Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| mechanisms underlying the additive and redundant qrr phenotypes in vibrio harveyi and vibrio cholerae. | vibrio harveyi and vibrio cholerae regulate their virulence factors according to the local cell-population density in a regulatory system called quorum sensing. their quorum sensing systems contain a small rna (srna) circuit to regulate expression of a master transcriptional regulator via multiple quorum regulated rna (qrr) and a protein chaperon hfq. experiments and genetic analysis show that their respective quorum sensing networks are topologically equivalent and have homologous components, y ... | 2014 | 24018202 |
| a novel 8-nm protein cage formed by vibrio cholerae acylphosphatase. | here we show the formation of an ~8-nm cage formed by the self-assembly of acylphosphatase from vibrio cholerae o395 (vc-acp). the 12-subunit cage structure forms spontaneously and is stabilized through binding of sulfate ions at its exterior face and interfacial regions. crystal structure and studies in solutions illuminate the basis for the formation of the cage, while a single (cys20→arg) mutation (vc-acp-c20r) transforms vc-acp to a potent enzyme but disrupts the assembly into a trimer. | 2014 | 24055378 |
| murine marginal zone b cells play a role in vibrio cholerae lps antibody responses. | the emergence of vibrio cholerae (vc) lipopolysaccharide (lps) as a lead protective antigen for a cholera subunit vaccine has increased the interest in what type of b cell is best suited to generate anti-vc lps antibodies. a related question is what form of lps is the most immunogenic. c57bl/6 (b6) neonatal mice (10 days old) whose marginal zone (mz) b cell compartment is still maturing and two lines of knockout mice that either lack the signaling mechanism required for the maturation of mz b ce ... | 2014 | 23966359 |
| insights on na(+) binding and conformational dynamics in multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporter norm. | mate (multidrug and toxic compound extrusion) transporter proteins mediate metabolite transport in plants and multidrug resistance in bacteria and mammals. mate transporter norm from vibrio cholerae is an antiporter that is driven by na+ gradient to extrude the substrates. to understand the molecular mechanism of na+-substrate exchange, molecular dynamics simulation was performed to study conformational changes of both wild-type and mutant norm with and without cation bindings. our results show ... | 2014 | 23873591 |
| repeated dose toxicity study of vibrio cholerae-loaded gastro-resistant microparticles. | microencapsulation of antigens has been extensively studied over the last decades aiming at improving the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. | 2014 | 23795905 |
| detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae with respect to seasonal fluctuations in temperature and plankton abundance. | over a 1-year period, bi-monthly estuarine surface water and plankton samples (63-200 and > 200 μm fractions) were assayed by polymerase chain reaction for the prevalence of total vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus and v. cholerae and select genes associated with clinical strains found in each species. neither temperature nor plankton abundance was a significant correlate of total v. parahaemolyticus; however, the prevalence of genes commonly associated with clinical strains (trh, tdh, orf8) ... | 2014 | 24024909 |
| characterization of vibrio cholerae bacteriophages isolated from the environmental waters of the lake victoria region of kenya. | over the last decade, cholera outbreaks have become common in some parts of kenya. the most recent cholera outbreak occurred in coastal and lake victoria region during january 2009 and may 2010, where a total of 11,769 cases and 274 deaths were reported by the ministry of public health and sanitation. the objective of this study is to isolate vibrio cholerae bacteriophages from the environmental waters of the lake victoria region of kenya with potential for use as a biocontrol for cholera outbre ... | 2014 | 23982202 |
| the cholera outbreak in haiti: where and how did it begin? | in october 2010, cholera appeared in haiti for the first time in nearly a century. the secretary-general of the united nations formed an independent panel to "investigate and seek to determine the source of the 2010 cholera outbreak in haiti". to fulfill this mandate, the panel conducted concurrent epidemiological, water and sanitation, and molecular analysis investigations. our may 2011 findings indicated that the 2010 haiti cholera outbreak was caused by bacteria introduced into haiti as a res ... | 2014 | 23695726 |
| cyclo(valine-valine) inhibits vibrio cholerae virulence gene expression. | vibrio cholerae has been shown to produce a cyclic dipeptide, cyclo(phenylalanine-proline) (cfp), that functions to repress virulence factor production. the objective of this study was to determine if heterologous cyclic dipeptides could repress v. cholerae virulence factor production. to that end, three synthetic cyclic dipeptides that differed in their side chains from cfp were assayed for virulence inhibitory activity in v. cholerae. the results revealed that cyclo(valine-valine) (cvv) inhibi ... | 2014 | 24644247 |
| a novel and simple mixture as point-of-use water treatment agent to produce safe drinking water. | people in rural bangladesh have a poor understanding of the link between use of contaminated surface water and disease. an inexpensive point-of-use water treatment agent was developed to purify surface water. | 2014 | 24619586 |
| draft genome sequence of environmental vibrio cholerae 2012el-1759 with similarities to the v. cholerae o1 classical biotype. | vibrio cholerae 2012el-1759 is an environmental isolate from haiti that was recovered in 2012 during a cholera outbreak. the genomic backbone is similar to that of the prototypical v. cholerae o1 classical biotype strain o395, and it carries the vibrio pathogenicity islands (vpi-1 and vpi-2) and a cholera toxin (ctx) prephage. | 2014 | 25013135 |
| isolation and characterization of lytic vibriophage against vibrio cholerae o1 from environmental water samples in kelantan, malaysia. | water samples from a variety of sources in kelantan, malaysia (lakes, ponds, rivers, ditches, fish farms, and sewage) were screened for the presence of bacteriophages infecting vibrio cholerae. ten strains of v. cholerae that appeared to be free of inducible prophages were used as the host strains. eleven bacteriophage isolates were obtained by plaque assay, three of which were lytic and further characterized. the morphologies of the three lytic phages were similar with each having an icosahedra ... | 2014 | 24532381 |
| structural characterization of the extracellular polysaccharide from vibrio cholerae o1 el-tor. | the ability to form biofilms is important for environmental survival, transmission, and infectivity of vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera in humans. to form biofilms, v. cholerae produces an extracellular matrix composed of proteins, nucleic acids and a glycoconjugate, termed vibrio exopolysaccharide (vps). here, we present the data on isolation and characterization of the polysaccharide part of the vps (vps-ps), which has the following structure: -4)-α-gulpnacagly3oac-(1-4)-β-d-glc ... | 2014 | 24520310 |
| genome sequence and comparative analysis of a vibrio cholerae o139 strain e306 isolated from a cholera case in china. | vibrio cholerae is a human intestinal pathogen and v. cholerae of the o139 serogroups are responsible for the current epidemic cholera in china. in this work, we reported the whole genome sequencing of a v. cholerae o139 strain e306 isolated from a cholera patient in the 306th hospital of pla, beijing, china. | 2014 | 24517211 |
| abundance of vibrio cholerae, v. vulnificus, and v. parahaemolyticus in oysters (crassostrea virginica) and clams (mercenaria mercenaria) from long island sound. | vibriosis is a leading cause of seafood-associated morbidity and mortality in the united states. typically associated with consumption of raw or undercooked oysters, vibriosis associated with clam consumption is increasingly being reported. however, little is known about the prevalence of vibrio spp. in clams. the objective of this study was to compare the levels of vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters and clams harvested concurrently from long island sound ... | 2014 | 25281373 |
| insights into vibrio cholerae intestinal colonization from monitoring fluorescently labeled bacteria. | vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera, is a motile non-invasive pathogen that colonizes the small intestine (si). most of our knowledge of the processes required for v. cholerae intestinal colonization is derived from enumeration of wt and mutant v. cholerae recovered from orogastrically infected infant mice. there is limited knowledge of the distribution of v. cholerae within the si, particularly its localization along the villous axis, or of the bacterial and host factors that account for this ... | 2014 | 25275396 |
| the type ii secretion system delivers matrix proteins for biofilm formation by vibrio cholerae. | gram-negative bacteria have evolved several highly dedicated pathways for extracellular protein secretion, including the type ii secretion (t2s) system. since substrates secreted via the t2s system include both virulence factors and degradative enzymes, this secretion system is considered a major survival mechanism for pathogenic and environmental species. previous analyses revealed that the t2s system mediates the export of ≥ 20 proteins in vibrio cholerae, a human pathogen that is indigenous t ... | 2014 | 25266381 |
| worldwide occurrence of integrative conjugative element encoding multidrug resistance determinants in epidemic vibrio cholerae o1. | in the last decades, there has been an increase of cholera epidemics caused by multidrug resistant strains. particularly, the integrative and conjugative element (ice) seems to play a major role in the emergence of multidrug resistant vibrio cholerae. this study fully characterized, by whole genome sequencing, new ices carried by multidrug resistant v. cholerae o1 strains from nigeria (2010) (icevchnig1) and nepal (1994) (icevchnep1). the gene content and gene order of these two ices are the sam ... | 2014 | 25265418 |
| differential management of the replication terminus regions of the two vibrio cholerae chromosomes during cell division. | the replication terminus region (ter) of the unique chromosome of most bacteria locates at mid-cell at the time of cell division. in several species, this localization participates in the necessary coordination between chromosome segregation and cell division, notably for the selection of the division site, the licensing of the division machinery assembly and the correct alignment of chromosome dimer resolution sites. the genome of vibrio cholerae, the agent of the deadly human disease cholera, ... | 2014 | 25255436 |
| identification of capsule, biofilm, lateral flagellum, and type iv pili in vibrio mimicus strains. | vibrio mimicus is a bacterium that causes gastroenteritis; it is closely related to vibrio cholerae, and can cause acute diarrhea like cholera- or dysentery-type diarrhea. it is distributed worldwide. factors associated with virulence (such as hemolysins, enterotoxins, proteases, phospholipases, aerobactin, and hemagglutinin) have been identified; however, its pathogenicity mechanism is still unknown. in pathogenic vibrio species such as v. cholerae, vibrio. parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificu ... | 2014 | 25246027 |
| crystal structure of the novel di-nucleotide cyclase from vibrio cholerae (dncv) responsible for synthesizing a hybrid cyclic gmp-amp. | 2014 | 25245040 | |
| vibrio cholerae use pili and flagella synergistically to effect motility switching and conditional surface attachment. | we show that vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, use their flagella and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) type iv pili synergistically to switch between two complementary motility states that together facilitate surface selection and attachment. flagellar rotation counter-rotates the cell body, causing msha pili to have periodic mechanical contact with the surface for surface-skimming cells. using tracking algorithms at 5 ms resolution we observe two motility behaviours: 'roami ... | 2014 | 25234699 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from the sierra leone cholera outbreak in 2012. | this study describes phenotypic, genotypic and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the strains isolated from the 2012 sierra leone cholera outbreak. rectal swabs were collected from patients and cultured for vibrio cholerae o1. | 2014 | 25233936 |
| molecular insights into the evolutionary pathway of vibrio cholerae o1 atypical el tor variants. | pandemic v. cholerae strains in the o1 serogroup have 2 biotypes: classical and el tor. the classical biotype strains of the sixth pandemic, which encode the classical type cholera toxin (ct), have been replaced by el tor biotype strains of the seventh pandemic. the prototype el tor strains that produce biotype-specific cholera toxin are being replaced by atypical el tor variants that harbor classical cholera toxin. atypical el tor strains are categorized into 2 groups, wave 2 and wave 3 strains ... | 2014 | 25233006 |
| members of the human gut microbiota involved in recovery from vibrio cholerae infection. | given the global burden of diarrhoeal diseases, it is important to understand how members of the gut microbiota affect the risk for, course of, and recovery from disease in children and adults. the acute, voluminous diarrhoea caused by vibrio cholerae represents a dramatic example of enteropathogen invasion and gut microbial community disruption. here we conduct a detailed time-series metagenomic study of faecal microbiota collected during the acute diarrhoeal and recovery phases of cholera in a ... | 2014 | 25231861 |
| cholera and shigellosis: different epidemiology but similar responses to climate variability. | comparative studies of the associations between different infectious diseases and climate variability, such as the el niño-southern oscillation, are lacking. diarrheal illnesses, particularly cholera and shigellosis, provide an important opportunity to apply a comparative approach. cholera and shigellosis have significant global mortality and morbidity burden, pronounced differences in transmission pathways and pathogen ecologies, and there is an established climate link with cholera. in particu ... | 2014 | 25229494 |
| on-chip detection of rolling circle amplified dna molecules from bacillus globigii spores and vibrio cholerae. | for the first time dna coils formed by rolling circle amplification are quantified on-chip by brownian relaxation measurements on magnetic nanobeads using a magnetoresistive sensor. no external magnetic fields are required besides the magnetic field arising from the current through the sensor, which makes the setup very compact. limits of detection down to 500 bacillus globigii spores and 2 pm of vibrio cholerae are demonstrated, which are on the same order of magnitude or lower than those achie ... | 2014 | 24616417 |
| the superintegron integrase and the cassette promoters are co-regulated in vibrio cholerae. | chromosome 2 of vibrio cholerae carries a chromosomal superintegron, composed of an integrase, a cassette integration site (atti) and an array of mostly promoterless gene cassettes. we determined the precise location of the promoter, pc, which drives the transcription of the first cassettes of the v. cholerae superintegron. we found that cassette mrna starts 65 bp upstream of the atti site, so that the inversely oriented promoters pc and pint (integrase promoter) partly overlap, allowing for the ... | 2014 | 24614503 |
| [phylogenetic analysis of genomes of vibrio cholerae strains isolated on the territory of rostov region]. | determination of origin of 2 vibrio cholerae strains isolated on the territory of rostov region by using full genome sequencing data. | 2014 | 24605670 |
| [system of activation of plasminogen in vibrio cholerae]. | study system of activation of plasminogen in vibrio cholerae. | 2014 | 24605649 |
| ancient pathogen dna in archaeological samples detected with a microbial detection array. | ancient human remains of paleopathological interest typically contain highly degraded dna in which pathogenic taxa are often minority components, making sequence-based metagenomic characterization costly. microarrays may hold a potential solution to these challenges, offering a rapid, affordable, and highly informative snapshot of microbial diversity in complex samples without the lengthy analysis and/or high cost associated with high-throughput sequencing. their versatility is well established ... | 2014 | 24603850 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray study of tsiv3 from vibrio cholerae. | the bacterial type vi secretion system (t6ss), a dynamic organelle, participates in microbial competition by transporting toxic effector molecules to neighbouring cells to kill competitors. tsiv3, a recently defined t6ss immunity protein in vibrio cholerae, possesses self-protection against killing by t6ss predatory cells by directly binding to and inhibiting their effector protein vgrg-3. structural information about tsiv3 could help to illuminate its specific mechanism. in this study, tsiv3 fr ... | 2014 | 24598921 |
| a model symbiosis reveals a role for sheathed-flagellum rotation in the release of immunogenic lipopolysaccharide. | bacterial flagella mediate host-microbe interactions through tissue tropism during colonization, as well as by activating immune responses. the flagellar shaft of some bacteria, including several human pathogens, is encased in a membranous sheath of unknown function. while it has been hypothesized that the sheath may allow these bacteria to evade host responses to the immunogenic flagellin subunit, this unusual structural feature has remained an enigma. here we demonstrate that the rotation of t ... | 2014 | 24596150 |
| genomic science in understanding cholera outbreaks and evolution of vibrio cholerae as a human pathogen. | modern genomic and bioinformatic approaches have been applied to interrogate the v. cholerae genome, the role of genomic elements in cholera disease, and the origin, relatedness, and dissemination of epidemic strains. a universal attribute of choleragenic strains includes a repertoire of pathogenicity islands and virulence genes, namely the ctxϕ prophage and toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp) in addition to other virulent genetic elements including those referred to as seventh pandemic islands. duri ... | 2014 | 24590676 |
| chromosome i controls chromosome ii replication in vibrio cholerae. | control of chromosome replication involves a common set of regulators in eukaryotes, whereas bacteria with divided genomes use chromosome-specific regulators. how bacterial chromosomes might communicate for replication is not known. in vibrio cholerae, which has two chromosomes (chri and chrii), replication initiation is controlled by dnaa in chri and by rctb in chrii. dnaa has binding sites at the chri origin of replication as well as outside the origin. rctb likewise binds at the chrii origin ... | 2014 | 24586205 |
| widespread epidemic cholera caused by a restricted subset of vibrio cholerae clones. | since 1817, seven cholera pandemics have plagued humankind. as the causative agent, vibrio cholerae, is autochthonous in the aquatic ecosystem and some studies have revealed links between outbreaks and fluctuations in climatic and aquatic conditions, it has been widely assumed that cholera epidemics are triggered by environmental factors that promote the growth of local bacterial reservoirs. however, mounting epidemiological findings and genome sequence analysis of clinical isolates have indicat ... | 2014 | 24575898 |
| isolation of viable but nonculturable vibrio cholerae o1 from environmental water samples in kolkata, india, in a culturable state. | previously, we reported that viable but nonculturable (vbnc) vibrio cholerae was converted into a culturable state by coculture with several eukaryotic cell lines including ht-29 cells. in this study, we found that a factor converting vbnc v. cholerae into a culturable state (fcvc) existed in cell extracts of eukaryotic cells. fcvc was nondialyzable, proteinase k-sensitive, and stable to heating at <60°c for 5 min. we prepared thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (tcbs) plates with fcvc (f-tcb ... | 2014 | 24574069 |
| monitoring water sources for environmental reservoirs of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1, haiti. | an epidemic of cholera infections was documented in haiti for the first time in more than 100 years during october 2010. cases have continued to occur, raising the question of whether the microorganism has established environmental reservoirs in haiti. we monitored 14 environmental sites near the towns of gressier and leogane during april 2012-march 2013. toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor biotype strains were isolated from 3 (1.7%) of 179 water samples; nontoxigenic o1 v. cholerae was isolated ... | 2014 | 24571741 |
| development of a pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for detection and subtyping of cholix toxin variant genes of vibrio cholerae. | cholix toxin (chxa) is an exotoxin reported in vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139. apart from its prototype (chxa i) we have recently identified two novel variants of this toxin, chxa ii and chxa iii. our previous investigations indicated that the first two variants may instigate extra-intestinal infections and chxa ii can be more lethal than chxa i in mice. however, all three cholix toxins (chxa i to iii) failed to show any enterotoxicity in rabbit ileal loops. in this study we developed a pcr-res ... | 2014 | 24568884 |
| high-throughput screening and whole genome sequencing identifies an antimicrobially active inhibitor of vibrio cholerae. | pathogenic serotypes of vibrio cholerae cause the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera. the increasing development of bacterial resistances against the known antibiotics necessitates the search for new antimicrobial compounds and targets for this pathogen. | 2014 | 24568688 |
| development of pvcr94δx from vibrio cholerae, a prototype for studying multidrug resistant inca/c conjugative plasmids. | antibiotic resistance has grown steadily in vibrio cholerae over the last few decades to become a major threat in countries affected by cholera. multi-drug resistance (mdr) spreads among clinical and environmental v. cholerae strains by lateral gene transfer often mediated by integrative and conjugative elements (ices) of the sxt/r391 family. however, in a few reported but seemingly isolated cases, mdr in v. cholerae was shown to be associated with other self-transmissible genetic elements such ... | 2014 | 24567731 |
| construction and evaluation of v. cholerae o139 mutant, vcusm21p, as a safe live attenuated cholera vaccine. | cholera is a major infectious disease, affecting millions of lives annually. in endemic areas, implementation of vaccination strategy against cholera is vital. as the use of safer live vaccine that can induce protective immunity against vibrio cholerae o139 infection is a promising approach for immunization, we have designed vcusm21p, an oral cholera vaccine candidate, which has ctxa that encodes a subunit of ctx and mutated rtxa/c, ace and zot mutations. vcusm21p was found not to disassemble th ... | 2014 | 24505241 |
| high-salt preadaptation of vibrio parahaemolyticus enhances survival in response to lethal environmental stresses. | adaptation to changing environmental conditions is an important strategy for survival of foodborne bacterial pathogens. vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative seafoodborne enteric pathogen found in the marine environment both free living and associated with oysters. this pathogen is a moderate halophile, with optimal growth at 3% nacl. among the several stresses imposed upon enteric bacteria, acid stress is perhaps one of the most important. v. parahaemolyticus has a lysine decarboxylase sys ... | 2014 | 24490918 |
| cholera epidemic associated with consumption of unsafe drinking water and street-vended water--eastern freetown, sierra leone, 2012. | during 2012, sierra leone experienced a cholera epidemic with 22,815 reported cases and 296 deaths. we conducted a matched case-control study to assess risk factors, enrolling 49 cases and 98 controls. stool specimens were analyzed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). conditional logistic regression found that consuming unsafe water (matched odds ratio [mor]: 3.4; 95% confidence interval [ci]: 1.1, 11.0), street-vended water (mor: 9.4; 95% ci: ... | 2014 | 24470563 |
| dynamics in genome evolution of vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the acute secretary diarrheal disease cholera, is still a major public health concern in developing countries. in former centuries cholera was a permanent threat even to the highly developed populations of europe, north america, and the northern part of asia. extensive studies on the cholera bug over more than a century have made significant advances in our understanding of the disease and ways of treating patients. v. cholerae has more than 200 serogrou ... | 2014 | 24462909 |
| functional and structural characterization of vibrio cholerae extracellular serine protease b, vesb. | the chymotrypsin subfamily a of serine proteases consists primarily of eukaryotic proteases, including only a few proteases of bacterial origin. vesb, a newly identified serine protease that is secreted by the type ii secretion system in vibrio cholerae, belongs to this subfamily. vesb is likely produced as a zymogen because sequence alignment with trypsinogen identified a putative cleavage site for activation and a catalytic triad, his-asp-ser. using synthetic peptides, vesb efficiently cleaved ... | 2014 | 24459146 |
| small rnas in the vibrionaceae: an ocean still to be explored. | in bacteria, the discovery of noncoding small rnas (srnas) as modulators of gene expression in response to environmental signals has brought new insights into bacterial gene regulation, including control of pathogenicity. the vibrionaceae constitute a family of marine bacteria of which many are responsible for infections affecting not only humans, such as vibrio cholerae but also fish and marine invertebrates, representing the major cause of mortality in farmed marine species. they are able to c ... | 2014 | 24458378 |
| long-term comparison of antibiotic resistance in vibrio cholerae o1 and shigella species between urban and rural bangladesh. | from 2000 to 2012, vibrio cholerae o1 and shigella species isolates from urban dhaka and rural matlab were tested for resistance to all clinically relevant antibiotics in bangladesh. resistances in urban and rural bangladesh tended to rise and fall together, especially a few years after the introduction of new resistance. | 2014 | 24457344 |
| a molecular surveillance reveals the prevalence of vibrio cholerae o139 isolates in china from 1993 to 2012. | vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 was first identified in 1992 in india and bangladesh, in association with major epidemics of cholera in both countries; cases were noted shortly thereafter in china. we characterized 211 v. cholerae o139 isolates that were isolated at multiple sites in china between 1993 and 2012 from patients (n = 92) and the environment (n = 119). among clinical isolates, 88 (95.7%) of 92 were toxigenic, compared with 47 (39.5%) of 119 environmental isolates. toxigenic isolates c ... | 2014 | 24452176 |
| population structural analysis of o1 el tor vibrio cholerae isolated in china among the seventh cholera pandemic on the basis of multilocus sequence typing and virulence gene profiles. | serogroup o1 vibrio cholerae is the most common agents to cause epidemic and pandemic cholera disease. in this study, multilocus sequence typing (mlst) was performed on 160 serogroup o1 strains (including 42 toxigenic and 118 non-toxigenic), and the virulence/fitness gene profiles of 16 loci were further analysed for 60 strains of these. eighty-four sequence types (sts) with 14 clonal complexes were distinguished, and 29 sts were unique. except sd19771005, all toxigenic strains were well-separat ... | 2014 | 24448269 |
| influence of climate factors on vibrio cholerae dynamics in the pearl river estuary, south china. | current research has seldom focused on the quantitative relationships between vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) and climate factors owing to the complexities and high cost of field observation in the aquatic environment. this study has focused on the relationships between v. cholerae and climate factors based on linear regression method and data partition method. data gathered from 2008 to 2009 in the pearl river estuary, south china, were adopted. positive rate of v. cholerae was correlated closely ... | 2014 | 24442820 |
| highly potent, chemically stable quorum sensing agonists for vibrio cholerae. | in the vibrio cholerae pathogen, initiation of bacterial quorum sensing pathways serves to suppress virulence. we describe herein a potent and chemically stable small molecule agonist of v. cholerae quorum sensing, which was identified through rational drug design based on the native quorum sensing signal. this novel agonist may serve as a useful lead compound for the control of virulence in v. cholerae. | 2014 | 24436778 |
| pre-earthquake non-epidemic vibrio cholerae in haiti. | to our knowledge, there was no record of vibrio cholerae in haiti until the 2010 post earthquake outbreak. | 2014 | 24423722 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray study of vibrio cholerae uridine phosphorylase in complex with 6-methyluracil. | uridine phosphorylase catalyzes the phosphorolysis of ribonucleosides, with the nitrogenous base and ribose 1-phosphate as products. additionally, it catalyzes the reverse reaction of the synthesis of ribonucleosides from ribose 1-phosphate and a nitrogenous base. however, the enzyme does not catalyze the synthesis of nucleosides when the substrate is a nitrogenous base substituted at the 6-position, such as 6-methyluracil (6-mu). in order to explain this fact, it is essential to investigate the ... | 2014 | 24419619 |
| circulation and transmission of clones of vibrio cholerae during cholera outbreaks. | cholera is still a major public health problem. the underlying bacterial pathogen vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) is evolving and some of its mutations have set the stage for outbreaks. after v. cholerae acquired the mobile elements vsp i & ii, the el tor pandemic began and spread across the tropics. the replacement of the o1 serotype encoding genes with the o139 encoding genes triggered an outbreak that swept across the indian subcontinent. the sxt element generated a third selective sweep and mo ... | 2014 | 24407776 |
| evaluation of enrichment method for the detection of vibrio cholerae o1 using a rapid dipstick test in bangladesh. | to evaluate the specificity of the crystal vc dipstick test for detecting cholera. | 2014 | 24401137 |
| second-pandemic strain of vibrio cholerae from the philadelphia cholera outbreak of 1849. | in the 19th century, there were several major cholera pandemics in the indian subcontinent, europe, and north america. the causes of these outbreaks and the genomic strain identities remain a mystery. we used targeted high-throughput sequencing to reconstruct the vibrio cholerae genome from the preserved intestine of a victim of the 1849 cholera outbreak in philadelphia, part of the second cholera pandemic. this o1 biotype strain has 95 to 97% similarity with the classical o395 genome, differing ... | 2014 | 24401020 |
| prevalence of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant in a cholera-endemic zone of kenya. | since 2007, kenya has experienced an increase in cholera outbreaks characterized by a high fatality rate. in this study, we characterized 81 vibrio cholerae isolates from diarrhoeal stool samples in nyanza, a cholera-endemic lake region of kenya, for virulence properties, clonality and antibiotic susceptibility. eighty of these isolates were v. cholerae o1 el tor variants carrying the classical ctxb gene sequence, while one isolate was v. cholerae non-o1/o139. all of the el tor variants were of ... | 2014 | 24396087 |
| development of an immunochromatographic lateral flow device for rapid diagnosis of vibrio cholerae o1 serotype ogawa. | cholera is an acute malignant infectious disease caused by the bacteria vibrio cholerae leading to severe dehydrating diarrhea and vomiting, even high rates of mortality in some cases. however, the prevention of the epidemic disease is achievable if proper sanitation practices are followed, provided the accurate and prompt diagnosis of each prevalent serotype in cholera epidemic. the current gold standard of bacterial culture is inadequate for rapid diagnosis. our aim is to develop an immunochro ... | 2014 | 24389075 |
| genetic variation of vibrio cholerae during outbreaks, bangladesh, 2010-2011. | cholera remains a major public health problem. to compare the relative contribution of strains from the environment with strains isolated from patients during outbreaks, we performed multilocus variable tandem repeat analyses on samples collected during the 2010 and 2011 outbreak seasons in 2 geographically distinct areas of bangladesh. a total of 222 environmental and clinical isolates of v. cholerae o1 were systematically collected from chhatak and mathbaria. in chhatak, 75 of 79 isolates were ... | 2014 | 24377372 |
| zebrafish as a natural host model for vibrio cholerae colonization and transmission. | the human diarrheal disease cholera is caused by the aquatic bacterium vibrio cholerae. v. cholerae in the environment is associated with several varieties of aquatic life, including insect egg masses, shellfish, and vertebrate fish. here we describe a novel animal model for v. cholerae, the zebrafish. pandemic v. cholerae strains specifically colonize the zebrafish intestinal tract after exposure in water with no manipulation of the animal required. colonization occurs in close contact with the ... | 2014 | 24375135 |
| cqsa-cqss quorum-sensing signal-receptor specificity in photobacterium angustum. | quorum sensing (qs) is a process of bacterial cell-cell communication that relies on the production, detection and population-wide response to extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. the qs system commonly found in vibrios and photobacteria consists of the cqsa synthase/cqss receptor pair. vibrio cholerae cqsa/s synthesizes and detects (s)-3-hydroxytridecan-4-one (c10-cai-1), whereas vibrio harveyi produces and detects a distinct but similar molecule, (z)-3-aminoundec-2-en-4-one (ea- ... | 2014 | 24372841 |
| [antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio cholerae non o1/non o139 serogroups isolated from environment in the rostov region]. | analysis of the antibioticograms of 22 strains of vibrio cholerae non o1/non o139 serogroups (ctxa- tepa-) isolated from the environment in the rostov region in 2011 showed that all the cultures were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides, ceftriaxone, trimetoprime/sulfamethoxazole and resistant to levomycetin and furazolidone. 32%, 18% and 9% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, rifampicin and nalidixic acid respectively. no strains of v. cholerae susceptible to all the tested ... | 2014 | 26448988 |
| haitian variant tcpa in vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains in kolkata, india. | 2014 | 24371245 | |
| cholera outbreaks in the classical biotype era. | in the indian subcontinent description of a disease resembling cholera has been mentioned in sushruta samita, estimated to have been written between ~400 and 500 bc. it is however not clear whether the disease known today as cholera caused by vibrio cholerae vibrio cholerae o1 is the evolutionary progression of the ancient disease. the modern history of cholera began in 1817 when an explosive epidemic broke out in the ganges river delta region of bengal. this was the first of the seven recorded ... | 2014 | 24368696 |
| comparative genomics study for identification of drug and vaccine targets in vibrio cholerae: mura ligase as a case study. | a systematic workflow consisting of comparative genomics, metabolic pathways analysis and additional drug prioritization parameters identified 264 proteins of vibrio cholerae which were predicted to be absent in homo sapiens. among these, 40 proteins were identified as essential proteins that could serve as potential drug and vaccine targets. additional prioritization parameters characterized 11 proteins as vaccine candidates while druggability of each of the identified proteins as evaluated by ... | 2014 | 24368230 |
| the greatest steps towards the discovery of vibrio cholerae. | in the 19th century, there was extensive research on cholera: the disease was generally attributed to miasmatic causes, but this concept was replaced, between about 1850 and 1910, by the scientifically founded germ theory of disease. in 1883, robert koch identified the vibrion for the second time, after filippo pacini's discovery in 1854: koch isolated the comma bacillus in pure culture and explained its mode of transmission, solving an enigma that had lasted for centuries. the aim of this artic ... | 2014 | 24191858 |
| resveratrol--a potential inhibitor of biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae. | resveratrol, a phytochemical commonly found in the skin of grapes and berries, was tested for its biofilm inhibitory activity against vibrio cholerae. biofilm inhibition was assessed using crystal violet assay. mtt assay was performed to check the viability of the treated bacterial cells and the biofilm architecture was analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. the possible target of the compound was determined by docking analysis. results showed that subinhibitory concentrations of the ... | 2014 | 24182988 |
| characterization of vibrio cholerae from 1986 to 2012 in yunnan province, southwest china bordering myanmar. | vibrio cholerae is an important infectious pathogen causing serious human diarrhea. we analyzed 568 v. cholerae strains isolated from 1986 to 2012 in yunnan province, southwest china bordering myanmar. polymerase chain reactions for detecting virulence genes, antibiotic susceptibility tests and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) were performed. the results showed all the strains were el tor biotype from 1986. the ctxb subunit sequence analysis for all strains have shown that cholera between ... | 2014 | 24177595 |
| safety and immunogenicity of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr, prepared from new master and working cell banks. | currently, no cholera vaccine is available for persons traveling from the united states to areas of high cholera transmission and who for reasons of occupation or host factors are at increased risk for development of the disease. a single-dose oral cholera vaccine with a rapid onset of protection would be particularly useful for such travelers and might also be an adjunct control measure for cholera outbreaks. the attenuated vibrio cholerae o1 vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr harbors a 94% deletion of ... | 2014 | 24173028 |
| emergence of vibrio cholerae o1 classical biotype in 2012 in iran. | cholera outbreaks annually occur in many parts of iran. the aim of this study was to investigate the biotype and genotype diversity of v. cholerae isolates from recent outbreak (2012) in iran and to characterize the ctxb allelic sequence of isolates. the ctxb sequence of all isolates was analyzed and compared with the reference ctxb sequences for el tor and classical biotypes in genbank database. the pfge genotype specification of isolates was determined and genetic relatedness among isolates an ... | 2014 | 24117836 |
| sodium-coupled dicarboxylate and citrate transporters from the slc13 family. | the slc13 family in humans and other mammals consists of sodium-coupled transporters for anionic substrates: three transporters for dicarboxylates/citrate and two transporters for sulfate. this review will focus on the di- and tricarboxylate transporters: nadc1 (slc13a2), nadc3 (slc13a3), and nact (slc13a5). the substrates of these transporters are metabolic intermediates of the citric acid cycle, including citrate, succinate, and α-ketoglutarate, which can exert signaling effects through specif ... | 2014 | 24114175 |
| haitian variant ctxb producing vibrio cholerae o1 with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin is persistent in yavatmal, maharashtra, india, after causing a cholera outbreak. | vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor producing haitian variant cholera toxin (hct) and showing reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin caused a cholera outbreak associated with a high case fatality rate (4.5) in india. hct-secreting strains responsible for severe cholera epidemics in orissa (india), western africa and haiti were associated with increased mortality. there is a pressing need for an integrated multidisciplinary approach to combat further spread of newly emerging variant strains. the t ... | 2014 | 24102849 |
| cryo-electron microscopy reveals the membrane insertion mechanism of v. cholerae hemolysin. | vibrio cholerae hemolysin (hlya) is a 65 kda pore-forming toxin which causes lysis of target eukaryotic cells by forming heptameric channels in the plasma membrane. deletion of the 15 kda c-terminus β-prism carbohydrate-binding domain generates a 50 kda truncated variant (hlya50) with 1000-fold-reduced pore-forming activity. previously, we showed by cryo-electron microscopy that the two toxin oligomers have central channels, but the 65 kda toxin oligomer is a seven-fold symmetric structure with ... | 2014 | 24102290 |
| changing patient population in dhaka hospital and matlab hospital of icddr,b. | the diarrhoeal disease surveillance system of icddr,b noted increasing number of patients ≥60 years at urban dhaka and rural matlab from 2001 to 2012. shigella and vibrio cholerae were more frequently isolated from elderly people than children under 5 years and adults aged 5-59 in both areas. the resistance observed to various drugs of shigella in dhaka and matlab was trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (72-63%), ampicillin (43-55%), nalidixic acid (58-61%), mecillinam (12-9%), azithromycin (13-0%), ... | 2014 | 24252120 |
| pre-pore oligomer formation by vibrio cholerae cytolysin: insights from a truncated variant lacking the pore-forming pre-stem loop. | vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc), a β-barrel pore-forming toxin (β-pft), induces killing of the target eukaryotic cells by forming heptameric transmembrane β-barrel pores. consistent with the β-pft mode of action, binding of the vcc toxin monomers with the target cell membrane triggers formation of pre-pore oligomeric intermediates, followed by membrane insertion of the β-strands contributed by the pre-stem motif within the central cytolysin domain of each protomer. it has been shown previously t ... | 2014 | 24291710 |
| genomic epidemiology of vibrio cholerae o1 associated with floods, pakistan, 2010. | in august 2010, pakistan experienced major floods and a subsequent cholera epidemic. to clarify the population dynamics and transmission of vibrio cholerae in pakistan, we sequenced the genomes of all v. cholerae o1 el tor isolates and compared the sequences to a global collection of 146 v. cholerae strains. within the global phylogeny, all isolates from pakistan formed 2 new subclades (psc-1 and psc-2), lying in the third transmission wave of the seventh-pandemic lineage that could be distingui ... | 2014 | 24378019 |
| cholera toxin expression by el tor vibrio cholerae in shallow culture growth conditions. | vibrio cholerae o1 classical, el tor and o139 are the primary biotypes that cause epidemic cholera, and they also express cholera toxin (ct). although classical v. cholerae produces ct in various settings, the el tor and o139 strains require specific growth conditions for ct induction, such as the so-called aki conditions, which consist of growth in static conditions followed by growth under aerobic shaking conditions. however, our group has demonstrated that ct production may also take place in ... | 2014 | 24239941 |
| genetic and phenotypic analysis of vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 isolated from german and austrian patients. | vibrio cholerae belonging to the non-o1, non-o139 serogroups are present in the coastal waters of germany and in some german and austrian lakes. these bacteria can cause gastroenteritis and extraintestinal infections, and are transmitted through contaminated food and water. however, non-o1, non-o139 v. cholerae infections are rare in germany. we studied 18 strains from german and austrian patients with diarrhea or local infections for their virulence-associated genotype and phenotype to assess t ... | 2014 | 24213848 |
| role of phages in the epidemiology of cholera. | understanding the genetic and ecological factors which support the periodic emergence of toxigenic vibrio cholerae causing outbreaks of cholera in regions where the disease is endemic, is vital to develop preventive measures. besides environmental factors which are not precisely defined, bacteriophages, and horizontally transmissible genetic elements are known to have a significant role in the epidemiology and evolution of the pathogen. cholera epidemics are also known to be self-limiting, and h ... | 2014 | 24213557 |
| the luxr-type regulator vpst negatively controls the transcription of rpos, encoding the general stress response regulator, in vibrio cholerae biofilms. | cholera is a waterborne diarrheal disease caused by vibrio cholerae strains of serogroups o1 and o139. expression of the general stress response regulator rpos and formation of biofilm communities enhance the capacity of v. cholerae to persist in aquatic environments. the transition of v. cholerae between free-swimming (planktonic) and biofilm life-styles is regulated by the second messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp). we previously reported that increasing the c-di-gmp pool by overexpression of a ... | 2014 | 24363348 |
| inhibition of the sodium-translocating nadh-ubiquinone oxidoreductase [na+-nqr] decreases cholera toxin production in vibrio cholerae o1 at the late exponential growth phase. | two virulence factors produced by vibrio cholerae, cholera toxin (ct) and toxin-corregulated pilus (tcp), are indispensable for cholera infection. toxt is the central regulatory protein involved in activation of ct and tcp expression. we previously reported that lack of a respiration-linked sodium-translocating nadh-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) significantly increases toxt transcription. in this study, we further characterized this link and found that na(+)-nqr affects toxt expression o ... | 2014 | 24361395 |
| the β-prism lectin domain of vibrio cholerae hemolysin promotes self-assembly of the β-pore-forming toxin by a carbohydrate-independent mechanism. | vibrio cholerae cytolysin/hemolysin (vcc) is an amphipathic 65-kda β-pore-forming toxin with a c-terminal β-prism lectin domain. because deletion or point mutation of the lectin domain seriously compromises hemolytic activity, it is thought that carbohydrate-dependent interactions play a critical role in membrane targeting of vcc. to delineate the contributions of the cytolysin and lectin domains in pore formation, we used wild-type vcc, 50-kda vcc (vcc(50)) without the lectin domain, and mutant ... | 2014 | 24356964 |
| the seventh pandemic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor isolate in china has undergone genetic shifts. | a total of 330 clinical vibrio cholerae o1 serogroups from china dating between 1961 and 2010 were investigated. by phenotypic biotyping and genetic analysis, during the seventh pandemic of v. cholerae o1 in china, the isolates of hybrid biotype (mixed classical phenotypes) were present during the entire1961-2010 period, while el tor genetic shifts appeared in 1992 and replaced the prototype el tor from 2002 to 2010. | 2014 | 24353005 |
| solutions to the public goods dilemma in bacterial biofilms. | bacteria frequently live in densely populated surface-bound communities, termed biofilms [1-4]. biofilm-dwelling cells rely on secretion of extracellular substances to construct their communities and to capture nutrients from the environment [5]. some secreted factors behave as cooperative public goods: they can be exploited by nonproducing cells [6-11]. the means by which public-good-producing bacteria avert exploitation in biofilm environments are largely unknown. using experiments with vibrio ... | 2014 | 24332540 |
| the 1.59å resolution structure of the minor pseudopilin epsh of vibrio cholerae reveals a long flexible loop. | the type ii secretion complex exports folded proteins from the periplasm to the extracellular milieu. it is used by the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae to export several proteins, including its major virulence factor, cholera toxin. the pseudopilus is an essential component of the type ii secretion system and likely acts as a piston to push the folded proteins across the outer membrane through the secretin pore. the pseudopilus is composed of the major pseudopilin, epsg, and four minor pseu ... | 2014 | 24316251 |
| fuse or die: how to survive the loss of dam in vibrio cholerae. | dam methylates gatc sequences in γ-proteobacteria genomes, regulating several cellular functions including replication. in vibrio cholerae, which has two chromosomes, dam is essential for viability, owing to its role in chr2 replication initiation. in this study, we isolated spontaneous mutants of v. cholerae that were able to survive the deletion of dam. in these mutants, homologous recombination and chromosome dimer resolution are essential, unless dna mismatch repair is inactivated. furthermo ... | 2014 | 24308271 |
| distribution of virulence-associated genes and genetic relationships in non-o1/o139 vibrio cholerae aquatic isolates from china. | non-o1/o139 vibrio cholerae is naturally present in aquatic ecosystems and has been linked with cholera-like diarrhea and local outbreaks. the distribution of virulence-associated genes and genetic relationships among aquatic isolates from china are largely unknown. in this study, 295 aquatic isolates of v. cholerae non-o1/o139 serogroups from different regions in china were investigated. only one isolate was positive for ctxb and harbored a rare genotype; 10 (3.4%) isolates carried several type ... | 2014 | 24907334 |
| the first case of bacteraemia due to non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae in a type 2 diabetes mellitus patient in mainland china. | bacteraemia due to non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae is rarely documented in mainland china. we report such a case in a 70-year-old male with type 2 diabetes mellitus. the clinical features, phenotypic analyses, and presence of a panel of known virulence genes in the isolated strain are described. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bacteraemia due to this strain in a t2dm patient without other coexisting underlying diseases in mainland china. | 2014 | 24905769 |
| the purifying trend in the chromosomal integron in vibrio cholerae strains during the seventh pandemic. | chromosomal integron (ci) arrays in vibrio spp. are generally large and display great variation. here we determined the sequence of ci array in a toxigenic o139 vibriocholerae strain and compared it with the arrays from the genome of different o1 biotypes available in genbank. then pcr scanning was used to determine the ci array variations in 83 epidemic o139 strains and subsequently these variations were compared with that found in toxigenic o1 el tor strains in our previous work. few differenc ... | 2014 | 24905599 |
| both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids on o-linked glycoproteins act as functional receptors for porcine sapovirus. | sapovirus, a member of the caliciviridae family, is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans and pigs. currently, the porcine sapovirus (psav) cowden strain remains the only cultivable member of the sapovirus genus. while some caliciviruses are known to utilize carbohydrate receptors for entry and infection, a functional receptor for sapovirus is unknown. to characterize the functional receptor of the cowden strain of psav, we undertook a comprehensive series of protein-ligand bioch ... | 2014 | 24901849 |
| deciphering the origin of the 2012 cholera epidemic in guinea by integrating epidemiological and molecular analyses. | cholera is typically considered endemic in west africa, especially in the republic of guinea. however, a three-year lull period was observed from 2009 to 2011, before a new epidemic struck the country in 2012, which was officially responsible for 7,350 suspected cases and 133 deaths. to determine whether cholera re-emerged from the aquatic environment or was rather imported due to human migration, a comprehensive epidemiological and molecular survey was conducted. a spatiotemporal analysis of th ... | 2014 | 24901522 |
| comparative genomic characterization of a thailand-myanmar isolate, ms6, of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor, which is phylogenetically related to a "us gulf coast" clone. | the cholera outbreaks in thailand during 2007-2010 were exclusively caused by the vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant carrying the cholera toxin gene of the classical biotype. we previously isolated a v. cholerae o1 el tor strain from a patient with diarrhea and designated it ms6. multilocus sequence-typing analysis revealed that ms6 is most closely related to the u. s. gulf coast clone with the exception of two novel housekeeping genes. | 2014 | 24887199 |
| draft whole-genome sequence of a new variant of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strain isolated from a cholera patient in russia. | draft whole-genome sequencing of the vibrio cholerae о1 el tor clinical strain l3226, isolated in moscow in 2010, was carried out. various mutations in the virulence-associated mobile elements were determined in its genome that differentiated this strain from the reference v. cholerae о1 el tor strain n16961. | 2014 | 24874670 |
| seasonal dynamics of vibrio cholerae and its phages in riverine ecosystem of gangetic west bengal: cholera paradigm. | the gangetic delta is a century-old cholera endemic belt where the role of riverine-estuarine ecosystem in cholera transmission has never been elucidated. seasonality, distribution, and abundance of environmental vibrio cholerae o1/o139 and vibriophage in hooghly riverine-estuarine environment and their correlation with cholera incidence pattern in west bengal, india, have been analyzed for the first time across summer, monsoon, and winter months. a total of 146 water samples collected from two ... | 2014 | 24869952 |
| use of vibrio cholerae vaccine in an outbreak in guinea. | the use of vaccines to prevent and control cholera is currently under debate. shanchol is one of the two oral cholera vaccines prequalified by the world health organization; however, its effectiveness under field conditions and the protection it confers in the first months after administration remain unknown. the main objective of this study was to estimate the short-term effectiveness of two doses of shanchol used as a part of the integrated response to a cholera outbreak in africa. | 2014 | 24869721 |
| novel multiple mutations in the topoisomerase gene of haitian variant vibrio cholerae o1. | 2014 | 24867982 | |
| continuous fluorescence-based measurement of redox-driven sodium ion translocation. | investigation of the mechanism of sodium ion pumping enzymes requires methods to follow the translocation of sodium ions by the purified and reconstituted proteins in vitro. here, we describe a protocol that allows following the accumulation of na(+) in proteoliposomes by the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) from vibrio cholerae using the sodium-sensitive fluorophor sodium green. in the presence of a regenerative system for its substrate nadh, the na(+)-nqr accumulates ... | 2014 | 24862438 |
| glycan specificity of the vibrio vulnificus hemolysin lectin outlines evolutionary history of membrane targeting by a toxin family. | pore-forming toxins (pfts) are a class of pathogen-secreted molecules that oligomerize to form transmembrane channels in cellular membranes. determining the mechanism for how pfts bind membranes is important in understanding their role in disease and for developing possible ways to block their action. vibrio vulnificus, an aquatic pathogen responsible for severe food poisoning and septicemia in humans, secretes a pft called v. vulnificus hemolysin (vvh), which contains a single c-terminal target ... | 2014 | 24862282 |
| vaccines against human diarrheal pathogens: current status and perspectives. | worldwide, nearly 1.7 billion people per year contract diarrheal infectious diseases (did) and almost 760 000 of infections are fatal. did are a major problem in developing countries where poor sanitation prevails and food and water may become contaminated by fecal shedding. diarrhea is caused by pathogens such as bacteria, protozoans and viruses. important diarrheal pathogens are vibrio cholerae, shigella spp. and rotavirus, which can be prevented with vaccines for several years. the focus of t ... | 2014 | 24861668 |