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members of the genus burkholderia: good and bad guys.in the 1990s several biocontrol agents on that contained burkholderia strains were registered by the united states environmental protection agency (epa). after risk assessment these products were withdrawn from the market and a moratorium was placed on the registration of burkholderia-containing products, as these strains may pose a risk to human health. however, over the past few years the number of novel burkholderia species that exhibit plant-beneficial properties and are normally not isolate ...201627303639
estimating divergence times and substitution rates in rhizobia.accurate estimation of divergence times of soil bacteria that form nitrogen-fixing associations with most leguminous plants is challenging because of a limited fossil record and complexities associated with molecular clocks and phylogenetic diversity of root nodule bacteria, collectively called rhizobia. to overcome the lack of fossil record in bacteria, divergence times of host legumes were used to calibrate molecular clocks and perform phylogenetic analyses in rhizobia. the 16s rrna gene and i ...201627168719
biologically based methods for control of fumonisin-producing fusarium species and reduction of the fumonisins.infection by the fumonisin-producing fusarium spp. and subsequent fumonisin contamination of maize adversely affect international trade and economy with deleterious effects on human and animal health. in developed countries high standards of the major food suppliers and retailers are upheld and regulatory controls deter the importation and local marketing of fumonisin-contaminated food products. in developing countries regulatory measures are either lacking or poorly enforced, due to food insecu ...201627199904
tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in burkholderia cenocepacia affect biofilm formation, growth under nutritional deprivation, and pathogenicity.burkholderia cenocepacia, a member of the b. cepacia complex (bcc), is an opportunistic pathogen causing serious chronic infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. tyrosine phosphorylation has emerged as an important posttranslational modification modulating the physiology and pathogenicity of bcc bacteria. here, we investigated the predicted bacterial tyrosine kinases bcam1331 and bcef and the low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatases bcam0208, bced, and bcal2200 of b. cenocepacia k5 ...201626590274
the genome of rhizobiales bacteria in predatory ants reveals urease gene functions but no genes for nitrogen fixation.gut-associated microbiota of ants include rhizobiales bacteria with affiliation to the genus bartonella. these bacteria may enable the ants to fix atmospheric nitrogen, but no genomes have been sequenced yet to test the hypothesis. sequence reads from a member of the rhizobiales were identified in the data collected in a genome project of the ant harpegnathos saltator. we present an analysis of the closed 1.86 mb genome of the ant-associated bacterium, for which we suggest the species name candi ...201627976703
bacillus methylotrophicus strain nkg-1, isolated from changbai mountain, china, has potential applications as a biofertilizer or biocontrol agent.chemical pesticides are widely used in agriculture, which endangers both environmental health and food safety. biocontrol is an environmentally-friendly and cost-effective green technique in environmental protection and agricultural production; it generally uses selected bioresources, including beneficial microorganisms. we isolated a novel bacterial strain (nkg-1) from the rare dormant volcanic soils of changbai mountain in china's jilin province. the strain was identified as bacillus methylotr ...201627832162
experimental evolution as an underutilized tool for studying beneficial animal-microbe interactions.microorganisms play a significant role in the evolution and functioning of the eukaryotes with which they interact. much of our understanding of beneficial host-microbe interactions stems from studying already established associations; we often infer the genotypic and environmental conditions that led to the existing host-microbe relationships. however, several outstanding questions remain, including understanding how host and microbial (internal) traits, and ecological and evolutionary (externa ...201627679620
grape cultivar and sap culture conditions affect the development of xylella fastidiosa phenotypes associated with pierce's disease.xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterium in plant hosts and causes pierce's disease (pd) of grapevines, which differ in susceptibility according to the vitis species (spp.). in this work we compared x. fastidiosa biofilm formation and population dynamics when cultured in xylem saps from pd-susceptible and -resistant vitis spp. under different conditions. behaviors in a closed-culture system were compared to those in different sap-renewal cultures that would more closely mimic the physicoc ...201627508296
effects of secondary plant metabolites on microbial populations: changes in community structure and metabolic activity in contaminated environments.secondary plant metabolites (spmes) play an important role in plant survival in the environment and serve to establish ecological relationships between plants and other organisms. communication between plants and microorganisms via spmes contained in root exudates or derived from litter decomposition is an example of this phenomenon. in this review, the general aspects of rhizodeposition together with the significance of terpenes and phenolic compounds are discussed in detail. we focus specifica ...201627483244
escaping underground nets: extracellular dnases degrade plant extracellular traps and contribute to virulence of the plant pathogenic bacterium ralstonia solanacearum.plant root border cells have been recently recognized as an important physical defense against soil-borne pathogens. root border cells produce an extracellular matrix of protein, polysaccharide and dna that functions like animal neutrophil extracellular traps to immobilize pathogens. exposing pea root border cells to the root-infecting bacterial wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum triggered release of dna-containing extracellular traps in a flagellin-dependent manner. these traps rapidly immobi ...201627336156
pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopaf1 suppresses plant immunity by targeting methionine recycling to block ethylene induction.hopaf1 is a type iii effector protein of unknown function encoded in the genomes of several strains of pseudomonas syringae and other plant pathogens. structural modeling predicted that hopaf1 is closely related to deamidase proteins. deamidation is the irreversible substitution of an amide group with a carboxylate group. several bacterial virulence factors are deamidases that manipulate the activity of specific host protein substrates. we identified arabidopsis methylthioadenosine nucleosidase ...201627274076
meta-analysis reveals that the genus pseudomonas can be a better choice of biological control agent against bacterial wilt disease caused by ralstonia solanacearum.biological control agents (bcas) from different microbial taxa are increasingly used to control bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum. however, a quantitative research synthesis has not been conducted on the role of bcas in disease suppression. therefore, the present study aimed to meta-analyze the impacts of bcas on both ralstonia wilt disease suppression and plant (host) growth promotion. the analysis showed that the extent of disease suppression by bcas varied widely among studies, ...201627298597
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas fluorescens strain et76, isolated from rice rhizosphere in northwestern morocco.pseudomonas fluorescens et76 was isolated from rice rhizosphere in northwestern morocco. its draft genome was estimated to be 6,681,652 bp with 5,789 coding sequences (cdss). genes encoding for type i to vi secretion systems, pvdq, proteases, siderophores, hydrogen cyanide synthase, acc-deaminase, among others, highlight its potential use in biological control of plant pathogens.201627198014
microbial inoculation of seed for improved crop performance: issues and opportunities.there is increasing interest in the use of beneficial microorganisms as alternatives to chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilisers in agricultural production. application of beneficial microorganisms to seeds is an efficient mechanism for placement of microbial inocula into soil where they will be well positioned to colonise seedling roots and protect against soil-borne diseases and pests. however, despite the long history of inoculation of legume seeds with rhizobia spp. and clear laboratory ...201627188775
response of tomato wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum to the volatile organic compounds produced by a biocontrol strain bacillus amyloliquefaciens sqr-9.it is important to study the response of plant pathogens to the antibiosis traits of biocontrol microbes to design the efficient biocontrol strategies. in this study, we evaluated the role of volatile organic compounds (vocs) produced by a biocontrol strain bacillus amyloliquefaciens sqr-9 on the growth and virulence traits of tomato wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum (rs). the vocs of sqr-9 significantly inhibited the growth of rs on agar medium and in soil. in addition, the vocs significantl ...201627103342
characterization of novel bacteriophages for biocontrol of bacterial blight in leek caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. porri.pseudomonas syringae pv. porri, the causative agent of bacterial blight in leek (allium porrum), is increasingly frequent causing problems in leek cultivation. because of the current lack of control measures, novel bacteriophages were isolated to control this pathogen using phage therapy. five novel phages were isolated from infected fields in flanders (vb_psym_kil1, vb_psym_kil2, vb_psym_kil3, vb_psym_kil4, and vb_psym_kil5), and were complemented with one selected host range mutant phage (vb_p ...201627014204
evolutionary switches between two serine codon sets are driven by selection.serine is the only amino acid that is encoded by two disjoint codon sets so that a tandem substitution of two nucleotides is required to switch between the two sets. previously published evidence suggests that, for the most evolutionarily conserved serines, the codon set switch occurs by simultaneous substitution of two nucleotides. here we report a genome-wide reconstruction of the evolution of serine codons in triplets of closely related species from diverse prokaryotes and eukaryotes. the res ...201627799560
neisseria meningitidis translation elongation factor p and its active-site arginine residue are essential for cell viability.translation elongation factor p (ef-p), a ubiquitous protein over the entire range of bacterial species, rescues ribosomal stalling at consecutive prolines in proteins. in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, the post-translational β-lysyl modification of lys34 of ef-p is important for the ef-p activity. the β-lysyl ef-p modification pathway is conserved among only 26-28% of bacteria. recently, it was found that the shewanella oneidensis and pseudomonas aeruginosa ef-p proteins, containing ...201626840407
bacillus subtilis early colonization of arabidopsis thaliana roots involves multiple chemotaxis receptors.colonization of plant roots by bacillus subtilis is mutually beneficial to plants and bacteria. plants can secrete up to 30% of their fixed carbon via root exudates, thereby feeding the bacteria, and in return the associated b. subtilis bacteria provide the plant with many growth-promoting traits. formation of a biofilm on the root by matrix-producing b. subtilis is a well-established requirement for long-term colonization. however, we observed that cells start forming a biofilm only several hou ...201627899502
comparative genomics of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato reveals novel chemotaxis pathways associated with motility and plant pathogenicity.the majority of bacterial foliar plant pathogens must invade the apoplast of host plants through points of ingress, such as stomata or wounds, to replicate to high population density and cause disease. how pathogens navigate plant surfaces to locate invasion sites remains poorly understood. many bacteria use chemical-directed regulation of flagellar rotation, a process known as chemotaxis, to move towards favorable environmental conditions. chemotactic sensing of the plant surface is a potential ...201627812402
aboveground whitefly infestation-mediated reshaping of the root microbiota.plants respond to various types of herbivore and pathogen attack using well-developed defensive machinery designed for self-protection. infestation from phloem-sucking insects such as whitefly and aphid on plant leaves was previously shown to influence both the saprophytic and pathogenic bacterial community in the plant rhizosphere. however, the modulation of the root microbial community by plants following insect infestation has been largely unexplored. only limited studies of culture-dependent ...201627656163
effects due to rhizospheric soil application of an antagonistic bacterial endophyte on native bacterial community and its survival in soil: a case study with pseudomonas aeruginosa from banana.effective translation of research findings from laboratory to agricultural fields is essential for the success of biocontrol or growth promotion trials employing beneficial microorganisms. the rhizosphere is to be viewed holistically as a dynamic ecological niche comprising of diverse microorganisms including competitors and noxious antagonists to the bio-inoculant. this study was undertaken to assess the effects due to the soil application of an endophytic bacterium with multiple pathogen antag ...201627199897
plant root-microbe communication in shaping root microbiomes.a growing body of research is highlighting the impacts root-associated microbial communities can have on plant health and development. these impacts can include changes in yield quantity and quality, timing of key developmental stages and tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses. with such a range of effects it is clear that understanding the factors that contribute to a plant-beneficial root microbiome may prove advantageous. increasing demands for food by a growing human population increases t ...201626729479
diverse bacteria with lignin degrading potentials isolated from two ranks of coal.taking natural coal as a "seed bank" of bacterial strains able to degrade lignin that is with molecular structure similar to coal components, we isolated 393 and 483 bacterial strains from a meager lean coal sample from hancheng coalbed and a brown coal sample from bayannaoer coalbed, respectively, by using different media. statistical analysis showed that isolates were significantly more site-specific than medium-specific. of the 876 strains belonging to 27 genera in actinobacteria, firmicutes, ...201627667989
engineering and dissecting the glycosylation pathway of a streptococcal serine-rich repeat adhesin.serine-rich repeat glycoproteins (srrps) are conserved in gram-positive bacteria. they are crucial for modulating biofilm formation and bacterial-host interactions. glycosylation of srrps plays a pivotal role in the process; thus understanding the glycosyltransferases involved is key to identifying new therapeutic drug targets. the glycosylation of fap1, an srrp of streptococcus parasanguinis, is mediated by a gene cluster consisting of six genes: gtf1, gtf2, gly, gtf3, dgt1, and galt2 mature fa ...201628039332
proteome analyses of soil bacteria grown in the presence of potato suberin, a recalcitrant biopolymer.suberin is a complex lipidic plant polymer found in various tissues including the potato periderm. the biological degradation of suberin is attributed to fungi. soil samples from a potato field were used to inoculate a culture medium containing suberin as the carbon source, and a metaproteomic approach was used to identify bacteria that developed in the presence of suberin over a 60-d incubation period. the normalized spectral counts of predicted extracellular proteins produced by the soil bacte ...201627795492
the role of chea genes in swarming and swimming motility of pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes kf707.a genome analysis of pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes kf707, a pcbs degrader and metal-resistant soil microorganism, revealed the presence of two novel gene clusters named che2 and che3, which were predicted to be involved in chemotaxis-like pathways, in addition to a che1 gene cluster. we herein report that the histidine kinase coding genes, chea2 and chea3, have no role in swimming or chemotaxis in p. pseudoalcaligenes kf707, in contrast to chea1. however, the chea1 and chea2 genes were both nece ...201627151656
metagenomic characterisation of the viral community of lough neagh, the largest freshwater lake in ireland.lough neagh is the largest and the most economically important lake in ireland. it is also one of the most nutrient rich amongst the world's major lakes. in this study, 16s rrna analysis of total metagenomic dna from the water column of lough neagh has revealed a high proportion of cyanobacteria and low levels of actinobacteria, acidobacteria, chloroflexi, and firmicutes. the planktonic virome of lough neagh has been sequenced and 2,298,791 2×300 bp illumina reads analysed. comparison with previ ...201626927795
a versatile strategy for production of membrane proteins with diverse topologies: application to investigation of bacterial homologues of human divalent metal ion and nucleoside transporters.membrane proteins play key roles in many biological processes, from acquisition of nutrients to neurotransmission, and are targets for more than 50% of current therapeutic drugs. however, their investigation is hampered by difficulties in their production and purification on a scale suitable for structural studies. in particular, the nature and location of affinity tags introduced for the purification of recombinant membrane proteins can greatly influence their expression levels by affecting the ...201526606682
type iii secretion systems: the bacterial flagellum and the injectisome.the flagellum and the injectisome are two of the most complex and fascinating bacterial nanomachines. at their core, they share a type iii secretion system (t3ss), a transmembrane export complex that forms the extracellular appendages, the flagellar filament and the injectisome needle. recent advances, combining structural biology, cryo-electron tomography, molecular genetics, in vivo imaging, bioinformatics and biophysics, have greatly increased our understanding of the t3ss, especially the str ...201526370933
methylatable signaling helix coordinated inhibitory receiver domain in sensor kinase modulates environmental stress response in bacillus cereus.σb, an alternative transcription factor, controls the response of the cell to a variety of environmental stresses in bacillus cereus. previously, we reported that rsbm negatively regulates σb through the methylation of rsbk, a hybrid sensor kinase, on a signaling helix (s-helix). however, rsbk comprises a c-terminal receiver (rec) domain whose function remains unclear. in this study, deletion of the c-terminal rec domain of rsbk resulted in high constitutive σb expression independent of environm ...201526379238
quantitative analysis of lysobacter predation.bacteria of the genus lysobacter are considered to be facultative predators that use a feeding strategy similar to that of myxobacteria. experimental data supporting this assumption, however, are scarce. therefore, the predatory activities of three lysobacter species were tested in the prey spot plate assay and in the lawn predation assay, which are commonly used to analyze myxobacterial predation. surprisingly, only one of the tested lysobacter species showed predatory behavior in the two assay ...201526231654
the bacterial pangenome as a new tool for analysing pathogenic bacteria.the bacterial pangenome was introduced in 2005 and, in recent years, has been the subject of many studies. thanks to progress in next-generation sequencing methods, the pangenome can be divided into two parts, the core (common to the studied strains) and the accessory genome, offering a large panel of uses. in this review, we have presented the analysis methods, the pangenome composition and its application as a study of lifestyle. we have also shown that the pangenome may be used as a new tool ...201526442149
perception of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria and their evasion of host immunity: pattern recognition receptors in the frontline.plants are continuously monitoring the presence of microorganisms to establish an adapted response. plants commonly use pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to perceive microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (mamps/pamps) which are microorganism molecular signatures. located at the plant plasma membrane, the prrs are generally receptor-like kinases (rlks) or receptor-like proteins (rlps). mamp detection will lead to the establishment of a plant defense program called mamp-triggered i ...201525904927
genomic, proteomic and morphological characterization of two novel broad host lytic bacteriophages φpd10.3 and φpd23.1 infecting pectinolytic pectobacterium spp. and dickeya spp.pectinolytic pectobacterium spp. and dickeya spp. are necrotrophic bacterial pathogens of many important crops, including potato, worldwide. this study reports on the isolation and characterization of broad host lytic bacteriophages able to infect the dominant pectobacterium spp. and dickeya spp. affecting potato in europe viz. pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (pcc), p. wasabiae (pwa) and dickeya solani (dso) with the objective to assess their potential as biological disease control ...201525803051
indole-3-acetic acid: a widespread physiological code in interactions of fungi with other organisms.plants as well as microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, produce indole-3-acetic acid (iaa). iaa is the most common plant hormone of the auxin class and it regulates various aspects of plant growth and development. thus, research is underway globally to exploit the potential for developing iaa-producing fungi for promoting plant growth and protection for sustainable agriculture. phylogenetic evidence suggests that iaa biosynthesis evolved independently in bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and ...201526179718
bacterial modulation of plant ethylene levels.a focus on the mechanisms by which acc deaminase-containing bacteria facilitate plant growth.bacteria that produce the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) deaminase, when present either on the surface of plant roots (rhizospheric) or within plant tissues (endophytic), play an active role in modulating ethylene levels in plants. this enzyme activity facilitates plant growth especially in the presence of various environmental stresses. thus, plant growth-promoting bacteria that express ...201525897004
biotechnological and agronomic potential of endophytic pink-pigmented methylotrophic methylobacterium spp.the genus methylobacterium is composed of pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic (ppfm) bacteria, which are able to synthesize carotenoids and grow on reduced organic compounds containing one carbon (c1), such as methanol and methylamine. due to their high phenotypic plasticity, these bacteria are able to colonize different habitats, such as soil, water, and sediment, and different host plants as both endophytes and epiphytes. in plant colonization, the frequency and distribution may be influ ...201525861650
distribution in microbial genomes of genes similar to loda and goxa which encode a novel family of quinoproteins with amino acid oxidase activity.l-amino acid oxidases (laos) have been generally described as flavoproteins that oxidize amino acids releasing the corresponding ketoacid, ammonium and hydrogen peroxide. the generation of hydrogen peroxide gives to these enzymes antimicrobial characteristics. they are involved in processes such as biofilm development and microbial competition. laos are of great biotechnological interest in different applications such as the design of biosensors, biotransformations and biomedicine. the marine ba ...201525886995
strategies and approaches in plasmidome studies-uncovering plasmid diversity disregarding of linear elements?the term plasmid was originally coined for circular, extrachromosomal genetic elements. today, plasmids are widely recognized not only as important factors facilitating genome restructuring but also as vehicles for the dissemination of beneficial characters within bacterial communities. plasmid diversity has been uncovered by means of culture-dependent or -independent approaches, such as endogenous or exogenous plasmid isolation as well as pcr-based detection or transposon-aided capture, respect ...201526074886
genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria.initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ...201525653643
genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria.initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ...201525653643
supramolecular structure and functional analysis of the type iii secretion system in pseudomonas fluorescens 2p24.the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of plant and animal bacterial pathogens directs the secretion and injection of proteins into host cells. some homologous genes of t3ss were found also in non-pathogenic bacteria, but the organization of its machinery and basic function are still unknown. in this study, we identified a t3ss gene cluster from the plant growth-promoting pseudomonas fluorescens 2p24 and isolated the corresponding t3ss apparatus. the t3ss gene cluster of strain 2p24 is similar org ...201526779224
supramolecular structure and functional analysis of the type iii secretion system in pseudomonas fluorescens 2p24.the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of plant and animal bacterial pathogens directs the secretion and injection of proteins into host cells. some homologous genes of t3ss were found also in non-pathogenic bacteria, but the organization of its machinery and basic function are still unknown. in this study, we identified a t3ss gene cluster from the plant growth-promoting pseudomonas fluorescens 2p24 and isolated the corresponding t3ss apparatus. the t3ss gene cluster of strain 2p24 is similar org ...201526779224
novel routes for improving biocontrol activity of bacillus based bioinoculants.biocontrol (bc) formulations prepared from plant-growth-promoting bacteria are increasingly applied in sustainable agriculture. especially inoculants prepared from endospore-forming bacillus strains have been proven as efficient and environmental-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides due to their long shelf life, which is comparable with that of agrochemicals. however, these formulations of the first generation are sometimes hampered in their action and do not fulfill in each case the expe ...201526696998
comparative metagenomics reveals impact of contaminants on groundwater microbiomes.to understand patterns of geochemical cycling in pristine versus contaminated groundwater ecosystems, pristine shallow groundwater (fw301) and contaminated groundwater (fw106) samples from the oak ridge integrated field research center (or-ifrc) were sequenced and compared to each other to determine phylogenetic and metabolic difference between the communities. proteobacteria (e.g., burkholderia, pseudomonas) are the most abundant lineages in the pristine community, though a significant proporti ...201526583008
complete sequence and detailed analysis of the first indigenous plasmid from xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola.bacterial plasmids have a major impact on metabolic function and adaptation of their hosts. an indigenous plasmid was identified in a chinese isolate (gx01) of the invasive phytopathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc), the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak (bls). to elucidate the biological functions of the plasmid, we have sequenced and comprehensively annotated the plasmid.201526498126
contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi) and cdib/cdia two-partner secretion proteins.bacteria have developed several strategies to communicate and compete with one another in complex environments. one important mechanism of inter-bacterial competition is contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi), in which gram-negative bacteria use cdib/cdia two-partner secretion proteins to suppress the growth of neighboring target cells. cdib is an omp85 outer-membrane protein that exports and assembles cdia exoproteins onto the inhibitor cell surface. cdia binds to receptors on susceptible ba ...201526388411
identification of the mcpa and mcpm genes, encoding methyl-accepting proteins involved in amino acid and l-malate chemotaxis, and involvement of mcpm-mediated chemotaxis in plant infection by ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (formerly ralstonia solanacearum phylotypes i and iii).sequence analysis has revealed the presence of 22 putative methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (mcp) genes in the ralstonia pseudosolanacearum gmi1000 genome. pcr analysis and dna sequencing showed that the highly motile r. pseudosolanacearum strain ps29 possesses homologs of all 22 r. pseudosolanacearum gmi1000 mcp genes. we constructed a complete collection of single mcp gene deletion mutants of r. pseudosolanacearum ps29 by unmarked gene deletion. screening of the mutant collection revealed t ...201526276117
the xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pilz domain proteins function differentially in cyclic di-gmp binding and regulation of virulence and motility.the pilz domain proteins have been demonstrated to be one of the major types of receptors mediating cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) signaling pathways in several pathogenic bacteria. however, little is known about the function of pilz domain proteins in c-di-gmp regulation of virulence in the bacterial blight pathogen of rice xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. here, the roles of pilz domain proteins pxo_00049 and pxo_02374 in c-di-gmp binding, regulation of virulence and motility, and subcellular localizat ...201525911481
involvement of aph(3')-iia in the formation of mosaic aminoglycoside resistance genes in natural environments.intragenic recombination leading to mosaic gene formation is known to alter resistance profiles for particular genes and bacterial species. few studies have examined to what extent aminoglycoside resistance genes undergo intragenic recombination. we screened the genbank database for mosaic gene formation in homologs of the aph(3')-iia (nptii) gene. aph(3')-iia inactivates important aminoglycoside antibiotics. the gene is widely used as a selectable marker in biotechnology and enters the environm ...201526042098
tropical strains of ralstonia solanacearum outcompete race 3 biovar 2 strains at lowland tropical temperatures.bacterial wilt, caused by members of the heterogenous ralstonia solanacearum species complex, is an economically important vascular disease affecting many crops. human activity has widely disseminated r. solanacearum strains, increasing their global agricultural impact. however, tropical highland race 3 biovar 2 (r3bv2) strains do not cause disease in tropical lowlands, even though they are virulent at warm temperatures. we tested the hypothesis that differences in temperature adaptation and com ...201525769835
hydroxycinnamic acid degradation, a broadly conserved trait, protects ralstonia solanacearum from chemical plant defenses and contributes to root colonization and virulence.plants produce hydroxycinnamic acid (hca) defense compounds to combat pathogens, such as the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum. we showed that an hca degradation pathway is genetically and functionally conserved across diverse r. solanacearum strains. further, a feruloyl-coa synthetase (δfcs) mutant that cannot degrade hca was less virulent on tomato plants. to understand the role of hca degradation in bacterial wilt disease, we tested the following hypotheses: hca degradation helps the pathogen ...201525423265
control of biofilms with the fatty acid signaling molecule cis-2-decenoic acid.biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms in organized structures attached to surfaces. importantly, biofilms are a major cause of bacterial infections in humans, and remain one of the most significant challenges to modern medical practice. unfortunately, conventional therapies have shown to be inadequate in the treatment of most chronic biofilm infections based on the extraordinary innate tolerance of biofilms to antibiotics. antagonists of quorum sensing signaling molecules have been ...201526610524
genome-wide rna sequencing analysis of quorum sensing-controlled regulons in the plant-associated burkholderia glumae pg1 strain.burkholderia glumae pg1 is a soil-associated motile plant-pathogenic bacterium possessing a cell density-dependent regulation system called quorum sensing (qs). its genome contains three genes, here designated bgai1 to bgai3, encoding distinct autoinducer-1 (ai-1) synthases, which are capable of synthesizing qs signaling molecules. here, we report on the construction of b. glumae pg1 δbgai1, δbgai2, and δbgai3 mutants, their phenotypic characterization, and genome-wide transcriptome analysis usi ...201526362987
complete genome sequencing of pandoraea pnomenusa rb38 and molecular characterization of its n-acyl homoserine lactone synthase gene ppni.in this study, we sequenced the genome of pandoraea pnomenusa rb38 using pacific biosciences rsii (pacbio) single molecule real time (smrt) sequencing technology. a pair of cognate luxi/r homologs was identified where the luxi homolog, ppni, was found adjacent to a luxr homolog, ppnr1. an additional orphan luxr homolog, ppnr2, was also discovered. multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that ppni is an n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) synthase gene that is distinct from tho ...201526336650
burkholderia cenocepacia lipopolysaccharide modification and flagellin glycosylation affect virulence but not innate immune recognition in plants.burkholderia cenocepacia causes opportunistic infections in plants, insects, animals, and humans, suggesting that "virulence" depends on the host and its innate susceptibility to infection. we hypothesized that modifications in key bacterial molecules recognized by the innate immune system modulate host responses to b. cenocepacia. indeed, modification of lipopolysaccharide (lps) with 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose and flagellin glycosylation attenuates b. cenocepacia infection in arabidopsis thali ...201526045541
the variability of the order burkholderiales representatives in the healthcare units.the order burkholderiales became more abundant in the healthcare units since the late 1970s; it is especially dangerous for intensive care unit patients and patients with chronic lung diseases. the goal of this investigation was to reveal the real variability of the order burkholderiales representatives and to estimate their phylogenetic relationships.201526114111
a duplex pcr assay for the detection of ralstonia solanacearum phylotype ii strains in musa spp.banana wilt outbreaks that are attributable to moko disease-causing strains of the pathogen ralstonia solanacearum (rs) remain a social and economic burden for both multinational corporations and subsistence farmers. all known moko strains belong to the phylotype ii lineage, which has been previously recognized for its broad genetic basis. moko strains are paraphyletic and are distributed among seven related but distinct phylogenetic clusters (sequevars) that are potentially major threats to mus ...201525811378
the identification of an integral membrane, cytochrome c urate oxidase completes the catalytic repertoire of a therapeutic enzyme.in living organisms, the conversion of urate into allantoin requires three consecutive enzymes. the pathway was lost in hominid, predisposing humans to hyperuricemia and gout. among other species, the genomic distribution of the two last enzymes of the pathway is wider than that of urate oxidase (uox), suggesting the presence of unknown genes encoding uox. here we combine gene network analysis with association rule learning to identify the missing urate oxidase. in contrast with the known solubl ...201526349049
ralstonia solanacearum uses inorganic nitrogen metabolism for virulence, atp production, and detoxification in the oxygen-limited host xylem environment.genomic data predict that, in addition to oxygen, the bacterial plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum can use nitrate (no3(-)), nitrite (no2(-)), nitric oxide (no), and nitrous oxide (n2o) as terminal electron acceptors (teas). genes encoding inorganic nitrogen reduction were highly expressed during tomato bacterial wilt disease, when the pathogen grows in xylem vessels. direct measurements found that tomato xylem fluid was low in oxygen, especially in plants infected by r. solanacearum. xylem f ...201525784703
an integrated phylogenomic approach toward pinpointing the origin of mitochondria.overwhelming evidence supports the endosymbiosis theory that mitochondria originated once from the alphaproteobacteria. however, its exact position in the tree of life remains highly debated. this is because systematic errors, including biased taxonomic sampling, high evolutionary rates and sequence composition bias have long plagued the mitochondrial phylogenetics. in this study, we address this issue by 1) increasing the taxonomic representation of alphaproteobacterial genomes by sequencing 18 ...201525609566
recent trends in control methods for bacterial wilt diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum.previous studies have described the development of control methods against bacterial wilt diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum. this review focused on recent advances in control measures, such as biological, physical, chemical, cultural, and integral measures, as well as biocontrol efficacy and suppression mechanisms. biological control agents (bcas) have been dominated by bacteria (90%) and fungi (10%). avirulent strains of r. solanacearum, pseudomonas spp., bacillus spp., and streptomyces ...201525762345
structural insight into how bacteria prevent interference between multiple divergent type iv secretion systems.prokaryotes use type iv secretion systems (t4sss) to translocate substrates (e.g., nucleoprotein, dna, and protein) and/or elaborate surface structures (i.e., pili or adhesins). bacterial genomes may encode multiple t4sss, e.g., there are three functionally divergent t4sss in some bartonella species (vir, vbh, and trw). in a unique case, most rickettsial species encode a t4ss (rvh) enriched with gene duplication. within single genomes, the evolutionary and functional implications of cross-system ...201526646013
ohr protects corynebacterium glutamicum against organic hydroperoxide induced oxidative stress.ohr, a bacterial protein encoded by the organic hydroperoxide resistance (ohr) gene, plays a critical role in resistance to organic hydroperoxides. in the present study, we show that the cys-based thiol-dependent ohr of corynebacterium glutamicum decomposes organic hydroperoxides more efficiently than hydrogen peroxide. replacement of either of the two cys residues of ohr by a ser residue resulted in drastic loss of activity. the electron donors supporting regeneration of the peroxidase activity ...201526121694
microbial diversity and activity in the nematostella vectensis holobiont: insights from 16s rrna gene sequencing, isolate genomes, and a pilot-scale survey of gene expression.we have characterized the molecular and genomic diversity of the microbiota of the starlet sea anemone nematostella vectensis, a cnidarian model for comparative developmental and functional biology and a year-round inhabitant of temperate salt marshes. molecular phylogenetic analysis of 16s rrna gene clone libraries revealed four ribotypes associated with n. vectensis at multiple locations and times. these associates include two novel ribotypes within the ε-proteobacterial order campylobacterale ...201526388838
root-associated bacterial endophytes from ralstonia solanacearum resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars and their pathogen antagonistic effects.this study was undertaken to assess if the root-associated native bacterial endophytes in tomato have any bearing in governing the host resistance to the wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum. internal colonization of roots by bacterial endophytes was confirmed through confocal imaging after syto-9 staining. endophytes were isolated from surface-sterilized roots of 4-weeks-old seedlings of known wilt resistant (r) tomato cultivar arka abha and susceptible (s) cv. arka vikas on nutrient agar after ...201525926818
defining the metabolic functions and roles in virulence of the rpon1 and rpon2 genes in ralstonia solanacearum gmi1000.the alternative sigma factor rpon is a unique regulator found among bacteria. it controls numerous processes that range from basic metabolism to more complex functions such as motility and nitrogen fixation. our current understanding of rpon function is largely derived from studies on prototypical bacteria such as escherichia coli. bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas putida. although the extent and necessity of rpon-dependent functions differ radically between these model organisms, each bacterium ...201526659655
homologs of the acinetobacter baumannii acei transporter represent a new family of bacterial multidrug efflux systems.multidrug efflux systems are a major cause of resistance to antimicrobials in bacteria, including those pathogenic to humans, animals, and plants. these proteins are ubiquitous in these pathogens, and five families of bacterial multidrug efflux systems have been identified to date. by using transcriptomic and biochemical analyses, we recently identified the novel acei (acinetobacter chlorhexidine efflux) protein from acinetobacter baumannii that conferred resistance to the biocide chlorhexidine, ...201525670776
the eucalyptus grandis nbs-lrr gene family: physical clustering and expression hotspots.eucalyptus grandis is a commercially important hardwood species and is known to be susceptible to a number of pests and pathogens. determining mechanisms of defense is therefore a research priority. the published genome for e. grandis has aided the identification of one important class of resistance (r) genes that incorporate nucleotide binding sites and leucine-rich repeat domains (nbs-lrr). using an iterative search process we identified nbs-lrr gene models within the e. grandis genome. we cha ...201526793216
the eucalyptus grandis nbs-lrr gene family: physical clustering and expression hotspots.eucalyptus grandis is a commercially important hardwood species and is known to be susceptible to a number of pests and pathogens. determining mechanisms of defense is therefore a research priority. the published genome for e. grandis has aided the identification of one important class of resistance (r) genes that incorporate nucleotide binding sites and leucine-rich repeat domains (nbs-lrr). using an iterative search process we identified nbs-lrr gene models within the e. grandis genome. we cha ...201526793216
heat shock proteins: a review of the molecular chaperones for plant immunity.as sessile organisms, plants are exposed to persistently changing stresses and have to be able to interpret and respond to them. the stresses, drought, salinity, chemicals, cold and hot temperatures, and various pathogen attacks have interconnected effects on plants, resulting in the disruption of protein homeostasis. maintenance of proteins in their functional native conformations and preventing aggregation of non-native proteins are important for cell survival under stress. heat shock proteins ...201526676169
comparing gene expression profiles between bt and non-bt rice in response to brown planthopper infestation.bt proteins are the most widely used insecticidal proteins in transgenic crops for improving insect resistance. we previously observed longer nymphal developmental duration and lower fecundity in brown planthopper (bph) fed on bt rice line kmd2, although bt insecticidal protein cry1ab could rarely concentrate in this non-target rice pest. in the present study, we performed microarray analysis in an effort to detect bt-independent variation, which might render bt rice more defensive and/or less n ...201526734057
oleanolic acid induces the type iii secretion system of ralstonia solanacearum.ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, can naturally infect a wide range of host plants. the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a major virulence determinant in this bacterium. studies have shown that plant-derived compounds are able to inhibit or induce the t3ss in some plant pathogenic bacteria, though no specific t3ss inhibitor or inducer has yet been identified in r. solanacearum. in this study, a total of 50 different compounds were screened and almost half of them (22 ...201526732647
comparative genomics of pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of xanthomonas arboricola unveil molecular and evolutionary events linked to pathoadaptation.the bacterial species xanthomonas arboricola contains plant pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. it includes the pathogen x. arboricola pv. juglandis, causing the bacterial blight of juglans regia. the emergence of a new bacterial disease of j. regia in france called vertical oozing canker (voc) was previously described and the causal agent was identified as a distinct genetic lineage within the pathovar juglandis. symptoms on walnut leaves and fruits are similar to those of a bacterial blight ...201526734033
gene expression profiling in viable but nonculturable (vbnc) cells of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.pseudomonas syringae infects diverse crop plants and comprises at least 50 different pathovar strains with different host ranges. more information on the physiological and molecular effects of the host inhibitory environment on the pathogen is needed to develop resistant cultivars. recently, we reported an in vitro model system that mimics the redox pulse associated with the oxidative burst in plant cells inoculated with pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. using this system, we demonstrated that ...201526733964
the pratylenchus penetrans transcriptome as a source for the development of alternative control strategies: mining for putative genes involved in parasitism and evaluation of in planta rnai.the root lesion nematode pratylenchus penetrans is considered one of the most economically important species within the genus. host range studies have shown that nearly 400 plant species can be parasitized by this species. to obtain insight into the transcriptome of this migratory plant-parasitic nematode, we used illumina mrna sequencing analysis of a mixed population, as well as nematode reads detected in infected soybean roots 3 and 7 days after nematode infection. over 140 million paired end ...201526658731
successful wide hybridization and introgression breeding in a diverse set of common peppers (capsicum annuum) using different cultivated ají (c. baccatum) accessions as donor parents.capsicum baccatum, commonly known as ají, has been reported as a source of variation for many different traits to improve common pepper (c. annuum), one of the most important vegetables in the world. however, strong interspecific hybridization barriers exist between them. a comparative study of two wide hybridization approaches for introgressing c. baccatum genes into c. annuum was performed: i) genetic bridge (gb) using c. chinense and c. frutescens as bridge species; and, ii) direct cross betw ...201526642059
complete genome of pseudomonas chlororaphis strain ufb2, a soil bacterium with antibacterial activity against bacterial canker pathogen of tomato.strain ufb2 was isolated from a soybean field soil in mississippi and identified as a member of pseudomonas chlororaphis. strain ufb2 has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against common soil-borne pathogens. plate assays showed that strain ufb2 was especially efficient in inhibiting the growth of clavibacter michiganensis 1-07, the causal agent of the devastating bacterial canker of tomato. here, the complete genome sequence of p. chlororaphis strain ufb2 is reported and described. the st ...201526634018
cmwrky15 facilitates alternaria tenuissima infection of chrysanthemum.abscisic acid (aba) has an important role in the responses of plants to pathogens due to its ability to induce stomatal closure and interact with salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja). wrky transcription factors serve as antagonistic or synergistic regulators in the response of plants to a variety of pathogens. here, we demonstrated that cmwrky15, a group iia wrky family member, was not transcriptionally activated in yeast cells. subcellular localization experiments in which onion epidermal ...201526600125
genomics and transcriptomics of xanthomonas campestris species challenge the concept of core type iii effectome.the bacterial species xanthomonas campestris infects a wide range of brassicaceae. specific pathovars of this species cause black rot (pv. campestris), bacterial blight of stock (pv. incanae) or bacterial leaf spot (pv. raphani).201526581393
identification of putative adhesins of actinobacillus suis and their homologues in other members of the family pasteurellaceae.actinobacillus suis disease has been reported in a wide range of vertebrate species, but is most commonly found in swine. a. suis is a commensal of the tonsils of the soft palate of swine, but in the presence of unknown stimuli it can invade the bloodstream, causing septicaemia and sequelae such as meningitis, arthritis, and death. it is genotypically and phenotypically similar to a. pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of pleuropneumonia, and to other members of the family pasteurellaceae that ...201526567540
acetylation of an nb-lrr plant immune-effector complex suppresses immunity.modifications of plant immune complexes by secreted pathogen effectors can trigger strong immune responses mediated by the action of nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat immune receptors. although some strains of the pathogen pseudomonas syringae harbor effectors that individually can trigger immunity, the plant's response may be suppressed by other virulence factors. this work reveals a robust strategy for immune suppression mediated by hopz3, an effector in the yopj family of acetyltransfera ...201526586425
a heme-responsive regulator controls synthesis of staphyloferrin b in staphylococcus aureus.staphylococcus aureus possesses a multitude of mechanisms by which it can obtain iron during growth under iron starvation conditions. it expresses an effective heme acquisition system (the iron-regulated surface determinant system), it produces two carboxylate-type siderophores staphyloferrin a and staphyloferrin b (sb), and it expresses transporters for many other siderophores that it does not synthesize. the ferric uptake regulator protein regulates expression of genes encoding all of these sy ...201526534960
a heme-responsive regulator controls synthesis of staphyloferrin b in staphylococcus aureus.staphylococcus aureus possesses a multitude of mechanisms by which it can obtain iron during growth under iron starvation conditions. it expresses an effective heme acquisition system (the iron-regulated surface determinant system), it produces two carboxylate-type siderophores staphyloferrin a and staphyloferrin b (sb), and it expresses transporters for many other siderophores that it does not synthesize. the ferric uptake regulator protein regulates expression of genes encoding all of these sy ...201526534960
surveying the potential of secreted antimicrobial peptides to enhance plant disease resistance.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are natural products found across diverse taxa as part of the innate immune system against pathogen attacks. some amps are synthesized through the canonical gene expression machinery and are called ribosomal amps. other amps are assembled by modular enzymes generating nonribosomal amps and harbor unusual structural diversity. plants synthesize an array of amps, yet are still subject to many pathogen invasions. crop breeding programs struggle to release new cultivars ...201526579150
ralstonia solanacearum fatty acid composition is determined by interaction of two 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductases encoded on separate replicons.fabg is the only known enzyme that catalyzes reduction of the 3-ketoacyl-acp intermediates of bacterial fatty acid synthetic pathways. however, there are two ralstonia solanacearum genes, rsc1052 (fabg1) and rsp0359 (fabg2), annotated as encoding putative 3-ketoacyl-acp reductases. both fabg homologues possess the conserved catalytic triad and the n-terminal cofactor binding sequence of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (sdr) family. thus, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that rsfabg1 an ...201526490537
repeat-containing protein effectors of plant-associated organisms.many plant-associated organisms, including microbes, nematodes, and insects, deliver effector proteins into the apoplast, vascular tissue, or cell cytoplasm of their prospective hosts. these effectors function to promote colonization, typically by altering host physiology or by modulating host immune responses. the same effectors however, can also trigger host immunity in the presence of cognate host immune receptor proteins, and thus prevent colonization. to circumvent effector-triggered immuni ...201526557126
dna-binding proteins from marine bacteria expand the known sequence diversity of tale-like repeats.transcription activator-like effectors (tales) of xanthomonas bacteria are programmable dna binding proteins with unprecedented target specificity. comparative studies into tale repeat structure and function are hindered by the limited sequence variation among tale repeats. more sequence-diverse tale-like proteins are known from ralstonia solanacearum (riptals) and burkholderia rhizoxinica (bats), but riptal and bat repeats are conserved with those of tales around the dna-binding residue. we stu ...201526481363
a transcriptional reference map of defence hormone responses in potato.phytohormones are involved in diverse aspects of plant life including the regulation of plant growth, development and reproduction, as well as governing biotic and abiotic stress responses. we have generated a comprehensive transcriptional reference map of the early potato responses to exogenous application of the defence hormones abscisic acid, brassinolides (applied as epibrassinolide), ethylene (applied as the ethylene precursor aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid), salicylic acid and jasmonic a ...201526477733
phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics.phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ...201526476449
phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics.phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ...201526476449
genome-wide systematic characterization of the bzip transcriptional factor family in tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.).transcription factors of the basic leucine zipper (bzip) family represent exclusively in eukaryotes and have been shown to regulate diverse biological processes in plant growth and development as well as in abiotic and biotic stress responses. however, little is known about the bzip family in tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.).201526459863
ibr5 modulates temperature-dependent, r protein chs3-mediated defense responses in arabidopsis.plant responses to low temperature are tightly associated with defense responses. we previously characterized the chilling-sensitive mutant chs3-1 resulting from the activation of the toll and interleukin 1 receptor-nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (tir-nb-lrr)-type resistance (r) protein harboring a c-terminal lim (lin-11, isl-1 and mec-3 domains) domain. here we report the identification of a suppressor of chs3, ibr5-7 (indole-3-butyric acid response 5), which largely suppresses chilling ...201526451844
draft genome sequence of ralstonia sp. md27, a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-degrading bacterium, isolated from compost.ralstonia sp. strain md27, a novel biopolymer-degrading betaproteobacterium, was isolated from compost samples. this organism has been shown to utilize the biopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [p(3hb)] as a carbon source for growth. we report the draft genome sequence of md27 with an estimated total sequence length of 5.9 mb.201526450738
comparative transcriptome analysis reveals cool virulence factors of ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2.while most strains of the plant pathogenic bacterium ralstonia solanacearum are tropical, the race 3 biovar 2 (r3bv2) subgroup attacks plants in cooler climates. to identify mechanisms underlying this trait, we compared the transcriptional profiles of r. solanacearum r3bv2 strain uw551 and tropical strain gmi1000 at 20°c and 28°c, both in culture and during tomato pathogenesis. 4.2% of the orfs in the uw551 genome and 7.9% of the gmi1000 orfs were differentially expressed by temperature in plant ...201526445498
altering transplantation time to avoid periods of high temperature can efficiently reduce bacterial wilt disease incidence with tomato.tomato bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum bacterium is a severe problem in southern china, where relatively high environmental temperatures commonly prevails during the crop seasons. previous research has indicated that bacterial wilt disease incidence generally increases during the warm months of summer leading to reduced tomato yield. moreover, the efficacy of bio-organic fertilizers (bofs)-organic compost fortified with pathogen-suppressive bacteria-is often lost during the perio ...201526441225
genome sequencing of ralstonia solanacearum race 4, biovar 4, and phylotype i, strain yc45, isolated from rhizoma kaempferiae in southern china.ralstonia solanacearum is an important phytopathogen that attacks over 400 plant species, including zingiberaceae plants. here, we report the complete genome sequence of strain yc45, which was isolated from rhizoma kaempferiae in southern china.201526430032
a taqman-based multiplex qpcr assay and dna extraction method for phylotype iib sequevars 1&2 (select agent) strains of ralstonia solanacearum.ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 strains belonging to phylotype iib, sequevars 1 and 2 (iib-1&2) cause brown rot of potato in temperate climates, and are quarantined pathogens in canada and europe. since these strains are not established in the u.s. and because of their potential risk to the potato industry, the u.s. government has listed them as select agents. cultivated geraniums are also a host and have the potential to spread the pathogen through trade, and its extracts strongly inhibi ...201526426354
water extract from spent mushroom substrate of hericium erinaceus suppresses bacterial wilt disease of tomato.culture filtrates of six different edible mushroom species were screened for antimicrobial activity against tomato wilt bacteria ralstonia solanacearum b3. hericium erinaceus, lentinula edodes (sanjo 701), grifola frondosa, and hypsizygus marmoreus showed antibacterial activity against the bacteria. water, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of spent mushroom substrate (sms) of h. erinaceus exhibited high antibacterial activity against different phytopathogenic bacteria: pectobacterium carotov ...201526539048
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