Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| rabies virus-based vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope protein induce a strong, cross-reactive cytotoxic t-lymphocyte response against envelope proteins from different hiv-1 isolates. | novel viral vectors that are able to induce both strong and long-lasting immune responses may be required as effective vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. our previous experiments with a replication-competent vaccine strain-based rabies virus (rv) expressing hiv-1 envelope protein from a laboratory-adapted hiv-1 strain (nl4-3) and a primary hiv-1 isolate (89.6) showed that rv-based vectors are excellent for b-cell priming. here we report that cytotoxic t-lymphocyt ... | 2001 | 11287595 |
| neutralizing antirabies antibodies in urban terrestrial wildlife in brazil. | the prevalence of rabies neutralizing antibodies (na) in sera of wild animals from são paulo city (brazil) was investigated using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test between 1994 and 1997. sera from 547 specimens were examined. marsupials represented 45% of the sample and primates 37%; carnivores, rodents, deer and edentates represented 6, 6, 3 and 2%, respectively. the overall prevalence of na was 14%. the prevalence of na was 18% in primates; whereas in marsupials, carnivores, edentate ... | 2001 | 11310897 |
| dog ecology and demography information to support the planning of rabies control in machakos district, kenya. | a study of 150 dog-owning households from six randomly selected sublocations was conducted in machakos district, kenya. initially, all households were visited to collect information on dog ecology and demography based on who guidelines and to collect serum for rabies antibody detection. a second visit was made 1 year later, to obtain follow-up data on births, deaths, dog movements and other events since the first visit. dog ownership was common, with a range of 53--81% (mean=63%) of households o ... | 2001 | 11311185 |
| preparation and mass spectrometric study of egg yolk antibody (igy) against rabies virus. | rabies virus was used as the antigen to immunize laying chickens. anti-rabies virus immunoglobulin y(igy) was isolated from yolks of the eggs laid by these chickens using a two-step salt precipitation and one-step gel filtration protocol. the purified igy was reduced with dithiothreitol, and heavy chains (hc) and light chains (lc) were obtained. in addition, the purified igy was digested with pepsin and the fragment with specific antigen binding properties (fab) was produced. using matrix-assist ... | 2001 | 11319793 |
| prevention and treatment of dog bites. | almost one half of all dog bites involve an animal owned by the victim's family or neighbors. a large percentage of dog bite victims are children. although some breeds of dogs have been identified as being more aggressive than other breeds, any dog may attack when threatened. all dog bites carry a risk of infection, but immediate copious irrigation can significantly decrease that risk. assessment for the risk of tetanus and rabies virus infection, and subsequent selection of prophylactic antibio ... | 2001 | 11327433 |
| preliminary report on a single-tube, non-interrupted reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of rabies virus in brain tissue. | a simple method for the rapid detection of rabies virus was developed employing a single-tube reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the method utilized a single buffer system for both rt and pcr and was performed without interruption as a single thermal cycling programme. two primer sets within the genes coding for rabies nucleoprotein and glycoprotein were used to amplify a 533 bp and a 406 bp amplicon, respectively. the amplified products were detected with a challenge viru ... | 2001 | 11334152 |
| high level expression of a human rabies virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody by a rhabdovirus-based vector. | humans exposed to rabies virus must be promptly treated by passive immunization with anti-rabies antibody and active immunization with rabies vaccine. currently, antibody prepared from pooled human serum or from immunized horses is utilized. however, neither of these reagents are readily available, entirely safe, or consistent in their biological activity. an ideal reagent would consist of a panel of human monoclonal antibodies. such antibodies are now available, their only drawback being the co ... | 2001 | 11334980 |
| evaluating rabies exposure. | 2001 | 11344926 | |
| genetic engineering of live rabies vaccines. | rabies virus is not a single entity but consists of a wide array of variants that are each associated with different host species. these viruses differ greatly in the antigenic makeup of their g proteins, the primary determinant of pathogenicity and major inducer of protective immunity. due to this diversity, existing rabies vaccines have largely been targeted to individual animal species. in this report, a novel approach to the development of rabies vaccines using genetically modified, reverse- ... | 2001 | 11348722 |
| stability of attenuated live virus rabies vaccine in baits targeted to wild foxes under operational conditions. | the viability of an attenuated live virus rabies vaccine in a bait targeted to red foxes was examined under various operational conditions in a series of experiments in ontario. the virus was relatively stable over a 28-day period in the field, losing a mean 0.5, s = 0.2 log10 of virus titer. the micro-environment into which the bait was placed (open cultivated field, grassy meadow, wooded grove, sun or shade) did not make an appreciable difference in the viability of the virus. there was no sig ... | 2001 | 11360859 |
| immunogenicity and efficacy of fermi-type nerve tissue rabies vaccine in mice and in humans undergoing post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies in ethiopia. | rabies is an acute viral encephalitis that is invariably fatal following the manifestations of clinical signs. to subvert the course of the disease, rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) is widely utilized. the immunogenicity and efficacy of fermi-type rabies vaccine produced in ethiopia was determined in mice subjected to intracranial challenge with rabies virus, and in humans undergoing rabies pep in ethiopia. mice were randomly assigned into 5 groups. group 1 received 0.25 ml each of phenoli ... | 2001 | 12380231 |
| [clinical trial of yu bhk rabivak vaccine against rabies in volunteers]. | the bhk (baby hamster kidney) continual cell line has been used for years in the production of rabies vaccine for animals. becouse of the rich harvesting of rabies virus from this cell substrate, there is no need of the an additional virus concentration, so that the vaccine production can be organised in small local pasteur institutes as well. although its long-range use in the veterinary medicine has proved that the bhk line is safe and that the vaccine is immunogenic, its use in the human medi ... | 2001 | 12078123 |
| rabies: doubtful and discordant results in fluorescent antibody test. | by a fluorescent antibody test animal brain samples were examined for the rabies antigen. two observers read the results. doubtful, suspicious or weak results in the test were reanalyzed in a virus isolation test on the murine neuroblastoma cell line. from 37 samples estimated doubtful by the fluorescent antibody test, 17 were positive in the virus isolation test. | 2001 | 12078124 |
| [10 years' of production and use of human rabies immunoglobulin in yugoslavia]. | application of the rabies immunoglobuline is a compulsory part of the prophylaxis of rabies in all severe, transdermal lesions caused by rabies infected animals. sylvatic rabies has spread in the past few years throughout the whole yugoslavia, and human cases of rabies have also been reported in other east european countries. in order to achieve the highest level of rabies prophylaxis, apart from postinfective rabies vaccination, it is necessary to provide passive immunization using specific ant ... | 2001 | 12078125 |
| characterization of sri lanka rabies virus isolates using nucleotide sequence analysis of nucleoprotein gene. | thirty-four suspected rabid brain samples from 2 humans, 24 dogs, 4 cats, 2 mongooses, i jackal and i water buffalo were collected in 1995-1996 in sri lanka. total rna was extracted directly from brain suspensions and examined using a one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) gene. twenty-eight samples were found positive for the virus n gene by rt-pcr and also for the virus antigens by fluorescent antibody (fa) test. rabies virus is ... | 2001 | 12083333 |
| rabies vaccination of foxes: vaccine residues as potential biohazardous waste. | 2001 | 11740336 | |
| regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in serengeti spotted hyenas. | we report a previously unrecognized complexity to the ecology of rabies in wildlife. rabies-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies in spotted hyenas, the most numerous large carnivore in the serengeti ecosystem (tanzania, east africa), revealed a high frequency of exposure of 37.0% to rabies virus, and reverse transcriptase (rt) pcr demonstrated rabies rna in 13.0% of hyenas. despite this high frequency, exposure neither caused symptomatic rabies nor decreased survival among members of hyena soc ... | 2001 | 11742089 |
| rabies in marmosets (callithrix jacchus), ceará, brazil. | a new rabies virus variant, with no close antigenic or genetic relationship to any known rabies variants found in bats or terrestrial mammals in the americas, was identified in association with human rabies cases reported from the state of ceará, brazil, from 1991 to 1998. the marmoset, callithrix jacchus acchus, was determined to be the source of exposure. | 2001 | 11747745 |
| [a study on the epidemiological characteristics and the preventive measures of rabies in shanghai]. | to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the preventive measures of rabies in shanghai from 1950 to 2000. | 2001 | 11860835 |
| [studies on the manufacture and immunogenicity of purified rabies vaccines on humans vero cell]. | using vero cell as basic cultural material to improve the quality of rabies vaccines and to produce rabies vaccines for humans. | 2001 | 11860837 |
| comparative evaluation of a simple indirect immunofluorescence test and mouse neutralization test for assaying rabies antibodies. | in this study, we have developed and evaluated a simple indirect immunofluorescence test (iift) to detect rabies antibodies in a two-step immunofluorescence assay. one hundred and eighty five serum samples from people who had taken different rabies vaccines and 8 pairs of serum and csf samples from confirmed paralytic rabies cases were tested by iift and results evaluated in comparison to standard mouse neutralization test (mnt). though the titres of rabies antibodies obtained with iift were 2-4 ... | 2001 | 12024919 |
| rabies epizootics among raccoons vary along a north-south gradient in the eastern united states. | the characteristics of rabies epizootics among raccoons were investigated in 11 eastern states along a north-south gradient from new york to north carolina. epizootics were defined as discrete intervals of time of at least 5 months in duration, when reported cases of raccoon rabies from an individual county exceeded the median value of raccoon rabies cases reported by that county over the entire period rabies was present among raccoons in the county. over the approximately 20-year study period, ... | 2001 | 12653126 |
| risk factors for human exposure to raccoon rabies during an epizootic in connecticut. | the emergence of rabies among terrestrial wildlife poses increasing but poorly defined risks to people. in particular, events leading to human exposure to rabies virus via mammalian reservoirs remain elusive. thus, we determined those risk factors associated with human exposure to rabies-positive animals during a raccoon rabies epizootic in connecticut. existing passive surveillance data on animal rabies tests in connecticut from 1991 through 1994 were evaluated for demographic, ecological, and ... | 2001 | 12653149 |
| typing of field rabies virus strains in fr yugoslavia by limited sequence analysis and monoclonal antibodies. | a total of 32 rabies virus isolates (15 of fox, 14 of cat and 3 of dog origin) from the territory of fr yugoslavia were collected from december 1996 till february 1998 and analyzed by limited sequencing of n gene and by indirect immunofluorescence and a panel of 20 antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mabs). all examined strains were characterized as sylvatic fox strains. two main genetic variants were detected, 15 isolates belonging to group i, 14 belonging to group ii, while the remaining 3 ... | 2001 | 11876006 |
| [immune response of mice to replication-defective recombinant adenovirus containing glycoprotein gene of rabies virus 3ag strain]. | to evaluate the immune response, of mice immunized with e1, e3 deleted replicative deficient recombinant adenovirus which can express glycoprotein of chinese 3ag rabies virus. | 2001 | 12526306 |
| experience of human rabies in north india. | rabies is one of the most common causes of human encephalitis in developing countries. this study shows the diagnosis of rabies among suspected human rabies encephalitis cases by seller stain, flourescent stain as well as mouse inoculation test. out of 71 postmortem brain specimens, 26 were diagnosed as rabies positive. negri bodies were demonstrated in 18 (25.4%) brain saples by seller stain. flourescent antibody technique could detect rabies antigen in 21 (29.6%) samples. rabies virus could be ... | 2001 | 12561994 |
| evaluation of rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres induced by intramuscular inoculation of rabies dna vaccine in mice and bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata). | a rabies dna vaccine consisting of plasmid dna expressing the rabies virus surface glycoprotein was injected (im) twice at two week interval to outbred swiss mice or bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata) and the levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (vna) titres were examined over a one year period. in mice, the vna titre was maintained above the minimum protective level (0.5 i.u./ml) up to 10 months after primary immunization, while in monkeys, the titre dropped below the protective level by 6 ... | 2001 | 12562014 |
| [epidemiology and epizootiology of rabies in krasnodar region]. | in 1995-1999 the aggravation of the epidemiological situation in rabies took place in the krasnodar territory. in the region of great sochi this was due to the emergency situation (armed conflict) on the adjoining territory (in abkhazia), which led to the migration of domestic animals, turning wild, to the black sea coast where the situation with this infection had earlier been favorable. in 1995-1997 on the territory of great sochi 4 persons died of rabies as a consequence of getting dog bites ... | 2001 | 12718186 |
| inactivated suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine provides short-term immunity in capuchin monkeys (cebus apella). | eight capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) were vaccinated against rabies with an inactivated suckling mouse brain vaccine (smbv). three 1-ml doses of 2% brain tissue suspension were given by i.m. injection at 0, 30, and 60 days. blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, 150, 210, 240, 300, and 365 days and were tested by simplified fluorescence inhibition to titer-neutralizing antibodies. all of the animals developed neutralizing antibodies with titers >0.5 iu/ml after vaccination, but the immu ... | 2001 | 12790394 |
| exposure of hooded capuchin monkeys (cebus apella cay) to a rabid bat at a zoological park. | on 27 may 1999, a big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) was discovered on an island exhibit at the denver zoo that contained a troop of 15 hooded capuchin monkeys (cebus apella cay). the monkeys were attacking the bat when it was discovered. the bat was collected and humanely euthanatized without direct handling and submitted to the colorado department of public health and environment virology laboratory for rabies evaluation. the monkeys had not been vaccinated against rabies virus. the next day, th ... | 2001 | 12790408 |
| antibody response to rabies vaccination in captive and free-ranging wolves (canis lupus). | fourteen captive and five free-ranging minnesota gray wolves (canis lupus) were tested for the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rvna) after vaccination with an inactivated canine rabies vaccine. blood was collected from all wolves prior to vaccination and at 1 mo postvaccination (pv) and from all captive and three wild wolves at 3 mo pv. in addition, one free-ranging wolf was sampled at 4 mo pv, and two free-ranging wolves were sampled at 6 mo pv. all wolves were seronegative pr ... | 2001 | 12790409 |
| the role of vitamin a in enhancing humoral immunity produced by antirabies vaccine. | we tested the effects of vitamin a supplementation on the antibody titre of 40 healthy volunteers (age range: 10-35 years), who had received a complete course of antirabies vaccine (5 injections over 30 days). after determining the baseline serum vitamin a status of 80 volunteers, 20 pairs were matched for serum vitamin a level, body mass index, age, sex and socioeconomic status. one person from each pair was randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. the experimental group received ... | 2001 | 15332782 |
| [studies on schedules for human rabies immunization]. | to study the feasibility of interferon (inf) plus an immunization schedule of two dose-two dose-one dose (2 - 2 - 1) of rabies vaccine and a simple 2 - 2 - 1 schedule, and to explore immune regulation mechanism of inf. | 2000 | 11860898 |
| dna immunization in combination with the immunostimulant monophosphoryl lipid a. | the use of the mpl® immunostimulant, a monophosphoryl lipid a preparation derived from the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of salmonella minnesota r595, began with the studies of johnson et al. (1). it was shown that lps was a potent adjuvant for protein antigens, even if administered at a different site and a different time than the antigen (2,3). nonetheless, the toxicity of the lps precluded its usefulness as a practical adjuvant. studies by ribi and co-workers (4-6) and others (7) resulted in the a ... | 2000 | 21374326 |
| absence of the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor promotes survival in rabies virus acute encephalitis. | we investigated the role played by inflammation in acute encephalitis following infection with a neurotropic virus by comparing the disease caused by the cvs strain of rabies virus in c57bl/6 and mice deficient for the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor (p55tnfr-/-). morbidity (weight loss and paralysis) and mortality of infected mice were associated with viral propagation, cytokine (il-6, il-10, tnf-alpha and ifn-gamma) production, induction of apoptosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells. mortality ... | 2000 | 11175323 |
| immunogenicity and safety of purified vero-cell rabies vaccine in severely rabies-exposed patients in china. | the immunogenicity and safety of a purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (pvrv, verorab; aventis pasteur, france) were evaluated in 171 patients treated for severe exposure to rabies (who category iii contacts) at the shandong provincial antiepidemic station in jinan and an epi center in ping yin, china. post-exposure treatment consisted of a single dose of equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig, 40 iu/kg body weight) on day (d) 0, and intra-muscular administration of pvrv on d 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. antir ... | 2000 | 11127328 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 1999. | during 1999, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,067 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals to the centers for disease control and prevention, a decrease of 11.2% from 7,961 cases in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 1998. more than 91% (6,466 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 8.5% (601 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 92.4% in wild animals and 7.6% in domestic species in 1998). no cases of rabies were reported in human beings in 1 ... | 2000 | 11132881 |
| immunohistochemical study of human rabies. | rabies is a communicable disease that is almost always fatal. in its classic form, rabies is well recognized, but cases presenting with a paralytic illness mimic landre's guillain-barre syndrome and in such cases the diagnosis remains in doubt. this problem is further compounded when the history of dogbite is not forthcoming. at autopsy rabies can be diagnosed by subjecting fresh tissue to virologic investigations or examining formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections for the presence of ... | 2000 | 11132935 |
| antigenic characterization of rabies virus isolates from vaccinated dogs in plateau state, nigeria. | rabies isolates (genotype 1 lyssaviruses) from vaccinated dogs that died of rabies infection in the plateau area of nigeria were characterized using monoclonal antibodies (mabs). the isolates were examined for rabies (genotype 1) and rabies-related (genotypes 2, 3 and 4) viruses by the indirect fluorescent antibody test carried out with mab 502-2, which recognizes the nucleocapsid protein of all known lyssaviruses, and with mab 422-5, which identifies only rabies-related viruses. all three isola ... | 2000 | 10836279 |
| molecular methods to distinguish between classical rabies and the rabies-related european bat lyssaviruses. | a rapid and sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of classical rabies virus (genotype 1) and the rabies related european bat lyssaviruses (ebls) (genotypes 5 and 6) was developed. when combined with specific oligonucleotide probes and a pcr-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (pcr-elisa), genotype 5 and 6 viruses can be distinguished from each other and from genotype 1 viruses. ninety-two isolates from the six established genotypes of rabies and ... | 2000 | 10856759 |
| neither phosphorylation nor the amino-terminal part of rabies virus phosphoprotein is required for its oligomerization. | rabies virus (pv strain) phosphoprotein (p) was expressed in bacteria. this recombinant protein binds specifically to the nucleoprotein-rna complex purified from infected cells. chemical cross-linking and gel-filtration studies indicated that the p protein forms oligomers. analytical centrifugation data demonstrated the co-existence of monomeric and oligomeric forms of rabies virus p protein and suggested that there is an equilibrium between these species. as p expressed in bacteria is not phosp ... | 2000 | 10859381 |
| antibody response of patients after postexposure rabies vaccination with small intradermal doses of purified chick embryo cell vaccine or purified vero cell rabies vaccine. | although the introduction of tissue culture vaccines for rabies has dramatically improved the immunogenicity and safety of rabies vaccines, they are often prohibitively expensive for developing countries. to examine whether smaller doses of these vaccines could be used, we tested the safety and immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) on 211 patients in thailand with world health organization (who) category ii and iii exposures to rabies. the patients presented at two thai ho ... | 2000 | 10859864 |
| elisa test for rabies antibody titration in orally vaccinated foxes sampled in the fields. | the assessment of the efficacy of rabies oral vaccination campaigns requires the titration of specific antibodies in the target species. unfortunately, in continental europe, most fox serum samples are in fact "body fluids" taken from cadavers and the lack of a validated titration method for these poor quality sera made it impossible to survey and compare the efficacy of various oral vaccination protocols used by the different european teams. by using ready to use microplates sensitised with rab ... | 2000 | 10869772 |
| new cases of mokola virus infection in south africa: a genotypic comparison of southern african virus isolates. | mokola virus, one of the six genotypes within the lyssavirus genus of the rhabdoviridae family, is believed to be exclusive to the african continent, where infections in various mammal species have been reported. after an isolation of mokola virus at umhlanga on the east coast of south africa in 1970, the virus was not reported in south africa until its reappearance in 1995. since then a total of six new isolates of the virus were made, three from the east london region in 1995 and 1996, two nea ... | 2000 | 10872870 |
| nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 modulate the rabies infection of adult sensory neurons in primary cultures. | with the aim of determining if the proportion of rabies virus (rv)-infected adult neurons from dorsal root ganglion are affected by in vitro treatment with different neurotrophins, experiments using nerve growth factor (ngf), brain derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) or neurotrophin-3 (nt-3) as supplements for cells in culture were performed. cultures treated with three different concentrations of each of the neurotrophins mentioned were infected with challenge virus standard rv strain. an indire ... | 2000 | 10882791 |
| evaluation of standard reagents for radial-immunodiffusion assays. in vitro control of rabies vaccines. | the rid assay is one of the in vitro methods used for in-process control in the production of rabies vaccines for veterinary use. it has been shown to be very useful for determining antigen concentration in the final bulk product. the work presented in this paper, including the production and standardization of candidate standard reagents for use in the radial immunodiffusion assay (rid) was carried out at the pan american institute for food protection and zoonoses (inppaz/paho/who). the study w ... | 2000 | 10887375 |
| differential transcription attenuation of rabies virus genes by intergenic regions: generation of recombinant viruses overexpressing the polymerase gene. | gene expression of nonsegmented negative-sense rna viruses involves sequential synthesis of monocistronic mrnas and transcriptional attenuation at gene borders resulting in a transcript gradient. to address the role of the heterogeneous rabies virus (rv) intergenic regions (igrs) in transcription attenuation, we constructed bicistronic model rnas in which two reporter genes are separated by the rv n/p gene border. replacement of the 2-nucleotide (nt) n/p igr with the 5-nt igrs from the p/m or m/ ... | 2000 | 10906180 |
| detection of rabies virus antigen in dog saliva using a latex agglutination test. | dog bites are responsible for more than 90% of human rabies deaths in asia. we developed a simple and inexpensive test based on latex agglutination (la) for rabies virus antigen detection in dog saliva. rabies virus antigen could be detected by agglutination on a glass slide using latex particles coated with gamma globulin. by evaluation of paired saliva-brain specimens from 238 dogs, the la test using saliva was 99% specific and 95% sensitive compared to the fluorescent antibody test (fat) on b ... | 2000 | 10921987 |
| rabies virus-induced membrane fusion pathway. | fusion of rabies virus with membranes is triggered at low ph and is mediated by the viral glycoprotein (g). the rabies virus-induced fusion pathway was studied by investigating the effects of exogenous lipids having various dynamic molecular shapes on the fusion process. inverted cone-shaped lysophosphatidylcholines (lpcs) blocked fusion at a stage subsequent to fusion peptide insertion into the target membrane. consistent with the stalk-hypothesis, lpc with shorter alkyl chains inhibited fusion ... | 2000 | 10931871 |
| recombinant rabies virus as potential live-viral vaccines for hiv-1. | recombinant, replication-competent rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vectors were developed expressing hiv type i (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein (gp160) from both a laboratory-adapted (cxcr4-tropic) and a primary (dual-tropic) hiv-1 isolate. an additional transcription stop/start unit within the rv genome was used to express hiv-1 gp160 in addition to the other rv proteins. the hiv-1 gp160 protein was stably and functionally expressed, as indicated by fusion of human t cell lines after infec ... | 2000 | 10706640 |
| immunogenicity and effectiveness of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis with a new chromatographically purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (cprv): a two-stage randomised clinical trial in the philippines. | recent improvements in chromatographic purification procedures have made it possible to develop a new chromatographically purified rabies vaccine (cprv) by further purifying the current rabies vaccine prepared from vero-cell culture (pvrv) (verorab; pasteur merieux connaught). the immunogenicity and effectiveness of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis with this new vaccine were evaluated in a two-stage clinical trial conducted in the philippines. in both study stages. post-exposure treatment consis ... | 2000 | 10708006 |
| study of the dog population and the rabies control activities in the mirigama area of sri lanka. | the national health authorities of sri lanka have adopted a combined strategy of rabies vaccination and stray dog removal to control endemic dog rabies. despite the control efforts, an increase of animal and human rabies cases has occurred since 1994. as a consequence, a project to evaluate the national rabies control program has been started and a study focussing on the dog population and rabies control activities in a limited area of mirigama was conducted. information on canine abundance and ... | 2000 | 10708011 |
| immunostimulatory effects of polar glycopeptidolipids of mycobacterium chelonae for inactivated rabies vaccine. | humoral and cellular immune responses were analyzed with fuenzalida-palacios rabies vaccine associated with pgpl-mc, polar glycopeptidolipids extracted from mycobacterium chelonae, aiming at its use as adjuvant. these results were compared to those obtained with bcg, a well-known immunostimulator, under the same conditions. rabies vaccine plus pgpl-mc (2.5 mg/kg) induced a significant increase in serum neutralizing activity, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation (spontaneous, specific and mitogen st ... | 2000 | 10715527 |
| rabies vaccination: comparison of neutralizing antibody responses after priming and boosting with different combinations of dna, inactivated virus, or recombinant vaccinia virus vaccines. | long-term levels of neutralizing antibody were evaluated in mice after a single immunization with experimental dna or recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) vaccines encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (g), or the commercially available inactivated virus human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv). anamnestic antibody titers were also evaluated after two booster immunizations with vaccines that were identical to or different from the priming vaccine. five hundred and forty days (1.5 year) after a single immu ... | 2000 | 10738096 |
| [neuronal expression of foreign genes with recombinant rabies virus variants]. | rabies virus variants obtained by recombinant dna techniques enabled us to use the high neurotropism of rabies virus to express foreign genes (e.g: chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene) in neuronal cell cultures as well as in rodent brain. the foreign gene was inserted in the viral pseudogene region; this insertion did not affect the neurotropism of rabies virus, as shown by infection of neuronal cell cultures without any major cytopathic effects for several days. stereotaxic inoculation of t ... | 2000 | 10740094 |
| a panel of monoclonal antibodies targeting the rabies virus phosphoprotein identifies a highly variable epitope of value for sensitive strain discrimination. | a recombinant rabies virus phosphoprotein fusion product (gst-p) was used to generate a series of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with anti-p reactivity. competitive binding assays classified 27 of these mabs into four groups (i to iv), and 24 of them were deemed to recognize linear epitopes, as judged by their reaction in immunoblots. the linear epitope recognized in each case was mapped by using two series of n- and c-terminally deleted recombinant phosphoproteins. assessment of the reactivities ... | 2000 | 10747114 |
| rabies seroprevalence of street dogs from são paulo city, brazil. | a sample of 602 street dogs captured by the são paulo zoonosis-control municipal service was analyzed for the presence of serum antibodies against the rabies virus and compared to a control sample of 37 dogs from the kennel of the police of são paulo. data were stratified into 4 age intervals and the age from the street-dog sample was estimated by general aspects and dental observation according to standard techniques. we assumed that seropositivity was due to previous vaccination (no sub-clinic ... | 2000 | 10760397 |
| genotypic and phenotypic diversity of rabies virus variants involved in human rabies: implications for postexposure prophylaxis. | rabies virus variants associated with silver-haired bats (shbrv) are responsible for most recent human rabies cases in the united states, which are not associated with a history of exposure. we compared their genotype and phenotype with those of dog rabies virus (drv) variants, the classic cause of rabies in humans, to determine whether differences in these strains might have ramifications for therapeutic intervention, particularly vaccination. | 2000 | 10774807 |
| rabies virus entry at the neuromuscular junction in nerve-muscle cocultures. | early events in rabies virus entry into neurons were investigated in chick spinal cord-muscle cocultures. rabies virus (cvs strain) was adsorbed to the surface of cells in the cold. at times up to 10 min of warming to 37 degrees c, virus was most intensely localized to dense swellings on the myotube surface. texas red-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin, which binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, colocalized precisely with virus at the densities identifying these regions as neuromuscular junctions ... | 2000 | 10797395 |
| the development of monoclonal human rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies as a substitute for pooled human immune globulin in the prophylactic treatment of rabies virus exposure. | to provide a more defined and safer replacement for the human rabies immune globulin (hrig) from pooled serum which is currently used for treatment of exposure to rabies virus we have developed a series of human rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. mouse-human heterohybrid myeloma cells producing rabies virus-specific human monoclonal antibodies were prepared using b cells obtained from volunteers recently-immunized with a commercial rabies virus vaccine (hdcv). cell lines producing anti ... | 2000 | 10675760 |
| update: raccoon rabies epizootic--united states and canada, 1999. | in 1977, an outbreak of raccoon rabies was detected in an area on the west virginia-virginia border. since then, the area affected by this distinct variant of rabies virus associated with raccoons has spread to ohio in the west and new york, pennsylvania, vermont, new hampshire, and maine in the north. in addition, the once separate epizootics of rabies among raccoons in the southeastern and mid-atlantic states converged in north carolina. in july 1999, the raccoon rabies virus variant was repor ... | 2000 | 10680602 |
| assessment of template quality by the incorporation of an internal control into a rt-pcr for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses. | a method is described to assess rna template quality by the incorporation of a ribosomal rna (rrna) internal (in tube) control into a standard rabies and rabies-related virus specific rt-pcr. specific virus and rrna templates were co-amplified in a duplex reaction from rna extracts derived from 60 isolates representing all six of the established lyssavirus genotypes. to ensure a wide species applicability of this technique we demonstrated that the rrna assay was capable of functioning using the ... | 2000 | 10680960 |
| rabies in an american bison from north dakota. | in north dakota (usa) during april 1998, a ranched female bison (bison bison) was found dead. at gross necropsy, there was profound hair loss and consolidated lung lobes. intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions suggestive of negri bodies were observed in the brain stem and hippocampus, and a diagnosis of rabies was confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test. antigenic typing demonstrated the occurrence of a rabies virus variant associated with skunks from the upper midwestern usa. this case of a ra ... | 2000 | 10682762 |
| antibody response in cattle after vaccination with inactivated and attenuated rabies vaccines. | despite the absence of current official reports showing the number of cattle infected by rabies, it is estimated that nearly 30,000 bovines are lost each year in brazil. in order to minimize the important economic losses, control of the disease is achieved by eliminating bat colonies and by herd vaccination. in this study, we compare the antibody response in cattle elicited by vaccination with an attenuated era vaccine (aevac) and an inactivated-adjuvanted pv (ipvvac) vaccine. the antibody titer ... | 2000 | 10810324 |
| adult dogs receiving a rabies booster dose with a recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein develop high titers of neutralizing antibodies. | retired greyhound dogs, with low or absent antibody titers to rabies virus following previous vaccinations with commercially available vaccines, were immunized either subcutaneously or intramuscularly with a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein termed adrab.gp. immunized animals developed high titers (geometric mean titers of 2630 and 5329) of viral neutralizing antibodies (vna) against rabies virus by 10 days after vaccination. the antibody titer ... | 2000 | 10812222 |
| bat rabies in urban centers in chile. | one hundred and five rabies isolates obtained from domestic animals and insectivorous bats in chile between 1977 and 1998 were molecularly characterized by limited sequence analysis of their nucleoprotein genes. these isolates were compared with viruses isolated from known domestic and wildlife rabies reservoirs in the americas to identify potential reservoirs of rabies in chile. the phylogenetic analyses showed that none of the chilean isolates segregated with viruses from the terrestrial reser ... | 2000 | 10813604 |
| the effect of incubation time distribution on the extinction characteristics of a rabies epizootic. | the continuous model of anderson et al. (1981), nature 289, 765-771, is successful in describing certain characteristics of rabies epizootics, in particular, the secondary recurrences which follow the initial outbreak; however, it also predicts the occurrence of exponentially small minima in the infected population, which would realistically imply extinction of the virus. here we show that inclusion of a more realistic distribution of incubation times in the model can explain why extinction will ... | 2000 | 10938626 |
| appropriateness of rabies postexposure prophylaxis treatment for animal exposures. emergency id net study group. | rabies postexposure prophylaxis (rpep) treatments and associated costs have increased in the united states. the extent to which rpep use is consistent with guidelines is not well understood. | 2000 | 10944646 |
| spread and pathogenic characteristics of a g-deficient rabies virus recombinant: an in vitro and in vivo study. | rabies virus (rv), a highly neurotropic enveloped virus, is known to spread within the cns by means of axonal transport. although the envelope spike glycoprotein (g) of cell-free virions is required for attachment to neuronal receptors and for virus entry, its necessity for transsynaptic spread remains controversial. in this work, a g gene-deficient recombinant rv (sad delta g) complemented phenotypically with rv g protein (sad delta g+g) has been used to demonstrate the absolute requirement for ... | 2000 | 10950970 |
| bovine respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins ns1 and ns2 cooperatively antagonize alpha/beta interferon-induced antiviral response. | the functions of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) nonstructural proteins ns1 and ns2 were studied by generation and analysis of recombinant brsv carrying single and double gene deletions. whereas in mdbk cells the lack of either or both ns genes resulted in a 5,000- to 10,000-fold reduction of virus titers, in vero cells a moderate (10-fold) reduction was observed. interestingly, cell culture supernatants from infected mdbk cells were able to restrain the growth of ns deletion mutants i ... | 2000 | 10954520 |
| virus neutralization by germ-line vs. hypermutated antibodies. | mice infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), a cytopathic virus closely related to rabies virus, mount a virus-neutralizing antibody response protecting against lethal disease. vsvneutralizing monoclonal iggs isolated from primary immune responses were devoid of somatic mutations, whereas most secondary and all hyperimmune response iggs tested were hypermutated. a comparative analysis of recombinant single-chain antibody fragments (scfv-ckappa) revealed that even the germ-line precursor ... | 2000 | 10963674 |
| transcutaneous immunization of domestic animals: opportunities and challenges. | transcutaneous immunization (tci), the topical application of antigen and adjuvant directly onto intact skin, can safely and effectively elicit systemic immune responses in mice and humans against a variety of antigens. this novel method of vaccine delivery has the potential to provide a safe and convenient method by which vaccines may be delivered to elicit protective immunity in domestic animals. to date, however, immune responses induced by tci in companion and production animals has not been ... | 2000 | 10967220 |
| diffusion and fate of intramuscularly injected human rabies immune globulin. | the importance of rabies immune globulin (rig) in postexposure rabies treatment is well known and it has been emphasized that the local injection into the animal bite sites is crucial. this preliminary study used a radioisotope tracer that allows following the fate of human rabies immune globulin (hrig) injected intramuscularly. there was significant retention and local diffusion of the immune globulin at the injection site and significant radiotracer could still be detected at the site 24 h lat ... | 2000 | 10974171 |
| rabies virus infection prevents the modulation by alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, but not muscarinic receptors, of ca(2+) channels in ng108-15 cells. | in mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid (ng108-15) cells, we examined whether rabies virus infection affects the voltage-dependent ca(2+) current (i(ca)) and agonist-induced i(ca) inhibition. the viral infection had little effect on the current-voltage relationship for peak i(ca) or on the late i(ca) that remained at the end of a 200-ms step depolarization. noradrenaline and carbachol, via alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors, respectively, reduced i(ca) concentration dependently. ... | 2000 | 10980265 |
| serologic survey of selected viral agents in recently captured wild north american river otters (lontra canadensis). | blood samples were collected from 64 wild north american river otters (lontra [lutra] canadensis) from northern and eastern new york state and analyzed for serologic evidence of exposure to selected viral agents during a 1995 1996 translocation program. no clinical signs of disease nor lesions suggestive of prior viral exposure were seen. titers were detected for antibodies against canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus-1, and canine parvovirus-2 but not for antibodies against canine adenovi ... | 2000 | 10982127 |
| rabies in tamarins (callithrix jacchus) in the state of ceará, brazil, a distinct viral variant? | presently, the state of ceará reports the largest percentage of human rabies cases originated from wild animals in brazil, transmitted by the principal simian species, the tamarin (callithrix jacchus), found in various locations throughout the state, but concentrated along the coast. epidemiological studies indicated that possibly the same virus caused the deaths in humans and non-human primates. this rabies virus seem to be different from all other identified so far. | 2000 | 10998207 |
| neutralizing antibodies to rabies following injection of rabies immune globulin into gluteal fat or deltoid muscle. | this experiment was carried out to determine whether there is any difference in circulating rabies antibody when rabies immune globulin is administered into fat or muscle tissue. | 2000 | 11003730 |
| the modification of fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (favn) test for the detection of antibodies to rabies virus. | the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (favn) for the detection of antibodies against rabies virus was modified by using a monoclonal anti-rabies antibodies and peroxidase anti-mouse conjugate instead of a fluorescent anti-rabies conjugate. the results were read on an automatic multi-channel spectrophotometer. a total of 182 serum samples from dogs were tested by both the original and modified favn methods and the results were compared. good correlation was found between the two test ... | 2000 | 11014062 |
| intradermal postexposure rabies vaccine regimens. | 2000 | 11017848 | |
| the rabies virion-associated 100-kda polypeptide (vap100) is a host-derived minor component of the viral envelope. | we investigated a minor polypeptide component of 100-kda detected in the rabies virion (referred to as vap100) by using a monoclonal antibody (mab), #16743, which was shown to recognize the sds-denatured vap100 antigen by immunoblot analyses. although the vap100 antigen was hardly detectable in the cell by usual immunoblot methods with this mab, we could detect the antigen by a luminescent immunoblot method as well as by immunoprecipitation from the metabolically radiolabeled cell lysates and vi ... | 2000 | 11021396 |
| interaction of the rabies virus p protein with the lc8 dynein light chain. | the rabies virus p protein is involved in viral transcription and replication but its precise function is not clear. we investigated the role of p (cvs strain) by searching for cellular partners by using a two-hybrid screening of a pc12 cdna library. we isolated a cdna encoding a 10-kda dynein light chain (lc8). lc8 is a component of cytoplasmic dynein involved in the minus end-directed movement of organelles along microtubules. we confirmed that this molecule interacts with p by coimmunoprecipi ... | 2000 | 11024151 |
| cytoplasmic dynein lc8 interacts with lyssavirus phosphoprotein. | using a yeast two-hybrid human brain cdna library screen, the cytoplasmic dynein light chain (lc8), a 10-kda protein, was found to interact strongly with the phosphoprotein (p) of two lyssaviruses: rabies virus (genotype 1) and mokola virus (genotype 3). the high degree of sequence divergence between these p proteins (only 46% amino acid identity) favors the hypothesis that this interaction is a common property shared by all lyssaviruses. the p protein-dynein lc8 interaction was confirmed by col ... | 2000 | 11024152 |
| abortive rabies virus central nervous infection is controlled by t lymphocyte local recruitment and induction of apoptosis. | nonfatal paralysis, induced by the attenuated pasteur strain of rabies virus, is characterised by local and irreversible flaccid paralysis of the inoculated limbs. we characterised the spread and localisation of virus in the cns of infected mice, determined the nature of cell injury and examined the role of the immune response. data indicate that infection of balb/c mice induced paralysis in 60% of infected mice, the others recovering without sequelae. in both groups of mice, virus was detected ... | 2000 | 11031689 |
| reinvestigation of the role of the rabies virus glycoprotein in viral pathogenesis using a reverse genetics approach. | the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) gene of the highly neuroinvasive and neurotropic strains shbrv-18, cvs-n2c, and cvs-b2c was introduced into the non-neuroinvasive and less neurotropic sn-10 strain to provide further insight into the role of g in the pathogenesis of rabies. phenotypic analyses of the recombinant viruses revealed, as expected, that the neurotropism of a particular rabies virus strain was a function of its g. nevertheless, the pathogenicity of the recombinant viruses was, in every ... | 2000 | 11031690 |
| infection of bergmann glia in the cerebellum of a skunk experimentally infected with street rabies virus. | rabies virus is a highly neuronotropic virus and glial cell infection is not prominent in the central nervous system (cns). paraffin-embedded tissues from the cerebella of skunks experimentally infected with either a skunk salivary gland isolate of street rabies virus or the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain of fixed rabies virus were examined with immunoperoxidase staining for rabies virus antigen by using an anti-rabies virus nucleocapsid protein monoclonal antibody. a skunk infected with ... | 2000 | 11041500 |
| first isolation of a rabies-related virus from a daubenton's bat in the united kingdom. | on may 30, 1996, a sick daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) was recovered from the cellar of a public house in newhaven, east sussex. its condition deteriorated rapidly, and it was euthanased and examined. positive results, establishing the presence of a rabies or rabies-related virus in its brain, were obtained from the fluorescent antibody test, the rabies tissue culture isolation test, and a hemi-nested reverse-transcription pcr. the complete sequence of the nucleoprotein gene was determined ... | 2000 | 11073000 |
| reactivation of nedd-2, a developmentally down-regulated apoptotic gene, in apoptosis induced by a street strain of rabies virus. | a laboratory strain of rabies virus has been reported to induce apoptosis in experimental animals. the present study demonstrated that a bat strain and a primary canine rabies virus isolate also induced apoptosis in vivo. this death process involved reactivation of the caspase gene, nedd-2, a developmentally down-regulated apoptotic gene. expression of nedd-2 was significantly up-regulated in infected adult and suckling mice. reactivation of nedd-2 in infected adult mice started at around day 3 ... | 2000 | 11073159 |
| rabies as a transneuronal tracer of circuits in the central nervous system. | the ability of selected neurotropic viruses to move transneuronally in the central nervous system makes them particularly well suited for use as tracers in experimental neuroanatomy. recently, techniques have been developed for using rabies virus as a transneuronal tracer. several features of rabies infection make the virus particularly useful for this purpose. we examined transneuronal transport of rabies in the central nervous system of primates after intracortical and intramuscular injections ... | 2000 | 11074096 |
| rna polymerase (l) gene and genome terminal sequences of ephemeroviruses bovine ephemeral fever virus and adelaide river virus indicate a close relationship to vesiculoviruses. | the sequence of the rna genome of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) was determined from the start of the l (polymerase) gene to the end of the untranslated 5' trailer sequence, completing the sequence of the 14900 nucleotide (nt) genome. the 6470 nt l gene encodes a single long orf of 2144 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 249766 da. the 70 nt befv 5' trailer region displays partial terminal complementarity with the 3' leader sequence and contains a 26 nt direct repeat of the u-ri ... | 2000 | 11074128 |
| serologic survey for selected infectious disease agents in swift and kit foxes from the western united states. | a serologic survey of swift fox (vulpes velox) and kit fox (v. macrotis) from the western usa was conducted for 12 infectious diseases. samples from swift fox were collected between 1987 and 1992 from colorado (n = 44), kansas (n = 10), and wyoming (n = 9). samples from kit fox were collected in california (n = 86), new mexico (n = 18), utah (n = 9), and arizona (n = 6). overall antibody prevalence rates were 33 of 110 (30%) for canine parvovirus (cpv), 9 of 72 (13%) for canine distemper virus ( ... | 2000 | 11085448 |
| rabies. | human rabies is fatal except in the small number of patients who received rabies immunization before the onset of clinical rabies. therapy has been futile in all other cases once rabies has developed. rabies is always preventable after an exposure if current recommendations are followed. after a potential rabies exposure, details about the contact, the animal, and the local epidemiologic situation are important in making a decision whether to initiate postexposure prophylaxis (pep). rabies pep i ... | 2000 | 11096762 |
| rabies. | rabies is an important disease in wildlife in the united states and canada, and dog rabies is still a major public health problem in many developing countries of the world. rabies virus is transmitted in saliva by animal bites. bats transmitted most recent cases of human rabies in the united states, often without known exposures. there have been recent developments in our understanding of rabies pathogenesis. characteristic clinical features should raise the possibility of a diagnosis of rabies ... | 2000 | 11097515 |
| [phylogenetic relationship of street rabies virus strains and their antigenic reactivity with antibodies induced by vaccine strains. i. analysis of phylogenetic relationship of street rabies virus strains isolated in poland]. | the aims of these studies were: genetic characteristic of street rabies virus strains isolated from different animal species in poland and determination of phylogenetic relationships to reference laboratory strains of the street rabies viruses belonging to genotype 1 and 5. the variability of rabies isolates and their phylogenetic relationship were studied by comparing the nucleotide sequence of the virus genome fragment. the polish strains of genotype 1 belong to four phylogenetic groups (ne, c ... | 2000 | 11107791 |
| [phylogenetic relationship of street rabies virus strains and their antigenic reactivity with antibodies induced by vaccine strains. ii. correlation between genetic distance and antibody reactivity]. | the aim of these studies was the estimation of the influence of genetic divergence of reactivity with sera of people vaccinated against rabies of polish rabies strains. genetic similarity between cvs strain and street rabies strains of genotype 1 is relatively high. however, cvs strain showed the highest reactivity with standard immunoglobulin and sera of antirabies vaccinated people (measured by western blot method). it was completely different from street viruses. cluster method based on genet ... | 2000 | 11107792 |
| a recombinant rabies virus expressing vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein fails to protect against rabies virus infection. | to investigate the importance of the rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein (g) in protection against rabies, we constructed a recombinant rv (rrv) in which the rv g ecto- and transmembrane domains were replaced with the corresponding regions of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) glycoprotein (rrv-vsv-g). we were able to recover rrv-vsv-g and found that particle production was equal to rrv. however, the budding of the chimeric virus was delayed and infectious titers were reduced 10-fold compared with the ... | 2000 | 11114165 |
| rabies in israel: decades of prevention and a human case. | animal rabies is endemic in israel, with 50-80 laboratory-confirmed cases being diagnosed annually. despite the high incidence among animals, human rabies has not occurred in israel for almost four decades. this is likely due to the highly effective prevention policy implemented by the ministry of health, based on pre-exposure vaccination of populations at risk, post-exposure treatment, and updated rules. notwithstanding the previous success, a human case occurred in 1996 when a soldier was bitt ... | 2000 | 11114763 |
| dna-based immunisation against rabies and rabies-related viruses: towards multivalent vaccines. | prototypes of multivalent dna vaccines against lyssaviruses (lv: rabies and rabies-related viruses) and other viruses were developed using chimaeric lv glycoprotein (clvg) dna and clvg dna carrying foreign epitopes. clvg is composed of the n-terminal half of an lv genotype (gt) containing antigenic site ii, the c-terminal half of gt containing antigenic site iii, as well as the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the same or a different gt. both antigenic sites induced virus neutralizing an ... | 2000 | 11713814 |
| [expression of glycoprotein gene of the rabies virus 3ag strain by e-3 deleted adenovirus recombinant]. | to analyze chinese rabies virus vaccine strain 3ag glycoprotein (gp) gene and further produce gp by e3-deleted human adenovirus recombinant. | 2000 | 11498699 |
| [studies on clinical trials and immune effect of a new purified rabies vaccine prepared from vero cells]. | to observe the safety and neutralizing antibody response of a new purified rabies vaccine prepared from vero cells. | 2000 | 11503018 |
| a survey of camel (camelus dromedarius) diseases in jordan. | information on incidences of camel (camelus dromedarius) diseases in jordan is scarce. in this survey, 369 live and 156 slaughtered camels were examined in four jordanian geographic regions and the proportion of diseased camels was calculated. intestinal parasite ova were detected in 98% of camels; one or more species of external parasites were found on the skin of all camels; 33% had nasal myiasis; and hydatid cysts were identified in 44% of the slaughtered animals. sarcoptic mange (sarcoptes s ... | 2000 | 11237140 |