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development of the sensitive lateral flow immunoassay with silver enhancement for the detection of ralstonia solanacearum in potato tubers.ralstonia solanacearum is a dangerous and economically important pathogen of potatoes and other agricultural crops. therefore, rapid and sensitive methods for its routine diagnostics are necessary. the aim of this study was to develop a rapid control method for r. solanacearum with a low limit of detection (lod) based on a lateral flow immunoassay (lfia) with silver enhancement. to minimize the lod, the membrane type, antibody amount for conjugation with gold nanoparticles, conjugate concentrati ...201626992550
the expansion of brown rot disease throughout bolivia: possible role of climate change.bacterial wilt is a devastating plant disease caused by the bacterial pathogen ralstonia solanacearum species complex and affects different crops. bacterial wilt infecting potato is also known as brown rot (br) and is responsible for significant economic losses in potato production, especially in developing countries. in bolivia, br affects up to 75% of the potato crop in areas with high incidence and 100% of stored potatoes. the disease has disseminated since its introduction to the country in ...201626991236
arabidopsis clavata1 and clavata2 receptors contribute to ralstonia solanacearum pathogenicity through a mir169-dependent pathway.bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive bacterial plant diseases. although many molecular determinants involved in r. solanacearum adaptation to hosts and pathogenesis have been described, host components required for disease establishment remain poorly characterized. phenotypical analysis of arabidopsis mutants for leucine-rich repeat (lrr)-receptor-like proteins revealed that mutations in the clavata1 (clv1) and clavata2 (clv2) genes confer enhanced disea ...201626990325
sesquiterpenoids from chinese agarwood induced by artificial holing.two new sesquiterpenoids, 3-oxo-7-hydroxylholosericin a (1) and 1,5;8,12-diepoxy-guaia-12-one (2), together with seven known sesquiterpenoids 3-9, were isolated from chinese agarwood induced by artificial holing originating from aquilaria sinensis (lour.) gilg. their structures were identified by spectroscopic techniques (uv, ir, 1d and 2d nmr) and ms analyses. the absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined by comparison of its measured cd curve with that of calculated data for 1 and en ...201626927047
genomic diversity of large-plaque-forming podoviruses infecting the phytopathogen ralstonia solanacearum.the genome organization, gene structure, and host range of five podoviruses that infect ralstonia solanacearum, the causative agent of bacterial wilt disease were characterized. the phages fell into two distinctive groups based on the genome position of the rna polymerase gene (i.e., t7-type and ϕkmv-type). one-step growth experiments revealed that ϕrsb2 (a t7-like phage) lysed host cells more efficiently with a shorter infection cycle (ca. 60 min corresponding to half the doubling time of the h ...201626901487
a computer program for fast and easy typing of a partial endoglucanase gene sequence into genospecies and sequevars 1&2 of the ralstonia solanacearum species complex.the phytopathogen ralstonia solanacearum is a species complex that contains race 3 biovar 2 strains belonging to phylotype iib sequevars 1 and 2 that are quarantined or select agent pathogens. recently, the r. solanacearum species complex strains have been reclassified into three genospecies: r. solanacearum, ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and ralstonia syzygii. an unidentified r. solanacearum strain is considered a select agent in the us until proven to be a non-race 3 biovar 2 (non-phylotype iib ...201626876453
evaluation of antibacterial activity of stenotrophomonas maltophilia against ralstonia solanacearum under different application conditions.the aim of this study was the monitoring of different mechanisms involved in the antibacterial activity of the biocontrol agent, stenotrophomonas maltophilia (pd4560), against ralstonia solanacearum in vitro and in vivo. optimization of conditions that favour these mechanisms was the second target of this study.201626876282
characterization of ntrel1, a novel root-specific gene from tobacco, and upstream promoter activity analysis in homologous and heterologous hosts.a novel root-specific gene and its upstream promoter were cloned and characterized for potential application in root-specific expression of transgenes. the root is an important plant organ subjected to many biotic and abiotic stresses, such as infection by ralstonia solanacearum. to isolate tobacco root-specific promoters for genetic applications, microarray screening was performed to identify genes highly and specifically expressed in the root. one root-specific gene encoding an extensin-like p ...201626849672
anomer-specific recognition and dynamics in a fucose-binding lectin.sugar binding by a cell surface ∼29 kda lectin (rsl) from the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum was characterized by nmr spectroscopy. the complexes formed with four monosaccharides and four fucosides were studied. complete resonance assignments and backbone dynamics were determined for rsl in the sugar-free form and when bound to l-fucose or d-mannose. rsl was found to interact with both the α- and the β-anomer of l-fucose and the "fucose like" sugars d-arabinose and l-galactose. peak splitting ...201626845253
synthesis and antibacterial activity of pyridinium-tailored aromatic amphiphiles.in this letter, the antibacterial activities of pyridinium-tailored aromatic amphiphiles were evaluated by turbidimeter tests in vitro. the bioassays revealed that most of the target compounds exhibit appreciable inhibition activities against the plant pathogenic bacteria xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, ralstonia solanacearum, and xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. the half-maximal effective concentrations (ec50) of 2-np-10, 9-ap-10, and 9-ap-7 against these three bacteria were relatively high, wh ...201626832217
ripay, a plant pathogen effector protein, exhibits robust γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase activity when stimulated by eukaryotic thioredoxins.the plant pathogenic bacterium ralstonia solanacearum injects more than 70 effector proteins (virulence factors) into the host plant cells via the needle-like structure of a type iii secretion system. the type iii secretion system effector proteins manipulate host regulatory networks to suppress defense responses with diverse molecular activities. uncovering the molecular function of these effectors is essential for a mechanistic understanding of r. solanacearum pathogenicity. however, few of th ...201626823466
synthesis and antibacterial activity of pyridinium-tailored 2,5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole thioether/sulfoxide/sulfone derivatives.by introducing the pyridinium group into 2,5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole, a series of pyridinium-tailored 2,5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole thioether/sulfoxide/sulfone derivatives were obtained, and their antibacterial activities were evaluated via turbidimeter test in vitro. the bioassays reveal that most of the target compounds exhibit better inhibition activities against pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, ralstonia solanacearum, and xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri than positive controls ...201626810264
the involvement of the pilq secretin of type iv pili in phage infection in ralstonia solanacearum.pilq is a member of the secretin family of outer membrane proteins and specifically involved in type iv secretion. here we report the effects of pilq mutation in ralstonia solanacearum on the host physiology including susceptibility to several phage types (inoviridae, podoviridae and myoviridae). with three lines of cells, namely wild type, δpilq and pilq-complemented cells, the cell surface proteins, twitching motility and sensitivity to phages were compared. sds-page analysis revealed that the ...201626718404
nanofilms of hyaluronan/chitosan assembled layer-by-layer: an antibacterial surface for xylella fastidiosa.in this work, nanofilms of hyaluronan/chitosan (ha/chi) assembled layer by layer were synthesized; their application as a potential antimicrobial material was demonstrated for the phytopathogen xylella fastidiosa, a gram-negative bacterium, here used as a model. for the synthesis, the influence of ph and ionic strength of these natural polymer stem-solutions on final characteristics of the ha/chi nanofilms was studied in detail. the antibacterial effect was evaluated using widefield fluorescence ...201626572322
ntring1, putative ring-finger e3 ligase protein, is a positive regulator of the early stages of elicitin-induced hr in tobacco.ntring1 is a ring-finger protein with a putative e3 ligase activity. ntring1 regulates hr establishment against different pathogens. loss-/gain-of-function of ntring1 altered early stages of hr phenotype establishment. plant defence responses against pathogens often involve the restriction of pathogens by inducing a hypersensitive response (hr). cdna clones dd11-39, dd38-11 and dd34-26 were previously obtained from a differential screen aimed at characterising tobacco genes with an elicitin-indu ...201626542819
protein o-linked glycosylation in the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum.ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most lethal phytopathogens in the world. due to its broad host range, it can cause wilting disease in many plant species of economic interest. in this work, we identified the o-oligosaccharyltransferase (o-otase) responsible for protein o-glycosylation in r. solanacearum. an analysis of the glycoproteome revealed that 20 proteins, including type iv pilins are substrates of this general glycosylation system. although multiple glycan forms were identified, the ...201626531228
genomic characterization of ralstonia solanacearum phage ϕrs138 of the family siphoviridae.ϕrs138, a bacteriophage of the family siphoviridae that lyses ralstonia solanacearum, was isolated. the genomic dna of ϕrs138 was 41,941 bp long with a gc content of 65.1 % and contained 56 putative open reading frames. the ϕrs138 genome could be divided into three regions based on similarities to other genomes: (1) a region containing genes encoding a putative transcriptional regulator and an integrase, similar to the prophage genes in ralstonia solanacearum k60-1; (2) a region encoding protein ...201626526151
phylogenomic analysis of the genus ralstonia based on 686 single-copy genes.the genus ralstonia contains species that are devastating plant pathogens, opportunistic human pathogens, and/or important degraders of xenobiotic and recalcitrant compounds. however, significant nomenclature problems exist, especially for the ralstonia solanacearum species complex which consists of four phylotypes. phylogenomics of the ralstonia genus was investigated via a comprehensive analysis of 39 ralstonia genomes as well as four genomes of cupriavidus necator (more commonly known by its ...201626494208
functional assignment to positively selected sites in the core type iii effector ripg7 from ralstonia solanacearum.the soil-borne pathogen ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt in a broad range of plants. the main virulence determinants of r. solanacearum are the type iii secretion system (t3ss) and its associated type iii effectors (t3es), translocated into the host cells. of the conserved t3es among r. solanacearum strains, the fbox protein ripg7 is required for r. solanacearum pathogenesis on medicago truncatula. in this work, we describe the natural ripg7 variability existing in the r. solanacearu ...201626300048
piper betle-mediated synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and rat splenocyte cytotoxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles.the study reports a simple, inexpensive, and eco-friendly synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (cuonps) using piper betle leaf extract. formation of cuonps was confirmed by uv-visible spectroscopy at 280 nm. transmission electron microscopy (tem) images showed that the cuonps were spherical, with an average size of 50-100 nm. the scanning electron microscopy (sem)-energy dispersive spectroscopy (eds) peak was observed approximately at 1 and 8 kev. the x-ray diffraction (xrd) studies indicated ...201626148178
oxalic acid from lentinula edodes culture filtrate: antimicrobial activity on phytopathogenic bacteria and qualitative and quantitative analyses.the culture filtrate of lentinula edodes shows potent antimicrobial activity against the plant pathogenic bacteria ralstonia solanacearum. bioassay-guided fractionation was conducted using diaion hp-20 column chromatography, and the insoluble active compound was not adsorbed on the resin. further fractionation by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) suggested that the active compounds were organic acids. nine organic acids were detected in the culture filtrate of l. edodes; oxalic acid ...201628154495
root-mediated signal transmission of systemic acquired resistance against above-ground and below-ground pathogens.plants modulate defence signalling networks in response to various biotic stresses via inter-organ communications. the root-mediated transmission of systemic acquired resistance (sar) against soil-borne and air-borne plant pathogens from sar-induced plants to neighbouring plants subjected to local chemical and pathogen treatments was evaluated.201627555496
simultaneous detection of brown rot- and soft rot-causing bacterial pathogens from potato tubers through multiplex pcr.ralstonia solanacearum (smith) yabuuchi et al. and erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (jones) bergey et al. (pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum) are the two major bacterial pathogens of potato causing brown rot (wilt) and soft rot diseases, respectively, in the field and during storage. reliable and early detection of these pathogens are keys to avoid occurrence of these diseases in potato crops and reduce yield loss. in the present study, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) p ...201627480266
experimental evolution of rhizobia may lead to either extra- or intracellular symbiotic adaptation depending on the selection regime.experimental evolution is a powerful approach to study the process of adaptation to new environments, including the colonization of eukaryotic hosts. facultative endosymbionts, including pathogens and mutualists, face changing and spatially structured environments during the symbiotic process, which impose diverse selection pressures. here, we provide evidence that different selection regimes, involving different times spent in the plant environment, can result in either intra- or extracellular ...201627770459
ef-tu from the enacyloxin producing frateuria w-315 strain: structure/activity relationship and antibiotic resistance.in this report, we have demonstrated that the poly(u)-dependent poly(phe) synthesis activity of elongator factor tu (ef-tu) from the enacyloxin producing strain frateuria sp. w-315 is inhibited by the antibiotic similarly to that of escherichia coli ef-tu. the inhibitory effect of enacyloxin observed in a purified system was the same as that obtained with an s30 extract from e. coli or frateuria sp. w-315, respectively, suggesting that antibiotic resistance of enacyloxin producing frateuria sp. ...201627126073
cationic oligo(thiophene ethynylene) with broad-spectrum and high antibacterial efficiency under white light and specific biocidal activity against s. aureus in dark.we designed and synthesized a novel oligo(thiophene ethynylene) (ote) to investigate the antibacterial activities against gram-positive (staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis) and gram-negative (ralstonia solanacearum and escherichia coli) bacteria in vitro by photodynamic therapy (pdt). notably, ote presents broad-spectrum and greatly high antibacterial activities after white light irradiation at nanogram per milliliter concentrations. the half inhibitory concentrations (ic50) va ...201626671682
application of serratia marcescens rz-21 significantly enhances peanut yield and remediates continuously cropped peanut soil.continuous cropping practices cause a severe decline in peanut yield. the aim of this study was to investigate the remediation effect of serratia marcescens on continuously cropped peanut soil. a pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions to determine peanut agronomic indices, soil microorganism characteristics, soil enzyme activities and antagonism ability to typical pathogens at different growth stages. four treatments were applied to red soil as follows: an active fermentation liqu ...201625640613
antibacterial activity of cyclo(l-pro-l-tyr) and cyclo(d-pro-l-tyr) from streptomyces sp. strain 22-4 against phytopathogenic bacteria.two bioactive cyclic dipeptides, cyclo(l-pro-l-tyr) and cyclo(d-pro-l-tyr), were isolated from the culture broth of streptomyces sp. strain 22-4 and tested against three economically important plant pathogens, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, ralstonia solanacearum and clavibacter michiganensis. both cyclic dipeptides were active against x. axonopodis pv. citri and r. solanacearum with mic of 31.25 μg/ml. no activity could be observed against c. michiganensis.201626469746
functional identification of putrescine c- and n-hydroxylases.the small polyamine putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) is ubiquitously and abundantly found in all three domains of life. it is a precursor, through n-aminopropylation or n-aminobutylation, for biosynthesis of the longer polyamines spermidine, sym-homospermidine, spermine, and thermospermine and longer and branched chain polyamines. putrescine is also biochemically modified for purposes of metabolic regulation and catabolism, e.g. n-acetylation and n-glutamylation, and for incorporation into special ...201627541336
l-histidine induces resistance in plants to the bacterial pathogen ralstonia solanacearum partially through the activation of ethylene signaling.wilt disease in plants, which is caused by the soil-borne bacterial pathogen ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most devastating plant diseases. we previously detected bacterial wilt disease-inhibiting activity in an extract from yeast cells. in the present study, we purified this activity and identified one of the substances responsible for the activity as the amino acid histidine. the exogenous application of l-histidine, but not d-histidine, inhibited wilt disease in tomato and arabidopsis ...201627335353
synthesis and evaluation of ester derivatives of 10-hydroxycanthin-6-one as potential antimicrobial agents.as part of our continuing research on canthin-6-one antimicrobial agents, a new series of ester derivatives of 10-hydroxycanthin-6-one were synthesized using a simple and effective synthetic route. the structure of each compound was characterized by nmr, esi-ms, ft-ir, uv, and elemental analysis. the antimicrobial activity of these compounds against three phytopathogenic fungi (alternaria solani, fusarium graminearum, and fusarium solani) and four bacteria (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, ra ...201627007362
production of rhamnolipids and diesel oil degradation by bacteria isolated from soil contaminated by petroleum.biosurfactants are microbial secondary metabolites. the most studied are rhamnolipids, which decrease the surface tension and have emulsifying capacity. in this study, the production of biosurfactants, with emphasis on rhamnolipids, and diesel oil degradation by 18 strains of bacteria isolated from waste landfill soil contaminated by petroleum was analyzed. among the studied bacteria, gram-positive endospore forming rods (39%), gram positive rods without endospores (17%), and gram-negative rods ...201626588432
combined use of bacillus subtilis strain b-001 and bactericide for the control of tomato bacterial wilt.tomato bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum poses a serious threat to tomato production. however, no effective control measures are available. in this study, the bactericide saisentong was combined with an effective biological control agent, bacillus subtilis b-001, to control tomato bacterial wilt under greenhouse and field conditions.201627718329
effects of an inducible aiia gene on disease resistance in eucalyptus urophylla × eucalyptus grandis.n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) are metabolites of mostly gram-negative bacteria and are critical signaling molecules in bacterial quorum-sensing systems. at threshold concentrations, ahls can activate the expression of pathogenic genes and induce diseases. therefore, reducing ahl concentrations is a key point of disease control in plants. ahl-lactonase, which is expressed by aiia, is widespread in bacillus sp and can hydrolyze ahls. in the present study, we cloned aiia from bacillus subtilis ...201626905275
biological potential of bioorganic fertilizer fortified with bacterial antagonist for the control of tomato bacterial wilt and the promotion of crop yields.the application of bacillus sp. in the biological control of plant soilborne diseases has been shown to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the use of chemical fungicides. in this study, the effects of bioorganic fertilizer (bof) fortified with bacillus amyloliquefaciens sqy 162 on the suppression of tomato bacterial wilt were investigated in pot experiments. the disease incidence of tomato wilt after the application of bof was 65.18% and 41.62% lower at 10 and 20 days after transplant ...201627381335
characterization and evaluation of bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain wf02 regarding its biocontrol activities and genetic responses against bacterial wilt in two different resistant tomato cultivars.bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain wf02, isolated from soil collected at wufeng mountain, taiwan, has siderophore-producing ability and in vitro antagonistic activity against bacterial wilt pathogen. to determine the impact of plant genotype on biocontrol effectiveness, we treated soil with this strain before infecting susceptible (l390) and moderately resistant (micro-tom) tomato cultivars with ralstonia solanacearum strain pss4. we also compared the efficacy of this strain with that of commerci ...201627646210
effects of volatile organic compounds produced by bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the growth and virulence traits of tomato bacterial wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum.the production of volatile organic compounds (vocs) by microbes is an important characteristic for their selection as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. in this study, we identified the vocs produced by the biocontrol strain bacillus amyloliquefaciens t-5 and evaluated their impact on the growth and virulence traits of tomato bacterial wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum. the results showed that the vocs of strain t-5 significantly inhibited the growth of r. solanacearum in agar medium ...201627183998
effect of organic fertilizers prepared from organic waste materials on the production of antibacterial volatile organic compounds by two biocontrol bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains.three organic fertilizers made of different animal and plant waste materials (bofs) were evaluated for their effects on the production of antibacterial volatile organic compounds (vocs) by two bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains sqr-9 and t-5 against the tomato wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum (rs). both strains could produce vocs that inhibited the growth and virulence traits of rs; however, in the presence of bofs, the production of antibacterial vocs was significantly increased. the maximu ...201627067079
bioactive dibenzo-α-pyrone derivatives from the endophytic fungus rhizopycnis vagum nitaf22.six new dibenzo-α-pyrones, rhizopycnolides a (1) and b (2) and rhizopycnins a-d (3-6), together with eight known congeners (7-14), were isolated from the endophytic fungus rhizopycnis vagum nitaf22 obtained from nicotiana tabacum. the structures of the new compounds were unambiguously elucidated using nmr, hresims, tddft ecd calculation, and x-ray crystallography data. rhizopycnolides a (1) and b (2) feature an uncommon γ-butyrolactone-fused dibenzo-α-pyrone tetracyclic skeleton (6/6/6/5), while ...201627441892
detection of quorum sensing molecules and biofilm formation in ralstonia solanacearum.many bacteria use small diffusible signaling molecules to communicate each other termed as quorum sensing (qs). most gram-negative bacteria use acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) as qs signal molecules. using these signaling molecules, bacteria are able to express specific genes in response to population density. this work aimed to detect the production of qs signal molecules and biofilm formation in ralstonia solanacearum isolated from various diseased tomato plants with symptoms of bacterial wilt. ...201626620535
embryo localization enhances the survival of acidovorax citrulli in watermelon seeds.acidovorax citrulli, the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch (bfb) of cucurbits has been observed to survive for >34 years in stored melon and watermelon seeds. to better understand this remarkable longevity, we investigated the bacterium's tolerance to desiccation and the effect of bacterial localization in different watermelon seed tissues on its survival. we compared the ability of a. citrulli to tolerate desiccation on filter paper discs and on host (watermelon) and nonhost (cabbage, corn ...201626756827
antimicrobial peptides from fruits and their potential use as biotechnological tools-a review and outlook.bacterial resistance is a major threat to plant crops, animals and human health, and over the years this situation has increasingly spread worldwide. due to their many bioactive compounds, plants are promising sources of antimicrobial compounds that can potentially be used in the treatment of infections caused by microorganisms. as well as stem, flowers and leaves, fruits have an efficient defense mechanism against pests and pathogens, besides presenting nutritional and functional properties due ...201628119671
antimicrobial peptides from fruits and their potential use as biotechnological tools-a review and outlook.bacterial resistance is a major threat to plant crops, animals and human health, and over the years this situation has increasingly spread worldwide. due to their many bioactive compounds, plants are promising sources of antimicrobial compounds that can potentially be used in the treatment of infections caused by microorganisms. as well as stem, flowers and leaves, fruits have an efficient defense mechanism against pests and pathogens, besides presenting nutritional and functional properties due ...201628119671
cerebrospinal fluid in a small cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis was generally free of microbial dna.multiple sclerosis (ms) is a common cause of non-traumatic neurologic disability with high incidence in many developed countries. although the etiology of the disease remains elusive, it is thought to entail genetic and environmental causes, and microbial pathogens have also been envisioned as contributors to the phenotype. we conducted a metagenomic survey in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from 28 ms patients and 15 patients suffering other type of neurological conditions. we detected bacterial read ...201628111617
cerebrospinal fluid in a small cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis was generally free of microbial dna.multiple sclerosis (ms) is a common cause of non-traumatic neurologic disability with high incidence in many developed countries. although the etiology of the disease remains elusive, it is thought to entail genetic and environmental causes, and microbial pathogens have also been envisioned as contributors to the phenotype. we conducted a metagenomic survey in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from 28 ms patients and 15 patients suffering other type of neurological conditions. we detected bacterial read ...201628111617
frameshift mutation confers function as virulence factor to leucine-rich repeat protein from acidovorax avenae.many plant pathogens inject type iii (t3ss) effectors into host cells to suppress host immunity and promote successful infection. the bacterial pathogen acidovorax avenae causes brown stripe symptom in many species of monocotyledonous plants; however, individual strains of each pathogen infect only one host species. t3ss-deleted mutants of a. avenae k1 (virulent to rice) or n1141 (virulent to finger millet) caused no symptom in each host plant, suggesting that t3ss effectors are involved in the ...201628101092
frameshift mutation confers function as virulence factor to leucine-rich repeat protein from acidovorax avenae.many plant pathogens inject type iii (t3ss) effectors into host cells to suppress host immunity and promote successful infection. the bacterial pathogen acidovorax avenae causes brown stripe symptom in many species of monocotyledonous plants; however, individual strains of each pathogen infect only one host species. t3ss-deleted mutants of a. avenae k1 (virulent to rice) or n1141 (virulent to finger millet) caused no symptom in each host plant, suggesting that t3ss effectors are involved in the ...201628101092
analyses between reproductive behavior, genetic diversity and pythium responsiveness in zingiber spp. reveal an adaptive significance for hemiclonality.mode of reproduction is generally considered to have long-range evolutionary implications on population survival. because sexual reproduction produces genetically diverse genotypes, this mode of reproduction is predicted to positively influence the success potential of offspring in evolutionary arms race with parasites (red queen) whereas, without segregation and recombination, the obligate asexual multiplication may push a species into extinction due to the steady accumulation of deleterious mu ...201628066470
putative wrkys associated with regulation of fruit ripening revealed by detailed expression analysis of the wrky gene family in pepper.wrky transcription factors play important roles in plant development and stress responses. here, global expression patterns of pepper cawrkys in various tissues as well as response to environmental stresses and plant hormones were systematically analyzed, with an emphasis on fruit ripening. the results showed that most cawrkys were expressed in at least two of the tissues tested. group i, a subfamily of the entire cawrky gene family, had a higher expression level in vegetative tissues, whereas g ...201627991526
computer aided identification of a hevein-like antimicrobial peptide of bell pepper leaves for biotechnological use.antimicrobial peptides from plants present mechanisms of action that are different from those of conventional defense agents. they are under-explored but have a potential as commercial antimicrobials. bell pepper leaves ('magali r') are discarded after harvesting the fruit and are sources of bioactive peptides. this work reports the isolation by peptidomics tools, and the identification and partially characterization by computational tools of an antimicrobial peptide from bell pepper leaves, and ...201628105928
transcriptome analysis provides a preliminary regulation route of the ethylene signal transduction component, slein2, during tomato ripening.ethylene is crucial in climacteric fruit ripening. the ethylene signal pathway regulates several physiological alterations such as softening, carotenoid accumulation and sugar level reduction, and production of volatile compounds. all these physiological processes are controlled by numerous genes and their expression simultaneously changes at the onset of ripening. ethylene insensitive 2 (ein2) is a key component for ethylene signal transduction, and its mutation causes ethylene insensitivity. i ...201627973616
probiotic diversity enhances rhizosphere microbiome function and plant disease suppression.bacterial communities associated with plant roots play an important role in the suppression of soil-borne pathogens, and multispecies probiotic consortia may enhance disease suppression efficacy. here we introduced defined pseudomonas species consortia into naturally complex microbial communities and measured the importance of pseudomonas community diversity for their survival and the suppression of the bacterial plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum in the tomato rhizosphere microbiome. the sur ...201627965449
whole-genome sequences of xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains clarify taxonomy and reveal a stepwise erosion of type 3 effectors.multiple species of xanthomonas cause bacterial spot of tomato (bst) and pepper. we sequenced five xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains isolated from three continents (africa, asia, and south america) to provide a set of representative genomes with temporal and geographic diversity. lmg strains 667, 905, 909, and 933 were pathogenic on tomato and pepper, except lmg 918 elicited a hypersensitive reaction (hr) on tomato. furthermore, lmg 667, 909, and 918 elicited a hr on early cal wonder 30r contain ...201628018370
plant protease inhibitors in therapeutics-focus on cancer therapy.plants are known to have many secondary metabolites and phytochemical compounds which are highly explored at biochemical and molecular genetics level and exploited enormously in the human health care sector. however, there are other less explored small molecular weight proteins, which inhibit proteases/proteinases. plants are good sources of protease inhibitors (pis) which protect them against diseases, insects, pests, and herbivores. in the past, proteinaceous pis were considered primarily as p ...201628008315
ty1-copia elements reveal diverse insertion sites linked to polymorphisms among flax (linum usitatissimum l.) accessions.initial characterization of the flax genome showed that ty1-copia retrotransposons are abundant, with several members being recently inserted, and in close association with genes. recent insertions indicate a potential for ongoing transpositional activity that can create genomic diversity among accessions, cultivars or varieties. the polymorphisms generated constitute a good source of molecular markers that may be associated with phenotype if the insertions alter gene activity. flax, where acces ...201627927184
mtnf-ya1, a central transcriptional regulator of symbiotic nodule development, is also a determinant of medicago truncatula susceptibility toward a root pathogen.plant nf-y transcription factors control a wide array of biological functions enabling appropriate reproductive and developmental processes as well as adaptation to various abiotic and biotic environments. in medicago truncatula, mtnf-ya1 was previously identified as a key determinant for nodule development and establishment of rhizobial symbiosis. here, we highlight a new role for this protein in compatibility to aphanomyces euteiches, a root pathogenic oomycete. the mtnf-ya1-1 mutant plants sh ...201627994614
enhanced in planta fitness through adaptive mutations in efpr, a dual regulator of virulence and metabolic functions in the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum.experimental evolution of the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum, where bacteria were maintained on plant lineages for more than 300 generations, revealed that several independent single mutations in the efpr gene from populations propagated on beans were associated with fitness gain on bean. in the present work, novel allelic efpr variants were isolated from populations propagated on other plant species, thus suggesting that mutations in efpr were not solely associated to a fitness gain on b ...201627911943
identification of pectin degrading enzymes secreted by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and determination of their role in virulence on rice.xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (xoo) causes the serious bacterial blight disease of rice. xoo secretes a repertoire of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (cwdes) like cellulases, xylanases, esterases etc., which act on various components of the rice cell wall. the major cellulases and xylanases secreted by xoo have been identified and their role in virulence has been determined. in this study, we have identified some of the pectin degrading enzymes of xoo and assessed their role in virulence. bioin ...201627907079
overexpression of a pathogenesis-related protein 10 enhances biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in rice.pathogenesis-related proteins play multiple roles in plant development and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. here, we characterize a rice defense related gene named "jasmonic acid inducible pathogenesis-related class 10" (jiospr10) to gain an insight into its functional properties. semi-quantitative rt-pcr analysis showed up-regulation of jiospr10 under salt and drought stress conditions. constitutive over-expression jiospr10 in rice promoted shoot and root development in transgenic plants, h ...201627904462
antibacterial compounds-macrolactin alters the soil bacterial community and abundance of the gene encoding pks.macrolactin produced by many soil microbes has been shown to be an efficient antibacterial agent against many bacterial pathogens. however, studies examining the effect of macrolactin on both the soil bacterial community and the intrinsic bacterial species that harbor genes responsible for the production of this antibiotic have not been conducted so far. in this study, a mixture of macrolactin was isolated from the liquid culture of bacillus amyloliquefaciens njn-6, and applied to the soil once ...201627965639
oswrky80-oswrky4 module as a positive regulatory circuit in rice resistance against rhizoctonia solani.plant wrky transcription factors play pivotal roles in diverse biological processes but most notably in plant defense response to pathogens. sheath blight represents one of the predominant diseases in rice. however, our knowledge about the functions of wrky proteins in rice defense against sheath blight is rather limited.201627888467
transcriptomic effects of the cell cycle regulator lgo in arabidopsis sepals.endoreduplication is a specialized cell cycle in which dna replication occurs, but mitosis is skipped creating enlarged polyploid cells. endoreduplication is associated with the differentiation of many specialized cell types. in the arabidopsis thaliana sepal epidermis endoreduplicated giant cells form interspersed between smaller cells. both the transcription factor arabidopsis thaliana meristem layer1 (atml1) and the plant-specific cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor loss of giant cells from org ...201627920789
using community analysis to explore bacterial indicators for disease suppression of tobacco bacterial wilt.although bacterial communities play important roles in the suppression of pathogenic diseases and crop production, little is known about the bacterial communities associated with bacterial wilt. based on 16s rrna gene sequencing, statistical analyses of microbial communities in disease-suppressive and disease-conducive soils from three districts during the vegetation period of tobacco showed that proteobacteria was the dominant phylum, followed by acidobacteria. only samples from september were ...201627857159
investigating the utility of oblique tree-based ensembles for the classification of hyperspectral data.ensemble classifiers are being widely used for the classification of spectroscopic data. in this regard, the random forest (rf) ensemble has been successfully applied in an array of applications, and has proven to be robust in handling high dimensional data. more recently, several variants of the traditional rf algorithm including rotation forest (rotf) and oblique random forest (orf) have been applied to classifying high dimensional data. in this study we compare the traditional rf, rotf, and o ...201627854290
analysis of transcriptional response to heat stress in rhazya stricta.climate change is predicted to be a serious threat to agriculture due to the need for crops to be able to tolerate increased heat stress. desert plants have already adapted to high levels of heat stress so they make excellent systems for identifying genes involved in thermotolerance. rhazya stricta is an evergreen shrub that is native to extremely hot regions across western and south asia, making it an excellent system for examining plant responses to heat stress. transcriptomes of apical and ma ...201627842501
identification, characterization, and gene expression analysis of nucleotide binding site (nb)-type resistance gene homologues in switchgrass.switchgrass (panicum virgatum l.) is a warm-season perennial grass that can be used as a second generation bioenergy crop. however, foliar fungal pathogens, like switchgrass rust, have the potential to significantly reduce switchgrass biomass yield. despite its importance as a prominent bioenergy crop, a genome-wide comprehensive analysis of nb-lrr disease resistance genes has yet to be performed in switchgrass.201627821048
genome sequence of paraburkholderia nodosa strain cnpso 1341, a n2-fixing symbiont of the promiscuous legume phaseolus vulgaris.paraburkholderia nodosa cnpso 1341 is a n2-fixing symbiont of phaseolus vulgaris isolated from an undisturbed soil of the brazilian cerrado. its draft genome contains 8,614,032 bp and 8,068 coding sequences (cdss). nodulation and n2-fixation genes were clustered in the genome that also contains several genes of secretion systems and quorum sensing.201627811087
analysis of the genomic sequences and metabolites of serratia surfactantfaciens sp. nov. yd25(t) that simultaneously produces prodigiosin and serrawettin w2.gram-negative bacteria of the genus serratia are potential producers of many useful secondary metabolites, such as prodigiosin and serrawettins, which have potential applications in environmental bioremediation or in the pharmaceutical industry. several serratia strains produce prodigiosin and serrawettin w1 as the main bioactive compounds, and the biosynthetic pathways are co-regulated by quorum sensing (qs). in contrast, the serratia strain, which can simultaneously produce prodigiosin and ser ...201627809759
resequencing of capsicum annuum parental lines (ycm334 and taean) for the genetic analysis of bacterial wilt resistance.bacterial wilt (bw) is a widespread plant disease that affects a broad range of dicot and monocot hosts and is particularly harmful for solanaceous plants, such as pepper, tomato, and eggplant. the pathogen responsible for bw is the soil-borne bacterium, ralstonia solanacearum, which can adapt to diverse temperature conditions and is found in climates ranging from tropical to temperate. resistance to bw has been detected in some pepper plant lines; however, the genomic loci and alleles that medi ...201627793102
genomic analysis of phylotype i strain ep1 reveals substantial divergence from other strains in the ralstonia solanacearum species complex.ralstonia solanacearum species complex is a devastating group of phytopathogens with an unusually wide host range and broad geographical distribution. r. solanacearum isolates may differ considerably in various properties including host range and pathogenicity, but the underlying genetic bases remain vague. here, we conducted the genome sequencing of strain ep1 isolated from guangdong province of china, which belongs to phylotype i and is highly virulent to a range of solanaceous crops. its comp ...201627833603
the multifunction of clavata2 in plant development and immunity.the clavata2 (clv2) gene encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein, a class of cell surface receptors that lacks a cytoplasmic kinase domain. as such, clv2 is capable of functioning in concert with additional receptor(s), possibly receptor-like kinase(s), to activate cellular responses upon ligand perception. accumulating data indicate that clv2 is implicated in distinct biological processes including plant growth and development as well as innate immunity to microbe and nematode infec ...201627822222
genome editing: the road of crispr/cas9 from bench to clinic.molecular scissors engineered for site-specific modification of the genome hold great promise for effective functional analyses of genes, genomes and epigenomes and could improve our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of disease states and facilitate novel therapeutic applications. several platforms for molecular scissors that enable targeted genome engineering have been developed, including zinc-finger nucleases (zfns), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (talens) and, mos ...201627741224
a resource allocation trade-off between virulence and proliferation drives metabolic versatility in the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum.bacterial pathogenicity relies on a proficient metabolism and there is increasing evidence that metabolic adaptation to exploit host resources is a key property of infectious organisms. in many cases, colonization by the pathogen also implies an intensive multiplication and the necessity to produce a large array of virulence factors, which may represent a significant cost for the pathogen. we describe here the existence of a resource allocation trade-off mechanism in the plant pathogen r. solana ...201627732672
a de novo genome sequence assembly of the arabidopsis thaliana accession niederzenz-1 displays presence/absence variation and strong synteny.arabidopsis thaliana is the most important model organism for fundamental plant biology. the genome diversity of different accessions of this species has been intensively studied, for example in the 1001 genome project which led to the identification of many small nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and small insertions and deletions (indels). in addition, presence/absence variation (pav), copy number variation (cnv) and mobile genetic elements contribute to genomic differences between a. thaliana a ...201627711162
inducible expression of the de-novo designed antimicrobial peptide sp1-1 in tomato confers resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are small peptides with less than 50 amino acids and are part of the innate immune response in almost all organisms, including bacteria, vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. amps are active against a broad-spectrum of pathogens. the inducible expression of amps in plants is a promising approach to combat plant pathogens with minimal negative side effects, such as phytotoxicity or infertility. in this study, inducible expression of the de-novo designed amp sp1-1 in ...201627706237
plant resistance inducers against pathogens in solanaceae species-from molecular mechanisms to field application.this review provides a current summary of plant resistance inducers (pris) that have been successfully used in the solanaceae plant family to protect against pathogens by activating the plant's own defence. solanaceous species include many important crops such as potato and tomato. we also present findings regarding the molecular processes after application of pris, even if the number of such studies still remains limited in this plant family. in general, there is a lack of patterns regarding th ...201627706100
differential control efficacies of vitamin treatments against bacterial wilt and grey mould diseases in tomato plants.bacterial wilt and grey mould in tomato plants are economically destructive bacterial and fungal diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum and botrytis cinerea, respectively. various approaches including chemical and biological controls have been attempted to arrest the tomato diseases so far. in this study, in vitro growths of bacterial r. solanacearum and fungal b. cinerea were evaluated using four different vitamins including thiamine (vitamin b1), niacin (vitamin b3), pyridoxine (vitamin b6) ...201627721697
acquisition and loss of virulence-associated factors during genome evolution and speciation in three clades of bordetella species.the genus bordetella consists of nine species that include important respiratory pathogens such as the 'classical' species b. bronchiseptica, b. pertussis and b. parapertussis and six more distantly related and less extensively studied species. here we analyze sequence diversity and gene content of 128 genome sequences from all nine species with focus on the evolution of virulence-associated factors.201627716057
chilli anthracnose: the epidemiology and management.indian cuisine is renowned and celebrated throughout the world for its spicy treat to the tongue. the flavor and aroma of the food generated due to the use of spices creates an indelible experience. among the commonly utilized spices to stimulate the taste buds in indian food, whole or powdered chilli constitutes an inevitable position. besides being a vital ingredient of of indian food, chilli occupy an important position as an economic commodity, a major share in indian economy. chilli also ha ...201627746765
quantitative resistance to verticillium wilt in medicago truncatula involves eradication of the fungus from roots and is associated with transcriptional responses related to innate immunity.resistance mechanisms to verticillium wilt are well-studied in tomato, cotton, and arabidopsis, but much less in legume plants. because legume plants establish nitrogen-fixing symbioses in their roots, resistance to root-attacking pathogens merits particular attention. the interaction between the soil-borne pathogen verticillium alfalfae and the model legume medicago truncatula was investigated using a resistant (a17) and a susceptible (f83005.5) line. as shown by histological analyses, coloniza ...201627746789
profiling of core fucosylated n-glycans using a novel bacterial lectin that specifically recognizes α1,6 fucosylated chitobiose.a novel fucose-binding lectin (sl2-1) from the bacterium streptomyces rapamycinicus was identified by analysis of metagenomic dna sequences. sl2-1 belongs to a new group of bacterial fucose-specific lectins that have no similarity to known bacterial fucose-binding proteins, but are related to certain eukaryotic fucose-binding lectins. the 17 kda protein was expressed recombinantly in e. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. glycan microarray analysis with fluorescently labeled recombinan ...201627678371
using a control to better understand phyllosphere microbiota.an important data gap in our understanding of the phyllosphere surrounds the origin of the many microbes described as phyllosphere communities. most sampling in phyllosphere research has focused on the collection of microbiota without the use of a control, so the opportunity to determine which taxa are actually driven by the biology and physiology of plants as opposed to introduced by environmental forces has yet to be fully realized. to address this data gap, we used plastic plants as inanimate ...201627669159
systematic search for evidence of interdomain horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes to oomycete lineages.while most commonly associated with prokaryotes, horizontal gene transfer (hgt) can also have a significant influence on the evolution of microscopic eukaryotes. systematic analysis of hgt in the genomes of the oomycetes, filamentous eukaryotic microorganisms in the stramenopiles-alveolates-rhizaria (sar) supergroup, has to date focused mainly on intradomain transfer events between oomycetes and fungi. using systematic whole-genome analysis followed by phylogenetic reconstruction, we have invest ...201627642638
transcription profiling analysis of mango-fusarium mangiferae interaction.malformation caused by fusarium mangiferae is one of the most destructive mango diseases affecting the canopy and floral development, leading to dramatic reduction in fruit yield. to further understand the mechanism of interaction between mango and f. mangiferae, we monitored the transcriptome profiles of buds from susceptible mango plants, which were challenged with f. mangiferae. more than 99 million reads were deduced by rna-sequencing and were assembled into 121,267 unigenes. based on the se ...201627683574
characterization of antibacterial activities of eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes, against human pathogens.the emergence and dissemination of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens necessitate research to find new antimicrobials against these organisms. we investigated antimicrobial production by eastern subterranean termites, reticulitermes flavipes, against a panel of bacteria including three multidrug resistant (mdr) and four non-mdr human pathogens. we determined that the crude extract of naïve termites had a broad-spectrum activity against the non-mdr bacteria but it was ineffective against the ...201627611223
xanthomonas campestris fabh is required for branched-chain fatty acid and dsf-family quorum sensing signal biosynthesis.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), a gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium, causes black rot disease of cruciferous vegetables. although xcc has a complex fatty acid profile comprised of straight-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids (bcfas), and encodes a complete set of genes required for fatty acid synthesis, there is still little known about the mechanism of bcfa synthesis. we reported that expression of xcc fabh restores the growth of ralstonia solanacearum fabh mutan ...201627595587
isolation and characterization of scglud2, a new sugarcane beta-1,3-glucanase d family gene induced by sporisorium scitamineum, aba, h2o2, nacl, and cdcl2 stresses.beta-1,3-glucanases (ec 3.2.1.39), commonly known as pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins, play an important role not only in plant defense against fungal pathogens but also in plant physiological and developmental processes. however, only a limited number of sugarcane beta-1,3-glucanase genes have been isolated. in the present study, we identified and characterized a new beta-1,3-glucanase gene scglud2 (genbank acc no. kf664181) from sugarcane. an x8 domain was present at the c terminal region of ...201627642288
comparative genomic and phenotypic characterization of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of xanthomonas arboricola reveals insights into the infection process of bacterial spot disease of stone fruits.xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni is the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of stone fruits, a quarantinable pathogen in several areas worldwide, including the european union. in order to develop efficient control methods for this disease, it is necessary to improve the understanding of the key determinants associated with host restriction, colonization and the development of pathogenesis. after an initial characterization, by multilocus sequence analysis, of 15 strains of x. arboricola isola ...201627571391
the drosomycin multigene family: three-disulfide variants from drosophila takahashii possess antibacterial activity.drosomycin (drs) is a strictly antifungal peptide in drosophila melanogaster, which contains four disulfide bridges (dbs) with three buried in molecular interior and one exposed on molecular surface to tie the amino- and carboxyl-termini of the molecule together (called wrapper disulfide bridge, wdb). based on computational analysis of genomes of drosophila species belonging to the oriental lineage, we identified a new multigene family of drs in drosphila takahashii that includes a total of 11 d ...201627562645
evaluation of the performance of quantitative detection of the listeria monocytogenes prfa locus with droplet digital pcr.fast and reliable pathogen detection is an important issue for human health. since conventional microbiological methods are rather slow, there is growing interest in detection and quantification using molecular methods. the droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddpcr) is a relatively new pcr method for absolute and accurate quantification without external standards. using the listeria monocytogenes specific prfa assay, we focused on the questions of whether the assay was directly transferab ...201627558101
genome analysis and avirulence gene cloning using a high-density radseq linkage map of the flax rust fungus, melampsora lini.rust fungi are an important group of plant pathogens that cause devastating losses in agricultural, silvicultural and natural ecosystems. plants can be protected from rust disease by resistance genes encoding receptors that trigger a highly effective defence response upon recognition of specific pathogen avirulence proteins. identifying avirulence genes is crucial for understanding how virulence evolves in the field.201627550217
how auxin and cytokinin phytohormones modulate root microbe interactions.a large range of microorganisms can associate with plants, resulting in neutral, friendly or hostile interactions. the ability of plants to recognize compatible and incompatible microorganisms and to limit or promote their colonization is therefore crucial for their survival. elaborated communication networks determine the degree of association between the host plant and the invading microorganism. central to these regulations of plant microbe interactions, phytohormones modulate microorganism p ...201627588025
tale-like effectors are an ancestral feature of the ralstonia solanacearum species complex and converge in dna targeting specificity.ralstonia solanacearum, a species complex of bacterial plant pathogens divided into four monophyletic phylotypes, causes plant diseases in tropical climates around the world. some strains exhibit a broad host range on solanaceous hosts, while others are highly host-specific as for example some banana-pathogenic strains. previous studies showed that transcription activator-like (tal) effectors from ralstonia, termed riptals, are capable of activating reporter genes in planta, if these are precede ...201627582755
overexpression of the eggplant (solanum melongena) nac family transcription factor smnac suppresses resistance to bacterial wilt.bacterial wilt (bw) is a serious disease that affects eggplant (solanum melongena) production. although resistance to this disease has been reported, the underlying mechanism is unknown. in this study, we identified a nac family transcription factor (smnac) from eggplant and characterized its expression, its localization at the tissue and subcellular levels, and its role in bw resistance. to this end, transgenic eggplant lines were generated in which the expression of smnac was constitutively up ...201627528282
behind the lines-actions of bacterial type iii effector proteins in plant cells.pathogenicity of most gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type iii secretion (t3s) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. type iii effectors modulate plant cellular pathways to the benefit of the pathogen and promote bacterial multiplication. one major virulence function of type iii effectors is the suppression of plant innate immunity, which is triggered upon recognition of pathogen-derived molecular patterns by plant receptor proteins. type ...201627526699
the role of flavonoids in nodulation host-range specificity: an update.flavonoids are crucial signaling molecules in the symbiosis between legumes and their nitrogen-fixing symbionts, the rhizobia. the primary function of flavonoids in the interaction is to induce transcription of the genes for biosynthesis of the rhizobial signaling molecules called nod factors, which are perceived by the plant to allow symbiotic infection of the root. many legumes produce specific flavonoids that only induce nod factor production in homologous rhizobia, and therefore act as impor ...201627529286
nudix effectors: a common weapon in the arsenal of plant pathogens. 201627513453
genetic determinants for pyomelanin production and its protective effect against oxidative stress in ralstonia solanacearum.ralstonia solanacearum is a soil-borne plant pathogen that infects more than 200 plant species. its broad host range and long-term survival under different environmental stress conditions suggest that it uses a variety of mechanisms to protect itself against various types of biotic and abiotic stress. r. solanacearum produces a melanin-like brown pigment in the stationary phase when grown in minimal medium containing tyrosine. to gain deeper insight into the genetic determinants involved in mela ...201627513990
the plant cell wall: a complex and dynamic structure as revealed by the responses of genes under stress conditions.the plant cell wall has a diversity of functions. it provides a structural framework to support plant growth and acts as the first line of defense when the plant encounters pathogens. the cell wall must also retain some flexibility, such that when subjected to developmental, biotic, or abiotic stimuli it can be rapidly remodeled in response. genes encoding enzymes capable of synthesizing or hydrolyzing components of the plant cell wall show differential expression when subjected to different str ...201627559336
the ectopic expression of carop1 modulates the response of tobacco plants to ralstonia solanacearum and aphids.in plants, rho-related gtpases (rops) are versatile molecular switches that regulate various biological processes, although their exact roles are not fully understood. herein, we provide evidence that the ectopic expression of a rop derived from capsicum annuum, designated carop1, in tobacco plants modulates the response of these plants to ralstonia solanacearum or aphid attack. the deduced amino acid sequence of carop1 harbors a conserved rho domain and is highly homologous to rops of other pla ...201627551287
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