity because at most of the cr levels there were no toxic effects. root elong ...201424318542
the evaluation of trace elements of interest in kidney disease in commonly consumed greenhouse vegetables in isfahan, iran: preliminary results.trace elements play a significant role in biological processes. the aim of this study was to evaluate the trace elements of interest in kidney disease in commonly consumed greenhouse vegetables in isfahan, iran. six kinds of greenhouse vegetables namely; raphanus sativus (radish), cucumis sativus (cucamber), solanum lycopersicum (tomato), green capsicum annuum (green bell pepper), yellow capsicum annuum (yellow bell pepper) and red capsicum annuum (red bell pepper) were collected from isfahan gr ...201425340168
characterization of conserved micrornas from five different cucurbit species using computational and experimental analysis.micrornas (mirnas) are ∼21 nt non-coding small rnas which regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in plants and animals. until recently, only limited numbers of mirnas were identified in cucurbitaceae, a large flowering plant family. in this study, 220 potential mirna candidates were identified from five species of cucurbitaceae family using a comparative genome-based computational analysis. a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of est (expressed sequence tag) and gss (genomi ...201424657600
genome-wide identification and characterization of polygalacturonase genes in cucumis sativus and citrullus lanatus.polygalacturonase (pg, ec3.2.1.15), one of the hydrolytic enzymes associated with the modification of pectin network in plant cell wall, has an important role in various cell-separation processes that are essential for plant development. pgs are encoded by a large gene family in plants. however, information on this gene family in plant development remains limited. in the present study, 53 and 62 putative members of the pg gene family in cucumber and watermelon genomes, respectively, were identif ...201424321876
application of two-spotted spider mite tetranychus urticae for plant-pest interaction studies.the two-spotted spider mite, tetranychus urticae, is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with more than 150 of economic value. it is a major pest of greenhouse crops, especially in solanaceae and cucurbitaceae (e.g., tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, cucumbers, zucchini) and greenhouse ornamentals (e.g., roses, chrysanthemum, carnations), annual field crops (such as maize, cotton, soybean, and sugar beet), and in perennial cultures (alfalfa ...201425046103
association between photosynthesis and contrasting features of minor veins in leaves of summer annuals loading phloem via symplastic versus apoplastic routes.foliar vascular anatomy and photosynthesis were evaluated for a number of summer annual species that either load sugars into the phloem via a symplastic route (cucumis sativus l. cv. straight eight; cucurbita pepo l. cv. italian zucchini romanesco; citrullus lanatus l. cv. faerie hybrid; cucurbita pepo l. cv. autumn gold) or an apoplastic route (nicotiana tabacum l.; solanum lycopersicum l. cv. brandywine; gossypium hirsutum l.; helianthus annuus l. cv. soraya), as well as winter annual apoplast ...201424450755
[ecotoxicological effect and soil environmental criteria of the heavy metal chromium(vi)].nowadays, systematic studies about water quality criteria are being carried out in china, but studies on soil environmental criteria are comparatively insufficient. in this study, germination and root growth of 8 terrestrial plants (triticum aestivum, lactuca sativa, cucumis sativus, zea mays, brassica pekinensis, glycine max, allium tuberosum and solanum lycopersicum) and growth inhibition of 1 terrestrial animal (achatina fulica) were used to determine the chronic ecotoxicological effects of c ...201425338393
determination of trace and heavy metals in some commonly used medicinal herbs in ayurveda.traditionally, the herbal drugs are well established for their therapeutic benefits. depending upon their geographical sources sometimes the trace and heavy metals' content may differ, which may lead to severe toxicity. so, the toxicological and safety assessment of these herbal drugs are one of the major issues in recent days. eight different plant species including aloe vera, centella asiatica, calendula officinalis, cucumis sativus, camellia sinensis, clitoria ternatea, piper betel and tagete ...201423222691
how does the host-specialized aphid deal with food deficiency?aphis gossypii glover shows obvious host specialization, with cucurbit- and cotton-specialized biotypes or host races in many regions. because its annual natal host crops senesce earlier the cucurbit-specialized biotype may suffer food deficiency. the method this biotype uses to overcome this challenge is still poorly understood. in order to understand the potential of the cucurbit-specialized biotype aphids in host shift and usage, the performance of this biotype on cotton (gossypium hirsutum), ...201424526656
[effects of different catch modes on soil enzyme activities and bacterial community in the rhizosphere of cucumber].effects of different catch modes on soil enzyme activities and bacterial community in the rhizosphere of cucumber (cucumis sativus) were analyzed by conventional chemical method, pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and real-time pcr methods. pot experiment was carried out in the greenhouse for three consecutive years with cucumber as the main crop, and scallion (allium fistulosum), wheat (triticum aestivum) and oilseed rape (brassica campestri) as catch crops. results showed that, ...201425876408
polymorphisms of heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and their association with heat-resistance.heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) functions as a molecular chaperone and plays an important role in the resistance of organisms to stress, particularly heat-stress. in our study, 12 exons and 11 introns of hsp90 were identified in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. twenty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), including three non-synonymous mutations, were detected in the exons. susceptible and resistant individuals were distinguished using a high-temperature (32 °c) challenge experiment. ...201425270529
differential gene expression in the respiratory tree of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus during aestivation.sea cucumbers, apostichopus japonicus, experience seasonally high water temperatures during the summer months and enter aestivation to survive. aestivation is characterized by strong metabolic rate depression which is supported by a series of strategies including reorganizing metabolic processes, suppressing cell functions, enhancing cytoprotective mechanisms, and altered gene expression. the respiratory tree tissue of the sea cucumber is an excellent material for studying aestivation, undergoin ...201425038515
colletotrichum orbiculare secretes virulence effectors to a biotrophic interface at the primary hyphal neck via exocytosis coupled with sec22-mediated traffic.the hemibiotrophic pathogen colletotrichum orbiculare develops biotrophic hyphae inside cucumber (cucumis sativus) cells via appressorial penetration; later, the pathogen switches to necrotrophy. c. orbiculare also expresses specific effectors at different stages. here, we found that virulence-related effectors of c. orbiculare accumulate in a pathogen-host biotrophic interface. fluorescence-tagged effectors accumulated in a ring-like region around the neck of the biotrophic primary hyphae. fluo ...201424850852
phytotoxicity of 4,8-dihydroxy-1-tetralone isolated from carya cathayensis sarg. to various plant species.the aqueous extract from carya cathayensis sarg. exocarp was centrifuged, filtered, and separated into 11 elution fractions by x-5 macroporous resin chromatography. a phenolic compound, 4,8-dihydroxy-1-tetralone (4,8-dht) was isolated from the fractions with the strongest phytotoxicity by bioassy-guided fractionation, and investigated for phytotoxicity on lettuce (latuca sativa l.), radish (raphanus sativus l.), cucumber (cucumis sativus l.), onion (allium cepa l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l ...201425264832
molecular characterization of watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (wmcsv) from palestine.the incidence of watermelon chlorotic stunt disease and molecular characterization of the palestinian isolate of watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (wmcsv-[pal]) are described in this study. symptomatic leaf samples obtained from watermelon citrullus lanatus (thunb.), and cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) plants were tested for wmcsv-[pal] infection by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and rolling circle amplification (rca). disease incidence ranged between 25%-98% in watermelon fields in the studied ar ...201424956181
cucumis sativus l-type lectin receptor kinase (cslecrk) gene family response to phytophthora melonis, phytophthora capsici and water immersion in disease resistant and susceptible cucumber cultivars.l-type lectin receptor kinase (lecrk) proteins are an important family involved in diverse biological processes such as pollen development, senescence, wounding, salinity and especially in innate immunity in model plants such as arabidopsis and tobacco. till date, lecrk proteins or genes of cucumber have not been reported. in this study, a total of 25 lecrk genes were identified in the cucumber genome, unequally distributed across its seven chromosomes. according to similarity comparison of thei ...201425065921
characterization of antimicrobial resistance of vibrio parahaemolyticus from cultured sea cucumbers (apostichopus japonicas).this study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance and molecular resistance mechanisms of 87 vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from cultured sea cucumbers (apostichopus japonicus). the results showed that all isolates were resistant to ampicillin and cephazolin, fewer of them were resistant to streptomycin (43·7%), cefuroxime sodium (18·4%), tetracycline (4·6%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (2·3%) and four quinolones (2·3%). more than half (56·2%) of the isolates displayed multiple r ...201424684348
effect of intestinal autochthonous probiotics isolated from the gut of sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) on immune response and growth of a. japonicus.the study isolated 224 bacteria from the intestine of apostichopus japonicus, then selected and identified three of the bacteria (hs1, hs7, and hs10) which demonstrated amylase, lipase, and protease production capacity as candidate probiotics for sea cucumbers. the three potential probiotics showed no pathogenicity both in hemolytic assays on sheep blood agar plates and after immersing sea cucumbers in a suspension of the bacteria. to reveal the effects of these three potential probiotics on the ...201424727198
squash leaf curl virus (slcv): a serious disease threatening cucurbits production in palestine.the incidence of squash leaf curl disease and molecular characterization of the palestinian isolate of squash leaf curl virus [slcv-(pal)] are described in this study. symptomatic leaf samples obtained from squash (cucurbita pepo), watermelon [citrullus lanatus (thunb.)], and cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) plants were tested for slcv-[pal] infection by pcr and rca. slcv was also found to occur naturally in chenopodium murale, convolvulus sp, and prosporis farcta which showed yellowing. the diseas ...201424258392
photodynamic decontamination of foodstuff from staphylococcus aureus based on novel formulations of curcumin.increasing antibiotic resistance is one of the world's greatest health problems. the food chain is an important factor in the transfer of resistant germs from animals to humans. this study focuses on photodynamic inactivation (pdi), employing curcumin bound to polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp-c) and novasol®-curcumin as photosensitizers, as potent tool for the decontamination of cucumber, pepper and chicken meat from staphylococcus aureus (serving as the model for methicillin-resistant s. aureus, mrsa) ...201424957403
antibacterial activity of the body wall extracts of sea cucumber (invertebrata; echinodermata) on infectious oral streptococci.abstract background: the present study was carried out to test the antibacterial effect of the body wall of the sea cucumber holothuria leucospilota brandt on streptococcus mutans and streptococcus salivarius. methods: after sampling sea cucumbers from the persian gulf, different extractions were prepared. then, aqueous, phosphate-buffered saline (pbs, ph 7.8), chloroform, hexane and methanolic extracts from sea cucumber body wall were screened for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacte ...201424468613
cucumber metal transport protein mtp8 confers increased tolerance to manganese when expressed in yeast and arabidopsis thaliana.cation diffusion facilitator (cdf) proteins are ubiquitous divalent cation transporters that have been proved to be essential for metal homeostasis and tolerance in archaebacteria, bacteria, and eukaryota. in plants, cdfs are designated as metal tolerance proteins (mtps). due to the lack of genomic resources, studies on mtps in other plants, including cultivated crops, are lacking. here, the identification and organization of genes encoding members of the mtp family in cucumber are described. th ...201425039075
molecular characterization, 3d model analysis, and expression pattern of the cmubc gene encoding the melon ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme under drought and salt stress conditions.ubiquitin-conjugating (ubc) enzyme is a key enzyme in ubiquitination. here, we describe the cloning, characterization, and expression pattern of a novel gene, cmubc, from a melon. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences allowed the identification of highly conserved motifs. synteny analysis between cucumis sativus l. and arabidopsis demonstrated that homologs of several cucumis ubc genes were found in corresponding syntenic blocks of arabidopsis. the homology structure model of the cmubc ...201424213845
effect of ripening stage on the development of the microbial community during spontaneous fermentation of green tomatoes.spontaneous fermentation of plant-derived material is mainly performed on a small scale, with the exception of fermented olives, cucumbers, sauerkraut and kimchi, which have met worldwide commercial significance.201424284907
decolourisation of acid orange 7 recalcitrant auto-oxidation coloured by-products using an acclimatised mixed bacterial culture.this study focuses on the biodegradation of recalcitrant, coloured compounds resulting from auto-oxidation of acid orange 7 (ao7) in a sequential facultative anaerobic-aerobic treatment system. a novel mixed bacterial culture, bac-zs, consisting of brevibacillus panacihumi strain zb1, lysinibacillus fusiformis strain zb2, and enterococcus faecalis strain zl bacteria were isolated from environmental samples. the acclimatisation of the mixed culture was carried out in an ao7 decolourised solution. ...201424293297
analysis of the defence-related mechanism in cucumber seedlings in relation to root colonization by nonpathogenic fusarium oxysporum cs-20.a defence response can be induced by nonpathogenic fusarium oxysporum cs-20 in several crops, but the molecular mechanism has not been clearly demonstrated. in the present study, we analysed the defence mechanism of a susceptible cucumber cultivar (cucumis sativus l. 9930) against a pathogen (f. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum) through the root precolonization of cs-20. a challenge inoculation assay indicated that the disease severity index (dsi) was reduced, ranging from 18.83 to 61.67 in comparis ...201424810367
first report of cucumber mosaic virus isolated from wild vigna angularis var. nipponensis in korea.a viral disease causing severe mosaic, necrotic, and yellow symptoms on vigna angularis var. nipponensis was prevalent around suwon area in korea. the causal virus was characterized as cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) on the basis of biological and nucleotide sequence properties of rnas 1, 2 and 3 and named as cmv-wva. cmv-wva isolate caused mosaic symptoms on indicator plants, nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi-nc, petunia hybrida, and cucumis sativus. strikingly, cmv-wva induced severe mosaic and malform ...201425289004
a non-persistently transmitted-virus induces a pull-push strategy in its aphid vector to optimize transmission and spread.plant viruses are known to modify the behaviour of their insect vectors, both directly and indirectly, generally adapting to each type of virus-vector relationship in a way that enhances transmission efficiency. here, we report results of three different studies showing how a virus transmitted in a non-persistent (np) manner (cucumber mosaic virus; cmv, cucumovirus) can induce changes in its host plant, cucumber (cucumis sativus cv. marumba) that modifies the behaviour of its aphid vector (aphis ...201424373951
evaluation of antibacterial activity of crude protein extracts from seeds of six different medical plants against standard bacterial strains.a huge group of natural antimicrobial compounds are active against a large spectrum of bacterial strains causing infectious threat. the present study was conducted to investigate the crude extracts of antimicrobial protein and peptide efficacy from six medicinal plant seeds. extraction was carried out in sodium phosphate citrate buffer, and sodium acetate buffer using different ph. antimicrobial activities of these plants were determined by the microbiological technique using agar well diffusion ...201424600307
histochemical visualization of ros and antioxidant response to viral infections of vegetable crops grown in azerbaijan.extremes of environmental conditions, such as biotic stresses, strongly affect plant growth and development and may adversely affect photosynthetic process. virus infection is especially problematic in crops, because unlike other diseases, its impact cannot be reduced by phytosanitary treatments. the vegetable crops (solanum lycopеrsicum l, cucurbita melo l., cucumis sativus l., piper longum l., solánum melongéna l., vicia faba l.) showing virus-like symptoms were collected from fields located i ...201424661407
antibacterial and antifungal activity of holothuria leucospilota isolated from persian gulf and oman sea.emergence of antimicrobial resistance toward a number of conventional antibiotics has triggered the search for antimicrobial agents from a variety of sources including the marine environment.201425147657
production of human tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) in cucumis sativus.tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) as a serine protease with 72 kd molecular mass and 527 amino acids plays an important role in the fibrinolytic system and the dissolution of fibrin clots in human body. the collective production of this drug in plants such as cucumber, one of the most important vegetables in the world, could reduce its production costs. in this study, after scrutiny of the appropriate regeneration of cucumber plant (isfahan variety) on ms medium with naphthalene acetic acid hor ...201424152103
effect of short-term water deficit stress on antioxidative systems in cucumber seedling roots.cucumber is one of the most popular vegetables, and have little tolerance for water stress. the antioxidant defense system is one of major drought defense and adaptive mechanisms in plants, however, relatively few data are available regarding antioxidant systems in responses of cucumber to water deficit. the effect of short-term drought stress on the antioxidant system, lipid peroxidation and water content in cucumber seedlings roots was investigated.201428510935
[possible use of ultraviolet fluorescence for detecting protein conformational transitions in intact tissues].spectra of fluorescence (sf) excited by the light with the wave length of 260 nm were measured with the aim of revealing the character of structural reconstructions in water-dificient plant cells. hypocotyls of cucumis sativus l. seedlings during soil draught served as the objects of study. with an increase of water deficiency the sf maximum is shifted to 5-8 nm to the long wave region. in wilted plant tissues free triptophane was accumulated whose sf maximum was shifted to the long wave region ...2013623823
report of illnesses caused by aldicarb-contaminated cucumbers.during may and june of 1985 the health protection branch and several other agencies were involved in the investigation of over 300 reports of illness reported in the vancouver area of british columbia, canada. symptoms reported included nausea, vomiting, dizziness, muscle fasciculation and blurred vision. a review of the onset of symptoms and food consumed suggested that at least 140 people had become ill from eating cucumbers adulterated with a carbamate pesticide. the presence of residues of a ...20133360204
[purification and some properties of 2 copper-containing proteins from the cucumber, cucumis sativus]. 20134376699
high light inhibits chlorophyll biosynthesis at the level of 5-aminolevulinate synthesis during de-etiolation in cucumber (cucumis sativus) cotyledons.using the vascular plant cucumis sativus (cucumber) as a model, we studied the effects of high (intense and excess) light upon chlorophyll biosynthesis during de-etiolation. when illuminated with high light (1500-1600 microe/m2/s), etiolated cucumber cotyledons failed to synthesize chlorophyll entirely. however, upon transfer to low light conditions (40-45 microe/m2/s), chlorophyll biosynthesis and subsequent accumulation resumed following an initial 2-12 h delay. duration of high light treatmen ...201316922603
physiological activity of some aminophosphonates.influence of some new aminophosphonates on electrolyte leakage from cucumber (cucumis sativus cv "wisconsin") cotyledons as well as on the content of chlorophyll and activity of guaiacol and pyrogallol peroxidase were studied. concentration of malondialdehyde (mda), one of the end-products of lipid peroxidation, was also measured. it was found that aminophosphates influenced the parameters observed to various extents, depending on their structural features and the concentration used. most active ...201311837690
liquid chromatographic determination of five benzoylurea insecticides in fruit and vegetables.a liquid chromatographic (lc) method was developed to determine 5 benzoylureas--diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, teflubenzuron, flufenozuron, and lufenuron--in peppers, tomatoes, eggplants, cucumbers, and oranges. preparation of samples involve extraction with acetone and partitioning into dichloromethane-petroleum ether. a portion of this extract is cleaned up with a solid-phase extraction aminopropyl disposable column. with lc analysis using an rp-8-db microbore column, acetonitrile-water (70 + 30 ...20139772746
[organic acids of various kinds of vegetables. iv. changes in the acids and sugar in tomatoes, sweet peppers and cucumbers during development and ripening].concentrations of organic acids and sugars in tomatoes and sweet peppers change notably during ripening. the concentration of malic acid decreases while that of citric acid increases considerably and in redripe fruits clearly exceeds the content of malic acid. several maxima and minima in acid concentrations occur during development. both species show constant proportions of citric and isocitric acid (200:1 and 30:1 respectively). in sweet pepper, quinic and ascorbic acid can be found in noticea ...20133811599
trichoderma-plant root colonization: escaping early plant defense responses and activation of the antioxidant machinery for saline stress tolerance.trichoderma spp. are versatile opportunistic plant symbionts which can colonize the apoplast of plant roots. microarrays analysis of arabidopsis thaliana roots inoculated with trichoderma asperelloides t203, coupled with qpcr analysis of 137 stress responsive genes and transcription factors, revealed wide gene transcript reprogramming, proceeded by a transient repression of the plant immune responses supposedly to allow root colonization. enhancement in the expression of wrky18 and wrky40, which ...201323516362
discovery of a novel neurophysin-associated neuropeptide that triggers cardiac stomach contraction and retraction in starfish.feeding in starfish is a remarkable process in which the cardiac stomach is everted over prey and then retracted when prey tissue has been resorbed. previous studies have revealed that salmfamide-type neuropeptides trigger cardiac stomach relaxation and eversion in the starfish asterias rubens. we hypothesised, therefore, that a counteracting neuropeptide system controls cardiac stomach contraction and retraction. members of the ng peptide family cause muscle contraction in other echinoderms (e. ...201323913946
seed germination-influencing bioactive secondary metabolites secreted by the endophyte cladosporium cladosporioides lwl5.the present study was aimed to isolate bioactive metabolites produced by a fungal endophyte from helianthus annuus, capsicum annuum, and cucumis sativus and to assess their role in seed germination. culture filtrate of the endophyte ha-3b from h. annuus was significantly inhibitory towards the germination and growth of lettuce seeds. ha-3b was identified as cladosporium cladosporioides lwl5 through molecular techniques. different concentrations (100, 500 and 1000 ppm) of the ethyl acetate extrac ...201324352011
adhesive-tape recovery combined with molecular and microscopic testing for the detection of cryptosporidium oocysts on experimentally contaminated fresh produce and a food preparation surface.a proof of concept study was conducted to determine if transparent double-sided adhesive tape could be used to recover and detect [by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and immunofluorescence microscopy (ifa)] cryptosporidium parvum oocysts on fresh produce and on a food preparation surface. oocysts were applied on the surface of ten apples, ten peaches, eight cucumbers, and eight tomatoes within circles drawn with a permanent marker. approximately 18 h later, skin excised from three uncontaminated ...201323411739
compensation effect of bacterium containing biofertilizer on the growth of cucumis sativus l. under al-stress conditions.biofertilizers are used to improve soil fertility and plant production in sustainable agriculture. however, their applicability depends on several environmental parameters. the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of free-living bacteria containing fertilizer on the growth of cucumber (cucumis sativus l. cvs. delicates) under aluminium (al) stress. different responses to al stress of cucumber growth parameters were examined in terms of root elongation and physiological traits, such as spa ...201323567831
distinctive effects of nano-sized permethrin in the environment.pesticides are an essential tool in integrated pest management. nanopermethrin was prepared by solvent evaporation from an oil-in-water volatile microemulsion. the efficacy of the formulated nanopermethrin was tested against aedes aegypti and the results compared to those of regular, microparticular permethrin. the 24 h lc50 for nanopermethrin and permethrin was found to be 0.0063 and 0.0199 mg/l, respectively. the formulated nanopermethrin was tested for toxicity against non-target organisms. n ...201322972616
antibacterial activity of phyllantus emblica, coriandrum sativum, culinaris medic, lawsonia alba and cucumis sativus.present study deals with the demonstration of the antibacterial activity of very common medicinal plants of pakistani origin i.e., phyllantus emblica, coriandrum sativum, culinaris medic, lawsonia alba and cucumis sativus. the extracts were prepared in crude form by the use of hydro-alcoholic solution and were screened for antibacterial activity against various bacterial species by disk diffusion method. assay was performed using clinical isolates of b. cereus, s. aureus, p. aeruginosa and e. co ...201324147363
functional characterization of gibberellin oxidases from cucumber, cucumis sativus l.cucurbits have been used widely to elucidate gibberellin (ga) biosynthesis. with the recent availability of the genome sequence for the economically important cucurbit cucumis sativus, sequence data became available for all genes potentially involved in ga biosynthesis for this species. sixteen cdnas were cloned from root and shoot of 3-d to 7-d old seedlings and from mature seeds of c. sativus. two cdnas code for ga 7-oxidases (csga7ox1, and -2), five for ga 20-oxidases (csga20ox1, -2, -3, -4, ...201323507362
chiral triazole fungicide difenoconazole: absolute stereochemistry, stereoselective bioactivity, aquatic toxicity, and environmental behavior in vegetables and soil.in this study, the systemic assessments of the stereoisomers of triazole fungicide difenoconazole are reported for the first time, including absolute stereochemistry, stereoselective bioactivity toward pathogens (alternaria sonali, fulvia fulva, botrytis cinerea, and rhizoctonia solani), and toxicity toward aquatic organisms (scenedesmus obliquus, daphnia magna, and danio rerio). moreover, the stereoselective degradation of difenoconazole in vegetables (cucumber, cucumis sativus and tomato, lyco ...201323451708
modified primers for the identification of nonpathogenic fusarium oxysporum isolates that have biological control potential against fusarium wilt of cucumber in taiwan.previous investigations demonstrated that fusarium oxysporum (fo), which is not pathogenic to cucumbers, could serve as a biological control agent for managing fusarium wilt of cucumber caused by fo f. sp. cucumerinum (foc) in taiwan. however, thus far it has not been possible to separate the populations of pathogenic fo from the nonpathogenic isolates that have biological control potential through their morphological characteristics. although these two populations can be distinguished from one ...201323762289
microbial interactions associated with secondary cucumber fermentation.to evaluate the interaction between selected yeasts and bacteria and associate their metabolic activity with secondary cucumber fermentation.201323013318
effects of dietary live yeast hanseniaspora opuntiae c21 on the immune and disease resistance against vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.a feeding experiment was conducted to determine effects of hanseniaspora opuntiae c21 on immune response and disease resistance against vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus. sea cucumbers were fed with either diets containing c21 at 10(4), 10(5) and 10(6) cfu g(-1) feed or a control diet for 30-50 days, respectively. after feeding for 30 days and 45 days, five sea cucumbers from each tank were sampled for immunological analyses. results indicated that c21 ...201323063538
sulfated glycosaminoglycans from crown-of-thorns acanthaster planci - extraction and quantification analysis.in this article, the novel inventive steps for the extraction and quantification of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (gag) from acanthaster planci starfish, generally known as crown-of-thorns (cot), are reported. starfish have been implicated with collagenous distributions within their body anatomy, thus making it a prima facie fact searching for the possibility that gags can be isolated from cot. in this study, total-, n-, and o-sulfated gags were extracted from three anatomical regions of the cot (i ...201324804017
cloning and expression analysis of wnt6 and hox6 during intestinal regeneration in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.many developmental genes play important roles in regeneration. here, we cloned the two developmental genes, wnt6 and hox6, from apostichopus japonicus by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the wnt6 full-length cdna is 1140 bp long with a 1029-bp open reading frame encoding 342 amino acids. the deduced wnt6 protein contained a 22-amino acid signal peptide and a 274-amino acid mature peptide. the hox6 (ajhbox6) full-length cdna contained 1312 bp with a 966-bp ...201324301793
rna-seq reveals dynamic changes of gene expression in key stages of intestine regeneration in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. [corrected].sea cucumbers (holothuroidea; echinodermata) have the capacity to regenerate lost tissues and organs. although the histological and cytological aspects of intestine regeneration have been extensively studied, little is known of the genetic mechanisms involved. there has, however, been a renewed effort to develop a database of expressed sequence tags (ests) in apostichopus japonicus, an economically-important species that occurs in china. this is important for studies on genetic breeding, molecul ...201323936330
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