Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| pharmacology and anti-infective role of raxibacumab: a novel monoclonal antibody for the treatment of anthrax. | anthrax, caused by bacillus anthracis (b anthracis), poses a potential threat as a bioterror agent because after inhalation, the spores rapidly cause bacteraemia and toxaemia. it produces a toxin consisting of three proteins ie protective antigen (pa), oedema factor (ef) and lethal factor (lf). protective antigen plays a central role in the pathophysiology of anthrax and offers an excellent therapeutic target for treatment of anthrax. raxibacumab is a recombinant, fully human, igg1λ monoclonal a ... | 2016 | 28358441 |
| development of a zealand white rabbit deposition model to study inhalation anthrax. | despite using rabbits in several inhalation exposure experiments to study diseases such as anthrax, there is a lack of understanding regarding deposition characteristics and fate of inhaled particles (bio-aerosols and viruses) in the respiratory tracts of rabbits. such information allows dosimetric extrapolation to humans to inform human outcomes. the lung geometry of the new zealand white rabbit (referred to simply as rabbits throughout the article) was constructed using recently acquired scann ... | 2016 | 26895308 |
| dose-response modeling for inhalational anthrax in rabbits following single or multiple exposures. | there is a need to advance our ability to characterize the risk of inhalational anthrax following a low-dose exposure. the exposure scenario most often considered is a single exposure that occurs during an attack. however, long-term daily low-dose exposures also represent a realistic exposure scenario, such as what may be encountered by people occupying areas for longer periods. given this, the objective of the current work was to model two rabbit inhalational anthrax dose-response data sets. on ... | 2016 | 26889937 |
| childhood-onset eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a rare childhood vasculitis mimicking anthrax and eosinophilic leukaemia. | a 14-year-old boy previously misdiagnosed as having cutaneous anthrax was referred with a 2-month history of multiple wide and deep ulceronecrotic lesions in the lower extremities, which occurred after contact with animals. skin biopsy was compatible with vasculitis. further examination at our hospital elicited eosinophilia and a history of asthma. on the second day of hospitalisation, he developed deep vein thrombosis. a diagnosis of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (egpa) was esta ... | 2016 | 26887883 |
| a cumulative spore killing approach: synergistic sporicidal activity of dilute peracetic acid and ethanol at low ph against clostridium difficile and bacillus subtilis spores. | background. alcohol-based hand sanitizers are the primary method of hand hygiene in healthcare settings, but they lack activity against bacterial spores produced by pathogens such as clostridium difficile and bacillus anthracis. we previously demonstrated that acidification of ethanol induced rapid sporicidal activity, resulting in ethanol formulations with ph 1.5-2 that were as effective as soap and water washing in reducing levels of c difficile spores on hands. we hypothesized that the addit ... | 2016 | 26885539 |
| gene control of tyrosine kinase tie2 and vascular manifestations of infections. | ligands of the endothelial-enriched tunica interna endothelial cell kinase 2 (tie2) are markedly imbalanced in severe infections associated with vascular leakage, yet regulation of the receptor itself has been understudied in this context. here, we show that tie2 gene expression may constitute a novel vascular barrier control mechanism in diverse infections. tie2 expression declined rapidly in wide-ranging models of leak-associated infections, including anthrax, influenza, malaria, and sepsis. f ... | 2016 | 26884170 |
| redefining the australian anthrax belt: modeling the ecological niche and predicting the geographic distribution of bacillus anthracis. | the ecology and distribution of b. anthracis in australia is not well understood, despite the continued occurrence of anthrax outbreaks in the eastern states of the country. efforts to estimate the spatial extent of the risk of disease have been limited to a qualitative definition of an anthrax belt extending from southeast queensland through the centre of new south wales and into northern victoria. this definition of the anthrax belt does not consider the role of environmental conditions in the ... | 2016 | 27280981 |
| unique inflammatory mediators and specific ige levels distinguish local from systemic reactions after anthrax vaccine adsorbed vaccination. | although the u.s. national academy of sciences concluded that anthrax vaccine adsorbed (ava) has an adverse event (ae) profile similar to those of other adult vaccines, 30 to 70% of queried ava vaccinees report aes. aes appear to be correlated with certain demographic factors, but the underlying immunologic pathways are poorly understood. we evaluated a cohort of 2,421 ava vaccinees and found 153 (6.3%) reported an ae. females were more likely to experience aes (odds ratio [or] = 6.0 [95% confid ... | 2016 | 27280620 |
| fast, sensitive point of care electrochemical molecular system for point mutation and select agent detection. | point of care molecular diagnostics benefits from a portable battery-operated device capable of performing a fast turnaround using reliable inexpensive cartridges. we describe a prototype device for performing a molecular diagnostics test for clinical and biodefense samples in 16 minutes using a prototype capable of an 8 minute pcr reaction, followed by hybridization and detection on an electrochemical microarray based on the i-stat® system. we used human buccal swabs for hemochromatosis testing ... | 2016 | 27280174 |
| source and risk factors of a cutaneous anthrax outbreak, jiangsu, eastern china, 2012. | anthrax is still a severe public health problem and threat to human health. a cutaneous anthrax outbreak occurred in jiangsu province, a non-endemic anthrax region of eastern china, from july to august 2012. epidemiological and laboratory investigation were initiated to trace the source of infection and identify the risk factors of the outbreak. on 25 july 2012, 17 persons were exposed to a sick cow, which had been imported from northeast china a few days previously. of the 17 exposed, eight dev ... | 2016 | 27277672 |
| lethal exposure: an integrated approach to pathogen transmission via environmental reservoirs. | to mitigate the effects of zoonotic diseases on human and animal populations, it is critical to understand what factors alter transmission dynamics. here we assess the risk of exposure to lethal concentrations of the anthrax bacterium, bacillus anthracis, for grazing animals in a natural system over time through different transmission mechanisms. we follow pathogen concentrations at anthrax carcass sites and waterholes for five years and estimate infection risk as a function of grass, soil or wa ... | 2016 | 27265371 |
| anthrax edema factor: an ion-adaptive mechanism of catalysis with increased transition-state conformational flexibility. | edema factor (ef) is one of three major toxins of anthrax. ef is an adenylyl cyclase that disrupts cell signaling by accelerating the conversion of atp into cyclic-amp. ef has a much higher catalytic rate than that of mammalian adenylyl cyclases (macs). crystal structures were obtained for macs and ef, but the molecular basis for different catalytic activities remained poorly understood. in particular, the arrangement of the active site in ef is unclear in what concerns the number of ions presen ... | 2016 | 27260163 |
| anthrax toxin-expressing bacillus cereus isolated from an anthrax-like eschar. | bacillus cereus isolates have been described harboring bacillus anthracis toxin genes, most notably b. cereus g9241, and capable of causing severe and fatal pneumonias. this report describes the characterization of a b. cereus isolate, bcfl2013, associated with a naturally occurring cutaneous lesion resembling an anthrax eschar. similar to g9241, bcfl2013 is positive for the b. anthracis pxo1 toxin genes, has a multi-locus sequence type of 78, and a paga sequence type of 9. whole genome sequenci ... | 2016 | 27257909 |
| highly stable lyophilized homogeneous bead-based immunoassays for on-site detection of bio warfare agents from complex matrices. | this study shows the development of dry, highly stable immunoassays for the detection of bio warfare agents in complex matrices. thermal stability was achieved by the lyophilization of the complete, homogeneous, bead-based immunoassay in a special stabilizing buffer, resulting in a ready-to-use, simple assay, which exhibited long shelf and high-temperature endurance (up to 1 week at 100 °c). the developed methodology was successfully implemented for the preservation of time-resolved fluorescence ... | 2016 | 27253489 |
| in vitro biosynthesis and substrate tolerance of the plantazolicin family of natural products. | plantazolicin (pzn) is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (ripp) natural product that exhibits extraordinarily narrow-spectrum antibacterial activity toward the causative agent of anthrax, bacillus anthracis. during pzn biosynthesis, a cyclodehydratase catalyzes cyclization of cysteine, serine, and threonine residues in the pzn precursor peptide (bama) to azolines. subsequently, a dehydrogenase oxidizes most of these azolines to thiazoles and (methyl)oxazoles. th ... | 2016 | 27248686 |
| an internal standard approach for homogeneous tr-fret immunoassays facilitates the detection of bacteria, biomarkers, and toxins in complex matrices. | the recent development of a homogeneous time-resolved förster resonance energy transfer (tr-fret) immunoassay enables one-step, rapid (minutes), and direct detection compared to the multistep, time-consuming (hours), heterogeneous elisa-type immunoassays. the use of the time-resolved effect of a donor lanthanide complex with a delay time of microseconds and large stokes shift enables the separation of positive signals from the background autofluorescence of the sample. however, this study shows ... | 2016 | 27236318 |
| the spore coat. | spores of clostridiales and bacillales are encased in a complex series of concentric shells that provide protection, facilitate germination, and mediate interactions with the environment. analysis of diverse spore-forming species by thin-section transmission electron microscopy reveals that the number and morphology of these encasing shells vary greatly. in some species, they appear to be composed of a small number of discrete layers. in other species, they can comprise multiple, morphologically ... | 2016 | 27227299 |
| crystal structures of the spoiid lytic transglycosylases essential for bacterial sporulation. | bacterial spores are the most resistant form of life known on earth and represent a serious problem for (i) bioterrorism attack, (ii) horizontal transmission of microbial pathogens in the community, and (iii) persistence in patients and in a nosocomial environment. stage ii sporulation protein d (spoiid) is a lytic transglycosylase (lt) essential for sporulation. the lt superfamily is a potential drug target because it is active in essential bacterial processes involving the peptidoglycan, which ... | 2016 | 27226615 |
| maldi-tof ms portrait of emetic and non-emetic bacillus cereus group members. | the number of foodborne intoxications caused by emetic bacillus cereus isolates has increased significantly. as such, rapid and reliable methods to identify emetic strains appear to be clinically relevant. in this study, intact cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) was used to differentiate emetic and non-emetic bacilli. the phyloproteomic clustering of 34 b. cereus emetic and 88 non-emetic isolates classified as b. cereus, bacillus thur ... | 2016 | 27196540 |
| dielectrophoretic applications for disease diagnostics using lab-on-a-chip platforms. | dielectrophoresis is a powerful technique used to distinguish distinct cellular identities in heterogeneous cell populations and to monitor changes in the cell state without the need for biochemical tags, including live and dead cells. recent studies in the past decade have indicated that dielectrophoresis can be used to discriminate the disease state of cells by exploring the differences in the dielectric polarizabilities of the cells. factors controlling the dielectric polarizability are depen ... | 2016 | 27191245 |
| rapid and facile ratiometric detection of an anthrax biomarker by regulating energy transfer process in bio-metal-organic framework. | a ratiometric fluorescent sensor based on luminescent bio-metal-organic framework was prepared by exchanging both tb(3+) and eu(3+) cations into anionic bio-mof-1. due to a highly efficient energy transfer from tb(3+) to eu(3+) (>89%), emission color of tb/eu@bio-mof-1 was orange-red even though tb(3+) was the dominant content in this tb/eu co-doping material. more interestingly, this energy transfer process could be modulated by dipicolinic acid (dpa), an unique biomarker for bacillus spores. w ... | 2016 | 27183278 |
| antxr-1 and -2 independent modulation of a cytotoxicity mediated by anthrax toxin in human cells. | several animal models have shown that anthrax toxin (atx) elicits a cytotoxic effect on host cells through anthrax toxin receptor (antxr) function. in this study, compared with mouse cells, cells obtained from humans exhibited low sensitivity to atx-mediated cytotoxicity, and the sensitivity was not correlated with expression levels of antxrs. atx treatment also induced a cytotoxic effect in other cultured human cells, human embryonic kidney (hek) 293 cells, that express antxrs at undetectable l ... | 2016 | 27170489 |
| predicting disease risk, identifying stakeholders, and informing control strategies: a case study of anthrax in montana. | infectious diseases that affect wildlife and livestock are challenging to manage and can lead to large-scale die-offs, economic losses, and threats to human health. the management of infectious diseases in wildlife and livestock is made easier with knowledge of disease risk across space and identifying stakeholders associated with high-risk landscapes. this study focuses on anthrax, caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis, risk to wildlife and livestock in montana. there is a history of anthr ... | 2016 | 27169560 |
| cxcl10 acts as a bifunctional antimicrobial molecule against bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis is killed by the interferon-inducible, elr(-) cxc chemokine cxcl10. previous studies showed that disruption of the gene encoding ftsx, a conserved membrane component of the atp-binding cassette transporter-like complex ftse/x, resulted in resistance to cxcl10. ftsx exhibits some sequence similarity to the mammalian cxcl10 receptor, cxcr3, suggesting that the cxcl10 n-terminal region that interacts with cxcr3 may also interact with ftsx. a c-terminal truncated cxcl10 was tested ... | 2016 | 27165799 |
| pasteur revisited: an unexpected finding in bacillus anthracis vaccine strains. | 2016 | 27163362 | |
| evaluation of early immune response-survival relationship in cynomolgus macaques after anthrax vaccine adsorbed vaccination and bacillus anthracis spore challenge. | anthrax vaccine adsorbed (ava, biothrax) is approved by the us food and drug administration for post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) of anthrax in adults. the pep schedule is 3 subcutaneous (sc) doses (0, 14 and 28 days), in conjunction with a 60 day course of antimicrobials. the objectives of this study were to understand the onset of protection from ava pep vaccination and to assess the potential for shortening the duration of antimicrobial treatment (http://www.phe.gov/preparedness/mcm/phemce/docu ... | 2016 | 27155494 |
| plantazolicin is an ultra-narrow spectrum antibiotic that targets the bacillus anthracis membrane. | plantazolicin (pzn) is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified natural product from bacillus methylotrophicus fzb42 and bacillus pumilus. extensive tailoring to twelve of the fourteen amino acid residues in the mature natural product endows pzn with not only a rigid, polyheterocyclic structure, but also antibacterial activity. here we report a remarkably discriminatory activity of pzn toward bacillus anthracis, which rivals a previously-described gamma (γ) phage lysis assay i ... | 2016 | 27152321 |
| biothrax and anthrasil for anthrax. | 2016 | 27148924 | |
| correction: mapping the distribution of anthrax in mainland china, 2005-2013. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004637.]. | 2016 | 27145181 |
| structural analysis of cofactor binding for a prolyl 4-hydroxylase from the pathogenic bacterium bacillus anthracis. | the prolyl 4-hydroxylases (p4hs) are mononuclear nonheme iron enzymes that catalyze the formation of 4r-hydroxyproline from many different substrates, with various biological implications. p4h is a key player in collagen accumulation, which has implications in fibrotic disorders. the stabilization of collagen triple-helical structure via prolyl hydroxylation is the rate-limiting step in collagen biosynthesis, and therefore p4h has been extensively investigated as a potential therapeutic target o ... | 2016 | 27139630 |
| the intxo-psl recombination system is a key component of the second maintenance system for bacillus anthracis plasmid pxo1. | we previously identified three noncontiguous regions on bacillus anthracis plasmid pxo1 that comprise a system for accurate plasmid partitioning and maintenance. however, deletion of these regions did not decrease retention of certain shortened pxo1 plasmids during vegetative growth. using two genetic tools developed for dna manipulation in b. anthracis (the cre-loxp and flp-frt systems), we found two other noncontiguous pxo1 regions that together are sufficient for plasmid stability. this secon ... | 2016 | 27137503 |
| a bacillus anthracis genome sequence from the sverdlovsk 1979 autopsy specimens. | anthrax is a zoonotic disease that occurs naturally in wild and domestic animals but has been used by both state-sponsored programs and terrorists as a biological weapon. a soviet industrial production facility in sverdlovsk, ussr, proved deficient in 1979 when a plume of spores was accidentally released and resulted in one of the largest known human anthrax outbreaks. in order to understand this outbreak and others, we generated a bacillus anthracis population genetic database based upon whole- ... | 2016 | 27677796 |
| an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax in yunnan, china. | 2016 | 27329849 | |
| protection of rhesus macaques against inhalational anthrax with a bacillus anthracis capsule conjugate vaccine. | the efficacy of currently licensed anthrax vaccines is largely attributable to a single bacillus anthracis immunogen, protective antigen. to broaden protection against possible strains resistant to protective antigen-based vaccines, we previously developed a vaccine in which the anthrax polyglutamic acid capsule was covalently conjugated to the outer membrane protein complex of neisseria meningitidis serotype b and demonstrated that two doses of 2.5μg of this vaccine conferred partial protection ... | 2016 | 27329184 |
| bacillus anthracis spore movement does not require a carrier cell and is not affected by lethal toxin in human lung models. | the lung is the entry site for bacillus anthracis in inhalation anthrax, the most deadly form of the disease. spores escape from the alveolus to regional lymph nodes, germinate and enter the circulatory system to cause disease. the roles of carrier cells and the effects of b. anthracis toxins in this process are unclear. we used a human lung organ culture model to measure spore uptake by antigen presenting cells (apc) and alveolar epithelial cells (aec), spore partitioning between these cells, a ... | 2016 | 27320392 |
| structure of anthrax lethal toxin prepore complex suggests a pathway for efficient cell entry. | anthrax toxin comprises three soluble proteins: protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf), and edema factor (ef). pa must be cleaved by host proteases before it oligomerizes and forms a prepore, to which lf and ef bind. after endocytosis of this tripartite complex, the prepore transforms into a narrow transmembrane pore that delivers unfolded lf and ef into the host cytosol. here, we find that translocation of multiple 90-kd lf molecules is rapid and efficient. to probe the molecular basis of ... | 2016 | 27670897 |
| anthrax lethal toxin co-complexes are stabilized by contacts between adjacent lethal factors. | 2016 | 27670896 | |
| stable expression of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 o-antigen genes integrated into the chromosome of live salmonella oral vaccine vector ty21a. | typhoid fever and shigellosis cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet no anti-shigella vaccine is currently available. however, to protect against typhoid fever, an approved vaccine, based on the attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain ty21a is available. we have investigated ty21a as a live oral vaccine vector for expression of heterologous foreign antigens to protect against other diseases (e.g. shigellosis, anthrax, and plague). shigella lps is a potent vaccine antigen f ... | 2016 | 27655911 |
| progress toward the development of a neat protein vaccine for anthrax disease. | bacillus anthracis is a sporulating gram-positive bacterium that is the causative agent of anthrax and a potential weapon of bioterrorism. the u.s.-licensed anthrax vaccine is made from an incompletely characterized culture supernatant of a nonencapsulated, toxigenic strain (anthrax vaccine absorbed [ava]) whose primary protective component is thought to be protective antigen (pa). ava is effective in protecting animals and elicits toxin-neutralizing antibodies in humans, but enthusiasm is dampe ... | 2016 | 27647868 |
| chemokine-releasing microparticles improve bacterial clearance and survival of anthrax spore-challenged mice. | in this study the hydrogel microparticles (mps) were used to enhance migration of neutrophils in order to improve outcome of anthrax infection in a mouse model. two mp formulations were tested. in the first one the polyacrylamide gel mps were chemically coupled with cibacron blue (cb) affinity bait. in the second one the bait molecules within the mps were additionally loaded with neutrophil-attracting chemokines (cks), human cxcl8 and mouse ccl3. a non-covalent interaction of the bait with the c ... | 2016 | 27632537 |
| antitrypanosomal activity of verbascum sinaiticum benth. (scrophulariaceae) against trypanosoma congolense isolates. | african trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with a large impact on the livelihood of the rural poor in sub-saharan africa. the available drugs for managing this disease are old, expensive and are facing the problem of drug resistance. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of aqueous and absolute methanol leaf extracts of verbascum sinaiticum benth. against trypanosoma congolense field isolate. | 2016 | 27629546 |
| identification of inhibitors for single-stranded dna-binding proteins in eubacteria. | the increasing threat of drug-resistant bacteria establishes a continuing need for the development of new strategies to fight infection. we examine the inhibition of the essential single-stranded dna-binding proteins (ssbs) ssba and ssbb as a potential antimicrobial therapy due to their importance in dna replication, activating the sos response and promoting competence-based mechanisms of resistance by incorporating new dna. | 2016 | 27609050 |
| targeting bacterial nitric oxide synthase with aminoquinoline-based inhibitors. | nitric oxide is produced in gram-positive pathogens bacillus anthracis and staphylococcus aureus by the bacterial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nos). inhibition of bacterial nitric oxide synthase (bnos) has been identified as a promising antibacterial strategy for targeting methicillin-resistant s. aureus [holden, j. k., et al. (2015) chem. biol. 22, 785-779]. one class of nos inhibitors that demonstrates antimicrobial efficacy utilizes an aminoquinoline scaffold. here we report on a variety ... | 2016 | 27607918 |
| bacillus cereus biovar anthracis causing anthrax in sub-saharan africa-chromosomal monophyly and broad geographic distribution. | through full genome analyses of four atypical bacillus cereus isolates, designated b. cereus biovar anthracis, we describe a distinct clade within the b. cereus group that presents with anthrax-like disease, carrying virulence plasmids similar to those of classic bacillus anthracis. we have isolated members of this clade from different mammals (wild chimpanzees, gorillas, an elephant and goats) in west and central africa (côte d'ivoire, cameroon, central african republic and democratic republic ... | 2016 | 27607836 |
| mechanisms of invariant nkt cell activity in restraining bacillus anthracis systemic dissemination. | exogenous activation of invariant nkt (inkt) cells by the superagonist α-galactosylceramide (α-galcer) can protect against cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections. in the current study, we investigated the effect of α-galcer against bacillus anthracis infection, the agent of anthrax. using an experimental model of s.c. b. anthracis infection (an encapsulated nontoxigenic strain), we show that concomitant administration of α-galcer delayed b. anthracis systemic dissemination and prolonged mou ... | 2016 | 27605012 |
| classification of bacillus and brevibacillus species using rapid analysis of lipids by mass spectrometry. | bacillus are aerobic spore-forming bacteria that are known to lead to specific diseases, such as anthrax and food poisoning. this study focuses on the characterization of these bacteria by the detection of lipids extracted from 33 well-characterized strains from the bacillus and brevibacillus genera, with the aim to discriminate between the different species. for the purpose of analysing the lipids extracted from these bacterial samples, two rapid physicochemical techniques were used: matrix-ass ... | 2016 | 27604269 |
| changes in bacillus anthracis cody regulation under host-specific environmental factor deprived conditions. | host-specific environmental factors induce changes in bacillus anthracis gene transcription during infection. a global transcription regulator, cody, plays a pivotal role in regulating central metabolism, biosynthesis, and virulence in b. anthracis. in this study, we utilized rna-sequencing to assess changes in the transcriptional patterns of cody-regulated b. anthracis genes in response to three conditions of environmental starvation: iron, co2, or glucose deprivation. in addition, we performed ... | 2016 | 27530340 |
| proteolytically stable foldamer mimics of host-defense peptides with protective activities in a murine model of bacterial infection. | the synthesis of bioinspired unnatural backbones leading to foldamers can provide effective peptide mimics with improved properties in a physiological environment. this approach has been applied to the design of structural mimics of membrane active antimicrobial peptides (amps) for which activities in vitro have been reported. yet activities and pharmacokinetic properties in vivo in animal models have remained largely unexplored. here, we report helical oligourea amp mimics that are active in vi ... | 2016 | 27529632 |
| highly dynamic metal exchange in anthrax lethal factor involves the occupation of an inhibitory metal binding site. | metal exchange is a common strategy to replace the zinc ion of many zinc proteins with other transition metals amenable to spectroscopic investigations. we here demonstrate that in anthrax lethal factor (and likely other zinc proteases), metal exchange is a fast process, and involves the occupation of an inhibitory metal site by the incoming ion prior to the release of zinc. | 2016 | 27517100 |
| late-exponential gene expression in cody-deficient bacillus anthracis in a host-like environment. | cody is a pleiotropic regulator commonly found in gram-positive bacteria and regulates various biological processes during the stringent response in a nutrient-limiting environment. cody also participates in virulence factor expression in many low g+c gram-positive pathogens, as observed in bacillus anthracis. however, the mechanism by which b. anthracis cody regulates metabolism and virulence factors in response to environmental changes is unclear. here, we attempted to identify the link betwee ... | 2016 | 27515669 |
| bacillus anthracis s-layer protein bsla binds to extracellular matrix by interacting with laminin. | the bacillus anthracis s-layer protein, bsla, plays a crucial role in mammalian infection. bsla is required to mediate adherence between host cells and vegetative forms of bacteria and this interaction promotes target organs adherence and blood-brain barrier (bbb) penetration in vivo. this study attempts to identify the potential eukaryotic ligand(s) for b. anthracis bsla protein. | 2016 | 27514510 |
| peptide- and proton-driven allosteric clamps catalyze anthrax toxin translocation across membranes. | anthrax toxin is an intracellularly acting toxin in which sufficient information is available regarding the structure of its transmembrane channel, allowing for detailed investigation of models of translocation. anthrax toxin, comprising three proteins-protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf), and edema factor-translocates large proteins across membranes. here we show that the pa translocase channel has a transport function in which its catalytic active sites operate allosterically. we find t ... | 2016 | 27506790 |
| design, synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 6-n-substituted chitosan derivatives. | three novel 6-n-substituted chitosan derivatives were designed and synthesised and characterized by ftir and nmr. the degree of substitution was calculated by elemental analysis results. the antimicrobial activities of the target compounds were evaluated by twofold serial broth dilution method and poisoned food technique. the antifungal activities of 6-aminoethylamino-6-deoxy chitosan (3), 6-butylamino-6-deoxy chitosan (4) and 6-pyridyl-6-deoxy chitosan (5) were significantly increased against r ... | 2016 | 27506558 |
| evidence that oxidative stress induces spxa2 transcription in bacillus anthracis sterne through a mechanism requiring spxa1 and positive autoregulation. | bacillus anthracis possesses two paralogs of the transcriptional regulator, spx. spxa1 and spxa2 interact with rna polymerase (rnap) to activate the transcription of genes implicated in the prevention and alleviation of oxidative protein damage. the spxa2 gene is highly upregulated in infected macrophages, but how this is achieved is unknown. previous studies have shown that the spxa2 gene was under negative control by the rrf2 family repressor protein, sair, whose activity is sensitive to oxida ... | 2016 | 27501985 |
| ca-asp bound x-ray structure and inhibition of bacillus anthracis dihydroorotase (dhoase). | dihydroorotase (dhoase) is the third enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway and is responsible for the reversible cyclization of carbamyl-aspartate (ca-asp) to dihydroorotate (dho). dhoase is further divided into two classes based on several structural characteristics, one of which is the length of the flexible catalytic loop that interacts with the substrate, ca-asp, regulating the enzyme activity. here, we present the crystal structure of class i bacillus anthracis dhoase with ca-a ... | 2016 | 27499369 |
| multivalent chromosomal expression of the clostridium botulinum serotype a neurotoxin heavy-chain antigen and the bacillus anthracis protective antigen in lactobacillus acidophilus. | clostridium botulinum and bacillus anthracis produce potent toxins that cause severe disease in humans. new and improved vaccines are needed for both of these pathogens. for mucosal vaccine delivery using lactic acid bacteria, chromosomal expression of antigens is preferred over plasmid-based expression systems, as chromosomal expression circumvents plasmid instability and the need for antibiotic pressure. in this study, we constructed three strains of lactobacillus acidophilus ncfm expressing f ... | 2016 | 27496774 |
| comparative analysis of the immunologic response induced by the sterne 34f2 live spore bacillus anthracis vaccine in a ruminant model. | the sterne 34f2 live spore vaccine (slsv) developed in 1937 is the most widely used veterinary vaccine against anthrax. however, literature on the immunogenicity of this vaccine in a target ruminant host is scarce. in this study, we evaluated the humoral response to the bacillus anthracis protective antigen (rpa), a recombinant bacillus collagen-like protein of anthracis (rbcla), formaldehyde inactivated spores (fis) prepared from strain 34f2 and a vegetative antigen formulation prepared from a ... | 2016 | 27496738 |
| the roles of atxa orthologs in virulence of anthrax-like bacillus cereus g9241. | atxa is a critical transcriptional regulator of plasmid-encoded virulence genes in bacillus anthracis. bacillus cereus g9241, which caused an anthrax-like infection, has two virulence plasmids, pbcxo1 and pbc210, that each harbor toxin genes and a capsule locus. g9241 also produces two orthologs of atxa: atxa1, encoded on pbcxo1, and atxa2, encoded on pbc210. the amino acid sequence of atxa1 is identical to that of atxa from b. anthracis, while the sequences of atxa1 and atxa2 are 79% identical ... | 2016 | 27490458 |
| preparedness and response to chemical and biological threats: the role of exposure science. | there are multiple components to emergency preparedness and the response to chemical and biological threat agents. the 5rs framework (rescue, reentry, recovery, restoration, and rehabitation) outlines opportunities to apply exposure science in emergency events. exposure science provides guidance and refined tools for characterizing, assessing, and reducing risks from catastrophic events, such as the release of hazardous airborne chemicals or biological agents. important challenges to be met incl ... | 2016 | 27479653 |
| genome sequence of bacillus anthracis strain tangail-1 from bangladesh. | soil was collected in july 2013 at a site where a cow infected with anthrax had been the month before. selective culturing yielded bacillus anthracis strain tangail-1. here, we report the draft genome sequence of this bacillus anthracis isolate that belongs to the canonical a.br.001/002 clade. | 2016 | 27469968 |
| multivalent inhibitors of channel-forming bacterial toxins. | rational design of multivalent molecules represents a remarkable modern tool to transform weak non-covalent interactions into strong binding by creating multiple finely-tuned points of contact between multivalent ligands and their supposed multivalent targets. here, we describe several prominent examples where the multivalent blockers were investigated for their ability to directly obstruct oligomeric channel-forming bacterial exotoxins, such as the pore-forming bacterial toxins and b component ... | 2016 | 27469304 |
| green synthesis of multifunctional silver and gold nanoparticles from the oriental herbal adaptogen: siberian ginseng. | pharmacologically active stem of the oriental herbal adaptogen, siberian ginseng, was employed for the ecofriendly synthesis of siberian ginseng silver nanoparticles (sg-agnps) and siberian ginseng gold nanoparticles (sg-aunps). first, for metabolic characterization of the sample, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (indicated the presence of eleutherosides a and e), total phenol content, and total reducing sugar were analyzed. second, the water extract of the sample mediated ... | 2016 | 27468232 |
| serum paraoxonase activity and oxidative stress levels in patients with cutaneous anthrax. | anthrax is a bacterial disease caused by the aerobic sporeforming bacterium bacillus anthracis. it has been suggested that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of b. anthracis. the aim of this study was to investigate serum paraoxonase 1 (pon1) activity, catalase activity, malondialdehyde (mda) levels, and superoxide dismutase (sod) levels in patients with cutaneous anthrax. | 2016 | 27461010 |
| a structural, functional, and computational analysis of bsha, the first enzyme in the bacillithiol biosynthesis pathway. | bacillithiol is a compound produced by several gram-positive bacterial species, including the human pathogens staphylococcus aureus and bacillus anthracis. it is involved in maintaining cellular redox balance as well as the destruction of reactive oxygen species and harmful xenobiotic agents, including the antibiotic fosfomycin. bsha, bshb, and bshc are the enzymes involved in bacillithiol biosynthesis. bsha is a retaining glycosyltransferase responsible for the first committed step in bacillith ... | 2016 | 27454321 |
| case report of an anthrax presentation relevant to special operations medicine. | special operations forces (sof) medical personnel function worldwide in environments where endemic anthrax (caused by bacillus anthracis infection) may present in one of three forms: cutaneous, pulmonary, or gastrointestinal. this report presents a rare periocular anthrax case from haiti to emphasize the need for heightened diagnostic suspicion of unusual lesions likely to be encountered in sof theaters. | 2016 | 27450596 |
| nitric oxide production contributes to bacillus anthracis edema toxin-associated arterial hypotension and lethality: ex vivo and in vivo studies in the rat. | we showed previously that bacillus anthracis edema toxin (et), comprised of protective antigen (pa) and edema factor (ef), inhibits phenylephrine (pe)-induced contraction in rat aortic rings and these effects are diminished in endothelial-denuded rings. therefore, employing rat aortic ring and in vivo models, we tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (no) contributes to et's arterial effects. compared with rings challenged with pa alone, et (pa + ef) reduced pe-stimulated maximal contractile fo ... | 2016 | 27448553 |
| comparison of four commercial dna extraction kits for the recovery of bacillus spp. spore dna from spiked powder samples. | bacillus spp. include human pathogens such as bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax and a biothreat agent. bacillus spp. form spores that are physically highly resistant and may remain active over sample handling. we tested four commercial dna extraction kits (qiaamp dna mini kit, rtp pathogen kit, zr fungal/bacterial dna miniprep, and genesig easy dna/rna extraction kit) for sample inactivation and dna recovery from two powders (icing sugar and potato flour) spiked with bacillus th ... | 2016 | 27435532 |
| bacillus cereus group-type strain-specific diagnostic peptides. | the bacillus cereus group consists of eight very closely related species and comprises both harmless and human pathogenic species such as bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus cytotoxicus. numerous efforts have been undertaken to allow presumptive differentiation of b. cereus group species from one another. however, methods to rapidly and accurately distinguish these species are currently lacking. we confirmed that classical matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight ... | 2016 | 27432653 |
| sers of meso-droplets supported on superhydrophobic wires allows exquisitely sensitive detection of dipicolinic acid, an anthrax biomarker, considerably below the infective dose. | surface-enhanced raman measurements of <1 μl analyte/colloid meso-droplets on superhydrophobic wires with hydrophilic tips allowed dipicolinic acid, a spore biomarker for bacillus anthracis (anthrax), to be detected at 10(-6) mol dm(-3). this is equivalent to 18 spores, significantly below the infective dose of 10(4) spores and 2 orders of magnitude better than previous measurements. | 2016 | 27432481 |
| efficacy projection of obiltoxaximab for treatment of inhalational anthrax across a range of disease severity. | inhalational anthrax has high mortality even with antibiotic treatment, and antitoxins are now recommended as an adjunct to standard antimicrobial regimens. the efficacy of obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against anthrax protective antigen (pa), was examined in multiple studies conducted in two animal models of inhalational anthrax. a single intravenous bolus of 1 to 32 mg/kg of body weight obiltoxaximab or placebo was administered to new zealand white rabbits (two studies) and cynomolgus m ... | 2016 | 27431222 |
| obiltoxaximab prevents disseminated bacillus anthracis infection and improves survival during pre- and postexposure prophylaxis in animal models of inhalational anthrax. | the centers for disease control and prevention recommend adjunctive antitoxins when systemic anthrax is suspected. obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against protective antigen (pa), is approved for treatment of inhalational anthrax in combination with antibiotics and for prophylaxis when alternative therapies are not available. the impact of toxin neutralization with obiltoxaximab during pre- and postexposure prophylaxis was explored, and efficacy results that supported the prophylaxis indica ... | 2016 | 27431219 |
| semicarbazone ega inhibits uptake of diphtheria toxin into human cells and protects cells from intoxication. | diphtheria toxin is a single-chain protein toxin that invades human cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. in acidic endosomes, its translocation domain inserts into endosomal membranes and facilitates the transport of the catalytic domain (dta) from endosomal lumen into the host cell cytosol. here, dta adp-ribosylates elongation factor 2 inhibits protein synthesis and leads to cell death. the compound 4-bromobenzaldehyde n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)semicarbazone (ega) has been previously shown to pr ... | 2016 | 27428999 |
| flying under the radar: the non-canonical biochemistry and molecular biology of petrobactin from bacillus anthracis. | the dramatic, rapid growth of bacillus anthracis that occurs during systemic anthrax implies a crucial requirement for the efficient acquisition of iron. while recent advances in our understanding of b. anthracis iron acquisition systems indicate the use of strategies similar to other pathogens, this review focuses on unique features of the major siderophore system, petrobactin. ways that petrobactin differs from other siderophores include: a. unique ferric iron binding moieties that allow petro ... | 2016 | 27425635 |
| discovery of a unique extracellular polysaccharide in members of the pathogenic bacillus that can co-form with spores. | an exopolysaccharide, produced during the late stage of stationary growth phase, was discovered and purified from the culture medium of bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis, and bacillus thuringiensis when strains were grown in a defined nutrient medium that induces biofilm. two-dimensional nmr structural characterization of the polysaccharide, named pzx, revealed that it is composed of an unusual three amino-sugar sequence repeat of [-3)xylnac4oac(α1-3)glcnaca4oac(α1-3)xylnac(α1-]n the sugar res ... | 2016 | 27402849 |
| bacillus anthracis tir domain-containing protein localises to cellular microtubule structures and induces autophagy. | toll-like receptors (tlrs) recognise invading pathogens and mediate downstream immune signalling via toll/il-1 receptor (tir) domains. tir domain proteins (tdps) have been identified in multiple pathogenic bacteria and have recently been implicated as negative regulators of host innate immune activation. a tdp has been identified in bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. here we present the first study of this protein, designated batdp. recombinantly expressed and purified batdp tir ... | 2016 | 27391310 |
| agility in adversity: vaccines on demand. | is the us ready for a biological attack using ebola virus or anthrax? will vaccine developers be able to produce a zika virus vaccine, before the epidemic spreads around the world? a recent report by the blue ribbon study panel on biodefense argues that the us is not ready for these challenges, however, technologies and capabilities that could address these deficiencies are within reach. vaccine technologies have advanced and readiness has improved in recent years, due to advances in sequencing ... | 2016 | 27389971 |
| polio infrastructure strengthened disease outbreak preparedness and response in the who african region. | the continuous deployments of polio resources, infrastructures and systems for responding to other disease outbreaks in many african countries has led to a number of lessons considered as best practice that need to be documented for strengthening preparedness and response activities in future outbreaks. | 2016 | 27378681 |
| generation of a novel chimeric palfn antigen of bacillus anthracis and its immunological characterization in mouse model. | bacillus anthracis chimeric molecule palfn, comprising the immunodominant domains of protective antigen (pa) and lethal factor (lf), has been developed in the past and has been shown to confer enhanced protection against anthrax in mouse model when challenged with anthrax lethal toxin (letx). however, the immunological correlates for this chimeric antigen, both in terms of humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses, have not been described in detail. to address this gap, we have determine ... | 2016 | 27364624 |
| temperature-mediated recombinant anthrax protective antigen aggregate development: implications for toxin formation and immunogenicity. | anthrax vaccines containing recombinant pa (rpa) as the only antigen face a stability issue: rpa forms aggregates in solution after exposure to temperatures ⩾40°c, thus losing its ability to form lethal toxin (letx) with lethal factor. to study rpa aggregation's impact on immune response, we subjected rpa to several time and temperature combinations. rpa treated at 50°c for 30min formed high mass aggregates when analyzed by gel electrophoresis and failed to form letx as measured by a macrophage ... | 2016 | 27364097 |
| involvement of the pagr gene of pxo2 in anthrax pathogenesis. | anthrax is a disease caused by bacillus anthracis. specifically, the anthrax toxins and capsules encoded by the pxo1 and pxo2 plasmids, respectively, are the major virulence factors. we previously reported that the pxo1 plasmid was retained in the attenuated strain of b. anthracis vaccine strains even after subculturing at high temperatures. in the present study, we reinvestigate the attenuation mechanism of pasteur ii. sequencing of pxo1 and pxo2 from pasteur ii strain revealed mutations in the ... | 2016 | 27363681 |
| evaluation of standardized sample collection, packaging, and decontamination procedures to assess cross-contamination potential during bacillus anthracis incident response operations. | sample collection procedures and primary receptacle (sample container and bag) decontamination methods should prevent contaminant transfer between contaminated and non-contaminated surfaces and areas during bio-incident operations. cross-contamination of personnel, equipment, or sample containers may result in the exfiltration of biological agent from the exclusion (hot) zone and have unintended negative consequences on response resources, activities and outcomes. the current study was designed ... | 2016 | 27362274 |
| solid tumor therapy by selectively targeting stromal endothelial cells. | engineered tumor-targeted anthrax lethal toxin proteins have been shown to strongly suppress growth of solid tumors in mice. these toxins work through the native toxin receptors tumor endothelium marker-8 and capillary morphogenesis protein-2 (cmg2), which, in other contexts, have been described as markers of tumor endothelium. we found that neither receptor is required for tumor growth. we further demonstrate that tumor cells, which are resistant to the toxin when grown in vitro, become highly ... | 2016 | 27357689 |
| is there an infection risk when playing drums contaminated with bacillus anthracis? | this study aims to investigate the aerosol release of a bacillus anthracis spore surrogate from two different types of drums while playing, by; (i) quantifying the number of spores aerosolized during playing; (ii) investigating spore recovery from drums over long time periods, and (iii) measuring differences between (i) and (ii) for two different drums types. | 2016 | 27348508 |
| biochip for the detection of bacillus anthracis lethal factor and therapeutic agents against anthrax toxins. | tethered lipid bilayer membranes (tblms) have been used in many applications, including biosensing and membrane protein structure studies. this report describes a biosensor for anthrax toxins that was fabricated through the self-assembly of a tblm with b. anthracis protective antigen ion channels that are both the recognition element and electrochemical transducer. we characterize the sensor and its properties with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance. the sensor ... | 2016 | 27348008 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of bacillus anthracis strains from hungary. | the susceptibility of 29 bacillus anthracis strains, collected in hungary between 1933 and 2014, was tested to 10 antibiotics with commercially available minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) test strips. all strains were susceptible to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, doxycycline, gentamicin, penicillin, rifampicin, and vancomycin. intermediate susceptibility to erythromycin and cefotaxime was detected in 17.2% (5/29) and 58.6% (17/29) of the strains, respectively. correlations were no ... | 2016 | 27342086 |
| label-free detection and discrimination of bacterial pathogens based on hemin recognition. | hemin linked to hexa(ethylene glycol)bishydrazide was patterned by inkjet printing into periodic microarrays, and evaluated for their ability to capture bacterial pathogens expressing various hemin receptors. bacterial adhesion was imaged under darkfield conditions with fourier analysis, supporting a label-free method of pathogen detection. hemin microarrays were screened against a panel of 16 bacteria and found capable of capturing multiple species, some with limits of detection as low as 10(3) ... | 2016 | 27337653 |
| generic aspects of the airborne spread of human pathogens indoors and emerging air decontamination technologies. | indoor air can be an important vehicle for a variety of human pathogens. this review provides examples of airborne transmission of infectious agents from experimental and field studies and discusses how airborne pathogens can contaminate other parts of the environment to give rise to secondary vehicles leading air-surface-air nexus with possible transmission to susceptible hosts. the following groups of human pathogens are covered because of their known or potential airborne spread: vegetative b ... | 2016 | 27590695 |
| yamal and anthrax. | 2016 | 27587893 | |
| identification and analysis of informative single nucleotide polymorphisms in 16s rrna gene sequences of the bacillus cereus group. | analysis of 16s rrna genes is important for phylogenetic classification of known and novel bacterial genera and species and for detection of uncultivable bacteria. pcr amplification of 16s rrna genes with universal primers produces a mixture of amplicons from all rrna operons in the genome, and the sequence data generally yield a consensus sequence. here we describe valuable data that are missing from consensus sequences, variable effects on sequence data generated from nonidentical 16s rrna amp ... | 2016 | 27582514 |
| regulatory mechanisms of skeletal and connective tissue development and homeostasis - lessons from studies of human disorders. | studies of proliferative hemangiomas have led to the discovery that interactions of endothelial cells with extracellular matrix and/or vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf)-a stimulate the expression of vegfr1, the vegf decoy receptor, and suppress vegf-dependent vegfr2 signalling by a mechanism that requires the matrix-binding receptor anthrax toxin receptor (antxr)1, vegfr2, β1 integrin and the nuclear factor of activated t cells (nfat). in hemangioma endothelial cells, all these component ... | 2016 | 27581728 |
| polyphasic characterization of bacillus species from anthrax outbreaks in animals from south africa and lesotho. | bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, a disease endemic in regions of northern cape province and kruger national park of south africa. accurate identification of virulent b. anthracis is essential but challenging due to its close relationship with other members of b. cereus group. this study characterized b. anthracis and bacillus species that were recovered from animals and the environment where animals died of anthrax symptoms in southern africa using a polyphasic approach. | 2016 | 27580326 |
| health care providers' knowledge and practice gap towards joint zoonotic disease surveillance system: challenges and opportunities, gomma district, southwest ethiopia. | background. health care providers play a crucial role for realization of joint zoonotic diseases surveillance by human and animal health sectors, yet there is limited evidence. hence, this study aimed to determine knowledge and practice gap of health care providers towards the approach for rabies and anthrax in southwest ethiopia. methods. a cross-sectional survey was conducted from december 16, 2014, to january 14, 2015. eligible health care providers were considered for the study. data were en ... | 2016 | 27579311 |
| pharmacokinetics and tolerability of obiltoxaximab: a report of 5 healthy volunteer studies. | this report describes the safety, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetic results of obiltoxaximab treatment in healthy subjects from 5 clinical trials. | 2016 | 27568215 |
| draft genome sequences of two bacillus anthracis strains from etosha national park, namibia. | bacillus anthracis strains k1 and k2 were isolated from two plains zebra anthrax carcasses in etosha national park, namibia. these are draft genomes obtained by illumina miseq sequencing of isolates collected from culture of blood-soaked soil from each carcass. | 2016 | 27563043 |
| cross-species prediction of human survival probabilities for accelerated anthrax vaccine absorbed (ava) regimens and the potential for vaccine and antibiotic dose sparing. | anthrax vaccine adsorbed (ava, biothrax) was recently approved by the food and drug administration (fda) for a post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) indication in adults 18-65years of age. the schedule is three doses administered subcutaneous (sc) at 2-week intervals (0, 2, and 4weeks), in conjunction with a 60-day course of antimicrobials. the public health emergency medical countermeasures enterprise (phemce) developed an animal model to support assessment of a shortened antimicrobial pep duration f ... | 2016 | 27558619 |
| inhibition of bacillus anthracis metallo-β-lactamase by compounds with hydroxamic acid functionality. | metallo-β-lactamases (mbls) that catalyze hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics are an emerging threat due to their rapid spread. a strain of the bacterium bacillus anthracis has its ability to produce and secrete a mbl, referred to bla2. to address this challenge, novel hydroxamic acid-containing compounds such as 3-(heptyloxy)-n-hydroxybenzamide (compound 4) and n-hydroxy-3-((6-(hydroxyamino)-6-oxohexyl)oxy)benzamide (compound 7) were synthesized. kinetic analysis of microbial inhibition indicate ... | 2016 | 27557855 |
| anthrax toxin protective antigen variants that selectively utilize either the cmg2 or tem8 receptors for cellular uptake and tumor targeting. | the protective antigen (pa) moiety of anthrax toxin binds to cellular receptors and mediates the translocation of the two enzymatic moieties of the toxin to the cytosol. two pa receptors are known, with capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (cmg2) being the more important for pathogenesis and tumor endothelial marker 8 (tem8) playing a minor role. the c-terminal pa domain 4 (pad4) has extensive interactions with the receptors and is required for binding. our previous study identified pad4 variants h ... | 2016 | 27555325 |
| a retrospective chart review study to describe selected zoonotic and arboviral etiologies in hospitalized febrile patients in the republic of armenia. | scant information is available on the infectious causes of febrile illnesses in armenia. the goal of this study was to describe the most common causes, with a focus on zoonotic and arboviral infections and related epidemiological and clinical patterns for hospitalized patients with febrile illnesses of infectious origin admitted to nork infectious diseases clinical hospital, the referral center for infectious diseases in the capital city, yerevan. | 2016 | 27553785 |
| cutaneous anthrax on eyelid in a pregnant woman. | a 32-year-old patient who was 17 weeks of pregnant referred to our hospital due to a lesion on the eyelid and swelling on her face. patient's history revealed that she helped her husband for slaughtering of a sick animal and contacted with the meat. a scabby lesion was detected on the inferior eyelid with hyperaemia around, central necrotic appearance and swelling. the diagnosis of anthrax was performed based on her epidemiological data, physical examination findings, and bacillus anthracis were ... | 2016 | 27551179 |
| the potential of toxin-based drug delivery systems for enhanced nucleic acid therapeutic delivery. | the potential of gene replacement therapy has been underscored by the market authorization of alipogene tiparvovec (glybera) and gsk2696273 (strimvelis) in the eu and recombinant adenovirus-p53 (gendicine) in china. common to these systems is the use of attenuated viruses for 'drug' delivery. whilst viral delivery systems are being developed for sirna, their application to antisense delivery remains problematic. non-viral delivery remains experimental, with some notable successes. however, stabi ... | 2016 | 27548881 |